and were holidaying in family groups. Between April and September, most respondentswere locals. Similar activities were enjoyed throughout the year; however, the intensityand concentration of those activities varied between summer and winter, with the mostfrequent being swimming, walking, fishing and surfing. The study showed most peoplewere satisfied with the zoning plan introduced in August <strong>2002</strong>, and that most value themarine environment, although some did not believe the zoning scheme would benefit it.Human activity and useHuman activity and use have been spatially assessed using a combination of surveysand information sources. These include general observations recorded during boatpatrols, a targeted aerial survey over the extent of the marine park, a targetedobservation survey of estuary use, a survey of human activity on rock shores (Sibley<strong>2002</strong>), a study of boating (Lloyd 2003), and an analysis of information provided bycommercial operators on SCUBA diving, fishing charter boat activities and whalewatchingin the marine park, conducted by the MPA.A stratified sampling design in 2006 examined spatial patterns of activity and use insummer school holidays, the summer school term and winter, and on weekdays andweekends, in four barrier estuaries in the marine park (Sandon River, Wooli WooliRiver, Corindi River and Moonee Creek). Four areas were sampled in each estuary onweek days and on weekends in each season. Each survey took an average threehours, crossing the survey area by boat. A substantial proportion of each estuary wassurveyed, standardised on each. These data have been analysed using GIS, includinghot spot analysis. Patterns in Moonee Creek (e.g. Figure 5) from 24 surveys in totalindicate most use is passive, not associated with boats, near the mouth of the estuaryand near key access points. There were similar low levels of boat-based passive useand boat-based fishing. Fishing was more evenly spread throughout the whole creek,whereas passive use was concentrated towards the mouth of the creek, and was muchhigher during the school holidays and weekends.Human activity on the rocky shores was examined at a number of headlands usingthree survey methods: aerial; rapid assessment and intensive face-to-face interviewsampling (Sibley <strong>2002</strong>). Aerial surveys covered the length of the marine park, rapidsurveys were conducted at Bare Bluff, Arrawarra Headland and Mullaway Headland;and intensive one hour surveys on Flat Top Point, Woolgoolga Headland, One TreePoint and Wilsons Point. Differences in use between weekend and weekday andschool holiday and non-holiday periods were compared in winter and summer samplingperiods during 2001–02.Results suggest human activity was highest in summer, with the greatest activityobserved at Woolgoolga Headland. Diversity of activity was also high at Woolgoolgawith nine activities recorded. There was a strong drop in activity levels and diversity inwinter, with the highest level and diversity still found at Woolgoolga Headland. Mappingindicated that activity is frequently limited to short distances from key access points, aswith the estuary survey described above. Analysis of the effects of holidays, term-time,week days and weekends on activity levels revealed that there was no significantdifference between week days and weekends during school holidays and terms,although there was much more activity during holidays.Information on boating in the marine park has been generated from observationsduring boat patrols, targeted aerial patrols, interviews and from commercial operatordata. The 22 aerial patrols provided a snapshot of human activity over the entiremarine park, divided by season and by whether activities took part on week days orweekends. The aerial patrols also assess illegal activity and undertake complianceaction.38 Solitary Island and Jervis Bay <strong>Marine</strong> <strong>Parks</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Project</strong>s <strong>Summaries</strong> <strong>2002</strong>–<strong>2009</strong>
Figure 5. Hot spot analysis of overall patterns of human activity in Moonee Creek from24 surveys in 2006, showing the highest level of use near the Moonee Creek Reservetowards the mouth of the creekFishing is the main activity offshore and is spread throughout the marine park. There isextensive fishing at the northern end associated with large areas of reef extending fromSandon Shoals to North Solitary Island. Many boats are small runabouts; Minnie WaterLagoon and Wooli Wooli River are key entry points.The boat and aerial patrol data are being spatially analysed using GIS, and it isintended to report the findings in a summary of human use and activity. These datawere also previously analysed as part of a study with boat-ramp interviews at thesouthern end of the marine park (Lloyd 2003). The 130 interviews revealed that mostboats were privately owned, had two or three people on board, and were local. Boattrips originating from Coffs Harbour mostly accessed the southern section of the marinepark and waters to the south; those originating at Arrawarra generally accessed thecentral part including North West Solitary Island and North Solitary Island. Commercialdiving charters focused on the islands. Charter fishing was more widespread anddepended on point of access, while whale watching was concentrated at the southernend of the marine park and further south.Solitary Island and Jervis Bay <strong>Marine</strong> <strong>Parks</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Project</strong>s <strong>Summaries</strong> <strong>2002</strong>–<strong>2009</strong> 39