Abstract Book

Abstract Book
15th International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention and
Environmental Protection Associations'
(IUAPPA) World Clean Air Congress
"Achieving Environmental
Sustainability in a Resource Hungry
World"
September 12-16, 2010
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
www.iuappa2010.com

2010 IUAPPA World Congress Abstract Book – Table of Contents
1A: Sustainable Transport and Development in Metropolitan Vancouver......................... 4
1B: Sustainable Business Practices..................................................................................... 6
1C: Ambient Monitoring..................................................................................................... 7
1D: Modelling..................................................................................................................... 9
1E: The Canadian Air Quality Management Framework [Panel] .................................... 11
2A: Sustainable Transport and Development ................................................................... 11
2B: Incorporating Sustainability in Education [Panel] ..................................................... 13
2C: Ambient Monitoring................................................................................................... 14
2D: Modelling................................................................................................................... 17
3A: Urban Sustainability Issues........................................................................................ 19
3B: Shipping and Port Initiatives...................................................................................... 21
3C: Approaches to Environmental Management.............................................................. 23
3D: Source-Receptor Modelling....................................................................................... 24
3E: EFCA/IUAPPA Special Session: Co-Benefits of Integrated Climate-Air Pollution
Policies and Strategies [Panel].......................................................................................... 26
4A: Renewable Energy and Waste Management.............................................................. 28
4B: Emerging Control Technologies ................................................................................ 31
4C: Approaches to Environmental Management.............................................................. 33
4D: Emissions and Inventory Development ..................................................................... 35
4E: EFCA/IUAPPA Special Session: Co-Benefits of Integrated Climate-Air Pollution
Policies and Strategies [Panel].......................................................................................... 38
5A: Renewable Energy and Waste Management.............................................................. 41
5B: Control Technologies and Compliance Issues ........................................................... 43
5C: Climate-Related Emergencies: Trends and Responses [Panel] ................................. 46
5D: Emissions and Inventory Development ..................................................................... 48
6A: Public Engagement .................................................................................................... 52
6B: Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Management [Panel]........................................................... 53
6D: Ambient Monitoring .................................................................................................. 53
6E: IUAPPA Special Session: Greener Transport in a Post-Recession World [Panel].... 55
7A: Public Engagement .................................................................................................... 55
7B: Corporate Risk Management Strategies [Panel] ........................................................ 57
7C: General Air Quality Issues......................................................................................... 57
7D: Ambient Monitoring .................................................................................................. 60
8: Posters........................................................................................................................... 61
9A: Social Impacts of Pollutants....................................................................................... 76
9B: Energy Efficiency - Best Practices and Case Studies [Panel].................................... 77
9C: Ambient Monitoring................................................................................................... 78
9D: Health and Ecosystem Impacts .................................................................................. 79
10A: Modelling................................................................................................................. 81
10B: Impact of Climate Change - An Economic Perspective [Panel].............................. 83
10C: Urban Air Quality Issues.......................................................................................... 83
10D: Health and Ecosystem Impacts ................................................................................ 86
10E: IUAPPA Special Session: Key Issues in Air Quality Regulation: An Inter-
Continental Dialogue [Panel]............................................................................................ 87
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11A: Modelling................................................................................................................. 88
11B: Sustainable Production and Management ................................................................ 90
11C: Urban Air Quality Issues.......................................................................................... 92
11D: Health and Ecosystem Impacts ................................................................................ 95
11E: Air Pollution and Biodiversity in a Resource-Hungry World [Panel] ..................... 97
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1A: Sustainable Transport and Development in Metropolitan Vancouver
City Of Vancouver - Becoming The World's Greenest City (34)
L. Cole; City of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
In 2009, Vancouver’s Mayor created the Greenest City Action Team, a panel of local
sustainability leaders tasked with determining how Vancouver could become the greenest
city in the world by 2020. The team recommended 10 ambitious long-term goals in the
following areas: green economy, climate leadership, green buildings, green
transportation, zero waste, access to nature, ecological footprint, clean water, clean air
and local food. Each goal also has an associated measurable, aggressive target to achieve
by 2020.
In February 2010, Vancouver's City Council approved the long term goals and staff are
currently developing action plans for achieving these goals and determining how best to
measure progress. Recognizing that a strategic realignment of City priorities, resources,
and related work programs will be required, the process involves a higher level of
collaboration and partnership between the City Management Team and staff, partner
organizations, businesses and residents than most strategic planning exercises undertaken
to date. By virtue of this approach, the aim is to have sustainability permanently
embedded in each department throughout the organization, fostering an understanding of
how sustainability relates to everyday operations, and facilitating interdepartmental
communication and collaboration toward the common goals.
The goals address a broad range of issues that are fundamental to community health and
sustainability - clean water, clean air, waste reduction, local food, etc. Meeting the goals
will require strong citizen support to enact the municipal policies that will be developed
as part of this process as well as willingness to adjust personal and community behaviour.
Climate Leadership In Vancouver (124)
M. Hartman; City of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Vancouver has proven that a city can grow and prosper and still be a global leader in
addressing climate change. Since 1990, Vancouver’s population has increased by 27%
and jobs by 18%, yet we are on track to meet Kyoto targets. Vancouver also has the
lowest per capita emissions of any major city in North America.
In order to address the critical issue of climate change, in 2003 City Council asked staff
to develop an action plan, in cooperation with a diverse group of local stakeholders
including; educators, builders, environmentalists, corporate leaders and government.
Based on recommendations from this group, the City created both a corporate (for
emissions from municipal operations) and a community climate action plan.
The plans focus on priority areas including; energy efficiency (through building codes,
home renovations, retrofits for institutional facilities, retrofits for large commercial
buildings, low carbon vehicle options, green energy, active transportation and community
engagement.
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Areas of success include the greenest residential building code on the continent and the
first “net-zero” multi-family building in Canada, which will produce as much energy as it
consumes. The Southeast False Creek model sustainable community is a LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum Neighbourhood
Development and Vancouver is the first Canadian city to require all new houses and
developments to provide charging outlets for electric vehicles.
Establishing Regional Transportation Performance Targets In Support Of Climate
Change Mitigation, Growth Management, And Sustainable Transportation In
Metropolitan Vancouver (32)
R. Kan, 1 G. Cross, 2 E. Hou 1 ; 1 Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, BC, Canada, 2 Translink,
Burnaby, BC, Canada
On-road transportation is responsible for about a third of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in metropolitan Vancouver. The Province of British Columbia is reducing
emissions from this sector by regulating vehicle tailpipe standards and fuel carbon
content. In addition, BC has mandated that GHG reduction targets, policies, and actions
be included in official community plans and regional growth strategies. Municipalities
are looking to the regional authorities responsible for regional land use, air quality
management, and transportation, Metro Vancouver and TransLink, to provide leadership
and guidance in meeting these new requirements. This paper presents the process to
establish regional performance targets for the light-duty vehicle sector, including the
methodologies, findings, and policy recommendations.
Metro Vancouver and TransLink and a regional working group of municipal and
provincial staff collaboratively selected vehicle kilometres travelled and transportation
mode share as the key performance measures to connect GHG emission reductions,
growth management and sustainable transportation.
Through a series of sketch analyses, staff “triangulated” towards a range of performance
outcomes. The analyses pivoted off projections for population and employment to 2041,
provincial standards for tailpipe emissions and renewable fuels, and recently collected
household travel survey data.
Interim results suggest that technology will play a role in reducing GHG emissions, but
additional gains could come from a more compact region, with shorter and fewer private
vehicle trips. This process has also opened up the opportunity to integrate standalone land
use and transportation plans through the lens of performance and climate change.
Integrated Land Use And Transportation In Vancouver (123)
J. Fung; City of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Vancouver has proven that a city can grow and prosper and still reduce its vehicle
emissions and improve air quality. Since 1990, Vancouver’s population and jobs has
increased by 27% and 18% respectively, yet the number of vehicle trips entering the City
decreased by 10 % (1994-2004). Vancouver has been voted one of the most livable cities
in the world for 10 years running.
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In order to reduce vehicle use and emissions, a number of integrated Land Use and
Transportation plans were implemented during the last two decades, such as 1991 Central
Area Plan, the 1995 City Plan, 1997 Transportation Plan, 1999 Bicycle Plan, 2005
Downtown Transportation Plan, 2007 Green Building Strategy, the on-going Metro Core
Job and Economy Studies and the EcoDensity Charters / Directions. The plans focus on
walking/cycling/transit and priority areas such as integrated land use and transit oriented
planning. Development requirements such as public consultations, the Urban Design
Panel, site transport planning and reduced parking requirements all contribute to highly
livable communities that minimize reliance on private autos.
Measures of success include a 60% and 40% walking/cycling/transit mode-share in
Downtown and city-wide, respectively, 60,000 daily cycling trips, 3,500 daily commutercyclist
trips (equivalent to 65-75 full buses), and a 50% increase transit use (1999-2009),
all in the context of growing population and employment.
1B: Sustainable Business Practices
Energy Efficiency Measures at Coast Mountain Bus Company (80)
D. Stewart; Coast Mountain Bus Company, Surrey, BC, Canada
This presentation will review the development and accomplishments of the
environmental program in the bus division of Metro Vancouver’s public transit system.
Coast Mountain Bus Company (CMBC) is an operating subsidiary of the South Coast
British Columbia Transportation Authority (TransLink). CMBC operates a fleet of 3
ferries and 1500 buses and serves a population of over 2.2 million. A brief history of the
efforts to develop and embed an Environmental Management System (EMS) within the
organization will be followed by a short discussion of existing programs such as
environmental training, spill response, and waste management. We will highlight more
recent achievements including a very successful anti-idling campaign, significant GHG
emissions reductions, retrofits to buses to reduce emissions, and an emerging energy
management program. The critical role of Executive support in contributing to the
success of an EMS will also be discussed.
Embedding Sustainability: Framework To Practice - Approaches And Challenges
At Metro Vancouver (206)
J. Carmichael; Metro Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Metro Vancouver has taken a strong, active position on addressing sustainability in its
corporate operations, but many challenges remain in operationalizing these approaches.
An overview is given of Metro’s mandates and its corporate sustainability framework,
targets, and drivers, in the context of provincial and federal policy.
Energy and greenhouse gas profiles are discussed, followed by an overview of programs
and projects aimed at energy and greenhouse gas reductions. Energy in British Columbia
has traditionally been thought of as an unlimited, inexpensive resource, so has not been
the focus of analysis or planning at Metro Vancouver. However, in recent years, costs
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have begun to rise, and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy use have
become a management priority. Metro’s energy and greenhouse gas profiles are
described, then a number of corporate energy and greenhouse gas emission initiatives are
discussed. Many corporate initiatives involve cooperation with other institutions and
businesses in the region. Finally, a number of challenges to implementing sustainable
planning are reviewed, together with potential methods of overcoming these challenges.
The Power to Make a Difference – Building a Conservation Culture at BC Hydro
G. McBride; BC Hydro, Burnaby, BC, Canada
BC Hydro is committed to lead by example with respect to sustainability and energy
conservation. The company has established a climate action strategy to be carbon neutral
and a vision that conservation and energy management is the way BCH does its business
– through energy efficient sustainable facilities, empowered staff and conservation
business practices. The presentation will highlight initiatives that address greenhouse gas
targets and present examples of how BC Hydro is building a conservation culture through
policy, buildings and culture change initiatives that will significantly reduce BC Hydro’s
consumption and GHG footprint.
1C: Ambient Monitoring
The Statistical Characteristics Of PM10 In Major City Of Istanbul (54)
Y. S. Unal, S. Incecik; Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
In this study, we present the analyses of the PM10 concentration data collected by the
Istanbul Municipality. The analysis has been focused on spatial and temporal variations
of the PM10 concentrations. The specific objective is to identify city regions with similar
air quality behaviors under various meteorological conditions for all months, winter and
summer seasons. In order to assess the spatial and seasonal variability, hierarchical
clustering analyses have been used.
PM10 concentrations exhibit a seasonal variability. They are remarkably higher in
wintertime than summertime due to the domestic heating. The daily limit was exceeded
more than 35 times in Aksaray, Yenibosna and Besiktas and Kartal sites for all years and
in Alibeykoy and Sariyer for last two years. When the atmospheric boundary layer is
shallow, atmosphere’s dispersion capability is limited. Topography or the barriers in the
city environment can cause the accumulation of the concentrations. The results of
hierarchical clustering analysis performed reveal significant air quality patterns. The
highest PM10 levels are formed in the anticyclonic pressure pattern when the urban area
is downwind with low wind speeds. It has been observed that the days with the
atmospheric pressures with greater than 1018hPa corresponded to 13.6% of the domestic
heating period. The systematic differences in some locations were also found between
PM10 concentration values at weekend and weekdays. Sunday values are always lower
than average weekday values about 2-21%. The role of industry as primary source
affecting the presence of particulate in the area is clearly observed in certain locations.
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Air Pollution Due To Vehicular Traffic In Bengaluru South (10)
P. Parasivamurthy, 1 M. B. Patil, 1 B. V. Kirankumar, 1 V. Jawalli 2 ; 1 Dayanada Sagar
College of Engineering, Bangalore, India, 2 B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore,
India
Air pollution levels are increasing each day with increasing number of vehicles and
industries in and around the city of Bengaluru.
The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out using respirable dust samplers. Stack
monitoring of the industrial stacks was also carried out in various industries around
Bengaluru South area.
The parameters analyzed are SPM, RPM, SO2 and CO, NOX & HC according to
standards. The data were statistically analyzed. The paper assesses the air pollution from
road traffic in Bengaluru South. Traffic flow study and their effects on air pollution
concentrations of the above parameters were measured simultaneously.
It is evident that the traffic generated high CO concentrations at major road intersections.
The concentrations exceeded the permissible standards prescribed by the Central
Pollution Control Board. Based on the available data from the study, the PM10 levels in
Bengaluru south are four times higher than that of the WHO standards.
Changes In Diurnal Patterns Related To Trends Of Air Quality In Taiwan From
1994 To 2009 (132)
C. Chang; Center for Environmental Studies, National Central University, Jhongli City,
Taoyuan County, Taiwan
In Taiwan, O3 and PM10 are found to be the major air pollutants based on the Taiwan
Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) monitoring results. Several air
pollution control measures have been taken to improve Taiwan’s air quality in the past 20
years. In this study, the changes in diurnal patterns of different pollutants are examined to
evaluate the trends of air quality. Our results show that air quality in Taiwan has
improved from 1994 to 2009, as evidenced by the significant downward trends of various
primary air pollutant concentrations with similar diurnal pattern. However, O3
concentration was increasing following precursor reductions due to increased background
O3 and reductions in NO titration as well as increasing local O3 production, which can be
seen from more increment in the afternoon periods than in the morning. It implied that
after the reduction of various primary pollutant concentrations, the effective reduction of
O3 pollution still remains an important issue. On the other hand, high PM10
concentrations resulting from re-suspended dust of the river bed at downwind sites in
western Taiwan showed an increasing trend in recent years even when the long-term
average PM10 concentration was decreasing. This study result reveals that control of high
PM10 under strong wind should be kept in consideration.
Keywords: air quality, O3, PM10
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1D: Modelling
Effects Of Grouping Emission Sources In The CALPUFF Modelling System (157)
K. Onder; Golder Associates Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada
CALPUFF is a Lagrangian puff air dispersion modelling system used to predict
concentrations of pollutants from emission sources entered into the model. As the number
of emission sources increases, the model run-time increases proportionally. This study
analyzes the feasibility of grouping emission sources to decrease model run-time and the
effects that grouping emission sources has on resulting concentrations.
Two model runs using the same emission sources from a large region in north-eastern
Alberta were modelled using CALPUFF. One model run consisted of grouped point
emission sources while the other model run treated each emission source as a separate
entity. Emission sources are systematically grouped based on various criteria including
equipment type and stack characteristics. There were 609 point sources and 39 area
sources considered throughout the modelling domain. When the sources were grouped,
the number of point sources was decreased to 272 and the area sources were not grouped
together.
The results show that the predicted concentrations did not change when the emission
sources were grouped. Spatial distributions of the concentrations also show no
differences between the model runs of grouped and ungrouped scenarios.
Quito Airport Air Quality Noise And Upper Air Study (163)
M. Milner; RWDI AIR Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
The presentation will focus on environmental aspects in developing an air quality and
noise assessment of the airport together with an upper atmospheric study using the
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to assess weather conditions which
were subsequently compared to on-site SODAR data.
Air quality and noise assessments were conducted for the proposed operations at airport
for 2010, 2020 and 2030. EDMS was used to estimate air emissions and CALPUFF for
air dispersion modelling based on local surface meteorology. Following ICAO, FAA, and
Ecuadorian requirements, noise impacts from the NQIA were produced in the form of
noise contours (isopleths of equal noise levels) in the areas surrounding the airport, for
aeronautical (flight) noise. The aircraft DNL contours for the three phases were
calculated using INM version 7.0. Mitigation measures were assessed and
recommendations made for the air quality and noise assessments.
A full year of high-resolution meteorological model results were generated from the
WRF to obtain a better understanding of the relationships between local and regional
wind flow patterns in key areas surrounding the airport including the runway and along
the flight paths. A synoptic analysis was conducted in selecting a number of adverse
weather events during the modelling year. Particular attention was placed on assessing
phenomena such as the presence and relative magnitude (strength) of crosswinds,
updrafts/downdrafts, wind shears and turbulence. Dopler SODAR upper air
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measurements were integrated with modelling techniques to construct a more detailed
picture of complex wind flow patterns.
Advanced Dispersion Modelling Of Winter Particulate Matter From Localised
Emission Sources In Rural New Zealand (33)
B. Khan, T. Appelhans, P. Zawar-Reza, A. Sturman; University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand
This study investigates the utility of advanced dispersion modelling techniques with The
Air Pollution Model (TAPM) in small townships of New Zealand. Data assimilation
techniques and an ensemble of scenarios were used to find the key parameters for better
simulating high ground level concentrations from emissions into an extremely stable
nocturnal surface-layer. Since the preferred method of home heating in rural areas of
New Zealand is based on solid fuel burning, concentrations of PM10 exceed National
Environmental Standards (NES) in many locations. TAPM is used to investigate
particulate matter dispersion for two towns, the first, Reefton, is situated in a valley in the
Southern Alps, and the second, Invercargill, is a somewhat larger coastal town at the
southern tip of the South Island.
The maximum PM10 concentration measured in Reefton is 129 µg m -3 and was recorded
in June 2007. Domestic heating contributes around 93% of the daily winter PM10, with
5% from outdoor burning, 1% from motor vehicles and less than 1% from industry. The
maximum PM10 concentration measured in Invercargill is 198 µg m -3 , where the domestic
heating contribution to daily winter PM10 emissions is 96%, with motor vehicles and
industry contributing 2% each.
Dispersion modelling with TAPM shows that it has a better success at capturing stability
and wind profile characteristics in a setting where down-valley flow is more prominent
(Reefton), than in the coastal town (Invercargill) where the model significantly
overestimated the ground level concentrations. In this instance, TAPM was unable to
faithfully reproduce local meteorology.
Numerical Study On Dispersion Pollutant Emission Of Point Source In Urban
Environment (103)
M. Yassin; Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
pollutant dispersion from point source was investigated numerically in an urban area.
Numerical simulations were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
models. The CFD models used for the simulation were based on the steady-state
Reynolds-Average Navier-Stoke equations (RANS) with κ-ε turbulence models. A gas
pollutant was emitted from a point source within the wake region behind the building
model. The accuracy of these simulations was examined by comparing the predicted
results with wind tunnel experimental data. Results indicated that there is a good
agreement between the numerical simulation and the wind tunnel experiment for both
wind flow and concentration diffusion. The results of this work can help to improve the
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understanding of mechanisms of and simulation of pollutant transport in an urban
environment
1E: The Canadian Air Quality Management Framework [Panel]
Canada’s air quality management has evolved since the 1970’s as a collaborative
approach to reducing health risk related to air pollution. This session will explore this
evolution in the context of Canada’s constitution that recognizes the concept of shared
responsibility between all levels of government. The session will outline the history of air
quality management in Canada, the roles of provincial and federal governments in
improving air quality, the perspectives of industry and NGOs on this process, and the
new Canadian Air Quality Health Index.
2A: Sustainable Transport and Development
Roadway Congestion’s Effects On Motor Vehicle CO2 Emissions: A Review Of
Methods, Findings, And Misconceptions (42)
A. Bigazzi, M. Figliozzi; Portland State University, Portland, OR
Motor vehicles are a dominant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the U.S.
Reducing congestion is a commonly-suggested mitigation strategy, but many such
suggestions implicitly assume that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions monotonically
increase with congestion. This review examines the full relationship between congestion
and vehicle emissions of CO2 to aid the development of sound policy and traffic
management for climate change mitigation. The objectives of this paper are to review 1)
methods for quantifying and 2) the state of knowledge about - the effects of congestion
on vehicle CO2 emissions.
The initial challenge of assessment is consistent definition of congestion indicators and
costs, as ‘uncongested’ benchmarks are often arbitrary or unrealistic. Also, current
research tools for assessing congestion’s impacts on emissions have clear difficulties in
data requirements, modeling scope, and experimental control. As a result, no study has
yet estimated the full extent of direct and indirect congestion impacts in a unified way.
The better-researched impacts of congestion (reduced speeds, increased accelerations,
and suppressed demand) have differing effects on emissions. Other, indirect effects
(travel time unreliability, freight operation changes, rerouting and other behavioral
responses) are still not well studied or understood. Further research is clearly needed to
quantify the total effects of congestion on emissions. Meanwhile, we cannot
automatically conclude that congestion increases CO2 emissions - or that reducing
congestion will reduce emissions. This paper concludes with recommended
benchmarking practices for assessing emissions costs of congestion and potential
emissions benefits of congestion mitigation.
Quantitative Assessment Of "The Program To Improve The Air Quality In Mexico
City" (161)
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J. Figueroa, V. Mugica, A. Hernández, J. Sarmiento; Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Mexico City, Mexico
The “Program to Improve the Air Quality in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area 2002-
2010” containing 89 control measures, was published in 2002 with the objective to
promotes emission control policies for emissions caused by vehicles, industry, public
services and deforestation. The program aims to reduce pollution levels and keep them
below the health-based standards in Mexico City. This study focuses in the assessment of
the effectiveness of the program trough the estimation of the emissions reduced from
different sources, and the improvement of the air quality.
In 2008, more than 820,000 ton/year of pollutant emissions were reduced (the expectation
to 2010 is around 970,000 ton/year). 84% corresponds to CO, 8.8% to VOC, 6.6% to
NOx, and PM10 0.55%. The measure that fails the most was the lowering of sulfur
content in fuels, so the reduction in SO2 emissions were only of 0.05%. Control measures
in transport contributed with 98% of the reductions, mainly due to vehicular verification
program and renovation of public transport. Reductions in point and area sources were
very poor die to economic crisis.
From 1996 to 2000 the number of contingencies were 13 by ozone and 7 by PM10,
whereas from 2002 to 2008 were 1 for O3 and 2 for PM10. The air quality has been
improved since the CO, NOx, Pb and SO2 standards are met. Overall results indicate a
downward trend in ozone and PM10. However, they are far from being under control.
Most Important Activities Done In Iran About Climate Change By Focusing On
The Issues Of The Urban Management Of Metropolis Of Tehran (202)
S. Alipour; Tehran Traffic and Transportation Organization, Tehran, Iran, Islamic
Republic of
Metropolis of Tehran is situated on the southern slopes of Central Elburz Mountain
Chains in Iran and is the northernmost depression in the Central Iran. City of Tehran has
a generally hot and dry climate. With an area of about 665 sq km and a population of 7.5
million, Tehran is located in the focal point of a metropolitan area with an area of about
6000 sq km and a population of about 12 million (including the satellite towns around it
in a 30 to 40 km radius) during the day.
In line with the commitments of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Climate Change
Convention after the approval of the Convention by the Islamic Consultative Assembly in
June 1997, the National Plan for Climate Change commenced its work in Environment
Protection Organisation in January 1998. The total amount of equivalent carbon dioxide
emission of greenhouse gases in the country in 2000 has been approximately 475 million
tons which includes 380 million tons carbon dioxide, 67 million tons methane, and 27
million tons nitro oxide. The total amount of carbon dioxide emission has been about 380
million tons, in which the energy sector has had the most contribution with an emission
of 348 million tons.
Implementation of energy productivity programmes in the Tehran urban management
sector has played a significant role in the reduction of greenhouse gases emission by the
management of transportation through the expansion of public transport system,
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management of urban waste, and reducing demand for energy in residential and
commercial buildings and public places through compliance with energy standards in the
construction of residential buildings, and using renewable resources of energy and using
intelligent system in the lighting systems of roads and streets. Amongst the abovementioned
measures, mention can be made of the following: Expansion of public
transport system such as expanding Metro network and using bus rapid transit (BRT)
system, Controlling compliance with energy standards in the construction of residential
buildings (Article 19), Management of traffic through constructing multi level junctions,
intelligent traffic lights, Project to test vehicles technically and increasing the number of
technical examination centres, Increasing the number of bi-fuel buses in the bus fleet of
Tehran, Expansion of gas network to residential and commercial buildings and to the
province’s industries, Collecting methane gas from the sanitary landfill in Kahrizak in
order to produce electricity under Clean, Development Mechanism (CDM) of Kiyoto
Protocol, , Development of compost production from urban waste material in Kahrizak
sanitary landfill under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of Kiyoto Protocol. The
result of activities that mention is reducing pollutants.
Sustainability Of Coal-fired Power Generators In The Australian Context (52)
H. Marlin, 1 N. Williams, 2 G. Taylor 1 ; 1 AECOM, Warabrook, Australia, 2 Eraring Energy,
Eraring, Australia
Australia is one of the world’s most heavily coal-dependent countries, with over 80% of
its electricity supply generated by the combustion of coal. A significant proportion of
revenue is also generated by exports of Australia’s abundant coal resources. As such,
despite growing local and international pressure to transition to a low carbon and
pollution economy, Australia’s reliance on coal is likely to continue for the foreseeable
future. The challenge for power generators, therefore, is to supply the country’s
increasing electricity demands while also taking action to minimise and mitigate the
environmental impacts of their operations.
Diversity is seen by many operators as the preferred strategy for improving operational
sustainability. Eraring Energy, one of Australia’s largest power generators, operates
Eraring Power Station at Lake Macquarie in NSW. Sustainability initiatives undertaken
by the corporation include operation of a number of wind and hydro power stations
throughout NSW; the use of recycled sewerage effluent for up to 95% of Eraring Power
Station’s water needs; reuse of approximately 40% of the coal ash generated by the
power station in construction projects; upgrading plant to improve thermal efficiency;
investment in native tree plantations for carbon dioxide sequestration; and, most recently,
investigation of algal sequestration. Together, these actions substantially reduce the
environmental impact of their coal-fired power station.
2B: Incorporating Sustainability in Education [Panel]
This session explains the steps taken at BCIT, a public post-secondary educational
institution in British Columbia Canada, to incorporate sustainability in its educational and
applied research activities. BCIT comprises six schools providing trades and technology
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education and training in the areas of: health, transportation, business, computing,
construction and industrial processes. It graduates the largest number of students of any
post-secondary educational institute in British Columbia, approximately 49,000 students
per year. However, its budget is relatively small compared to other research-oriented
post-secondary institutions. BCIT's journey towards sustainability is a story of capacitybuilding
from within. After early success with campus recycling and composting
programs, in 2006 the BCIT School of Construction and the Environment hired a
Director of Sustainable Development and Environmental Stewardship to help transform
the School to become a leader in sustainability education. The School developed its own
framework and guiding themes as well as training programs to help instructors
understand sustainability and how to incorporate it in curriculum and delivery of
educational services. The School actively engaged its industry partners as well as the
Institute's administrative arm that delivers campus-wide operational services to partner in
its efforts to advance the state of practice towards a sustainable future. These partnerships
leveraged the capacity of the School to go further. By 2008, the School was attracting
industry investment and government grants from agencies that wanted to further support
the School's efforts. This included formation of a multi-party one million dollar research
endowment, the first of its kind for BCIT, to advance green value strategies. In 2009,
partly inspired by the School's success and community-wide support for sustainability,
BCIT adopted a new vision: to be integral to the economic, social and environmental
prosperity of British Columbia. This marks the Institute's commitment to advancing the
state of practice towards sustainability in its education, operations and its dealings with
the community.
2C: Ambient Monitoring
Seasonally Changes Of Contaminants In Atmospheric Aerosols Over The
Primorsky Kray Of Russia (93)
A. S. Neroda, V. F. Mishukov; V.I. Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Vladivostok,
Russian Federation
The sampling of atmospheric aerosols was carried out uniformly on Japanese installations
(Kimoto, Japan), adopted in the international program SEAREX . The aerosol sampling
stations were located in suburban of Vladivostok, suburban(35m above sea level; period:
9.03.2004 ~ now), in the Taiga Mounting Station(280m above sea level; period: 25.08.06
~ 25.05.08 ) and the Vladivostok, urban (65m above sea level; 13.03.2009~now). Aerosol
was collected at these stations(points) by a high volume air sampler with a membranes
filter at a flow rate of 700 L min-1. A new filter was installed every week. Element
concentration in aerosol were determined by atomic-absorption mathods of the analysis.
The experimental results of aerosol concentrations in 2007 and 2009 years in Taiga
Mounting Station, Vladivostok and Vladivostok city are demonstrated. We observe that
in winter-spring period the very scattered values of aerosol content in atmosphere were
measured. The analysis of data shows that for Vladivostok an increase of the aerosol
contents in winter - spring months was observed. Back trajectory analysis are
demonstrated for Taiga Mounting Station. Back trajectory analysis indicated that the air
14

