Five Core ThemesCivic EngagementFacilitat<strong>in</strong>g citizen actionAs the layer of government closest to citizens, cityauthorities are best positioned to build partnershipsand encourage greater <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> improv<strong>in</strong>gthe quality of life <strong>in</strong> cities. <strong>Cities</strong> are <strong>in</strong>vest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>this opportunity. At the same time, civil societyhas played an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly important role <strong>in</strong> cocreat<strong>in</strong>gand implement<strong>in</strong>g solutions that formpart of a grow<strong>in</strong>g movement of citizen engagementacross Europe. Many proposals reflect this widermovement, with novel ideas to give citizens andresidents the tools to collaborate more effectivelywith each other and with government to strengthenlocal democracy, and also to unlock latent citizencapacity as a resource for solv<strong>in</strong>g city problems.Despite very different socio-economic contexts,Ruse, Bulgaria; Gdańsk, Poland and Oulu,F<strong>in</strong>land proposed us<strong>in</strong>g smartphone applicationsto enable citizens to vote on projects or proposesolutions that could then be voted on, while Athens,Greece aimed to encourage a volunteer cultureto reform local government from the bottom up.The Hague, the Netherlands suggested ways ofallow<strong>in</strong>g citizens to allocate taxes by direct vot<strong>in</strong>g,while Berl<strong>in</strong>, Germany and Wrocław, Polandconsidered us<strong>in</strong>g gamification to encourage citizensto <strong>in</strong>vest <strong>in</strong> democratic opportunities. Milan, Italylooked at <strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g public <strong>in</strong>put to improvepublic services, while Ghent, Belgium focused onco-creation projects between citizens and localgovernment. Sponsor<strong>in</strong>g start-ups to solve cityproblems <strong>in</strong> València, Spa<strong>in</strong> and Mess<strong>in</strong>a, Italywere suggested as ways of br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g organisationsand citizens closer to local government. Umeå,Sweden proposed us<strong>in</strong>g open data to <strong>in</strong>crease thepotential of citizens and NGOs to participate <strong>in</strong>areas of government, while Dubl<strong>in</strong>, Ireland andPeterborough, United K<strong>in</strong>gdom sought to provide<strong>in</strong>frastructure to enable participation. An approachthat went across municipal borders <strong>in</strong> Catania, Italyimag<strong>in</strong>ed effectively l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g to neighbour<strong>in</strong>g townsto share solutions and resources.A significant proportion of cities requiredsome form of resident participation to successfullycomplete city projects. Several ideas focusedspecifically on how to galvanise citizens to takeresponsibility for projects normally <strong>in</strong> the doma<strong>in</strong>of local government. These tended to be localisedefforts to beautify the area, improve communitysafety or support local voices. Genoa, Italydeveloped proposals to use community bra<strong>in</strong>powerto f<strong>in</strong>d new functions for the former port and heavy<strong>in</strong>dustrial areas with the aim of reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g youngresidents <strong>in</strong> the city, while Montpellier, France“Resident participation isnecessary to successfullydeliver ambitious city projects,<strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g residents to reducecosts, improv<strong>in</strong>g user experienceand creat<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>creasedsense of public ownership.”planned to use public garden improvements asa way of <strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g more young people <strong>in</strong>to thecity’s social life. Collaboration projects like themunicipal WebTV proposed by Botoșani, Romaniawere designed to <strong>in</strong>crease citizen <strong>in</strong>put <strong>in</strong> localpolitics, and Novi Sad, Serbia <strong>in</strong>vestigated the selfdigitis<strong>in</strong>gof historical materials to promote residentawareness and the preservation of local culture.These examples confirm the grow<strong>in</strong>grecognition that resident participation is necessaryto successfully deliver ambitious city projects, atthe same time as capitalis<strong>in</strong>g on local resources,<strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g residents to reduce costs, improv<strong>in</strong>g userexperience and creat<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>creased sense of publicownership of spaces and projects.F<strong>in</strong>alist proposalsGdańsk, PolandGdańsk is try<strong>in</strong>g to improve public trust and<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> local government and communityprojects. Democracy Accelerator is a websitethat will allow citizens to submit ideas forenhanc<strong>in</strong>g the city. It envisages tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gassistance, which may <strong>in</strong>clude offers of f<strong>in</strong>ancialsupport or volunteered time, to <strong>in</strong>crease thestrength of proposals before allow<strong>in</strong>g the publicto further develop projects and ultimately tovote on their <strong>in</strong>clusion <strong>in</strong> the city budget. As anexample of co-governance, this project wouldrequire the city council to vote on the projectsproposed by citizens and subsequently workwith them to implement the most popular ideas.City employees would also receive tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g tobetter engage with citizens to help successfullyimplement promis<strong>in</strong>g solutions.The Hague, the NetherlandsThe Hague is keen to reverse grow<strong>in</strong>g apathytowards government and has suggested Citizens<strong>in</strong> Action – Democracy 3.0 as a tool to givecitizens power over the allocation of 2-3% oflocal taxes by allow<strong>in</strong>g citizen proposals tobe subject to vote. Unlike an <strong>in</strong>dividual taxbreak, this idea would encourage citizens toengage with each other to <strong>in</strong>fluence how theircity develops. Additional revenue could begenerated through crowd-fund<strong>in</strong>g or crowdsourc<strong>in</strong>g,further encourag<strong>in</strong>g ownership andcollaboration. The capacity to implement thisproject is supported by DIGID (Digital Identity),which helps identify Dutch citizens on the Internetand is mandatory for electronic tax returns,highlight<strong>in</strong>g how local governance <strong>in</strong>novationmay require national support and <strong>in</strong>frastructure.24
York, United K<strong>in</strong>gdomYork believes a lack of <strong>in</strong>volvement and mistrustof local government stems from residents’perceptions that they are not empowered topartake <strong>in</strong> address<strong>in</strong>g the issues faced by thecity. GeniUS! Right to Solve proposes to addressthis by enabl<strong>in</strong>g citizens to play a pro-activerole <strong>in</strong> identify<strong>in</strong>g and solv<strong>in</strong>g city problems.Procurement would also be opened up, allow<strong>in</strong>gcitizens to co-create solutions. Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g wouldfurther <strong>in</strong>crease the potential for citizens toengage with the platform and the government.Austerity measures have significantly reducedthe council’s budget, <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g the challenge off<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g city projects. Apart from facilitat<strong>in</strong>g amore direct council-citizen relationship to reversedependency, this scheme aims to speed up andreduce the cost of procurement.Brno, Czech RepublicBrno wants to <strong>in</strong>crease real and perceivedsafety levels <strong>in</strong> its large-scale hous<strong>in</strong>g estates bytransform<strong>in</strong>g their role to promote social cohesionand <strong>in</strong>clusivity of neighbourhoods across thecity. This bottom-up crime prevention approach isdesigned to tra<strong>in</strong> local residents liv<strong>in</strong>g on at-riskestates, extend<strong>in</strong>g community polic<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>itiativesfound elsewhere. Systematically tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gconcierges who are already embedded <strong>in</strong> localcommunities to more capably respond to andmanage risks sets up the opportunity for this SafeAddress programme to rebrand the community <strong>in</strong>a way that could result <strong>in</strong> a decrease <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>surancepremiums while <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g the desirability ofthe area. Concierges who are familiar withthe neighbourhood are more likely to properly<strong>in</strong>terpret risk, <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g their effectiveness.Five Core ThemesSofia, BulgariaThe city government of Sofia is keen to br<strong>in</strong>gcolour and beauty to the large-scale post-World War II residential blocks that def<strong>in</strong>e itspoor quality public spaces. DIY Sofia wouldencourage residents to take ownership of theseefforts by mobilis<strong>in</strong>g them to identify need andthen to improve areas. Use of a van equippedwith tools for the community to use to implementcivic beautification projects would be supportedby access to artists and experts. The <strong>in</strong>novationaims to affect how people relate to their spacesand to each other, reduc<strong>in</strong>g urban isolation,<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g communication and trust betweenresidents and the municipality, and improv<strong>in</strong>g theurban environment for the community. This wouldbe achieved partly by collaborat<strong>in</strong>g with exist<strong>in</strong>glocal <strong>in</strong>itiatives, like neighbourhood associationsand community centres, and by us<strong>in</strong>g events toredef<strong>in</strong>e public space.25