Individual Income Tax Returns, Preliminary- Data, 1993new 36 percent tax-rate,applied to taxableincome I in excess <strong>of</strong> $115,000 for single'filers;*$140,060 for joint filers or qualifying widow(er)s;$70,00b for married persons filing separately; and$127,500 for heads <strong>of</strong> households and equal to orbelow $250.,000 for single filers, joint filers, orqualifying widow(er)s and heads <strong>of</strong> households and$125,000 for married persons filing separately. Thenew 39.6 percent tax rate applied to taxable incomein excess <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper boundary (stated above) for<strong>the</strong> 36 percent tax bracket.To counterbalance <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> inflation, <strong>the</strong>existing tax brackets were widened. The 15 percentbracket applied to taxable income equal to or below$22,100 for sing~e filers; $36,900 forjoint filers orqualifying widow(er)s; $18,450 for married personsfiling separately; and $29,600 for heads <strong>of</strong> household.The -2.8 percent tax bracket applied to taxableincome-in-excess-<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>-15-percent-bracket-ceilingandequal to or below $53,500 for single filers;$89,150 forjoint filers or qualifying widow(er)s;$44,575 for rharried persons filing separately; and$76,400 for heads <strong>of</strong> household. The 31 percent tax---rate Applied to taxable income-in excess-<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>~'28_percent bracket ceiling and equal to or below$115,0004or single filers; $140,000 forjoint filers orqualifying widow(er)s-1, $70,0.00 for married personsfiling separately; and $127,500 for heads <strong>of</strong> house-.,'holds.-Data Soumes and Limitaflow'-.,"'These preliminary statist . ics ar~ based on a sample' <strong>of</strong>'individual income tax returns (Forms -1 040, 1040A,'and- .1040EZ; including Form 104OPC and e'lectronicallyLfiledreturns) filed during Calendar Year 1994. Returns in <strong>the</strong>sample were stratified based on: (a).<strong>the</strong> larger pf positiveincome or negative income; (b) <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> business andfarm receipts; (c) <strong>the</strong> presence or absence <strong>of</strong> specificforms or schedules; and (d).<strong>the</strong> usefulness <strong>of</strong> returns1or,tax modelling purposes (10]. Returns were <strong>the</strong>n s:el.ectedatrates ranging-from 0.014 percent to 100percent. Me,preliminary 1993 data are based on a sample <strong>of</strong> 88,19.1returns and an estimated final population <strong>of</strong> 1 15 61-6,004returns. The corresponding sample and population for <strong>the</strong>preliminary 1992 data were 88,023 and 115,162,585returns, respectively.The data presented here are estimates based on asample <strong>of</strong> returns filed, and are, <strong>the</strong>refore, subject tosampling error. To properly use <strong>the</strong> statistical data pro--vided,-<strong>the</strong>-magnitude-<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>-potential-sam ling-effor must--be known; coefficients <strong>of</strong> variatio.n.(qV's) are used tomeastirethat magnitude.Approximate CV's for <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> returns andmoneyarnotints for selected income items are presented-(Figure Q.-These approximateq-V'.s-shown,are-intendedonly as a general indication <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reliability: <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> data.The reliability <strong>of</strong> estimates based on samples,. and <strong>the</strong>, use<strong>of</strong> coefficients <strong>of</strong> variat ion for evaluating <strong>the</strong> precision <strong>of</strong>estimates based on samples, , are discussed in <strong>the</strong> appqrldixto this issue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bulletin..LFigure LIncome and Coefficient <strong>of</strong> Variation for Selected Items, 1993[Number <strong>of</strong> returns is in thousands-7money amounts are in millions <strong>of</strong> dollarr-coefficients <strong>of</strong> variation are percentagesl.18ItemNumber OfReturnsCoefficient <strong>of</strong>Variation,IncomeArnountCoefficient <strong>of</strong>Variation(1) (2) (3) (4)Adjusted gross income less deficit.............................................................. 114,627 0.01 3,724,134 0.17Salaries and wages ................................. ................................................... 98,153 0.18 2,892,638'Business or p , r<strong>of</strong>ession:~0.28'Net income .................... ........................................................................... 11,862 0.62 174,122 1.19Net loss ................................................................ : .................................. 3,762 1.91 19,649 2.71Net capital gain reported on Schedule D:Net income ............. .......... ::"***"*****'*"***"***'*'** ............... :.: ......................... 10,227 1.20 138,776 1.20Net loss ............... : ....... ........................................................ : ................... 4,166 2.01 7,986 2.16Partnership and S Corporation: , . . INet income ............ ...... a .................................................... 3,236 1.90 123,956 1.32Net loss .................I .......................... 2,025 2.67 29,616 2.37Pensions and annu* Mai in adjusted ....... 'gross income ...................................... 17,563 1.00 195,502 1.44Total statutory adjustments.... ..... .................. :...... 17,105 0.79 35,896 1.32.Total itemized deductions : ............... ........... ..... 32,694 0.59 480,355 0.58Taxable income .........................90,886......0.26 2,450,346- 0.23Total tax credits ............................................................................ ............... 13,180 1 29 7,922 1.90Earned income credit........................... ; ....................................................... 15.162- .1.12 *15,567 A32Total income tax ........ ................................................................................. 86,476 0.28 501,177 0.26