was transported from Northeast China. Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols
demonstrated very large variability content of elements in aerosols for different points of
sampling. A strong positive correlation was observed between Dust and Fe, Mg, Mn, Co.
Establishment Of A Remote Background Air Quality Monitoring Station (71)
G. Doerksen, 1 D. Steyn, 2 I. McKendry 2 ; 1 RWDI AIR Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2 The
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
A remote background air quality station is currently being established on the west coast
of British Columbia by the Province, in partnership with Environment Canada and Metro
Vancouver. There is a well established need to install a remotely located permanent
station to monitor air quality in the clean, background lower troposphere on the west
coast of British Columbia. Prior to this, there has been no way to monitor trace levels of
pollutants transported across the Pacific. The station will allow for a greater
understanding of the effect of background air masses transported into BC on local and
regional air quality. A complete understanding of absolute values and trends in local to
regional air quality is impossible without knowledge of background air quality brought
into the region from upstream atmospheric conditions.
To assist the Province in determining an appropriate location for a new background
station, we undertook a study in which location criteria were developed to identify
several potential locations for the station. The development of the location criteria
interestingly did not draw on previous work to establish other worldwide background
stations as it was found that no such criteria existed prior to this study.
Findings from the study will be presented with a focus on the location criteria and the
process involved in recommending locations of several sites on the west coast of
Vancouver Island, BC.
Air Pollution Effects On The Northern Cordillera Blanca Of Peru From A
Mountaineer’s Perspective, An Initial Expedition (153)
F. A. Nederhand, 1 E. Lapham, 1 J. Sayago, 2 M. Mast 3 ; 1 American Alpine Club, Golden,
CO, 2 Georgia Dept. Of Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA, 3 U.S. Geological Survey,
Boulder, CO
Mountains in many places in the world are considered pristine environments and are
protected and set aside for future generations to enjoy by environmental laws. As recent
domestic research programs in the western United States mountainous national parks
have found, mountains, which are supposed to be protected are at risk from airborne
contaminants from both local as well as distant sources. Peru is home to the highest
tropical mountain range in the world, the Cordillera Blanca. The Cordillera Blanca is also
home to the “Huascaran National Park". The population and non-agricultural activities
are growing in the region. Not only are the fragile ecosystems in the national park
potentially impacted but also ecosystems that rely on the water that come from the
mountains are impacted as well.
One of the goals of the premier mountaineering club in North America, the American
15

Alpine Club (AAC), is to promote environmental stewardship of the alpine environment.
This paper describes a mountaineering expedition sponsored by the AAC, to these high
altitude mountains to perform an environmental research study.
During a six week period of time (September 24 th through November 1 st , 2009),
meteorological data was recorded as snow and ice samples were collected at designated
locations and elevations to provide both a horizontal as well as a vertical profile of the
mountain range. Samples were analyzed for key micro elements using ICP-MS and other
appropriate methods. Also discussed are logistical issues related to a mountaineering
expedition and how they relate to performing ambient environmental measurements.
The Spatial Distribution Of Residential Wood Smoke: Evaluating Five
Communities In Central British Columbia (88)
G. Millar, 1 P. Jackson, 1 M. Brauer, 2 S. Leckie, 2 R. Allen 3 ; 1 University of Northern British
Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada, 2 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Canada, 3 Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
Rising energy costs and a growing interest in renewable energy resources suggest that the
use of wood for space heating may increase in industrialized nations. We characterized
the spatial variability of residential wood smoke concentrations at a high spatial
resolution (200m) in five communities located in central British Columbia where wood
burning is common practice. Field sampling was completed prior to implementation of
bylaws that aim to remove high emission wood burning appliances from three of the five
communities. Data collection will be repeated following bylaw implementation to
evaluate their effectiveness. PM2.5, levoglucosan (a biomass combustion marker), and
Black Carbon (measured as particle light absorbance) were measured at central
monitoring stations to confirm the presence of wood smoke in each community. Mobile
monitoring of particle light scattering was also conducted during calm stable
meteorological conditions to characterize the spatial variability of residential wood
smoke and to identify local wood smoke hotspots. Levoglucosan strongly correlated with
PM2.5 at central monitoring stations in four communities (r = 0.85 - 0.91) indicating that
wood smoke is a consistent contributor to PM2.5 during the heating season in these
communities. The spatial variability of residential wood smoke was moderate (IQR for
estimated PM2.5 in all communities, 2- 14 μg m -3 ) with a few localized areas exceeding
100 μg m -3 . Older neighborhoods, mobile home parks and low lying areas are associated
with elevated concentrations. Mobile data also indicate that the central monitoring
stations provide a reasonable representation of community-wide PM2.5 averages during
calm stable conditions.
A Bayesian Approach To Odor Recognition With Examples From Environmental
Air Quality Studies Using An Electronic Nose (201)
D. B. Hibbert, 1 G. A. Bell 2 ; 1 School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales,
Sydney, Australia, 2 E-Nose Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia
16

Electronic noses (e-noses) have been developed in several laboratories and
commercialized in several countries. Their main use has been as a laboratory analytical
instrument for distinguishing between complex odours emanating from chemical
samples. An industrial e-nose was developed (1, 2) to meet the need to measure air
pollution emissions from factories and industrial plants. Complaints from communities
downwind of such emitters form a large proportion of complaints received by
environmental protection agencies (EPAs). We describe development of an e-nose to
address this need and some of the applications to which it has been put. Real-time
recognition of odors has been achieved by an algorithm based on Bayesian probability,
given a library of known odors (3). We describe studies of odor measurement by the enose,
in which emissions from industrial odor sources were monitored and the data
treated in various ways, including the Bayesian approach, to help resolve issues arising
from complaints by the community. The results will be discussed in terms of reliability,
real-time delivery of information and validity of electronic nose technology and how the
technology might help resolve air quality issues of concern to the community and EPAs.
References:
1. Bell, G.A. (2004) E-Noses to silence smell complaints. Continuous real-time
monitoring heralds a generational shift in pollution control. ChemoSense 6(3), 14-15.
2. Bell, G. A. and Wu, W. (2006) The industrial E-Nose: Protecting people and profits.
ChemoSense, 8(2) 1-5.
3. Hibbert, D.B. and Bell, G.A (2007). A method of predicting the source of data sampled
from an unknown source. PCT/AU2007/001214.
2D: Modelling
Impacts Of Anthropogenic And Biogenic Emissions On Surface Ozone
Concentrations In Istanbul: A Modeling Study (53)
S. Incecik; Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
In this study, the impacts of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions on the surface ozone
levels in Istanbul for June 2008 has been investigated using a high resolution modeling
system was set up coupling MM5 meteorological and CMAQ chemistry and transport
models. A 2 km resolution anthropogenic emissions inventory and a MM5-based
biogenic model employing the Guenther algorithm have been compiled. Validation
results of meteorological model point out a good model performance for surface
temperature and wind components. The CMAQ performances were evaluated by
comparing the model predictions to the measurements obtained from one urban and one
semi-urban air quality station operated in the framework of COST-728 Action project.
The model results indicates that the use of biogenic emission improves the prediction of
ozone concentration. Sensitivity analysis presented that the dominant chemistry regime in
the region was NOx-limited.
Modeling Challenges For Compliance With Short-term PM2.5, NO2, and SO2
Ambient Standards (146)
17

R. Paine, D. Heinold; AECOM, Westford, MA
U.S. EPA’s recently proposed and promulgated revisions to National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 provide implementation challenges
regarding the application of dispersion models to assess compliance.
Given that these new NAAQS are substantially lower than the standards they replace, the
customary degree of overestimation that is intentionally designed into the present
Modeling Guideline methods are likely to limit our ability to conduct accurate and
unbiased air quality compliance assessments. Due to the shrinking margin of compliance
associated with these new standards, the skill of regulatory models will be more severely
tested, and refined methods to incorporate background concentrations will need to be
developed. Given that long-term average PM2.5 concentrations have contributions from a
variety of near-field and more distant sources, there is a need for EPA to incorporate the
mechanisms leading to secondary particulate formation into regulatory models.
The promulgated 1-hour standard for NO2 will require more refined methods to estimate
NO to NO2 conversion over short transport distances than is provided in the AERMOD
screening-level methods. Improved methods applicable to urban areas or the vicinity of
major roadways will be required.
The proposed range of the 1-hour SO2 standard is well below the current 24-hour
NAAQS and will test the ability of dispersion models to accurately simulate peak shortterm
concentrations from point sources. Given that there is substantial variability in SO2
emissions due to variability in fuel sulfur content, statistically robust ways of accounting
for this variability need to be explored.
Use Of MODIS Satellite Measurements Of Land Use, Albedo And Leaf Area Index
In CALMET (99)
C. Bell, K. Onder, S. Lataille; Golder Associates, Calgary, AB, Canada
Recent development in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, located in northeastern Alberta,
has drawn growing concern from stakeholders on the cumulative effects of emissions
from mining and upgrading projects on air quality. In order to assess potential cumulative
air quality changes, refined dispersion modelling is necessary.
The CALPUFF modelling system is currently the model of choice in the Oil Sands
Region. Characterizing the meteorological conditions with CALMET is dependent on
proper definition of the geophysical parameters such as land use, albedo and leaf area
index (LAI). The characterization of these parameters is important for defining the
boundary layer conditions in CALMET. In past air quality assessments completed by the
authors in the Oil Sands Region, land use was derived from the Natural Resources
Canada (NRCan) Land Cover Map of Canada1 for the year 2000 and the geophysical
parameters were assigned based on values from literature and CALMET defaults.
Recently, high temporal and spatial resolution MODerate-resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data have become available. MODIS measurements
provide sufficient spectral information to extract land use, albedo and leaf area index
directly at a temporal resolution of two weeks and a spatial resolution ranging from 500
m to 1 km. This study provides a review of the geophysical parameters generated from
18

