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measurements were integrated with modelling techniques to construct a more detailed picture of complex wind flow patterns. Advanced Dispersion Modelling Of Winter Particulate Matter From Localised Emission Sources In Rural New Zealand (33) B. Khan, T. Appelhans, P. Zawar-Reza, A. Sturman; University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand This study investigates the utility of advanced dispersion modelling techniques with The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) in small townships of New Zealand. Data assimilation techniques and an ensemble of scenarios were used to find the key parameters for better simulating high ground level concentrations from emissions into an extremely stable nocturnal surface-layer. Since the preferred method of home heating in rural areas of New Zealand is based on solid fuel burning, concentrations of PM10 exceed National Environmental Standards (NES) in many locations. TAPM is used to investigate particulate matter dispersion for two towns, the first, Reefton, is situated in a valley in the Southern Alps, and the second, Invercargill, is a somewhat larger coastal town at the southern tip of the South Island. The maximum PM10 concentration measured in Reefton is 129 µg m -3 and was recorded in June 2007. Domestic heating contributes around 93% of the daily winter PM10, with 5% from outdoor burning, 1% from motor vehicles and less than 1% from industry. The maximum PM10 concentration measured in Invercargill is 198 µg m -3 , where the domestic heating contribution to daily winter PM10 emissions is 96%, with motor vehicles and industry contributing 2% each. Dispersion modelling with TAPM shows that it has a better success at capturing stability and wind profile characteristics in a setting where down-valley flow is more prominent (Reefton), than in the coastal town (Invercargill) where the model significantly overestimated the ground level concentrations. In this instance, TAPM was unable to faithfully reproduce local meteorology. Numerical Study On Dispersion Pollutant Emission Of Point Source In Urban Environment (103) M. Yassin; Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait pollutant dispersion from point source was investigated numerically in an urban area. Numerical simulations were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. The CFD models used for the simulation were based on the steady-state Reynolds-Average Navier-Stoke equations (RANS) with κ-ε turbulence models. A gas pollutant was emitted from a point source within the wake region behind the building model. The accuracy of these simulations was examined by comparing the predicted results with wind tunnel experimental data. Results indicated that there is a good agreement between the numerical simulation and the wind tunnel experiment for both wind flow and concentration diffusion. The results of this work can help to improve the 10
understanding of mechanisms of and simulation of pollutant transport in an urban environment 1E: The Canadian Air Quality Management Framework [Panel] Canada’s air quality management has evolved since the 1970’s as a collaborative approach to reducing health risk related to air pollution. This session will explore this evolution in the context of Canada’s constitution that recognizes the concept of shared responsibility between all levels of government. The session will outline the history of air quality management in Canada, the roles of provincial and federal governments in improving air quality, the perspectives of industry and NGOs on this process, and the new Canadian Air Quality Health Index. 2A: Sustainable Transport and Development Roadway Congestion’s Effects On Motor Vehicle CO2 Emissions: A Review Of Methods, Findings, And Misconceptions (42) A. Bigazzi, M. Figliozzi; Portland State University, Portland, OR Motor vehicles are a dominant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the U.S. Reducing congestion is a commonly-suggested mitigation strategy, but many such suggestions implicitly assume that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions monotonically increase with congestion. This review examines the full relationship between congestion and vehicle emissions of CO2 to aid the development of sound policy and traffic management for climate change mitigation. The objectives of this paper are to review 1) methods for quantifying and 2) the state of knowledge about - the effects of congestion on vehicle CO2 emissions. The initial challenge of assessment is consistent definition of congestion indicators and costs, as ‘uncongested’ benchmarks are often arbitrary or unrealistic. Also, current research tools for assessing congestion’s impacts on emissions have clear difficulties in data requirements, modeling scope, and experimental control. As a result, no study has yet estimated the full extent of direct and indirect congestion impacts in a unified way. The better-researched impacts of congestion (reduced speeds, increased accelerations, and suppressed demand) have differing effects on emissions. Other, indirect effects (travel time unreliability, freight operation changes, rerouting and other behavioral responses) are still not well studied or understood. Further research is clearly needed to quantify the total effects of congestion on emissions. Meanwhile, we cannot automatically conclude that congestion increases CO2 emissions - or that reducing congestion will reduce emissions. This paper concludes with recommended benchmarking practices for assessing emissions costs of congestion and potential emissions benefits of congestion mitigation. Quantitative Assessment Of "The Program To Improve The Air Quality In Mexico City" (161) 11
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approximately 417.000 inhabitants.
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Daily PM2.5 samples were taken cont
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