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<strong>Solutions</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>mariculture</strong> - avoiding the adverse effects of <strong>mariculture</strong> on biological diversity<strong>mariculture</strong> of salmon increased after the reductionin the use of antibiotics in 2000.113. Further research should be encouraged in thisarea, and should include the close involvement offarming companies. Often there will be the need <strong>for</strong>economic assistance with such technological development,especially <strong>for</strong> developing countries.G. MITIGATING THE EFFECTSOF PESTICIDES,PISCICIDES AND PARASITICIDES114. Pesticides and piscicides are used to removepest species from the surrounding environment.Residues are often highly toxic and may persist <strong>for</strong>weeks in the water and sediment often killing nontargetorganisms. Lower stocking densities, largeenough distances between farms, prophylacticmethods and general management procedures(which includes proper training) should greatlyhelp prevent the use of chemicals to control externalparasites. Alternatively, totally self-containedsystems should be used. Further detail on the use ofchemicals and antiobiotics, as well as on mitigationmeasures, can be found in GESAMP report No. 65. 127H. REDUCING THE USE OF HORMONES115. Alternatives <strong>for</strong> the use of hormones include(a) Proper genetic-selection programmes, whichcould provide better offspring and enhancecertain traits otherwise achieved by usinghormones;(b) Use of photoperiod management in industrialproduction of salmon. This is probably oneof the most promising mitigation tools <strong>for</strong>the use of hormones in the field of salmonproduction. Similar techniques could bedeveloped <strong>for</strong> other species;(c)Cryo-preservation could be considered as amitigation process to optimize broodstockmanagement and seed supply at the hatcherylevel.I. PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION116. Prevention should be encouraged as a mitigationprocess <strong>for</strong> disease transmission since no curesexist <strong>for</strong> several diseases in cultured species.Improved monitoring programmes <strong>for</strong> known andemerging diseases should be encouraged, as well asthe use of biomolecular tools <strong>for</strong> diagnostics.117. Mitigation should include contingency measurementssuch as quarantine stations and completeself-containment of infected organisms to be treatedor to be transported <strong>for</strong> elimination. Effluent ofcontained systems should be treated with ultravioletor ozone.118. To avoid diseases, protocols <strong>for</strong> quarantine andmovement of animals should be in place to minimizetransmission of diseases. International codesof practice, agreements and technical guidelinesused to minimize the risk of diseases associatedwith movement of aquatic animals should beadopted. Examples of such are the OIEInternational Aquatic Animal Health Code andDiagnostic Manual <strong>for</strong> Aquatic Animals Diseasesand Code of Practice on the Introductions andTransfers of Marine Organisms of the InternationalCouncil <strong>for</strong> Exploration of the Seas (ICES). In addition,there is a need <strong>for</strong> regionally-orientated guidelinessuch as the most recent (2000) FAO/Networkof Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) AsiaRegional Technical Guidelines on HealthManagement <strong>for</strong> the Responsible Movement of LiveAquatic Animals and the Beijing Consensus andImplementation Strategy. Collaboration betweenregional and International agencies such as NACA,127 GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of MarineEnvironmental Protection). 1997. Towards safe and effective use of chemicals in coastal aquaculture. Reports and Studies, GESAMP. No. 65.Rome, FAO. 1997. 40 p.33
<strong>Solutions</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>mariculture</strong> - avoiding the adverse effects of <strong>mariculture</strong> on biological diversityOIE, ICES and FAO should be further strengthened,and should include close collaboration on theissues related to transboundary movement ofaquatic animals.119. The use of indigenous species <strong>for</strong> cultureshould be encouraged. In addition, strengtheningof aquatic animal health capacity, along withimproved laboratory facilities, control protocolsand therapeutic strategies should be put in place tominimize losses due to disease transmission.120. In addition to the above, the establishmentand implementation of a harmonized regional certificationsystem, establishment of regional referencelaboratories <strong>for</strong> standardization and validationof diagnosis, and establishment of regionaltraining programmes in aquatic animal healthissues including trans-boundary movement, riskassessment and contingency plans, are vital <strong>for</strong> preventingdisease transmission.J. PREVENTING ESCAPESExotic species121. Although geographic constraints may be difficultto address, especially in developing countries,<strong>mariculture</strong> of endemic species should be encouraged.Appropriate safeguards to conserve geneticdiversity should accompany <strong>mariculture</strong> operations.Risk analysis and/or environmental riskassessment can be carried out be<strong>for</strong>e any introductionso as to assess likely impacts, and quarantineprocedures followed. 128 Improved managementpractices can limit the spread of escapes, includingsite selection outside their reproductive range toavoid reproduction. Use of sterile individuals canalso be recommended when the risk to interactwith native population is limited. Other contingencymeasurements should be mandatory in caseof accidental escapes. As an example, a large-scaleescape took place in Chile during 1995-96, andlocal fishermen took care of a large proportion ofthe escaped salmon, 129 demonstrating that recoveryof escapees is possible.Native species122. Farmed native species may cause a decrease inintra-specific genetic variability when released tothe environment. Similarly, transferring seed withinthe geographical range of the species may affectgenetic variability. There<strong>for</strong>e, a proper broodstockmanagementplan is critical. An alternative mitigationapproach is to limit the spread of the selectedstrains by supporting the production of sterileindividuals.128 ICES. 1995. ICES Code of Practice on the Introductins and Transfers of Marine Organisms 1994.129 Soto, D., F. Jara and C. Moreno. 2001. Escaped salmon in the Chiloe and Aysen inner seas, southern Chile: facing ecological and social conflicts. Ecological Applications Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 1750-1762.34
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