MODIS measurements as well as a comparison of the geophysical parameters generated
from NRCan data.
Climate Modelling For Madsar Environmental City (186)
J. Lundgren; RWDI AIR Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
Masdar City is a master planned sustainable, zero-carbon and zero-waste community
under construction within the environs of the greater city of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Achieving
sustainability objectives for the development requires a detailed understanding of the
urban climate of Masdar and its surroundings. Alteration of the land cover characteristics
resulting from Masdar construction will result in changes to the local-scale climate of the
immediate area of the development. In addition, land use changes associated with the
continued development of the surrounding area of Abu Dhabi will also affect local
climatology in Masdar and the greater city. Lastly, global climate change will result in
changes to the local climate of the region and influence the future urban climate of
Masdar and Abu Dhabi.
The Penn State Meterological Model (MM5) was used to assess the influence of
changing land use on local meteorology. The model was run for a period of one year at a
resolution of 1km with land use as it currently is and with land use altered to reflect the
construction of Masdar as well as the master plan for the development of Abu Dhabi. To
assess the impact of future global climate change on the development, dynamical
downscaling of global circulation model (GCM) estimates for the years 2030 and 2060
using MM5 was also performed. Results of these studies are presented.
3A: Urban Sustainability Issues
City-scale Carbon Management: An Innovative Methodology For Imagining A Low
Carbon Future (183)
R. Bailey, 1 J. W. S. Longhurst, 1 E. T. Hayes, 1 K. Ragnarsdottir, 2 L. Hudson, 3 J. Thumim 4 ;
1 University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom, 2 University of Iceland,
Reykjavik, Iceland, 3 Bristol City Council, Bristol, United Kingdom, 4 Centre for
Sustainable Energy, Bristol, United Kingdom
Although international action on climate change is essential, local mitigation will deliver
many of the carbon savings, and cities will play an important role. This paper proposes an
innovative methodology for city-scale carbon management, using the example of Bristol,
in the UK. A Delphi-like process is used with local decision-makers, key sector
representatives, and influential individuals and groups, to create a number of broadly
consensual low-carbon scenarios for the future city-region. Using backcasting techniques
from these scenarios, together with conventional forecasting, a robust pathway from the
present to a future desirable low-emission city can be described. The key points of
divergence and intervention are identified, to ‘future proof’ the trajectory. This will bring
benefits to planning and policy making, by providing a low emission pathway beyond the
short-term, and creates buy-in from key groups and individuals through the Delphi-
19

process, who have helped to define the city’s future.
This methodology aims to help close the gap between ‘where we are now’ and ‘where we
need to be’, which can be problematic given the all-encompassing nature of climate
change and its cause, and the traditionally shorter-term policy making of local
government. Given that approximately half the world’s population now lives in urban
areas, rising to about 70% by 2050, and the IEA’s World Energy Outlook (2008)
estimates the global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emission contribution of cities
is 71%, they are critical for effective mitigation.
Improvement Of The Urban Design Model To Support Energy Efficiency And
Reduce The Effects Of The Urban Heat Island Phenomenon (59)
C. J. Watson, R. Peters; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
Urban form has experienced various changes in past decades, once the most efficient
model for living and working, through modern design has become our least. In this post
industrial age we are finding that our urban design model is contributing to several
adverse environmental effects. According to the Population Reference Bureau (PRB), in
2007 50% of the world’s population resided in an urban area, with a predicted increase to
53% in 2015 and 60% in 2030[1]. This expected population growth will have significant
impacts on both energy and resource use. Modern urban design strategies have lead to
significant increases in ambient air temperature (up to 22°F[2]) compared to surrounding
rural areas, referred to as the urban heat island effect, and is the result of displacing trees
and vegetation with hard surfaces (building facades and paved roads).
This project will analyze the city of Birmingham, Alabama in the following area; 1)
building materials, 2) building codes used for construction, 3) age of urban infrastructure,
4) comparison of rural and urban ambient temperatures, 5) surface temperatures (green
space, paved areas, building facades, and roofs), 5) investigate the impacts of the city
block and how its components/characteristics influence shading effects, exposure to
sunlight, and cooling and heating effects, and 6) analysis of city characteristics (zoning,
land use patterns and population). This data will provide the base reference material to
provide retrofit improvements for existing cities and suggestions for new urban
construction in the United States.
[1] http://www.prb.org/Articles/2007/UrbanPopToBecomeMajority.aspx
[2] Environmental Protection Agency
(http://www.epa.gov/climate4action/learn/glossary.htm)
Greywater Characterization In Saudi Arabia (117)
A. O. Al-Jasser, S. M. Mogren; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Water conservation and the use of reclaimed wastewater are currently being considered
as strategic solutions to limited water supplies in Saudi Arabia and other arid and semiarid
countries. Greywater is non-industrial wastewater generated from domestic sources;
it includes drainage water from showers, baths, hand-washing sinks and washing
machines. Greywater, which does not include toilet wastewater (known as blackwater),
20

epresents a substantial fraction of total domestic wastewater and may be used for a
variety of purposes, including toilet flushing, lawn care and gardening. Although
greywater contains lower levels of contaminants than blackwater and is thus easier to
treat, it must still receive sufficient treatment prior to use in order to remove potential
health and environmental risks. In this study, the greywater from different-sized
households, mosques, hotels, schools and universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was
characterized with respect to a range of physicochemical and biological parameters. A
simple potential treatment method was tested, and the quality of the resulting effluent was
evaluated. Raw and treated greywater quality data are discussed in the context of recent
Saudi standards for wastewater reuse in agricultural irrigation.
3B: Shipping and Port Initiatives
Methodology For Estimating And Comparing Carbon Efficiencies Of Marine
Gateways (152)
N. Casley, G. Olszewski, B. McEwen; SNC-Lavalin Environment, Burnaby, BC, Canada
With the ever increasing focus on carbon emissions, carbon efficiency is emerging as a
potential means of evaluating the environmental case for potential business linkages in a
range of industries. As such, a number of North American ports have initiated carbon
footprinting studies to estimate intensity-based carbon emissions for cargo shipments.
These studies may include direct comparisons of alternative gateways to determine the
most carbon efficient routes.
SNC-Lavalin Environment has been commissioned by the Port of Prince Rupert to
calculate the carbon footprint associated with containerised shipping through four key
Pacific North American gateway ports (Prince Rupert, Vancouver, Seattle and Los
Angeles/Long Beach). Total carbon emissions are calculated for routes from three Asian
origins to three North American destinations and include marine, cargo handling
equipment, rail and truck emissions. The methodology applies current guidance and
builds on methodologies used in previous assessments such as for the Port of Seattle in
2009. Where possible, the methodology reduces the number of assumptions made, as
compared to previous assessments, to create more realistic comparisons between trade
routes and gateways. The methodology includes significant improvement of rail emission
estimates as well as a more realistic estimate of marine emissions by considering stringof-service
routes.
The methodology and assumptions will be discussed along with limitations and potential
improvements for future studies. Discussion of the study findings will include
presentation of each route’s key carbon sources and methods of characterisation.
Consideration will be given to the applicability of this methodology internationally and
opportunities for carbon reductions.
Port Of Seattle - A Green Gateway To Sustainability (166)
E. Watson, S. Flagg; Port of Seattle, Seattle, WA
21

The Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy is a cornerstone of the Port of Seattle Seaport Air
Quality Program. The Strategy is a voluntary, collaborative effort of the Ports of Seattle,
Tacoma, and Vancouver (B.C.) to reduce diesel and greenhouse gas emissions from
maritime-related activities in the greater Georgia Basin/Puget Sound region. The
Strategy, which was adopted by the Port of Seattle Commission in January 2008,
establishes Short-term (by 2010) and long-term (by 2015) emissions reduction objectives
have been established for ocean-going vessels, cargo handling equipment, rail, trucks and
vehicles, and harbor vessels. Unlike prescriptive approaches, the Strategy takes into
account the many differences in port operations and allows for customers and tenants to
choose those strategies that are most cost-effective for their particular business models.
The strategy has three primary emissions reduction objectives:
1. Reduce maritime and port-related air quality impacts on human health, the
environment, and the economy
2. Reduce contribution to climate change through co-benefits associated with
reducing air quality impacts
3. Help the Georgia Basin/Puget Sound Airshed to continue to meet air quality
standards and objectives
The Port of Seattle began the Green Gateway initiative in 2006. The Port of Seattle the
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, a seaport, commercial and recreational marinas,
three container terminals, and the Fishermen’s Terminal. Committed to environmental
leadership, the Port has implemented sustainable business practices in each of its
divisions.
This paper will discuss the Port’s Green Gateway program in air quality, climate and
sustainability.
Port Metro Vancouver - A Leader In Port Sustainability (205)
D. Desjardin, C. Rigby, G. Olszewski; Port Metro Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Port Metro Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the most diverse port in all of
North America, with 28 cargo terminals, 2 cruise terminals and a number of smaller
facilities. The port’s jurisdiction includes 600 km of coastline bordering on sixteen
municipalities and includes Roberts Bank, Burrard Inlet and the Fraser River. It is Port
Metro Vancouver’s vision to be a leader in port sustainability.
Port Metro Vancouver contributes significantly to the local, regional and national
economies through domestic and international trade. Emissions that contribute to air
quality and climate change are a direct result of port operations, from ocean going vessels
and tugs to cargo handling equipment, trucks and locomotives among other sources. The
port recognizes that impacts to human health, the environment and the economy are
occurring as a result of air quality and climate change and that port emissions have the
potential to grow due to increasing trade demands. As a result Port Metro Vancouver is
committed to reducing emissions of criteria air contaminants and greenhouse gases.
The port and its stakeholders have undertaken a number of air emission reduction
initiatives ranging from the international and collaborative Northwest Ports Clean Air
22

Strategy with the Ports of Seattle and Tacoma, to introducing increasingly stringent
requirements into the Container Truck Licensing System, offering reduced harbour dues
to vessels going beyond requirement to reduce emissions and being the first port in
Canada and the third in the world to implement shore power for cruise ships. Port
emissions and reduction initiatives will be discussed, with highlights from 2009 and
insight given into the direction being undertaken in 2010.
3C: Approaches to Environmental Management
Reframing The United Kingdom Air Quality Management Challenge: From
Diagnosis To Solutions (119)
J. H. Barnes, E. T. Hayes, T. J. Chatterton, J. W. S. Longhurst; Air Quality Management
Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
The UK has operated a sophisticated Local Air Quality Management (LAQM)
framework since 1997 comprising two distinct phases: Review and Assessment (R&A)
and Action Planning. R&A concludes with the declaration of an Air Quality Management
Area (AQMA) where air quality objectives (AQOs) are exceeded, which then initiates an
Action Plan. Two-hundred and thirty-seven (59%) local authorities have one or more
AQMAs. Action Plans are expected to define measures and timescales by which air
quality in the AQMA will comply with AQOs. NO2 and PM10 from traffic are the main
causes of AQO exceedences. R&A efficiency and effectiveness has improved since 1997
but Action Planning cannot yet be judged a successful policy intervention. Local
authorities have limited powers to initiate direct actions amid concerns about the political
impact of measures affecting the car-driving public. In such circumstances local
authorities have been unable to get traction on air quality management problems.
However, whilst LAQM is a local responsibility, central government is answerable to the
EU. Local authorities’ inability to meet national objectives has contributed to a failure to
achieve limit values for PM10 and NO2 prescribed in EU Directive 2008/50/EC. Statutory
requirements to comply with EU Directives will require a change of emphasis in LAQM
by both central and local government to improve air quality. This paper considers the
implications of policy disconnects between diagnosis and solution and local and central
government, to explore the likelihood of delivering improved air quality through the
Action Planning process.
A Carrot And Stick Approach To Reducing Harmful Diesel Emissions In Metro
Vancouver (156)
R. Robb, D. Jennejohn; Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, BC, Canada
Diesel particulate matter (PM) is the number one air quality threat to human health in
Metro Vancouver. Further, as well as improving public health, reducing diesel PM
emissions is emerging as one of the most effective means of quickly mitigating climate
change effects. In-use diesel engines are a leading contributor to diesel PM human
exposure. Consequently, Metro Vancouver, a regional government in British Columbia
23

that has been delegated authority to manage and regulate air emissions within its
boundaries, is proposing a novel Non-Road Diesel PM Emission Reduction Initiative.
The Initiative is focused on Tier 0 and Tier 1 high PM emitting engines and consists of
simple but efficient regulatory requirements and an incentive fund. The Emission
Regulation would require registration, machine labelling and fees for older Tier 0 and
Tier 1 non-road diesel engines. Fees would be based on the magnitude of engine
emissions and fee rates would increase over time, with the intent of accelerating the
upgrade or replacement of older machines. Fees collected would contribute to an
Incentive Fund that would be used to assist high-emitting engine owners and operators to
reduce their emissions. Metro Vancouver has consulted on the Initiative with industry,
engine owners and managers, equipment manufacturers, emission control suppliers,
public health representatives and other interested parties for over a year and intends to
develop regulatory language for adoption by its Board later in 2010. The regulation
would be the first of its kind in Canada and could be a model for adoption in other
jurisdictions.
Healthy Canada by Design: Cross-Sector Innovation, Collaboration, and Evaluation
in the Building of More Sustainable Communities (112)
H. Swinkels; Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada
A growing body of research has demonstrated that many land use development and
transportation practices that improve air quality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
minimize environmental damage are also associated with positive health impacts. These
findings shed light on promising new levers to effectively mitigate potential water, food,
energy, and environmental challenges while promoting public health.
To move forward in integrating health promoting policies into land use and transport
planning practice, a Canadian national coalition of health units, community planning
organizations and NGOs came together in 2009 under the Canadian Partnership Against
Cancer’s Coalitions Linking Action and Science for Prevention (CLASP) initiative. The
project focuses on enhancing, field-testing and disseminating a range of tools and policies
for improving the health and environmental impacts of new and existing urban
communities in Canada. Tools currently under production include:
-- A development checklist for planners with targets and an implementation plan;
-- A software tool to evaluate the extent to which proposed developments will promote or
hinder health;
-- An analysis of consumer demand for more walkable residential developments;
-- A synthesis of the latest Canadian research on health and the built environment;
-- Evaluation of a training & technical assistance program to support partner health
authorities in promoting healthy built environments;
-- Results of the evaluation of grassroots initiatives to promote green, more walkable
neighbourhoods.
This presentation provides an overview of evolving approaches translating research on
urban development and health into useable tools and policy supports.
3D: Source-Receptor Modelling
24

Source Apportionment Of Fine Particles Measured In Urban Areas Of Texas (127)
S. Karnae, 1 K. John 2 ; 1 Texas A&M University - Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 2 University
of North Texas, Denton, TX
In recent years, long range transport of particulate matter (PM) and aerosols influencing
regional air quality has been a key focus of scientists and decision-makers. Urban areas
of Texas have long been influenced by the long range transport of air pollutants from
regional sources in addition to the impact of local sources. Positive Matrix Factorization
(PMF) technique was used in this study to identify and quantify the local influence of
anthropogenic and natural sources of PM, while upwind source-rich regions were
identified using Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis. Preliminary
PMF analysis conducted for Corpus Christi, Texas, resolved an eight source model.
Secondary sulfates was the major contributor accounting for 30.4% of the apportioned
mass, followed by aged and fresh sea salt (18.5% - 8%), biomass burns (12.7%), crustal
dust (10.1%), gasoline vehicle emissions (9.7%), industrial sources (6%) and heavy oil
combustion in marine vessels and diesel engines (4.6%). Higher concentrations of
secondary nitrates arising from industrial sources were observed during the winter
months due to high humidity and lower amounts of photochemical reaction in the
atmosphere. The PSCF analysis identified continental transport of haze during the months
of August and September from highly industrialized areas of Texas and Louisiana, the
Lower Mississippi river valley and the Ohio River valley. Biomass burns in Central
America and Mexico during the months of April and May and sub-Saharan dust transport
from Africa during June and July were also identified as other sources affecting the air
quality in Texas.
The Source-receptor Relationships Of Nitrate In Northeast Asia (110)
Y. Kim, 1 Y. Ma, 1 J. Park, 1 S. Kim, 1 J. Kim, 2 Y. Sunwoo 1 ; 1 Konkuk University, Seoul,
Korea, Republic of, 2 National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea,
Republic of
Northeast Asia suffers from high emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides
(NOx) from China. In recent years, the annual growth rate of nitrogen dioxide(NO2)
concentration over the industrial areas in China has significantly increased, as high as
about 50% during 1996~2004. An investigation of source-receptor relationships (S-R
relationship) for total nitrate in Northeast Asia using the EMEP-3 method and a 3dimensional
chemistry transport model was conducted. We have simulated and analyzed
the long-range transport of air pollutants for four months (March, July, October, and
December) of 2006. The S-R relationship of total nitrate for five regions (Korea, Japan
and 3 regions (north, central and south) of China) has also been calculated for the same
period. Numerical simulations using CMAQ were performed to understand sourcereceptor
relationships for nitrogen (HNO3, NO3 - and PAN) in Northeast Asia. The
modeling domain was 19°N-45°N, 98°E-147°E and had 60km horizontal grid resolution.
SAPRC99 was applied for chemical mechanism. Preliminary results of our sourcereceptor
relationship analysis are as follows. For all seasons, central and southern China
25

showed high self-contribution of total nitrate. However, Korea and Japan were influenced
by northern and central China and showed low self-contributions which were 23~46%
and 43~69%, respectively, with seasonal variation. We also discovered that we could not
ignore the impact of Japan for Korea. Their contribution showed a similar level as the
self-contribution of Korea.
Relationships Between The Surface Layer Dynamics And Ambient VOCs
Concentrations In An Urban Area Under Industrial Emissions (70)
Y. Xiang, 1 H. Delbarre, 1 N. Locoge, 2 T. Leonardis, 2 M. Fourmentin, 1 P. Augustin 1 ;
1 Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Laboratoire de PhysicoChimie de l'Atmosphère,
Dunkerque, France, 2 Ecole des Mines de Douai, Dpt. Chimie et Environnement, Douai,
France
The transport and dispersion of pollutants depends on the temporal and spatial variety of
sources and meteorological phenomena, particularly on a local scale. The specific gas
marker measurement associated with the characterization of the surface layer behaviours
may constitute a tool to study industrial emission dynamics. Our objective is to develop a
methodology to examine the interdependence of the behaviours of type of industrial
sources and the influences of meteorological conditions. Meanwhile, this paper will focus
on the variation of the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a function
of dynamic parameters. A measurement campaign of 90 VOCs, among which 20 are
oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOC), was performed by using gas
chromatography during July and September 2009 at two urban sites exposed to industrial
emissions in the Urban Community of Dunkerque. The VOC concentrations were
examined by taking into account several meteorological parameters (wind directions,
atmospheric stability...). The ambient VOC pollution is not only predominated by wind
direction, but also by turbulence intensity and the highest levels were recorded for
slightly unstable conditions. Different behaviours of some VOCs in the same wind
direction allow the nature of different sources to be identified. And so, from this analysis,
it’s possible to distinguish between pollutants emitted from chimneys and those due to
surface emissions. These specific markers will make it possible to use a positive matrix
factorization (PMF) modeling to calculate the contribution of an industrial source and to
study the evolution of this contribution in regard of meteorological conditions.
3E: EFCA/IUAPPA Special Session: Co-Benefits of Integrated Climate-Air
Pollution Policies and Strategies [Panel]
(Sponsored by European Federation for Clean Air) - Historically, air pollution and
climate change have been addressed at distinct periods and through different bodies. An
increasing number of studies and conferences, notably within the European Community
institutions, have shown evidence that air pollution and climate change phenomena are
closely intertwined, with both synergetic and antagonistic effects. Different assessment
methods and tools, such as the GAINS model, already allow looking into various aspects
of the co-benefits and possible trade-offs of air pollution/climate change policies.
Awareness is progressively raising at international, national and sub-national levels that
26