Individual Income Tax Returns, Preliminary Data, 1993Figure MComparison <strong>of</strong> Selected Preliminary and Final Data, Tax Year 1992Item1992finaldataIncrease frompreliminary t<strong>of</strong>inal data(1) (2) (3) (4)1992preliminarydataPercentage increasefrom preliminaryto final dataAdjusted gross Income (less deficit) ........................................................ 3,639,546 3,629,130 -10,416 -0.3Salaries and wages ................................................................................. 2,814,991 2,805,703 -9,288 -0.3Sales <strong>of</strong> capital assets, net gain less loss............................................... 109,919 118,240 8,320 7.6Partnership and S Corporation:Net income.......................................................................................... 118,051 128,704 10,653 9.0Net loss ............................................................................................... 31,380 41,053 9,673 30.8O<strong>the</strong>r income:Net income............................. * ............................................................ 23,481 24,212 731 3.1Net loss ............................................................................................... 2,053 2,710 657 32.0Total itemized deductions after limitation................................................. 475,043 481,946 6.903 1.51Interest paid deduction ........................................................................ 203,853 208,656 4,863 2.4Total tax credits .................................. I ..................................................... 7,396 7,749 353 4.8Total income tax ...................................................................................... 475,964 476,239 275 0.1Alternative minimum tax ...................................................................... 1 1,138 1 1,357 1 219 1 19.2While <strong>the</strong> preliminary estimates are intended to representa full year <strong>of</strong> taxpayer reporting, <strong>the</strong>y are actuallybased on returns processed for tax administration purposes,in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> 1993 returns, between January andlate September <strong>of</strong> 1994. In general, returns processedduring <strong>the</strong> remainder <strong>of</strong> each year tend to have somewhatdifferent characteristics compared to <strong>the</strong> returns processedearlier. These characteristics include disproportionatelylarge amounts <strong>of</strong> investment income and alternativeminimum tax, for example.All comparisons between 1993 and 1992 are based onpreliminary estimates for each year. A comparison <strong>of</strong>1992 preliminary and final data is provided (Figure M).Certain items, such as AGI and salaries and wages, whichare reported on most returns, changed little. In contrast,o<strong>the</strong>r items, including <strong>the</strong> alternative minimum tax, partnershipand S Corporation net losses, and "o<strong>the</strong>e, incomeless loss tend to be understated, to varying degrees, in allpreliminary estimates.N<strong>of</strong>ts and Refemnices[11 Economic Report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> President, 1995, p. 341. Theconsumer price index (CPI-U) represents annualaverages <strong>of</strong> monthly figures and reflects buyingpatterns <strong>of</strong> all urban consumers:1993 CPI-U = 144.5;1992 CPI-U = 140.3;1991 CPI-U = 136.2.[2] "Preliminary estimates" differ from <strong>the</strong> "early taxestimates" published for 1993 in <strong>the</strong> Fall 1994 edition[31[41[51<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bulletin. The preliminary estimates in thisarticle represent estimated totals expected for <strong>the</strong> fulltax year, based on returns processed by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Internal</strong><strong>Revenue</strong> <strong>Service</strong> through September 1994. The earlytax estimates represent data only for returns filedthrough April 30.Average (or mean) taxable income is defined as <strong>the</strong>amount <strong>of</strong> taxable income divided by <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong>taxable returns. Taxable returns are defined asreturns with "total income tax" (<strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> incometax after credits and <strong>the</strong> alternative minimum tax)present. Average total income tax is defined as <strong>the</strong>amount <strong>of</strong> total income tax divided by <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong>taxable returns.Economic Report <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> President, 1995, p. 275.Economic Report <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> President, 1995, p. 320.[61 For example, farm net income decreased 7.4 percent,from $10.5 billion to $9.7 billion. Farm net loss roseby 4.9 percent, from $12.2 billion to $12.8 billion.The net income (less loss), however, increased 81.2percent. The small percentage changes in <strong>the</strong> positiveand negative portions led to a large percentagechange in <strong>the</strong> combined total because <strong>the</strong> respectiveportions were similar in size and, thus, <strong>the</strong> net income(less loss) was small in absolute amount.[71For purposes <strong>of</strong> this article, total positive income is acompilation <strong>of</strong> all income items on individual incometax returns (Forms 1040,1040A, 1040EZ, 104OPC,and electronically-filed returns) for which a positive 19
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