ReflectionsTools and approachesDespite target<strong>in</strong>g a range of different urban social,structural and economic problems, the tools andapproaches proposed by the 155 cities demonstrateda number of commonalities. <strong>Innovation</strong> was seldomabout pure <strong>in</strong>vention and more about consider<strong>in</strong>ghow exist<strong>in</strong>g systems or technologies might berepurposed to improve the quality of urban life.As with most sectors of society, local governmentshave responded to the promise of the digitalrevolution. 63% of all cities <strong>in</strong>tended to directlyexploit new <strong>in</strong>formation technology to supporttheir <strong>in</strong>novations. Democratis<strong>in</strong>g and evolv<strong>in</strong>gdata was found <strong>in</strong> 15% of applications <strong>in</strong> the formof open data (transparently open<strong>in</strong>g up data forre-use <strong>in</strong> any way) and big data (which aims to f<strong>in</strong>drelationships between large amounts of seem<strong>in</strong>glyunrelated data). Gamification, which uses gam<strong>in</strong>gtechniques <strong>in</strong> the ‘real’ world to encourage citizensto solve problems and <strong>in</strong>crease awareness to changebehaviour, also featured regularly.All the w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g proposals make use ofsmartphones and <strong>in</strong>formation technology,recognis<strong>in</strong>g that the world is more digitallyconnected than ever before. Co-design, a toolthat <strong>in</strong>volves people <strong>in</strong> highlight<strong>in</strong>g and solv<strong>in</strong>gspecific problems, played a key role <strong>in</strong> 20% ofthe applications. A significant number of citiesplanned to use crowd-sourc<strong>in</strong>g and crowdfund<strong>in</strong>g,highlight<strong>in</strong>g their desire to benefit fromthe unconventional approaches to support<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>novation and democracy that the Internetpotentially facilitates.Yet, even with a strong focus on f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g waysto use citizens as a resource (43% of applications<strong>in</strong>cluded citizens as implementation partners or asvolunteers), traditional partnerships dom<strong>in</strong>ated.This <strong>in</strong>cluded private sector fund<strong>in</strong>g and expertise(75%), expert knowledge and support fromuniversities (73%) and non-profit partnerships(50%). In addition, the European Union was oftenreferred to as a potential source for fund<strong>in</strong>g orimplementation support.<strong>Innovation</strong> and collaboration<strong>Innovation</strong> is a process – every city’s need for<strong>in</strong>novation and capacity to <strong>in</strong>novate is based onunique circumstances. Despite this, every localgovernment was able to suggest new approachesto improve the quality of life <strong>in</strong> their cities. Theshortlisted and w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g cities felt that the <strong>Mayors</strong>Challenge gave them the time and focus to developthe potential of their <strong>in</strong>novations <strong>in</strong> a more matureway. In particular, the stimulus to engage withprivate sector tools and f<strong>in</strong>d partners to facilitatedelivery was appreciated and absorbed by manyof the f<strong>in</strong>alist cities. More importantly, the processhelped cities to more clearly and concisely articulatetheir concepts, encourag<strong>in</strong>g citizens to trust andsupport brave ideas.Collaboration and partnership matter to localgovernments, and as they try to build strongernetworks with residents, (and other local and nonlocalpartners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g other cities), the potentialto share ideas grows. However, the value lies notonly <strong>in</strong> shar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>novations and know-how, butalso <strong>in</strong> help<strong>in</strong>g cities to identify problems that theymay not have been aware of and <strong>in</strong> encourag<strong>in</strong>gcities to believe that these problems can be solved.Strategically us<strong>in</strong>g the media to extend thisdialogue <strong>in</strong>creases awareness of the challenges facedand provides more opportunity for transferr<strong>in</strong>gideas. It also gives citizens the chance to providefeedback. One of the greatest benefits of moreopen local government <strong>in</strong>novation is the potentialfor greater <strong>in</strong>put from citizens <strong>in</strong> solv<strong>in</strong>g city-levelproblems, and possibly even <strong>in</strong> affect<strong>in</strong>g howgovernment works.A common – and welcome – trend with<strong>in</strong> thesubmissions is the way <strong>in</strong> which several projects reframedvulnerable <strong>in</strong>dividuals as valuable resourcesfor the city rather than as burdens on society,while others ensured resources were available tofacilitate ‘normal’ liv<strong>in</strong>g. In the face of cont<strong>in</strong>uedcuts to pensions and other welfare benefits, andthe rise <strong>in</strong> the dependency ratio across Europe,applicant cities proposed creative responses tothe issues of lonel<strong>in</strong>ess and isolation. The strongemphasis on community as a way to deal with theseissues underscore the benefits of urban density andproximity of <strong>in</strong>dividuals as an asset <strong>in</strong> combat<strong>in</strong>gisolation and solv<strong>in</strong>g complex social issues.44
ConclusionThe <strong>Mayors</strong> Challenge is itself an <strong>in</strong>novation. Byconsider<strong>in</strong>g bottom-up <strong>in</strong>itiatives at the city level,it confirms that at a time of general disillusionmentwith systems of governance, local governmenthas the capacity to be resilient and pro-active <strong>in</strong>ways that national governments and <strong>in</strong>ternational<strong>in</strong>stitutions f<strong>in</strong>d difficult. The <strong>Mayors</strong> Challengeprovides an opportunity for cities to recognise theneed to th<strong>in</strong>k through potential <strong>in</strong>novations clearlywithout immediately clos<strong>in</strong>g down the conversationby consider<strong>in</strong>g only the budget implications. Timeis another scarce commodity <strong>in</strong> budget-strappedlocal councils, and many of the f<strong>in</strong>alist cities felt thecompetition freed up the time and space needed toth<strong>in</strong>k through ideas. The encouragement to workacross government departments that, by their ownadmission, seldom <strong>in</strong>teracted further enriched theseideas. The whole application process – <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>gthe feedback, coach<strong>in</strong>g sessions and Ideas Camp –is a carefully constructed practice that helps citiesembrace new <strong>in</strong>novation techniques. Examplesfrom the private sector provided important andhelpful design models for some.The process itself yields an <strong>in</strong>-depthunderstand<strong>in</strong>g that, despite the extent to whichexist<strong>in</strong>g political systems place limitations on localgovernment, cities still have significant potentialto be <strong>in</strong>novative. When try<strong>in</strong>g to do more withless, hav<strong>in</strong>g a good idea of what has already beenshown to be possible certa<strong>in</strong>ly helps, and the mediaexposure and shar<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>in</strong>formation through thenetwork of f<strong>in</strong>alists works to support this. All scalesof government can benefit from explor<strong>in</strong>g newapproaches to solv<strong>in</strong>g problems, and competitionslike the <strong>Mayors</strong> Challenge can play a significantrole <strong>in</strong> encourag<strong>in</strong>g new types of relationshipsbetween local governments and their citizens.However, widely shar<strong>in</strong>g best practices through acompetition like the <strong>Mayors</strong> Challenge requirestime to produce results. Many of the projects fromthe American and European challenges may onlyproduce tangible outcomes <strong>in</strong> a number of years.As the <strong>Mayors</strong> Challenge plans a third roundof the competition, the choice of geographywill provide valuable <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to the capacityto transfer <strong>in</strong>novations not only between citieswith<strong>in</strong> a given region, but also between cities <strong>in</strong>significantly different political, social, economicand environmental contexts. It will undoubtablycont<strong>in</strong>ue to provide an <strong>in</strong>valuable platform for localgovernments to <strong>in</strong>fluence how regional and nationalgovernments engage partnerships to improve thequality of life for their citizens.45