policy and regulation instruments should be revised and gathered under common logics to
allow better satisfaction of both stakes and at less costs. The session on co-benefits will
review current progress in favour of coordinated policies and compare different
approaches depending on priorities given to both challenges in different regions of the
world such as Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America.
Linking Air Pollution And Climate Change Legislation In Europe: An EFCA
Perspective (194)
J. Van Ham, J. Rambaud, G. Fumarola, R. Mills, M. P. J. Pulles, P. J. A. Rombout;
EFCA, Delfgauw, Netherlands
Air pollution and climate change are environmental problems which relate to the
atmosphere as a whole. Policies to address them, however, have been developed
separately. The need for an integrated approach has been advocated at IUAPPA and
EFCA inspired conferences and is now widely accepted by policymakers.
It is then of interest to know whether the legislative and administrative infrastructure to
implement this view and harvest the co-benefits at all levels is in place. An investigation
into the existing legislation in the European Union revealed that there is ground for
improvement. An EFCA Policy initiative with a number of recommendations and
approved by EFCA’s members was published earlier this year and sent to the European
Commission.
In this paper we summarise the results of an investigation into the most relevant
Directives in the European Union in the domains of air pollution and climate change. We
also consider the options for an integrative framework for such legislation at the
European as well as the UN level.
Linking Air Pollution And Climate Change In Local Governments Action Plans: An
EFCA Perspective (182)
J. Rambaud, 1 J. van Ham, 2 J. Murlis, 1 G. Fumarola 1 ; 1 EFCA. IUAPPA. APPA, Le
Kremlin Bicetre, France, 2 EFCA, Le Kremlin Bicetre, France
Air pollution and climate change are environmental problems which relate to the
atmosphere as a whole, at all levels from local to global.
The need for an integrated approach has been advocated at IUAPPA and EFCA inspired
conferences and is now widely accepted by policymakers. Perspectives of tighter
integration are being considered at international and European levels. However, in
comparison with the classical top down legislative approach, a considerable number of
bottom up initiatives are being launched at sub-national levels by local authorities. In
many of these initiatives the opportunities for co-benefits are not realised and there may
be detrimental trade offs.
Despite the wide diversity of political and structural contexts across the European
member states, the levers that local governments can use to fight against air pollution and
climate change are more or less the same so that a survey of the outcomes of these locallevel
activities is helpful in identifying best practice.
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In this paper we provide examples of how local action plans for climate and for air
quality either embrace or miss the opportunities from a co-benefits approach. Then we
consider the means through which local governments can influence air quality and
climate change policy efficiency in the long term, in the context of international and
national action. Lastly, we will consider the principal barriers for coordinated action and
the main conditions under which progress could be made in such a direction. This paper
describes the context and objectives of a project for a further EFCA workshop to address
the question of policy integration at local levels in Europe.
Progress in Promoting Co-benefits Approach In Asia [216]
K. Suzuki; Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
No abstract available.
4A: Renewable Energy and Waste Management
The Boundaries Of Renewable Energy And The Laws Of Physics (107)
T. Pulles, 1 J. Goodwin 2 ; 1 TNO, Utrecht, Netherlands, 2 Aether, Abingdon, United
Kingdom
To reach a sustainable future, a fundamental transition in the world’s energy supply and
use systems is unavoidable. The world must move away from a mainly fossil fuel based
energy supply towards a world running on renewable energy sources.
Almost all assessments of this energy transition are based on the view that renewable
energy sources can gradually take over the role of fossil fuels in the forthcoming few
decades. However, the scale of the change is not understood by many nor presented in
terms that lay-people would understand.
For greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced by a factor of five and more for 2050 and
later, a drastical change in the energy supply and demand systems is needed in almost all
countries and sectors. This probably cannot be brought about by gradual change.
This paper will explore the options for sustainable national energy systems in terms of
physics and thermodynamics and illustrate these in scientific and illustrative examples.
We will assess how meeting current energy demand with sustainable energy from solar,
wind and biomass energy might look using some example countries (NL, UK, EU27) and
drawing paralells with current energy systems. We will also explore some of the more
practical aspects of the infrastucture needed for transport and storage of renewable
sources.
Connecting The World On One Grid: Exchange Wind And Solar Power (113)
Y. T. Matbouli, T. Husain; Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL,
Canada
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Generating electricity from renewable resources have been successful. However, to
replace current fossil fuel based electricity generators it is required to make renewable
energy resources more reliable. One problem with solar power is that there is no sun in
the night, and wind may not be blowing all the time. Creating one grid network to
connect the world in phases, Asia and Europe, and then across the Atlantic to connect
with North America, will create an exchange market for renewable electricity. In another
word, a market to exchange sun light with wind, and hydropower.
Countries are now moving into renewable energy resources, however, it may be difficult
for each country to depend on its own resources solely. Creating electric grid network
between countries is not new. This study will look at current inter and intra-national grid
network and the possibilities to connect them making one network. This could create
more advantages for the renewable energy and make it more cost effective. The paper
will discuss the benefit for each countries and potential renewable sources over the
international grid network.
Unforeseen Consequences Of Dedicated Renewable Energy Transmission:
Implications For Renewable Electricity Development (21)
R. Bezdek, R. M. Wendling; MISI, Oakton, VA
It is generally recognized that significant growth in renewable electricity generation will
require major expansion of electricity transmission grids. In the U.S., this could require
the building of an additional 20,000 miles of transmission over the next decade - double
what is currently planned. To facilitate this, government policy-makers are planning to
build “green” transmission lines that would be restricted to electricity generated by
renewable sources, primarily wind and solar. However, state and local jurisdictions are
resisting siting of such transmission unless it serves local constituents and existing power
plants. This paper summarizes the results of a recent study of these issues and their
implications. One of the major findings is that, if such transmission is built and local
access is allowed, then the major beneficiaries of the added transmission may be existing
power generation facilities, especially coal-fired plants. Many of these facilities have
very low electricity generating costs and their capacity factors are transmissionconstrained.
Their access to added transmission lines could enable them to sell electric
power at rates against which wind and solar electricity-generated power cannot compete.
The potential implications of this for the expansion of renewable electricity and for world
energy markets are discussed. It is emphasized that these issues and concerns are not
unique to the U.S., and must be addressed if proposals for large additions of new
transmission lines are made to facilitate expansion of renewable electricity generation
worldwide.
Opportunities In Renewable Energy Project Financing (62)
N. Lee; Keystone Environmental Ltd., Burnaby, BC, Canada
This paper presents examples of projects that have reduced GHG emissions, earned GHG
offset credits to support sustainability, reduced environmental impacts and maintained or
29

improved air quality.
Canada has committed to reduce GHG emissions in 2020 by 17% from 2005 levels, the
same as the USA. This represents a 25-30% reduction from business as usual projections.
BC has committed to a 33% reduction from 2007 levels, which would be like a 50%
reduction from business as usual projections. So imagine achieving the same production,
service or activity levels on only 2/3 (in Canada) and ½ (in BC) of the fossil fuel and
fossil-fuel-derived electricity in just 10 years! How can these remarkable transformations
be achieved?
Industry will be obligated to contribute to these reductions - either through costly
investments or related compliance measures that could make some industries
unsustainable. An alternative exists, however, whereby industry can innovate and take the
most advantage of the opportunity through the use of investments in renewable energy
and/or energy efficiency options.
Keystone Environmental has worked with six companies that have benefitted from these
opportunities facilitated by a newly established cap and trade market that will achieve the
goals of this 15 th IUAPPA World Clean Air Congress - reduce GHG emissions and
minimize environmental impact.
Lessons learned will illustrate the potential that industry can look forward to through
energy efficiency and fuel switching.
Biomass Heat and Power as Part of an Integrated Waste Management Strategy
J. Wilkinson; Nexterra Systems Corp., Vancouver, BC, Canada
Communities across North America are looking for cost-effective renewable solutions for
reducing energy costs and carbon emissions, and a sustainable alternative for disposal of
organic materials currently entering the landfills.
This resulting paradigm shift towards integrated waste management from traditional
waste disposal has created significant opportunities for communities to self - generate
renewable energy which will help generate revenues, reduce fossil fuel consumption,
lower operating costs and demonstrate leadership in sustainability.
Nexterra Systems Corp., a leading biomass gasification technology provider, works with
municipalities, institutions and industrial customers to utilize waste materials such as
woody residuals and biosolids to generate clean renewable heat and power.
While there is definite interest in implementing renewable energy projects few projects
are actually moving forward. For a project to be successful some it must take into
account project financing, system sizing, long term fuel supply, air emissions, and public
acceptance.
30

The objective informational presentation will present lessons learned and project
considerations from implementing biomass energy projects at the University of British
Columbia and at Dockside Green, a LEED platinum development located in Victoria
British Columbia.
4B: Emerging Control Technologies
Photocatalytic Degradation Of Gaseous Acetone By A Hybrid TiO2/ITO Film
Photocatalyst Prepared By Sputtering Technology (140)
B. Guo, 1 J. Wu, 1 W. Li, 1 C. Yuan, 1 C. Hung, 2 K. Wu 3 ; 1 National Sun Yan-Sen
University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2 Kaohsiung First University of Science & Technology,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 3 National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
A high performance hybrid TiO2/ITO film photocatalyst was successfully produced by
sputtering technology. TiO2 and ITO were deposited on Pyrex and ITO glass surfaces at a
substrate temperature of 250°C, O2/Ar ratio of 0.18, annealed temperature of 250°C. The
surface characteristics of TiO2/ITO film photocatalyst were analyzed with a scanning
transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and an atomic force microscopy (AFM). A
batch photocatalytic reactor was employed to determine the photocatalytic oxidation rates
of gaseous acetone. The photocatalytic experiments were conducted at acetone
concentrations of 50-200 ppmv and reaction temperatures of 50°C. STEM observations
showed that the hybrid TiO2/ITO films demonstrated highly porous feature with an
average pore diameter of 15-30 nm and excellent uniformity. The thickness of TiO2 film
increased from 350-500 nm. AFM measurements showed relatively rough TiO2 film
surfaces with an average roughness of 4.6 nm. Results obtained from the photocatalytic
experiments indicated that the photocatalytic oxidation rate of acetone for TiO2/ITO was
faster than that for TiO2/glass. Due to ITO’s high conductivity and transparency, it can
effectively enhance the oxidation capability of TiO2 since electron (e - ) can be highly
conducted in order to retard the recombination of electron and electron hole pairs. The
photocatalytic oxidation rates didn’t vary much with acetone concentration, indicating
that the reaction was zero-order reaction, and the rate-limiting step should be chemical
reaction instead of mass transfer. Moreover, the rates increased with reaction temperature
and the thickness of TiO2.
Keywords: sputtering technology; hybrid TiO2/ITO film photocatalyst; surface
characteristics; photocatalytic oxidation reaction; operating parameters
Development Of NOx Removal Method Using A Permeable Roadside Fence Filled
With Activated Carbon Fiber: Experimental Investigation Of NOx Removal
Performance (38)
T. Kanzaki, 1 Y. Ichikawa, 2 T. Kitada, 3 T. Shimohara, 4 M. Yoshikawa 5 ; 1 Daido
University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 2 Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan, 3 Toyohashi
University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan, 4 Fukuoka Institute of Health and
Environmental Studies, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, Japan, 5 Osaka Gas Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
31

Activated Carbon Fiber (ACF) is capable of removing NOX from the atmosphere.
Therefore, it is very effective for reduction of the ambient NO2 concentration in urban
areas to set up a permeable fence filled with ACF near arterial roads; hereafter, this fence
is called the ACF fence. In this work, to develop the NOX purification method using the
ACF fence, we conducted a wind tunnel experiment simulating a roadside gas diffusion
process around the ACF fence and investigated the NOX removal performance of the
ACF fence under homogeneous wind condition. Concentrations of NO2 and NO were
measured just before and after the ACF fence. To quantitatively evaluate the NOX
removal performance of the ACF fence, the NOX removal rate were estimated on the
basis of concentration statistics. Experiments were conducted for two types of ACF
fence, that is, a panel-shaped fence and a slit-shaped fence. In case where the panelshaped
fence was installed on the leeward side of the road, the local removal rate of NO2
was up to 100 % and the local removal rate of NO was up to 35 %. In case where the slitshaped
fence was installed on the leeward side of the road, the overall removal rates were
higher than observation values on the verification test site. The overall removal rates of
NO increased for lower wind velocity case. This suggests that increasing contact
efficiency between polluted air and ACF surface layer is effective for NO removal.
Particle Manner In SEP (176)
M. Telenta; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Skopje, Macedonia, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of
The objective of this paper is to calculate the effect of Coulomb forces on particle
coagulation rate, collision frequencies for particles in laminar shear flow, collision
frequency for particles in Brownian motion, and collection of particles on a cylindrical
obstacle representing the screen wire. It will give an overview of the mechanisms that are
prevailing in particle collection, and therefore, which mechanism will be more effective
in particle removal for certain particle size.
Charging has an effect on the bigger particles where particles acquire larger amount of
charges. Expected particle interaction is higher in the vicinity of the obstacle rather than
away from it. Collision frequency is large for combination of very small and very large
particles. Collision frequency for Brownian motion increases with the particle size. Also,
one can observe that collision frequency is higher in case of smaller particle interacting
with the other particles. Further more, collision frequency decreases when an observed
particle is bigger than the one it interacts with.
One can see that inertial impaction occurs for particles larger than 5 μm since Stokes
number for these particles is larger than Stokes critical number. Also, one can conclude
that inertial interception increases with the increase of the particle size, which is
expected.
Keywords: aerosol, particle collection, Coulomb force, coagulation, SEP
Experimental Measurements And Mass Transfer/reaction Modeling For An
Industrial NOx Absorption Process (90)
32

K. G. Loutet, 1 A. Mahecha-Botero, 2 S. Buchi, 1 T. Boyd, 1 C. Brereton 1 ; 1 NORAM
Engineering and Constructors Ltd., Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2 University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Data were gathered from an industrial NOx absorption column in a world-scale
mononitrobenzene plant in Redcar, UK in order to develop a comprehensive, rate-based
mass transfer/chemical reaction model in the process simulator Aspen Plus. Operating
conditions in the column (which absorbs NOx into water under pressure) such as
temperature, pressure, and absorbent flow were varied, while gas- and liquid-phase
concentrations were measured in situ. The model was found to accurately predict NOx
removal from the gas within 3.5% of the data. Furthermore, the model was found to
accurately predict trends in NOx removal when operating conditions such as temperature
and pressure were varied. At present, the completed model is use to simulate new and
exisiting NOx removal systems, and to test innovative new designs for NOx capture.
4C: Approaches to Environmental Management
The Precautionary Principle in Theory and Practice: An Examination of Clean Air
Legislation (8)
P. Bradshaw; AECOM Environment, Melbourne, Australia
This paper examines the application of the precautionary principle in the clean air
legislation of four selected jurisdictions (Germany, EU, USA, Australia). The objective is
to provide information for improved clean air legislation based on international
comparative findings. Examples of the application and lack of application of the
precautionary principle in Australia are given as case studies.
Applying Consensus Decision Making To Air Quality Policy (75)
J. Allan; Clean Air Strategic Alliance, Edmonton, AB, Canada
The Clean Air Strategic Alliance (CASA) is a multi-stakeholder partnership, composed
of representatives selected by industry, government and non-government organizations,
which recommends strategies to assess and improve air quality in Alberta. CASA has
employed a consensus decision-making approach to air quality management since its
inception in 1994. The process brings together stakeholder representatives as equal
decision makers in the development of air quality policies. As an advisory body to
government, CASA has attracted high-level buy in to the process and outcomes. CASA
recommendations enjoy a high rate of implementation, on average 78% of substantive
recommendations are implemented within three years. This paper considers 15 projects
that developed recommendations for air policy using the consensus process between 1997
and 2005. An evaluation process was developed to measure and scale the success of these
consensus recommendations. The scale uses three factors: the implementation rate, the
percentage of recommendations with little or no implementation and the degree positive
acknowledgement by CASA stakeholders. These measures provide an overview of the
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successful application of CASA’s consensus decision-making process to develop air
quality policies in Alberta. Finally, this paper will explore the relative success of these
projects and argue three common factors help explain why some succeeded while others
struggled. These factors are important considerations to any organization or stakeholder
considering consensus decision-making processes for air quality issues.
Keywords: consensus decision-making, air quality, policy, stakeholder
Restoring Our Relationship With Earth (72)
S. Gorg; EDN, Saint Paul, MN
This presentation will investigate the necessary transition towards a harmonious existence
with our natural environment. To re-establish this harmony, we will discuss the
implementation of ecologically based standards as we move from a human view to an
ecological view of the world where each transaction inherently restores the water, air,
soil, and habitats to health and indefinite sustainability.
Sustainability Of Wetlands Resources Based On LIDAR Mapping (215)
K. Krenz, R. Gordon; AECOM Technology Group Inc., Houston, TX
Advanced GIS processing of high resolution topography data was used to assess wetland
hydrology and sustainability on 3,000 acres within floodplain of Trinity River, Texas.
Rapid forested wetland hydrology assessment to plan for environmental sustainability is
difficult using conventional methods. High resolution topography datasets, such as Light
Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), offer a unique view of the topography and hydrology
beneath the forest canopy and can assist with planning for and sustaining environmental
functions of these natural resources. Preservation of these resources and inclusion into the
U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System was a sustainability objective dependent on the
nature and function as well as hydrology of these forested areas.
High resolution LiDAR topography data was collected between watersheds of the Trinity
River, Cedar Bayou, Luce Bayou, and Lake Houston. This topography data was
processed using the ‘fill sinks’ grid processing tool inside the ArcHydro extension for
ArcGIS version 9.3. The ‘fill sinks’ function analyzes an elevation grid and identifies
depressions or sinks where water collects representative of wetland hydrology, wet soils,
and wetland ecosystems. The ‘fill sinks’ function determines the extent of these sinks
resources and flow of water patterns. Areas showing as large depressions are pervasive
wetlands, dense concentrations of sinks represent dispersed mosaic wetland.
Field investigations of wetlands were based on LiDAR data. The methodology used
represented correlation of wetlands resources to small-scale hydrological variations
identified. The analysis proved to identify predominant wetland features related to
hydrologic connections and mosaic wetlands eligible for preservation as a national
resource.
34

4D: Emissions and Inventory Development
Comparison Of Approaches To Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimation For The
Global Oil & Natural Gas Industry Sector (162)
M. Lev-On, 1 K. Ritter, 2 T. Shires, 3 J. Keating 4 ; 1 The LEVON Group, LLC, Thousand
Oaks, CA, 2 American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 3 URS Corporation, Austin,
TX, 4 BP North America, Inc., Naperville, IL
A myriad of mandatory greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting regulations and voluntary
initiatives are emerging globally as part of policy trends to have countries develop their
own nationally appropriate policy measures to address GHG emissions. The diversity of
protocols and methods being proposed globally pose a particular challenge for
multinational companies, such as in the Oil & Natural Gas industry sector, which are
seeking globally consistent methods.
The American Petroleum Institute (API) and its member companies recognized these
challenges and the need for accurate, reliable and transparent characterization of GHG
emissions. Over the past decade a series of technical documents and tools that promote
consistent and accurate GHG emission quantification for GHG inventories and emission
reduction projects have been developed. These documents have received worldwide
recognition for their thoroughness and for providing technically sound guidance.
This paper will compare and contrast GHG emission estimation methodologies from the
2009 Edition of API’s Compendium of GHG Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the
Oil and Gas Industry (3rd revision) to requirements of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency’s Mandatory GHG Reporting Rule, the European Union Greenhouse Gas
Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), Australia’s National Greenhouse and Energy
Reporting System (NGERs), and recent developments in mandatory reporting programs
in Canada. The focus of this comparison will include emission quantification approaches
for both combustion and non-combustion sources, some of which have broad
applicability to many industrial sectors beyond the oil & natural gas industry.
Life Cycle Inventory as a Tool for Waste Management Method Comparison (160)
R. Wyles; Golder Associates, Burnaby, BC, Canada
A life cycle inventory was developed to compare emissions to air from three potential
waste management scenarios for Metro Vancouver’s municipal solid waste (MSW). The
inventory compared disposal of waste using 1) a Waste to Energy facility located outside
of the lower mainland; 2) a waste to energy facility located within the lower mainland;
and 3) a landfill site (modelled on the Highland Valley bioreactor landfill).
The inventory compared specific criteria air contaminants and Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
emissions over the lifespan of each disposal method as a function of amount of waste
disposed and electricity generation. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken on key inventory
inputs (e.g. landfill gas capture rate, carbon/fossil based carbon intensity and electricity
generation emissions profile).
Challenges in determining the emissions intensity of electricity generation within British
35

