Learning - Department of Psychological Sciences

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To What Does Learning Apply?• Information (for exams)• Skills– Sports– Vocational• Hobbies and Interests– Gambling• Fears• Rituals, behavioral predispositions (personality?)• Beliefs• Values• Social behavior (how to behave among others)• Attitudes, stereotypes, prejudices7How Do We Learn?We learn by association. Our mindsnaturally connect events that occur insequence.2000 years ago, Aristotle suggested thislaw of association. Then 200 years agoLocke and Hume reiterated this law.8Stimulus-Stimulus LearningLearning to associate one stimuluswith another.Stimulus-Stimulus LearningLearning to associate one stimuluswith another.910Response-Consequence LearningResponse-Consequence LearningLearning to associate a responsewith a consequence.Learning to associate a responsewith a consequence.11122
Classical ConditioningIdeas of classical conditioning originate from oldphilosophical theories. However, it was theRussian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who elucidatedclassical conditioning. His work provided a basisfor later behaviorists like John Watson and B. F.Skinner.Pavlov’s ExperimentsBefore conditioning, food (UnconditionedStimulus, US) produces salivation(Unconditioned Response, UR). However, thetone (neutral stimulus) does not.SovfotoIvan Pavlov (1849-1936)1314Pavlov’s ExperimentsDuring conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone)and the US (food) are paired, resulting insalivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutralstimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicitssalivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)AcquisitionAcquisition is the initial stage in classicalconditioning in which an association between aneutral stimulus and an unconditionedstimulus takes place.In most cases, for conditioning to occur, theneutral stimulus needs to come before theunconditioned stimulus.The time in between the two stimuli shouldbe about half a second.1516AcquisitionThe CS needs to come half a second before the USfor acquisition to occur.ExtinctionWhen the US (food) does not follow the CS(tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease andeventually causes extinction.17183
Page 4 and 5: Spontaneous RecoveryAfter a rest pe
Page 6 and 7: Operant & Classical Conditioning1.
Page 8 and 9: Ratio SchedulesFixed-ratio schedule
Page 10 and 11: Applications of OperantConditioning

Learning - Department of Psychological Sciences

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