Learning - Department of Psychological Sciences

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Operant & Classical Conditioning1. Classical conditioningforms associationsbetween stimuli (CSand US). Operantconditioning, on theother hand, forms anassociation betweenbehaviors and theresulting events.Operant & Classical ConditioningClassical conditioning involves respondentbehavior that occurs as an automaticresponse to a certain stimulus. Operantconditioning involves operant behavior, abehavior that operates on the environment,producing rewarding or punishing stimuli.3132Skinner’s ExperimentsSkinner’s experiments extend Thorndike’sthinking, especially his law of effect. This lawstates that rewarded behavior is likely to occuragain.33Yale University LibraryOperant ChamberUsing Thorndike's law of effect as a startingpoint, Skinner developed the Operant chamber,or the Skinner box, to study operantconditioning.Walter Dawn/ Photo Researchers, Inc.34From The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning, 3 rdEdition by Michael P. Domjan, 2005. Used with permissionby Thomson Learning, Wadsworth DivisionOperant ChamberShapingThe operant chamber,or Skinner box, comeswith a bar or key thatan animal manipulatesto obtain a reinforcerlike food or water. Thebar or key is connectedto devices that recordthe animal’s response.35Shaping is the operant conditioning procedurein which reinforcers guide behavior towards thedesired target behavior through successiveapproximations.Khamis Ramadhan/ Panapress/ Getty ImagesA rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminateobjects of different shapes, colors and sizes.Fred Bavendam/ Peter Arnold, Inc.366
Types of ReinforcersAny event that strengthens the behavior itfollows. A heat lamp positively reinforces ameerkat’s behavior in the cold.Learning to Bar Press:Shaping through SuccessiveApproximationsReuters/ Corbis3738Add or GiveTake Away orRemoveRewards & PunishmentsSomethingDesirablePositiveReinforcementNegativePunishment(i.e., time-out)SomethingAversivePositivePunishmentNegativeReinforcementPrimary & Secondary ReinforcersPrimary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcingstimulus like food or drink.Conditioned Reinforcer: A learnedreinforcer that gets its reinforcing powerthrough association with the primaryreinforcer.3940Immediate & Delayed ReinforcersReinforcement SchedulesImmediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer thatoccurs instantly after a behavior. A rat getsa food pellet for a bar press.Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that isdelayed in time for a certain behavior. Apaycheck that comes at the end of a week.We may be inclined to engage in small immediatereinforcers (watching TV) rather than large delayedreinforcers (getting an A in a course) which require1. Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforces thedesired response each time it occurs.2. Partial Reinforcement: Reinforces aresponse only part of the time. Though thisresults in slower acquisition in thebeginning, it shows greater resistance toextinction later on.consistent study. 41427
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Learning - Department of Psychological Sciences

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