Columbia that accounts for electricity imported and exported to the province are
presented. The wide range of literature values available are compared to intensities
calculated for the life cycle inventory. Limitations of solely using a life cycle inventory
approach to compare different waste management scenarios are discussed.
Cost-efficient Reduction Of Population Exposure Caused By Primary PM2.5
Emissions In Finland (66)
N. Karvosenoja, 1 K. Kupiainen, 1 V. Paunu, 1 M. Savolahti, 1 A. Tohka, 1 L. Kangas, 2 J.
Kukkonen, 2 J. T. Tuomisto 3 ; 1 Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland, 2 Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland, 3 National Institute for Health and Welfare,
Kuopio, Finland
Ambient concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) are caused by both long-range
transported (LRT) air pollution and local emission sources. European level PM2.5 studies,
e.g. GAINS modeling in the CAFÉ programme, assess mainly the impacts of LRT. This
study focuses on the impacts of primary PM2.5 emissions from Finnish sources.
We present emission estimate from 1984 to 2007, and the projections for 2020 taking into
account the national climate mitigation strategy. Additional emission reduction potentials
and costs on top of the requirements of current legislation in 2020 are evaluated. The
emissions and dispersion of primary PM2.5 are computed on a 1 km horizontal resolution
using the Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) model that incorporates sourcereceptor
matrices (SRMs) based on model computations with the local scale UDM-FMI
dispersion model. Cost-efficiency of emission reductions are assessed from population
exposure point of view.
The most significant sectors causing population exposure in 2020 are non-exhaust
emissions of road traffic and supplementary wood heating. Furthermore, emission
reductions in these sectors are challenging both technically and from legislation setting
point of view. Largest emission reduction potentials occur in industry and energy
production sectors, however, only modest reductions in population exposure could be
achieved by enhancing primary PM emission controls in these sectors.
The study highlighted the main emission sources of primary PM2.5 contributing to
population exposure in Finland. The results support the focusing of future air pollution
abatement strategies in order to limit the undesired impacts on human health.
Baseline Study Of The Impact Of Lead Smelters In Egypt From 1998 To 2009 (83)
Z. Safar, 1 M. W. Labib 2 ; 1 Cairo University- Faculty of Engineering, Giza, Egypt,
2 Climate Change Central Department, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA),
Egypt
This paper discusses major sources of lead emissions in the Greater Cairo (GC) area ,
which includes lead smelters, Mazout (heavy fuel oil) combustion, lead manufacturing
batteries factories, copper foundries, and cement factories.
This paper describes the current lead emissions inventory (2005-2009), along with an
approach to develop site specific emission factors and measurements to validate the
36

inventory also it describes the development of the status of lead smelters in all Egypt
from 1998 through 2009 . It is found that due to efforts of the Ministry Of State for
Environmental Affairs, a remarkable decrease of more than 90 % in the lead emissions
was attained for 2009. This paper presents also, the correlation between the ambient lead
levels and the lead concentrations in the street dust beside each monitoring site in the GC
area.
Specific details are also presented for the Awadallah Secondary Lead Smelter, which is
the largest lead smelter in Egypt, as well as an approach for staging of the remediation
activities. This Remediation Plan (RP) involved a systematic approach toward the clean
up of the Awadallah Secondary Lead Smelter (ASLS) Site. Within the boundaries of the
ASLS site, levels of lead in soil and dust ranged between 4,126.25-782,625 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg), with an average of 275,025 mg/kg. Lead wipe samples indicated a
high level of lead contamination of walls, floors, ductwork, machinery, and other parts of
the building. This plan was based on previous site investigations and a site remediation
feasibility study.
Projection Of On-road Vehicle Running Emissions Of New Powertrain And
Conventional Vehicle Technologies In Megacity Of Tehran (136)
M. Askariyeh, M. Arhami; Sharif University, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Tehran is one of the most polluted megacities in the world and based on different studies
vehicular sources are responsible for more than 70% of the criteria pollutant emissions in
this city. Use of feasible new powertrain technologies for vehicles in and their projected
reduction of pollutant emissions over the next decade were investigated in this study.
Four technology strategies capable of improving new personal vehicle emissions were
evaluated up to year of 2020: packages of individual gasoline vehicle technologies,
advanced diesel engines, gasoline electric hybrids, and diesel electric hybrids. The
current fuels used by vehicles in Tehran considered in existing emission calculations are
gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG). The
pollutants of concern in the present study include SO2, NOx,CO, PM10 and Total
Hydrocarbon. Roadlink-based emission factors are developed using modal fuel use and
emission rates applied to facility specific to road situation, meteorological condition and
speed driving cycles. These emission factors were coupled with estimated trend of road
trips for the target year to project the vehicular emissions. The projected emission of
these pollutants based on feasible scenarios of implementing four abovementioned
control strategies is calculated and compared to the extension of current emission trend to
year 2020.
Required data has been collected from national emission inventories, department of
statistics and transportation organization. Emission calculations, projections and
comparisons are still in progress. The results would be highly valuable in assisting policy
makers for targeting control strategies to protect human health and environment.
37

4E: EFCA/IUAPPA Special Session: Co-Benefits of Integrated Climate-Air
Pollution Policies and Strategies [Panel]
Effects Of Global Financial Crisis On Medium-long Term Emission Scenarios, In
The Perspective Of Air Pollution And Climate Change (64)
T. Pignatelli, 1 G. Vialetto, 1 I. D' Elia, 1 S. Racalbuto, 1 L. Ciancarella, 1 M. Contaldi 2 ;
1 ENEA - Italian Agency for New Technoloy, Energy and Economic Sustainable
Development, Rome, Italy, 2 ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and
Research, Rome, Italy
The Global Financial Crisis, affecting the anthropogenic activities all over the world, has
introduced new elements of evaluation in analyzing the medium-long term scenarios, for
what concerns the Climate Change and the Air Pollution. New trends in energy strategies,
shrink of consumptions, uncertainties on the duration of the crisis and on the expected
“speed” of economic recovery, different country by country, are some of these elements.
The modelling tools available at international and at national (Italy) levels are suitable to
investigate the effects of the crisis in terms of emission scenarios, both for air pollutants
and for GHGs, taking into account the above elements of evaluation. ENEA, the Italian
National Agency for New technology, Energy and Economic Sustainable Development,
has set up, in the past years, in cooperation with the International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, a tool for Integrated Assessment
Modelling, the GAINS_Italy model, as part of the greater MINNI Project, to support the
policy makers in developing environmental policies, on a scientific basis. The work
described in this paper analyses emission scenarios, taking into account the main technoeconomic
drivers characterizing the crisis and focusing on their potential effects on the
achievement of the expected results, in the next future, in terms of reduced emission and
GHGs mitigation, to ultimately fulfill the desired reduced impact on Climate Change,
Environment and human health. Sinergies and trade-offs are also explored, where
deemed appropriate.
KEY WORDS - air pollution, climate change, integrated assessment modelling, emission
scenarios, GAINS.
Integrated Assessment And Co-control Approaches (9)
B. Sivertsen; Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Today’s air quality management requires integrated and coordinated measures where
urban air quality planning includes also greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate
change issues. Several studies evaluating different strategies were recently performed in
Norway, looking at different geographic areas in and outside Norway.
In both developing and industrialized countries, abatement of air pollution and mitigation
of climate change have generally been treated separately. The tools that have been made
available for investigating scenarios for reducing local impacts and health effect
improvements can also be used in order to investigate cost effective actions aimed at
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The approaches presented are based on the air
38

quality management and planning tool producing bottom-up emission inventories. The
data available in these studies enable estimated of GHG emissions and evaluation of cocontrol
strategies. These approaches would lead to a co-control and co-benefit as it will
both improve the health of people and give climate benefits at best possible costs.
Approaches prepared for co-benefit studies in Norway as well as plans for co-control
projects in China are presented in this paper. These approaches also have lead to specific
developments and focus on issues previously not included in traditional air pollution
abatement studies. Examples are also given for emissions of CO2 from traffic in Hanoi
based on urban emission estimates. Traffic emissions were estimated at between 1.1
million tons of CO2 per year and 2 million tons of CO2 per year.
Implementing Policies To Reduce Air Pollution, Improve Energy Security And
Protect Climate: Where Models Lead, Will Leaders Follow? (55)
C. A. James; Regulatory Assistance Project, Montpelier, VT
Results from integrated air quality, energy and economic models all suggest that jointly
reducing local air pollutants (PM, ozone) and greenhouse gases (GHG) from the power
sector would provide a cost-effective and timely strategy to attain national and regional
air quality standards. Despite this evidence, and completion of comprehensive GHG
action plans that also emphasize co-benefits, governments globally have yet to adopt such
strategies. Agencies continue to prefer conventional emissions controls whose efficacy is
directly measureable by instrumentation, but whose high costs are borne by consumers
without demonstrable benefits to electric system reliability, and which impose additional
externalities, including increased air toxics and GHG emissions.
This paper focuses on the institutional, policy and technical barriers that have to date
prevented broad implementation of co-control policies. New US PM and ozone
standards, and new air laws in China offer excellent opportunities today for agencies to
capture the economic, energy and environmental benefits from a strategy that jointly
reduces local air pollutants and GHG. Drawing from case examples across the US, EU
and Asia, where agencies have addressed the above barriers, the paper provides a
template for how air quality and energy regulators can design, develop and implement an
integrated policy framework that cost effectively and expeditiously achieves their shared
environmental and energy objectives. Agencies can apply the framework suggested today
to: required ozone and PM plans in the US, to China’s regional air quality law and to
national emissions directives in the EU.
Multi-pollutant Air Quality Planning: The 2010 Bay Area Clean Air Plan (155)
D. B. Burch; Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA
Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) recently released its draft 2010
Clean Air Plan (CAP). The CAP represents BAAQMD’s first multi-pollutant air quality
plan based upon recommendations in the 2004 National Research Council report Air
Quality Management in the United States.
The CAP addresses four types of pollutants:
39

• Ozone
• PM2.5, both primary and secondary
• Air toxics
• Greenhouse gases
Three key CAP goals are to reduce emissions and decrease ambient concentrations of
harmful pollutants; protect public health by reducing exposure to the most hazardous
pollutants; and protect the climate by reducing GHGs. The CAP proposes 55 control
measures, designed to maximize co-benefits, while minimizing any trade-offs among
pollutants.
To weigh the benefit of reducing different pollutants, BAAQMD developed a multipollutant
evaluation method. The MPEM analyzes how reducing emissions of each
pollutant would affect ambient concentrations, population exposure, and related health
effects. MPEM was used to:
• Estimate health and climate protection benefits, in dollar terms, for each control
measure;
• Estimate aggregate benefit for the entire CAP control strategy;
• Compare the value of reducing one ton of each pollutants (or precursors)
addressed in the CAP.
BAAQMD staff also analyzed air pollutant trends and health risks associated with past
and current levels of air pollution. Key findings regarding reduction in health effects and
increased life expectancy related to improved air quality in the region will be summarized
in the IUAPPA paper. This analysis concludes that PM2.5 poses by far the greatest health
risk from air pollution in the Bay Area.
An Air Pollution Information Network For African (APINA) Perspective On Air
Pollution And Climate Change (203)
S. Baisai Feresu; Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Zimbabwe, Le
Kremlin Bicetre, France
APINA is a network of policy makers, scientists, non-governmental organizations,
industry and other stakeholders interested in air pollution issues formed in 1997. Since
this time, APINA has been interacting with policy makers at both national and regional
level and has facilitated sub-regional policy framework agreements on air pollution
across Africa at ministerial level. The agreements outline measures that will reduce air
pollution across the polluting sectors, such as transport, industry, and open and indoor
burning, and make recommendations for multilateral cooperation, national environmental
governance and capacity building. The potential for air pollution climate change cobenefits
via integrated policies has also been acknowledged but is a difficult issue as most
of Africa has low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet it is susceptible to some of the
worst effects of climate change.
In Africa, there are potential benefits of integrated air pollution and climate change
policies for particulate matter and tropospheric ozone. Particulate matter can cause
40

serious health impacts to the population in indoor and outdoor situations but has also
been linked to climate warming and cooling effects and the alteration of rainfall patterns.
Tropospheric ozone has the potential to cause health effects and crop yield reductions in
parts of Africa and is also the third most potent GHG (the formation of ozone is also
linked to another potent GHG methane). This paper considers if sufficient information
currently exists to underpin integrated policies on these issues and whether the political
will to implement such policies could be achieved.
5A: Renewable Energy and Waste Management
Integrating Renewable Power Generation Through Demandside Management (65)
K. Morgenstern, C. Sager, H. Torio; Fraunhofer-Institute for Building Physics, Kassel,
Germany
The federal government of Germany has set a target of 30% for the share of renewable
energy in electric power generation in 2020. Once renewable energy with fluctuating
generation characteristics, especially photovoltaic and wind power, reach a significant
share of the total power generated, intelligent demand side management and storage
technologies are needed to optimize their potential. The power supplied by renewables
within a supply area can at times exceed total demand. To avoid regulating down
renewables and thus wasting available energy, either flexible loads have to be brought
online or electricity has to be stored. In this case, local use or storage of electricity is
preferable to avoid overloading the regional grid.
Here we evaluate the potential of using thermal storage in residential buildings. Heat
would be supplied by heat pumps that use excess electricity. Even when ambient
temperatures are around freezing well insulated houses can maintain their temperature for
many hours without internal heating. This would allow to shift operating of electrical heat
pumps to times when excess electricity is available. In a case study we analyze the energy
system of Wolfhagen, a city of 14,000 inhabitants in northern Hesse, that already
generates about 15% of its own electricity consumption by photovoltaic and plans to
erect a municipal wind park. The potential of demand side management using heat pumps
is evaluated for the building stock of the city.
Fuel Cells As Part Of Our Future Energy Landscape (74)
K. Colbow; Ballard Power System, Burnaby, BC, Canada
Hydrogen fuel cell technology has come a long way from the days of laboratory
experiments - this working technology delivers exciting opportunities today. Fuel cells
are now being utilized in a number of commercial and pre-commercial applications such
as telecom backup power, material handling, distributed generation and mass transit.
Since the technology has now evolved to a state of maturity sufficient for commercial
use, a number of critical factors will influence the way this technology is deployed in the
clean energy landscape that is now unfolding -
• The move to an energy model based on more distributed or localized energy production
41

certainly favours the scalable attributes of fuel cell technology.
• The availability of enough by-product hydrogen globally to generate 1,000 megawatts
of power is another factor that can enable rapid penetration of fuel cell technology.
• Furthermore, the notion of clean energy solutions working together in a complementary
way is intriguing - this could, for instance, favour the use of fuel cells in combination
with wind farms to enable energy ‘time shifting’ in order to better meet market demand
for power.
Learn how the fuel cell industry is working to accelerate market adoption by leveraging
focused innovation, quality manufacturing expertise and an understanding of market
trends and requirements.
Biodiesel Production By Esterification Of Non-edible Oils (94)
F. Halek, A. Hosseinnia, A. Kavousirahim; Materials & Energy Research Center, Tehran,
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or
direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. In this study, the non-food use of
canola oil for biodiesel production was investigated. Non-food of canola, a native plant
has recently become object of increasing interest. Biodiesel was produced from about 500
g of canola oil (non-edible). The properties of methyl esters were determined by methods
specified in the ASTM 6751. Several biodiesel production methods have been developed,
among which transesterification using acidic catalyst gives high level of conversion of
triglycerides to their corresponding methyl ester in short reaction time. The process of
transesterification is affected by reaction condition, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of
alcohol, type and amount of catalysts, reaction time and temperature and water content of
oils. The optimum condition for the esterification process was molar ratio of methanol to
oil at 10:1 with wt % of SO4H2 at 63 ºC under its own pressure with a retention time of
60 minute. The yield amount of biodiesel was 93 wt % at the end of esterification
process. The produced biodiesel was purified by neutralization with 0.1 M sodium
hydroxide solution and water at a 50 ºC.
Keywords: Renewable energy, Biodiesel, Canola, Non-edible oil, Esterification.
Vancouver Landfill Gas Collection And Utilization (125)
N. Steglich; City of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
The City of Vancouver owns and operates the Vancouver Landfill located in Delta. The
Landfill operates in accordance with the Operational Certificate issued by the Ministry of
Environment and under the provisions of the regional Solid Waste Management Plan.
The Landfill is authorized to dispose of a maximum of 750,000 tonnes of municipal solid
waste each year.
Since 1991, the City has collected and flared landfill gas produced from the
decomposition of organics in the garbage to reduce odours and greenhouse gas emissions.
Since 2003, the City, in partnership with Maxim Power Corp., has beneficially utilized
the landfill gas instead of flaring it.
42

Electricity production, via reciprocating engines, provides 7.4 MW of power, enough for
7000 homes. Waste heat from the engines is captured as hot water to provide heat to
neighbouring greenhouses. In addition, two of the six boilers used at the greenhouses for
burning natural gas to create heat can accept landfill gas. The City receives
approximately $250,000 in revenues annually which is used to offset the cost of operating
the landfill gas control system.
Approximately 275,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions are avoided by collecting
and burning the gas, which is equivalent to the emissions from approximately 55,000
vehicles. It is the largest GHG reduction initiative in the Metro Vancouver region.
The City has an active capital program to maximize early gas capture as the Landfill is
filled in the coming years. In addition, the City plans to seek alternate utilization
opportunities in the near future.
Management Of Air Pollutant Emissions And Air Quality Impact Analysis For
Waste-to-Energy Facilities In Korea (128)
Y. Sunwoo, 1 W. Lee, 1 J. Oh, 1 W. Lee 2 ; 1 Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of,
2 Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, Republic of
Waste-to-energy is emerging as a potent solution to climate change as well as excessively
high oil prices, due to the substitution effect for fossil fuel and methane gas with high
“global warming potential”. Recently, international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions have intensified through waste-to-energy, including Refuse Derived
Fuel(RDF) from combustible wastes and biogasification of organic wastes.
In Korea, we have established a “Comprehensive Master Plan for Waste-to-energy” in
response to rising oil prices, mandatory greenhouse gas reduction, and increasing
regulation of ocean dumping of liquid organic waste. The goal of waste control policy
has always been the safe and sanitary disposal of wastes. From now, however, it will also
include the recovery of energy as well as the safe disposal of wastes.
Waste-to-energy facilities have many positive aspects, such as saving waste disposal
costs, reducing the import of crude oil, reducing greenhouse gases, and so on. On the
other hand, it can cause secondary environmental pollution, such as production of flue
gas emissions. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to potential air pollution
impacts before waste-to-energy facilities are established and operated.
We studied atmospheric environmental consequences from waste-to-energy facilities
using the CALPUFF atmospheric dispersion model. And we give some suggestions
regarding a comprehensive air pollution management system for waste-to-energy
facilities in Korea.
5B: Control Technologies and Compliance Issues
Emission Control For Power Sector In The Pearl River Delta Region, China (46)
F. Cheung, P. Kong; AECOM, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
43

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region including Hong Kong Special Administration
Region (HKSAR) located in Southern China covering an area of fast economic growth
with more than 60 million populations providing the work force for the manufacturing
industries and economic activities in the region. The fast economic growth and the rapid
industrialization have contributed to the deterioration of air quality causing frequent acid
rain occurrences and haze days in the PRD region. In recent year, great efforts have been
made by central and regional governments to control air pollution emission.
Power plant has been identified as one of the major industrial air pollution sources and
this paper introduces the emission control technologies commonly applied for power
plant under different installed capacity and fuel type for coal or heavy oil-fired power
plant. Different air pollution control technologies for the removal of sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides and particulate will be discussed in terms of technological, availability,
applicability, operation and maintenance issues. Reference will be made to the recently
published Mid-term Review of Pearl River Delta (PRD) Regional Air Quality
Management Plan and National Technical Guidelines for the control of emissions from
power plant. This paper also discusses the approach adopted by the HKSAR Government
in controlling air emissions from the power stations and the lessons learnt from the
emission control strategies and the way forward for the PRD region.
A Cost-effective Advanced Monitoring Solution - Deployment Of Predictive
Emissions Monitoring System As Compliance Solution For Gas Turbine And Boiler
Applications In The United States (129)
B. G. Swanson, 1 T. K. Eisenmann 2 ; 1 CMC Solutions LLC, Wixom, MI, 2 CMC Solutions
LLC, Munich, Germany
Sources required to continuously monitor emissions for compliance determination may
elect to use alternatives to continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) in the
United States. These alternatives include parametric and predictive emissions monitoring
systems (PEMS). The alternative methods for compliance determination available on the
market today are to be discussed. The requirements for such alternative monitoring
systems including performance specification testing required under 40 CFR Part 60 (PS
16) and 40 CFR Part 75 (Subpart E) are highlighted.
Predictive emission monitoring solutions have been deployed for NOx, SO2 and CO
compliance under applicable regulations for gas turbines and boilers in utility,
petrochemical, ethanol, steel, and other industrial and municipal applications. Certified
PEMS have allowed plants to replace CEMS on boiler and gas turbine exhaust stacks
resulting in a greater than 50% reduction in ongoing operational costs of compliance
monitoring programs. This paper is detailing the differences of existing PEMS solutions.
Results of certification and the costs associated with the installation and ongoing
operation of PEMS in lieu of CEMS with gas analyzers are demonstrated with examples
of a U.S. cogeneration facility. In addition, PEMS quality assurance including relative
accuracy test audits (RATA) is outlined and evaluated. Not least, other regulatory
requirements and methods used for international applications are also reviewed and an
overview of activities to use PEMS outside the United States shall be given.
44

KEY WORDS:
PEMS, CEMS, Predictive, Emissions, Monitoring, Performance Specification 16, PS-16,
40 CFR Part 75, 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart E
Fluoride Emission Control During The Non-salt Processing Of Aluminium Smelter
Dross (15)
G. R. Taylor, 1 C. McClung 2 ; 1 AECOM, Newcastle, Australia, 2 Weston Aluminium,
Newcastle, Australia
Dross produced during the holding and refining of primary aluminium may contain bath
(cryolite) carried over from the aluminium smelting electrolysis pots.
Dross is generally considered a waste product by Smelters and is on sold to specialty
dross processing facilities for the recovery of residual aluminium.
Processing of aluminium dross can be undertaken using molten salt or by direct heating
without salt to release the aluminium. High temperature processing of dross results in the
emission of gaseous hydrogen fluoride and particulates which can adversely interact with
the environment.
Weston Aluminium, a non-salt dross processing facility located in NSW, Australia,
operates in close proximity to a primary aluminium smelter and to a wine growing area.
Grape vines are extremely sensitive to gaseous fluorides therefore control authorities
demand high level control for process fluoride emissions.
Weston Aluminium initially installed a cyclone and baghouse to control fluorides emitted
from its high temperature dross processing rotary furnace. Based on performance Weston
Aluminium progressively modified the fluoride control system to a wet/dry scrubbing
system and enhanced environmental performance.
An overview of the Weston Aluminium dross processing facility is provided and design
of the wet/dry scrubber is reviewed.
Performance of the wet/dry scrubbing system is discussed together with key operational
parameters required to meet legislative requirements.
Air Emissions During The Thermal Treatment Processing Of Aluminium Smelter
Spent Potlining Material (16)
G. R. Taylor, 1 K. Cooper 2 ; 1 AECOM, Newcastle, Australia, 2 Regain Services, Newcastle,
Australia
Regain Services Pty Ltd (Regain) has designed, constructed and is operating Thermal
Treatment SPL Processing facilities at three Aluminium Smelters in Australia.
During the continuous aluminium production process the carbon refractory linings of the
“smelting pots” become contaminated with cyanide, carbides, fluoride and sodium among
others contaminants. The failed potlining is periodically removed in two stages: first cut
SPL is the carbon cathode lining and the second cut SPL is the refractory lining.
The SPL Treatment process involves:
• Material Preparation where SPL is prepared for reprocessing by sorting, washing and
45

grinding.
• Heat treatment where it undergoes thermal treatment combined with exposure to air and
water to destroy the cyanides and neutralize the flammable gas hazard.
• Grinding and blending where it is ground and blended to form valuable mineral
products.
The SPL treatment process is discussed together with process control considerations
needed to reduce the hazardous nature of the SPL whilst not releasing fluoride
compounds within SPL and required by the potential end users of the treated products.
Air emissions generated during the SPL treatment process will be detailed with outcomes
of an AQIA (using AUSPLUME) also provided.
The SPL Treatment Process is an excellent example of a win: win pollution reduction
system. The aluminium industry wins by having a process to treat one of the outstanding
environmental issues associated with the industry and the environment wins based on the
non-disposal of potentially hazardous material (ie SPL) and the production of a valuable
mineral product for reuse.
Compliance Of Combustion Activities With Emission Limits Corrected To
Reference Oxygen (138)
A. P. Martin; Simtars, Goodna, Australia
Emission limits for a wide range of combustion activities include correction to a
reference oxygen concentration commonly 3%, 7%, 11%, or 15% depending on the
source category.
The limits are normally expressed as a concentration rather than a mass emission rate.
Both limits and oxygen correction levels are based on the best practically achievable
technology. The main purpose of the oxygen corrections is to correct for any dilution that
occurs between the process and the emission measurement point. This negates deliberate
avoidance of appropriate controls by diluting the exit gas.
This does, however, make compliance impractical for some activities. In some cases,
equipment is not designed to operate at the oxygen concentrations assigned to that broad
source category, and so a correction is applied even if no dilution occurs. Some facilities
may dilute with ambient air many times to provide high exit velocities or for other
legitimate reasons. Any contaminants, such as metals, in the dilution air are
inappropriately magnified by the correction. Detection limits may also be magnified to
the point where they are higher than the emission standard.
Some exemptions have been granted to industry. However this is a lengthy process. This
author recommends that process categories be expanded to provide a more
comprehensive list of process design, so that the appropriate oxygen concentrations are
more specific. A related issue is whether sampling points are located at the process outlet
or at the emission point.
5C: Climate-Related Emergencies: Trends and Responses [Panel]
Sponsored by ABEPPOLAR (Brazil) - In this session we first review the accumulating
evidence that climate change is resulting in sudden and more extreme weather events,
46

including, in different regions, more extreme temperatures, heavier and more intense
rainfall and droughts. We then focus on Brazil, particularly the Sao Paulo Region, where
impacts have already been intense, exploring the extent and nature of these impacts and
pre-emptive and responsive strategies for coping with them. Introduction - Randolpho
Lobato; Global Trends in Climate – Related Emergencies - Kevin Hicks and Richard
Mills (GAP Forum); Impact of Climate-related Emergencies on Sao Paulo State - Cyro
do Valle; Changes in the Micro-climate of Sao Paulo State - Augusto Filho; Climate
Change - Reacting to the Consequences - Henrique Lage; Civil Defence: Management of
Geological and Hydrological Risks in Sao Paulo - Jair Pace/Ronaldo Figuera; Risks of
Explosions in Underground Facilities - Paula Scardino
The Management Of Risks Related To Geological And Hydrological Rainfall In São
Paulo (207)
J. P. D. Lima, R. M. Figueira; Civil Defense of the City of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
The rapid process of growth and structure of the city of São Paulo, coupled with rainfall,
especially during November to April, demanded the city civil defense preparation and the
implementation of the Plan Preventive Defense Civil - PPDC.
This plan constitutes a public policy that aims to reduce the impacts of rain on the city for
the environmental risks related to floods and landslides, through the adoption of
procedures, definition of roles and responsibilities, and based on technical criteria based
on weather information. From this information the civil defense down the critical states,
depending on the amount of rainfall and its consequences on the city, the evolving state
of observation for attention, warning and alert.
For each state there are pre-established procedures, roles and responsibilities defined and
information circulating within the local governments and externally to the community
that is also part of the process of managing these risks.
The Antropic Nature Of Microclimate Changes In The Metropolitan Area Of São
Paulo (208)
A. J. P. Filho; University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
The metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP) is one of the most densely populated areas
of the planet with more than 20 million inhabitants. Its explosive urban expansion in the
last century has caused changes in air temperature, moisture content, precipitation and
other variables. These changes can be linked to the increase of severe weather episodes
such as those recently reported on the news about São Paulo City and Rio de Janeiro.
Furthermore, the number of episodes of flash floods (summer) and of heavy air pollution
(winter) have increased and caused more human and property losses. This work shows
the main features of the microclimate changes and its impacts. Finally, it is shown how
these changes can be mitigated by means of a hydrometeorological forecast system.
Global Warming: Acting In The Consequences (210)
47

R. Lobato, 1 H. Lage 2 ; 1 ABEPPOLAR, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2 ALS Engenharia Ambiental e
de Risco, Curitiba, Brazil
Nowadays exist a lot discussion about global warming.
Independent if it is provoke by man or not, there is no doubt that is a very important
topic.
In a general way people are talking about actions to eliminated or reduce the causes of
this global warning, like the compounds that produce this problem ( CO2, methane, etc.)
Again there is no doubt that is very important to discuss the causes of global warming,
but we really believe that we must to also discuss what to do with the consequences of
this very serious and global problem.
On September 30 , 2009 ABEPPOLAR - Brazilian Association of Ecology and
Prevention of Pollution, promoted the III National Meeting for Global Warning and Civil
Defense and from this event we have he following points:
• Civil Defense coordinator from the State of Rio de Janeiro mentioned that in his
experience the impact and frequency of disaster provoked by rain ( flood and slide of
land) have been increasing in the last years and in a general way Civil Defense is not
prepared for this new situation;
• IUAPPA Director mentioned that independent what we did with the causes of global
warming, the benefits will came only after 2050. That means we need to learn and to be
prepared to global warming consequences.
On October 19 , 2009 the newspaper Gazeta do Povo ( one of the most important
newspaper of the State of Paraná), published “ In the areas of the State of Paraná, affected
by the strong rains of the lasts days, we have Civil Defense only in paper” In the same
article is mentioned that in the state of Paraná in 301 cities search, 203 or 70 % have
Civil Defense only in paper.
In this presentation we will discuss the importance, situation and future actions related
with the consequences of global warming in Brazil.
5D: Emissions and Inventory Development
Emission Factors Of Particulate Matter Due To Agricultural Practices: A Review
(142)
J. Faburé, B. Loubet, S. Génermont, S. Saint-Jean, C. Bedos, M. Pavlidès, P. Cellier;
INRA - Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Thiverval-Grignon, France
The atmospheric particles emitted by anthropological sources constitute a major concern
for human health. The observable effects are dependent on the particle size. Several
particle size categories have been defined for regulatory purpose. The most used
particulate matter (PM) categories include total suspended particles (TSP), particles less
than 10 µm diameter (PM10) and less than 2.5 µm diameter (PM2.5).
The environmental policies try to implement numerous actions to reduce the emissions of
particles. The agricultural sector is a considerable contributor to PM emissions, which is
also not well characterised. Particles of different size and composition are emitted from
both animal and crop production. In Europe, although a reduction of PM emissions is
48

observed, an increasing proportion of primary PM10 emissions originates from
agriculture. Whereas several models were developed for ammonia emission inventories,
no model is yet validated for PM emissions.
This study is a review of the emission factors of primary particles emitted during the
different stages of agricultural practices, such as soil cultivation, crop harvesting,
livestock management, waste management. Emission factors of PM10 and PM2.5 are very
rare in the literature. We therefore present a critical review on the existing emission
factors and we suggest new approaches to estimate emission factors from existing
information on measured primary particles emissions.
Eventually, this work will allow identifying the most efficient levers for reducing the PM
emissions from agriculture, and constitutes a preliminary step for planning out the new
environmental policies.
Ammonia Emission Inventory For The Lower Fraser Valley, BC With Detailed
Spatial And Temporal Resolution (151)
S. Bittman, 1 J. Tait, 2 D. Hunt, 1 S. Sheppard, 3 K. Chipperfield 4 ; 1 Agriculture and Agri-
Food Canda, Agasssiz, BC, Canada, 2 Tait Consulting, Pinawa, MB, Canada,
3 4
EcoMatters, Pinawa, MB, Canada, Sustainable Poultry Farming Group, Abbotsford,
BC, Canada
The air quality of the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) is affected by secondary particulate
matter (PM) formed by reaction of agricultural ammonia with acid gases such as NOx.
National ammonia inventories have insufficient resolution for atmospheric models that
predict transport, deposition and PM formation. A weekly emission inventory was
developed for 4x4 km grids in the LFV for the July 2004 to June 2005 period when
poultry houses were being restocked after a partial industry cull caused by avian
influenza. Farm practices data were obtained from special farm and agribusiness surveys,
and animal and crop statistics were precisely geo-positioned using data obtained from key
sectors. Emission factors were obtained from the literature and adapted for environment
conditions using published models. The inventory shows large temporal variation in
ammonia emissions due to manure spreading practices and weather variation; greatest
emissions occurred in spring and lowest in winter. Spatial variation in livestock and crop
sectors due to contrasting land requirements contributed to large spatial variation in
emission; greatest year-round emissions occurred in grids with many ‘landless’ farms.
Mitigation of ammonia in spring will require greater use of low emission manure
applicators whereas mitigation in late summer and winter will depend on use of bedding
additives or scrubbers in barns, and covers on manure storages. The inventory will be
used for regional atmospheric modelling and model outputs will help guide best
management practices for minimizing environmental impact of ammonia from farms.
The inventory is also being used to develop a soil nitrogen-balance map.
Comparison Analysis Of The Marine Air Emissions Using Tier 1 And Tier 3
Methods In A Port Area (211)
I. Cho, J. Song, R. Pokhrel, H. Lee; Univeristy of Incheon, Incheon, Korea, Republic of
49

There are various emission sources affecting air quality such as vehicles, factories,
incineration plants, boilers, etc. in developed and developing countries. To improve the
air quality better, all data including air pollutants, emission volume, emission
characteristics from every sources have to be managed carefully[1, 2, 3]. Due to the facts,
environmentalists have been making great efforts to monitor precisely air quality in
different air emission sites such as inland area, coastal area, etc. and processed those data
with full of care. Similar to the inland area, recently the air quality at the portal area
becomes critical in Korea where marine vessels are the major emission sources [3, 4, 5].
Previous study in USA 2000 showed that diesel particulate matters (PM) emitted from
marine vessels was 9%, nitrogen oxides 4%, as shown in Fig. 1 [9, 10, 12, 14]. Similarly
NOx emitted from marine vessels in 2000 was 36.5% in Santa Barbara and they predicted
that it would increase up to 60.8% at year 2015 as shown in Fig. 2 [9]. The source
attribution from marine vessels during 1900 to 1998 in Europe, the contribution of carbon
dioxide (CO2), non-methane VOC, SOx and NOx were increased from 3.25% to 4%, 0.73
% to 1.21%, 5.8% to 15.13% and 9.45% to 15.45%, respectively. Results also showed
that the portion of SOx and NOx from marine vessels were not only high but also their
increasing ratio was higher than the others. These research results may indicate that the
contributions from marine vessels can be higher in the future. In spite of these research
results, there is no serious consideration about marine vessel contributions. It can be
judged from the SOx concentrations of the main city in Korea. The SOx concentrations
of the portal cities are more than 10% higher compare to normal inland cities [2].
Considering the management of pollutants emission by the government, the results shows
that there are other sources to consider as main sources of air pollutants such marine
vessels.
Although there exist high contribution of air pollution from marine vessels, the emission
estimated based on the fuel use only available until now. Therefore it is essential to
consider emissions based on the navigation state, age of vessels, load factors, engine
power, etc. In addition, the emission data did not consider even CAPSS (Clean Air Policy
Support System) program in South Korea, developed and managed by Department of
Environment, which is used for calculating and managing air pollutant emission [2]. The
estimation of emissions from the marine vessels in Korea is similar to other developed
countries, so it is necessary to develop the management system to monitor precise air
emissions from marine vessels. In this study, we developed a system “PAQman (Portal
Air Quality Management)” for monitoring real time air emissions such as NOx, SOx, HC,
etc. in portal area and was tested at Incheon Port.
Emissions Of Aldehydes From Diesel Vehicles (172)
R. de Abrantes; Sao Paulo Environmental Company, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Diesel vehicles are responsible for the emission of aldehydes in the atmosphere, apart
from other pollutants, but despite this fact there are no aldehyde emission limits from this
vehicles category because their emissions were considered negligible.
Aldehydes are not a constituent from diesel fuel, but a sub product from its combustion.
Aldehydes in the atmosphere can jeopardize public health and environment. In the
atmosphere, they can generate ozone and other secondary pollutants. Ozone is the
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predominant atmospheric pollutant in the big urban centres around world.
Considering the MIR of aldehydes, we can observed that ozone forming potential from
Diesel vehicles range from 3 to 8 times higher than the aldehyde emission, however
oxidation catalysts are effective in the aldehydes reduction which will be helpful in
controlling their emission.
The Brazilian Federal Administration realised that aldehyde emission from Diesel
vehicles is significant and, demanded the development of appropriate method for analysis
of aldehydes from Diesel vehicles.
The working group at Engineering Automotive Association in Brazil have been
developing this method for more than one year. This method, which in will discussed in
that paper, must be adopted in the next years, in order to determinate of typical emissions
factors of aldehydes in the FTP-75, ESC and ETC cycles.
Keywords: Aldehydes, ozone, diesel emission, atmospheric pollutants
Sensitivity Of Carbonaceous Particle Emissions From Small Scale Wood
Combustion To Different Fuel Use Scenarios And Varying Emission Factors -
Consequences To Emission Modeling (82)
K. J. Kupiainen, 1 M. Savolahti, 1 N. Karvosenoja, 1 Z. Klimont 2 ; 1 Finnish Environment
Institute SYKE, Helsinki, Finland, 2 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
(IIASA), Vienna, Austria
Carbonaceous aerosol (black carbon, BC and organic carbon, OC) affect the earth's
radiative forcing balance and contribute to the heating or cooling of the atmosphere.
Especially BC has recently received attention, since reductions in its emissions could
offer fast responses in radiative forcing (RF). The effects of emission mitigation
measures on co-emitted species, for example OC, should also be considered when
estimating the net RF. Carbonaceous aerosols are also a concern due to their high
ambient concentrations and subsequent health effects.
The main anthropogenic sources of carbonaceous aerosols globally are traffic, mainly
from diesel vehicles as well as small scale combustion. Vehicle emissions are expected to
decrease through new abatement technologies, for example diesel particulate filters.
Small scale combustion of wood is one of the major BC emitting sources in Scandinavia
and many other European countries but it does not have as strong potential for emission
reductions as traffic. It is also a source where the net RF effect and public health interests
might conflict.
In this paper we study the sensitivity of carbonaceous particle emissions from small scale
wood burning in Finland in two areas: (1) different fuel use scenarios up to 2020.
Scenarios from national, European and global sources are discussed; (2) emission factors
in varying combustion conditions and control measures. The emission factors will be
based on recent national measurement studies. Implications on the OC/BC ratios will also
be discussed, since it has consequences to the net RF.
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6A: Public Engagement
B.C.'s Aircare Program - Lessons Learned In Eighteen Years Of Evolution And
Adaptation (154)
D. I. Gourley; Pacific Vehicle Testing Technologies, Burnaby, BC, Canada
In September, 1992, Canada’s first vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M)
program was implemented in the Vancouver region. Designed from the outset with the
goal of being the most effective program in existence, AirCare debuted with
dynamometer ASM testing and mandatory NOx limits. To adapt to changing vehicle
technology, the program added IM240 testing in 2001, and then OBD testing in 2007. To
address the critical “Maintenance” part of I/M, the program includes a certified repair
industry. In the beginning, the major challenge was to establish the technical credibility
of the test process, as vehicle variability (some vehicles could fail and then pass with no
repairs being done) fueled doubts in a skeptical motoring public. Over time, this
perception subsided but growing awareness that newer vehicles rarely failed led to the
program being called a “tax grab”. To address this, the exemption period for new vehicles
was gradually increased to seven model years, the longest in the industry. The program
has now reached equilibrium with a consistent failure rate of about 10%. The greatest
lesson learned over the past 18 years is that it is critical to respond to the concerns of your
customers, be it the motorist or the repair technician, and to be able to provide solid proof
that the program is reducing emissions.
Driving Down Emissions: Improving Air Quality Through Behaviour Change (63)
T. Stockport; Dept of Environment and Conservation, Kensington, Western Australia,
Australia
Ecodriving, or adopting greener driving habits, is a simple but innovative strategy for
reducing vehicle emissions that can produce immediate improvements in local air quality.
Many informational campaigns currently exist for passenger vehicles. However, there is a
lack of targeted programs for the transport sectors heaviest polluters - commercial
vehicles. In 2009/10, the Western Australian Department of Environment and
Conservation’s CleanRun program developed the first ecodrive program of its kind in
Australia for commercial fleets. Behavioural change is often difficult to enforce with
mobile workforces such as commercial fleets. In order for a training program to be
effective it must engage drivers and promote the individual benefits. CleanRun worked
closely with professional drivers during the developmental, testing and evaluation stages
to produce a program that is essentially ‘by drivers, for drivers’. Through this process
drivers identified a number of criteria that are essential part of an effective ecodrive
program. The real-world impacts of ecodriving on fuel consumption and emissions were
also monitored. All these factors were incorporated into CleanRun Ecodrive, which
involves the participating organisations engaging a portion of their drivers to design a
strategy that’s specific to their workplace. This paper will outline the criteria for an
effective behaviour change program as described by drivers. It will also discuss how
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significant air quality improvements could be achieved by implementing ecodrive
programs on a broad scale, with a focus on the dual benefits to be gained by organisations
implementing the program in terms of both cost and environmental savings.
6B: Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Management [Panel]
Corporations are facing a multitude of issues related to management of climate change
data. The panelists will discuss the business impact and value of alternative approaches to
address a select set of these issues relevant to the industrial sector. The session will bring
into focus the implementation of EMIS software to manage GHG data and its
significance to the corporate world in meeting its social responsibility to all stakeholders.
Best practices and project learning will be shared and the state-of-the-art captured for the
profession.
Panel Members:
1. Olivera Blagojavic, Advisor, Encana, one of the largest producers of natural gas in
North America
2. Phil Tesler, Chief Executive Officer and Joe Aamidor, Engineer, Enablon North
America, a leading provider of software solutions for governance, risk and compliance
management
Keywords: Climate Change, Strategy, Compliance, Data management
6D: Ambient Monitoring
Monitoring Of Airborne Metals In A Finnish Suburb By Using Epiphytic Lichens
(11)
M. Lodenius, J. Kiiskinen, E. Tulisalo; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Epiphytic lichens have proved to be good indicators of airborne metal pollution.
Hypogymnia physodes is a common species in Finland which has been widely used for
biomonitoring purposes. In a suburban area in Helsinki, Finland we used this species to
measure levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The metal levels were near the
background values or slightly higher. The concentrations of Cd, Fe and Zn were
compared to results from a previous monitoring survey. The concentrations of Cd had
increased significantly from 1980 to 2007 but were still at the background level. The
levels of Fe and Zn had decreased during this period. Very significant positive
correlations were found between the pairs Cu - Fe, Cu - Ni, Cu - Zn, Fe - Ni, Fe - Zn and
Hg - Pb respectively. Significant negative correlations were found between Cu - Mn and
Mn - Zn respectively. The distribution of metals was in most cases rather even but land
use explained partly the distribution of some of the metals studied. Cu, Zn and Mn
correlated positively with traffic and negatively with forest areas. Mn concentrations
were higher in forest areas and lower near the sea.
53

Analysis Of Inconsistencies Between Measured Ambient Fluoride Monitoring Data
Collected Over Different Measurement Periods (50)
D. J. Rollings; AECOM, Warabrook, Australia
Future sustainability of large industry in many parts of the world depends on the ability
of the individual facilities to comply with environmental performance goals for a number
of pollutants. One of these pollutants, fluoride, is of particular importance due to its
adverse effects on human health and vegetation. In Australia, ambient Fluoride
concentrations are almost exclusively measured over a seven-day period using the double
filter paper method outlined by AS 3580.13.2-1991. This method utilizes firstly an acidimpregnated
filter paper to catch acid soluble particulate fluoride followed by an alkaliimpregnated
filter to capture acidic gaseous fluoride.
As part of their environmental operations license, measurement of ambient Fluoride
levels has been undertaken for a ceramic tile manufacturing facility in the NSW Hunter
Valley, Australia. In a break with convention, regulators have required that this facility
demonstrate its compliance with two different monitoring periods i.e. 24 hour average
and 7 day average for two locations on its site. Data sets examining the same monitoring
method for differing averaging periods are not commonly available due to cost
restrictions and duplicate data sets even less common. Due to the unusual nature of the
available data, analysis was undertaken to examine whether any useful trends or
conclusions can be identified. A statistically significant difference between monitoring
results at the same location was identified for both monitoring sites, raising concerns
relating to the comparability of the two methods. Potential reasons for this difference
have been discussed and in certain case further examined in this paper
Use Of Simple Analytical Techniques To Evaluate Environmental Monitoring Data
(51)
H. Marlin, 1 P. Wenta, 2 G. Taylor 1 ; 1 AECOM, Warabrook, Australia, 2 Hydro Aluminium,
Kurri Kurri, Australia
Many industries in Australia have historically been required to conduct extensive
monitoring programs to assess the impacts of their operations on the environment that, in
some instances, have continued for many years, generating a wealth of information that is
rarely analysed or evaluated over a long time scale. Such programs can require
substantial time and monetary investment to maintain. In a time of increasing financial
pressures on industry, evaluation of ongoing monitoring programs to assess their scope
and efficacy is opportune. In NSW, the environmental authority is supportive of reducing
unnecessary monitoring requirements in the presence of suitable supporting evidence.
This evidence can be provided through simple but powerful analytical techniques as
illustrated by the case of an aluminium smelter in the Hunter Valley, NSW. The smelter
commenced operations in the 1980s, and continues an extensive environmental
monitoring program that includes monthly measurement of fluoride concentrations in
vegetation (35 sites) and surface water (7 sites). Data collected between 1991 and 2009
were assessed through initial graphical analysis followed by targeted simple significance
54

testing. The results were used as evidence to demonstrate that the monthly sampling
could be effectively replaced by quarterly sampling and still capture important data
trends. Such a variation in the monitoring program would maintain and propagate the
value of the historical monitoring record while yielding savings in operational costs that
could be redirected towards sustainability initiatives.
6E: IUAPPA Special Session: Greener Transport in a Post-Recession World [Panel]
IUAPPA International Seminar Series On Reducing The Impact Of Vehicles On Urban
Air Quality - As the world recovers from recession, it is expected that there will be
vigorous growth in vehicle fleets. There is the potential to reduce the impact of transport
on urban air quality, however, where the growth comes from vehicles with high
environmental performance. But more sustainable transport will also require
improvement in the performance standards of the existing fleet and in demand
management and planning.
In this special session speakers will take stock of the potential for a range of new vehicle
technologies and fuels to reduce urban air pollution; how the existing fleet’s performance
can be improved through retrofitting, switching to new fuels or other measures; and the
scale of reduction that can be made in urban air pollution through transport demand
management and other planning interventions.
The session will conclude with a panel discussion, drawing in representatives from
different geographical regions facing different transport and air quality challenges. The
aim will be to identify where priorities for promoting more environmentally sustainable
transport should lie over the next decade.
Introduction - John Murlis; How Much Will New Technologies and Fuels Contribute to
Better Air Quality? - Tom Balon (M.J. Bradley and Associates); Improving the
Environmental Performance of Vehicles in Service - Ray Minjares (International
Council on Clean Transportation); What Scope is There for Demand Management to
Deliver Better Urban Environments? - Jo Barnes (Univ of West of England); Discussion:
Sustainable Transport - Challenges and Opportunities for the Next Decade - Sophie
Punte (CAI-Asia Centre), Enrique Rebolledo (Clean Air Initiative – Latin America),
South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority - TransLink (name to be
confirmed)
7A: Public Engagement
The Science Of Communication: Effective Public Engagement To Earn A Social
License To Operate (91)
J. Fraser; Communicate Public Affairs, Vancouver, BC, Canada
In recent years, the rise in number and credibility of advocacy groups has earned a
myriad of different entities, including environmental and non-governmental
55

organizations, church groups, social activists, and not-for-profit agencies, the legitimate
right to be classified as stakeholders in projects with environmental impacts. And
research suggests that non-corporate stakeholders, promoting worthy causes and
operating from conviction - rather than corporate self-interest - have a credibility which
business lacks. This credibility is especially evident with the media, a conduit through
which information flows to influence public opinion and public policy.
Industry representatives know they must engage with the public to review environmental
impacts and negotiate mitigation strategies. Yet questions remain. How can industrial
proponents, accustomed to dealing with the pragmatic matters of engineering, be heard
when confronted with an angry public? Can facts and science to used to diffuse emotional
arguments? How can industry build - and retain - trust and credibility? What are the best
tools for communicating complex scientific matters with a broad and diverse group of
stakeholders?
This presentation will address the conference theme of sustainability and will explore
best-practice examples of public engagement: those that address the interdependence of
industry and society rather than the tensions between the two; that specify clear and
measureable goals; that track and report on progress over time; and, that earn project
proponents a social license to operate.
Deliberation And Involvement: Collaborating With Communities For A Greener
Future (168)
J. Smith; Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA
The key challenge in reducing air pollution and mitigating the impacts of a changing
climate involve both motivating the public to make behavioral changes and, equally
important, getting the public to understand the public policy choices facing decision
makers.
Beginning in 1991 the Bay Area Air Quality Management District implemented a
voluntary public education campaign using innovative community outreach techniques as
well as traditional public relations and advertising. The main component of the
community outreach program included county-based air quality “resource teams.”
These resource teams have provided resources (money, expertise and in-kind support) to
the Air District. Community organizing skills have been used to create and sustain the
resource teams. Air District staff members play a supporting role, attending team
meetings and providing technical expertise.
The Resource Teams have proven to be remarkable successes. The teams have survived
over the long-term and individual participants have been willing to give of their resources
generously. Team members have also been made more aware of the Bay Area Air
Quality Management District both as an institution and agent for change. Participation on
the teams has led to sustained behavioral change at the worksites of team members and in
the local communities in which they have been active.
In this presentation Air District staff will highlight both the history of the resource teams,
their projects and prospects for their future use in encouraging behavior change that will
reduce air pollution using both more interactive and deliberative means of community
outreach.
56

Promethean Renewal In Green And Red (69)
R. Tricomo; Kalpulli Turtle Island Multiversity, Wita Tanka, MN
We are at a crossroads in our evolution as a species; a crossroads which leaves us really
no choice but to reinvent ourselves ecologically and culturally. We need to acknowledge
and embrace the growing phenomenon of deep ecology in which we finally recognize
that we are a species, one thread in a much larger web, where we are no better or no
worse than the other threads. Through this presentation, we will take a serious look into
indigenous cultures from around the world and learn about that which differentiates them
from everyone else. We will discuss our need to take the giant step from where we have
been to where we need to be; moving to a culture that restores, heals, plants and
rejuvenates.
7B: Corporate Risk Management Strategies [Panel]
Corporations are facing a plethora of risks spanning physical, financial, geo-political and
social aspects. Environmental and related issues catalyzed by global concerns such as
climate change often impact across multiple dimensions. The panelists will discuss the
business impact and value of alternative approaches to address a select set of these issues
relevant to the industrial sector. Objective: The session will bring into focus the multitude
of risks the corporate world is tackling to meet its social responsibility to all stakeholders.
Best practices and project learning will be shared and the state-of-the-art captured for the
profession.
Panel Members:
1. Mary McDaniel, D.O., J.D., MPH, Principal and Founder, McDaniel Lambert Inc., a
board-certified physician, licensed attorney, and risk and crisis communication expert.
2. Judah Rose, S.B. (Econ.) MIT, M.P.P. Harvard, Senior Vice President, ICF
International, a global leader in providing climate change and air quality solutions to the
public and private sectors
Keywords: Risk management, Strategy, Compliance, Data management
7C: General Air Quality Issues
Characterizing Ultrafine Particulates In Elementary Schools During The Winter
Months In Tehran (Iran): Model Development And Evaluation (106)
F. S. Halek, A. Kavousirahim, F. Hassani; Materials & Energy Research Center, Tehran,
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Indoor air quality in the classrooms has a considerable impact on children health. Our
objective was to characterize ultrafine and fine particles (PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0) in
classrooms during the winter months and to develop a model for evaluation based on
indoor and outdoor particulate levels. Portable particle size analyzer was used for
57

continuous measurements of particles. The data obtained from sampling were analyzed
by Microsoft Excel and SPSS-17.0 software.
The average concentration of PM10 inside the classrooms was approximately twice the
outdoor PM10 concentration, while PM2.5 concentration was more or less the same as
outdoor, but PM1.0 concentration was found to be less than the outdoor concentration of
PM1.0. It was also found that the outdoor concentrations of particles, the physical activity
of the students, the difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures, the class
dimensions and the kind of the classroom board are the measure factors influencing
indoor particles` pollutions. In addition, another result of such analysis associated the
effect of 12 different parameters to the indoor concentrations of the particles by assuming
the indoor particles concentrations as the variable parameter. Thereby 3 different
equations were derived in connections of indoor PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0, taking into
accounts all the parameters.
Keywords: Particulate matter, Indoor pollution, Elementary schools, Classroom.
Measuring The Uptake Rates Of Formaldehyde By 16 Plant Species In Taiwan (43)
E. Sun, 1 W. Swei, 2 H. Chien 2 ; 1 National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 2 Taiwan
Environmental Protection Administration, Taipei, Taiwan
The purpose of this study is to measure and compare the uptake rates of formaldehyde by
16 common plant species in Taiwan. The tested species include camphor tree, rose wood,
Formosan michelia, Formosan ash, red cedar, Taiwan zelkova, golden dewdrop, azalea,
common lantana, common jasmin orange, Chinese ixora, South American wax mallow,
umbrella plant, Malabar chestnut, fan palm, and bird’s nest fern. A PP plastic bag branch
chamber with size of 45 L was designed for measuring the formaldehyde uptake rates.
Each time a healthy shoot was enclosed with the chamber and the formaldehyde gas was
immediately introduced into the chamber and concentration changes were measured by a
formaldehyde detector. Depletion rates and deposition velocities of formaldehyde by
plant leaves were calculated from the net concentration change over the time, the
chamber volume and the leaf areas. Results showed that formaldehyde is uptaken most
effectively by the shrubs including common jasmin orange, Chinese ixora, and South
American wax mallow, followed by trees such as red cedar, camphor tree, Taiwan
zelkova. While Malabar chestnut, golden dewdrop, Formosan michelia, rose wood, and
Formosan ash have the medium uptake rates. Those with lower uptake rates were
common lantana, and bird’s nest fern. Generally the formaldehyde uptake rates of most
trees were decreased when the light intensities were decreased, but those of some shrubs
were not affected. These results are useful for people and organizations to select the good
plant species for growing in proper indoor areas or neighborhood parks.
Regional Dust Storm Trend And Dust Source Areas Contribution To PM10
Concentrations In Iran (135)
R. Givehchi, M. Arhami; Sharif University, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of
58

Several dust storms originated from deserts of Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Iran hit different
cities in Iran and elevate PM10 concentrations to levels above 1000 μg/m 3 . The trend and
intensity of these storms have been studied. The deserts of potential dust sources have
been identified and their contribution to PM10 concentration have been investigated.
The PM10 data collected over a 5 year period from 2005 to 2009 at 5 monitoring stations
in western and central part of Iran were used. A statistical approach was implemented in
order to determine the trend and characteristics of aerosol levels at each site. Occurrence
of dust outbreaks was detected with the previous statistical tool, coupled with the
information from the TOMS-NASA aerosol index maps. The intensity and trend of dust
storms and their effect on measured PM10 at receptor sites were determined. The Hybrid
Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) has been used to
determine the proportions of dust originated from deserts in Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Daily back trajectories were calculated at receptor points during dust outbreaks in order
to find and confirm the potential sources. After the model was configured and the
potential sources were all detected, the model has been run for individual scenarios to
find the contribution of desert dust and each possible contributor area to the PM10 levels
measured at the monitoring stations.
This study is still ongoing to determine the major dust area sources and contribution of
each source to measured PM10 concentration in Iran.
Characterization Of The Georgia Basin Puget Sound International Airshed (149)
S. Hanna, 1 R. Saari, 1 R. Vingarzan, 1 P. Schwarzhoff, 1 R. Kotchenruther 2 ; 1 Environment
Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2 United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Seattle, WA
The Georgia Basin-Puget Sound (GBPS) is located in the western coastal region of the
Canada-United States border. The GBPS includes the large urban metropoli of Seattle
and Vancouver as well as the provincial capital of British Columbia (Victoria) and the
state capital of Washington (Olympia). This ecologically and socially diverse region is
home to world-renowned parks and over 6 millions residents. Projected increases in
population, economic activity, transportation and climate change pose potential threats to
the region’s two international airsheds: the Georgia Basin and the Puget Sound.
The GBPS International Airshed Strategy (IAS) is a multi-agency, international cooperative
effort to address shared air quality management concerns and prevent future
deterioration. A key science component of the IAS was the airshed characterization study
completed in 2004. This study assessed the issues of ozone, particulate matter, and
visibility based on meteorological patterns, ambient air quality data and trends, emissions
inventories and forecasts, atmospheric models, health studies, and socio-economic
analyses.
The first update of the characterization report is currently underway. It is co-led by
Environment Canada Pacific and Yukon Region (PYR) and the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Region 10. The update will include new findings on: deposition
observations and ecological impacts; impacts of emissions control scenarios; particulate
matter and ozone trends and source apportionment; new ambient standards and nonattainment
zones; health and socio-economic impacts; long-range transport; and climate
59

change.
This paper will summarize the current status of the update, focusing on new ambient
standards, emissions sources, pollutant trends, source-receptor relationships and
forecasts.
7D: Ambient Monitoring
Baseline Concentrations And Distribution Of Polycycllic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In
The Greater Cairo Area (78)
M. W. Labib, 1 A. W. Gertler 2 ; 1 Climate Change Central Department-EEAA, Cairo,
Egypt, 2 Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
As part of the USAID and Egyptian Environmental Agency (EEAA) sponsored Cairo Air
Improvement Project (CAIP), ambient and source samples of PAHs were collected
during three intensive measurement periods. Two campaigns were conducted at six
locations in 1999, (February 23 to March 3 and October 27 to November 27) and an
additional sampling study was performed at eight locations in 2002 (June 8 to 26).
Samples were collected from upwind, industrial/residential and residential locations
throughout the Greater Cairo (GC) area. In parallel with the ambient measurements,
samples were collected from representative emissions sources.
This paper discusses the observed levels of the ambient PAHs, along with the distribution
of these species in the region. This work also provides a baseline of the PAH levels in the
GC area, which can be used as an indicator for future studies in the area. The highest
average levels of PAHs were observed at the mobile source dominated sampling location,
El Qualaly. During the winter period, the average sum of the PAH concentrations was
10.59 ± 0.66 µg/m 3 , while in the summer the value was 6.42 ± 0.96 µg/m 3 . Attempts to
apply the CMB receptor model to determine the sources of the observed ambient PAHs
were unsuccessful.
Field Measurement Of Vertical Profile Of VOCs Concentration At The Neighboring
Sites Of A Refinery Plant (148)
W. Hsiao, 1 J. Yang, 1 H. Tsai, 1 C. Yuan, 1 C. Hung, 2 C. Lin 3 ; 1 National Sun Yan-Sen
University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2 National Kaohsiung First University of Science &
Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 3 National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung,
Taiwan
Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from refinery plants, particularly their
elevated flares, causes severe adverse effects on human health and poor air quality (e.g.
high O3 concentration) due to photochemical reactions. However, previous field
measurements of VOCs were conducted mostly at the ground surface. The objective of
this study is to measure the vertical profile of VOCs in the upwind and downwind of a
refinery plant, the Kaohsiung Refinery Plant of China Petroleum Company (CPC),
located at northern Kaohsiung City. Four neighboring sampling sites, including one
upwind site and three downwind sites, were selected to investigate the temporal variation
60

and spatial distribution of ambient VOCs. A tethered balloon sampler (TBS) was used for
this study to sample VOCs at 0, 100, 300, and 500 meters above the ground. At each site,
air samples were collected in the Tedlar bags by programmable air pumps hooked on the
ropes of TBS. Air samples were then transported back to the central laboratory for
measuring VOCs with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of
forty-six VOCs were detected in the surrounding areas of the refinery plant. Among
them, twelve major VOCs such as benzene, toluene, acetone, ketone, ethane, methanol,
propylene, xylene, styrene, and etc. were regularly detected at the four sampling sites.
This study revealed that high concentration of VOCs at the elevated levels was
commonly observed, which concurred with the vertical profile of O3 concentrations.
Moreover, the influences of meteorological factors on the tempospatial distribution of
VOCs were further investigated.
Detection And Estimation Of Carcinogenic Polynuclear Hydrocarbons In The
Ambient Air Of Kolkata, India (12)
P. Chakraborty, 1 S. Shetty, 2 D. K. Sarkar 3 ; 1 formerly with Dept of Chemistry, Presidency
College, Kolkata (Calcutta), India, 2 SGS India, Gurgaon, India, 3 formerly with Dept of
Chemistry, Darjeeling Govt College, Kolkata (Calcutta), India
Ambient air quality monitoring and field studies were carried out in different high traffic
zones of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India. The analysis confirmed that SPM with nano
scale diameter of 1 μn act as vehicles, transporting carcinogenic PAH into the human
respiratory system. The objective of the field study was to ensure the air quality standard
of the city by mitigating PAH pollution, risk assumptions, recording the intensity of the
particles carrying PAH. The detection and estimation of PAH was done during different
seasons for four years. SPM were collected using high volume samplers with glass fiber
filters. Detection and quantification of different PAH was carried out by High
Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatographic method. Data analysis
and interpretation of the results revealed the presence of Benzo (a) Pyrene, Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene, Benz (a) anthracene, Pyrene, Benzo (ghi) perylene . There was
perceptible variation in the amount of PAH in ng/m 3 in different seasons which
intensified during winter. The high intensity of PAH found to be Σ 215.38 ng/m 3 and
lowest Σ 62.55 ng/m 3 , both are high above global average, major European urban areas
and WHO limits. The BSOM of toxic chemicals collected was 9.92 ± 1.56%. The sources
of different PAH attributed due to auto emission of diesel motors without catalytic
converters, burning of coal from industries and anthropogenic in character. Remedial
measures including implementation of phased comprehensive programme of air quality
dissemination based on design development, holistic air pollution management approach
to mitigate carcinogenic PAH were recommended.
8: Posters
Sustainability
Space Pollution: Impacts And Effects (174)
61

B. Abubakar; Kanuri Development Association, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Since the beginning of the space programme in the late 1950s and the early 1960s by the
former U.S.S.R. (Russian federation) and the United States of America (USA) there has
been great achievements and developments in the areas of communication, remote
sensing predicting climate change, disaster management, military operations as well as
science and technology as a whole. Today there are 50 countries with satellites in orbit
with the Malaysian Razak-sat and the United Arab Emirates Dubai sat-1 as the youngest
as at September 2009.
However despite the above mentioned developments in space sciences, but yet there is a
new ongoing negative impacts associated with this development in space sciences as a
result of space programs.
Industry
Low-cost Techniques For BTX Measures Over A Wide Industrial Area (84)
A. Gambadoro, 1 S. Sciacca, 2 M. Ferrante, 2 R. Fallico, 2 M. Zuccarello 2 ; 1 CIPA, Siracusa,
Italy, 2 University of Catania, Hygiene Department, Catania, Italy
In one of the most wide Italian industrial areas, in the Province of Siracusa it was
established a special Consortium among Industries for the Protection of the Environment
It was assigned to manage and control the air quality through a measuring station network
well equipped to record the concentration of the main convention air pollutants
The meteorological data allow to adopt a mathematical model able to simulate the local
dispersion of air pollution and to give a reasonable forecast up to 76 hours.
Some air pollutants non conventional are measured as well. It is that the case of VOC in
particular BTX for which we has been running for several years a campaign of measure
through molecular diffusion passive sampling devices and subsequent FID gaschromatography
analysis. Those devices do not require a local connection to the electric
network, are easy to locate and use a low-cost cartridge, thus allowing to measure air
quality in a number of location much wider than those of the fixed measuring stations. In
our case 800 samplings averaged on 15 days each have been taken in 20 different
locations..
Those kind of devices allow to select the measure locations in order to find out the
highest ground-level concentrations, to discriminate between industrial and civil sources,
to evaluate the contribution of natural sources.
The paper refer on the results of the campaign, the advantage of those techniques and
their reliability if integrated with a fixed measuring network for meteorological and air
quality parameters.
Separation Of CO2 From A Mixture With N2 Using Silicalite Membranes (118)
J. Lara, M. Gutiérrez, M. Torres, V. Mugica; UAM-Azc, México, Mexico
62

Carbon dioxide capture and storage is gaining attention as a strategy for the abatement of
greenhouse gas emissions, nevertheless, currently available commercial processes to
remove CO2 from flue gas streams are costly and energy intensive. In this project we are
proposing the use of a zeolitic membrane capable to separate CO2 to achieve this goal,
and the first step of this methodology is presented.
Silicalite-1 membrane was prepared on porous alumina support using hydrothermal
synthesis. Preparation of supported zeolitic membranes (In-situ method) consists in
immersing the tubular support in a suitable synthesis gel, followed by hydrothermal
treatment in an autoclave. The whole process of synthesis was repeated once. SEM
micrographs indicated a very thin, uniform and compact silicalite-1 membrane on the
support and crystallinity of the membrane was confirmed by XRD. Permeation
measurements of CO2, N2 and CO2/N2 mixture were carried out in a stainless steel
module. CO2 single gas permeation was measured through silicalite-1 membrane from
room temperature to 650 o C; the pressure at feed side was 20 PSI. According with
permeation measurements surface diffusion is the main transport mechanism; the best
separation factor (CO2/N2) is expected to be between 290 o C and 310 o C. The separation
between CO2 and N2 take place because of the preferential adsorption of CO2, which
hinders the permeation of N2 through the silicalite-1 pore network.
Air Cleaning System Effect According To Broiler Population Densities (212)
Y. S. Kim, 1 K. Y. Kim, 1 M. C. Lee, 1 J. W. Jung, 2 M. S. Oh, 2 K. Y. Kim, 2 J. D. Kim, 3 K.
Y. Yang, 3 B. Youn, 4 J. H. Kim, 4 J. H. Kwon 4 ; 1 Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea,
Republic of, 2 EnH Technology, Inc., Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 3 Cheonan Yonam
College, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 4 Samsung Electronics, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Keyword: Indoor air quality, Air cleaning system (ACS), Chicken productivity, Broiler
Population Densities
Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate of air cleaning system(ACS)
contribution of improvement of broiler productivity according to treatment of population
densities of broilers.
Method: Evaluate effectiveness of ACS under breeding circumstance for five weeks
according to 35-day growth duration. The experiment was conducted in the winter time
under the following conditions: breeding densities of 0.223 m 2 /head and 0.0558 m 2 /head.
Simultaneously, productivity index of broiler such as body weight gain, feed conversion
were measured to assess the improvement of broiler productivity.
Results: There were significant differences between treatments in weight, daily weight
gain, feed intake of broilers during the entire experimental period of 35 days (p0.05) but feed efficiency was
higher in ACS treatment than non-ACS treatment under high density (p

ut the corresponding result of productivity indexes indicated the similarity between two
treatments.
Since ACS effect in places with high population densities was considered excellent, it
might contribute to improve productivity by raising a multiple heads of broilers in the airtight
livestock house like windowless poultry houses.
Policy
Flexible Operation Of The Cap-and-Trade System For The Air Pollutants In The
Seoul Metropolitan Area By Adding Greenhouse Gases (134)
M. J. Yeo, 1 Y. P. Kim, 1 Y. R. Chae 2 ; 1 Department of Environmental Science and
Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 2 Korea Adaptation
Center for Climate Change/Planning & Research Team, Korea Environment Institute,
Seoul, Korea, Republic of
To improve the air quality in the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA), the Korean government
has implemented special measures since the 1990s. In addition, the cap-and-trade system
has been introduced and executed since July 1, 2007 for the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and
sulfur (SOx). To manage the greenhouse gases, several policies and programs such as the
National Plan for Adaption of Climate Change have been initiated. In this study, optimal
method for the integrated management of greenhouse gases and the air pollutants which
are emitted in the same sources is discussed by flexible operation of the cap-and-trade
system for the air pollutants. Several options such as [1] linkage between the cap-andtrade
system of air pollutants and the Korea's Emission Reduction Registration Project,
[2] permitting both the intra-trading among the air pollutants (NOx, SOx, and possibly
particulate) and inter-trading between the air pollutants and greenhouse gases, and [3]
introducing the project-based certification mechanism of pollutants reduction such as
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
Particulate Size-based Health Damage Cost Of Acute Mortality (169)
Y. Lim, Y. Lee, J. Yang, H. Kim, D. Shin; Yonsei University, College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Quantitative health risk assessment achieved to presume benefit from improving PM10
and PM2.5 quality in this research, and willingness to pay amount of local residents
estimated to calculate a value of statistical life. To evaluate the relationship between PM
exposure and daily mortality, we studied time-series analysis of them. The association of
PM10/PM2.5 with daily mortality was examined in Seoul, during the period of
2004~2005. Generalized additive Poisson models controlling for confounders were used
to evaluate the acute effects of particle exposures on total, respiratory, and cardiovascular
mortality. PM10 caused more than 306 of all-cause mortality per year and 92 / 282 of
respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. And PM2.5 caused more
than 1,488 of all-cause mortality per year and 146 / 486 of respiratory mortality and
cardiovascular mortality, respectively. The monthly average WTP for 5/1,000 mortality
64

eduction over ten years was $25.3(2007$) per month and the implied value-of-statisticallife
(VSL) was 0.61 million dollar per year. We combined the annual attributable number
of death and the value of statistical life to calculate the damage cost. The total damage
cost of PM10 in ambient air was 186.9 million dollar and total damage cost of PM2.5 was
907.7 million dollar.
Change Of Chemical Property And Released Inflammatory Mediators By Urban
Air Particles During The Asian Dust (Yellow Sand) Period In Korea (170)
J. Yang, Y. Lim, J. Kim, J. Jang, Y. Lee, D. Shin; Institute for Environmental Research,
Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
The Asian dust storms appear annually and blow across most of Korea and can even
reach Japan. The Asian dust storm travels from the China’s Gobi Desert through some of
China’s biggest industrial centers, picking up pollutants such as PAHs and metals on the
way. We study to analyze the chemical composition and to evaluate the cell toxicity of
ambient PM10 and PM2.5 in Asian dust storm. The contribution ratios of hazardous
metals (such as Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn) of the fine particle matter were much more than that in
non-dust storm days. The dust storm PM significantly decreased the cell viability, and
increased ROS and the pro-inflammatory cytokine (il-8 & IL-6) at low dosage. Its toxic
effects might be attributed to oxidative damage mediated by pro-oxidant/antioxidant
imbalance or excess free radicals.
Science
Cadmium Levels In Suspended Particulate Matter In Zagreb Air (23)
V. Vadjic, S. Žužul; Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb,
Croatia
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified cadmium and
cadmium compounds as Group 1 human carcinogens, and has concluded that there is
sufficient evidence that cadmium can produce lung cancer in humans exposed by
inhalation.
In the atmosphere, cadmium is in the form of particulate matter or is adsorbed on
particulate matter. It is removed by gravitational settling, dry deposition, washout by rain
and rainout. Gravitational settling removes large particles, whereas smaller particles are
removed by other forms of dry and wet deposition. Its removal rate and distance travelled
from the source depend on source characteristics, particle size and wind velocity.
In Zagreb, Croatia, monitoring of cadmium in total suspended particulate matter (TSPM)
started in the northern part of the city in 1984. Monitoring of cadmium concentrations in
PM10 particles started at the same site in 1999.
This paper presents trends of mean annual cadmium concentrations in TSPM (1984-
2005) and PM10 particles (1999-2009), as well as the first results of cadmium monitoring
PM2.5 and PM1 particle fractions in the city of Zagreb. Annual mean concentrations of
cadmium in TSPM and in PM10 particles did not have a marked trend, but showed minor
65

variations over the whole period of measurements.
Cadmium in PM2.5 and PM1 particles was 84% and 72% of its PM10 content, respectively.
Total Deposition Of Anions And Metals: An Indicator Of Sugarcane Burning
Impact, In The Sao Jose Do Rio Preto Town, Sao Paulo State, Brazil (27)
A. B. Moreira, 1 T. Graciano, 1 S. R. Valério, 1 L. M. d. Plicas, 1 S. N. P. Souza, 2 E. R.
Pereira-Filho, 3 M. C. Bisinoti, 1 F. H. Medeiros, 1 F. C. D. Martins 1 ; 1 University of São
Paulo State (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, 2 University Federal de São Carlos
(UFSCAR), São Carlos, Brazil, 3 University Federal de São Carlos, São José do Rio Preto,
Brazil
Air pollution is not a recent issue and has become a serious environmental problem
affecting human health, urban life quality and, sustainability of urban ecosystems. São
José do Rio Preto (SJRP) is a town with around 400.000 inhabitants. This city receives all
the pollution from local vehicle fleet (210,269 vehicles) plus that from two very busy
state highways. SJRP region also suffers from an increased sugarcane activity over the
last years with it burning being responsible by emission of essentials nutrients as N, K +
and ashes. Another point to highlight is that the state of São Paulo is responsible for 60%
of the Brazilian sugar and alcohol production, with SJRP accounting for 30% of this total.
Total deposition was measured during one hydrological year (5 th December, 2006 to 19 th
December, 2008) in the SJRP town. Sixty-nine water samples of total deposition were
collected after each rain events and parameters pH, conductivity, Cd, Cr, Pb, K, nitrate
and sulphate were quantified. A good correlation was observed as NO3 - and K + increased
during sugarcane burning in the SJRP region (May to December). Cd, Cr and Pb
concentrations showed basal level during the whole sampling period. Rainwater was not
acid and sulphate ranged according to vehicle traphic. It can be concluded that K + and
NO3 - present in total deposition can be used as an indicative of the impact caused by
sugarcane activity.
Acknowledgments: This project research is sponsored by the FAPESP (Project #
05/51242-8 and 07/50461-3).
Impact Of Total Deposition Of Anions As A Diffuse Source In Preto River, Sao
Paulo State, Brazil (37)
M. C. Bisinoti, F. C. d. Martins, S. R. Valério, A. B. Moreira, F. H. Medeiros; University
of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), Instituto de Biociencias, Letras e Ciencias Exatas
(IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
Total and wet depositions were measured during two hydrological years (January, 2008
to January, 2010) in the São José do Rio Preto city. Water samples of total and wet
depositions were collect from the Preto river after each rain and the parameters pH,
conductivity, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, total organic carbon and sulphate were
quantified following official method recommendations. The amounts of each previously
mentioned compound in the total deposition from the Preto river were determined. The
principal aquatic body of the city is this river which supplies 30-40% of its water for
66

approximately 417.000 inhabitants. Average total deposition from 160 rains of TOC,
NH3, NO3 - , SO4 2- and PO4 3- was 34.5; 3.45; 2.72; 25.2 and 1.92 mg m -2 dia -1 . If we
presume that the atmospheric deposition is all cast into the São José do Rio Preto (SJRP)
municipal reservoir, which is of 402.000 m 2 and 2 m deep, this would represent a COT of
2.6%, as well as 2.7%, 0.5%, 0.4% and 10% of all NH3, NO3 - , SO4 2- and PO4 3- present in
this aquatic body. It can be concluded that SJRP has an atmospheric deposition
comparable to that of large urban centers. Moreover, the amount of pollutants from total
deposition in said reservoir is equivalent to 10% of the phosphorus parameter and inferior
to 3% for the rest, which places the total deposition as a significant diffused source of
pollution.
Acknowledgments: This project research was sponsored by FAPESP.
Trends Of Ozone Concentrations In The Air Of Zagreb, Croatia (40)
G. Pehnec, V. Vađić, M. Čačković, S. Žužul; Institute for Medical Research and
Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
Ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant formed through photochemical reactions of nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic compounds. As a strong oxidant, it may cause harmful health
effects and damage plants and a variety of materials. O3 concentrations have been
measured continuously in Zagreb, Croatia from 1999. This paper presents the results of
O3 measurements at three urban locations (north, centre, and south) with different traffic
density for the period 1999-2008. The measuring method used in this work is based on
active sampling of ozone in the absorption solution of sodium nitrite. Nitrite ion reacts
with ozone and forms a nitrate, which is then determined by ion chromatography. Over
the whole measuring period, average annual O3 concentrations in Zagreb ranged between
20 μg m -3 and 40 μg m -3 in the north, between 19 μg m -3 and 3 μg m -3 in the city centre,
and between 7 μg m -3 and 35 μg m -3 in the south. Over the spring and summer months,
daily averages occasionally exceeded the Croatian limit value of 110 μg m -3 . The highest
daily value of 196 μg m -3 was measured in the city centre. In general, over the ten-year
period, ozone concentrations in the south increased, while in the north and in the centre
they showed a slow decrease in annual averages and in the annual number of days with
exceeded limit values
The Influence Of Recirculation Of Air Mass On Numerical Simulation Of Ozone
(44)
H. Lee, H. Lee, S. Lee; Pusan National University, Busan, Korea, Republic of
Recirculation of air mass in coastal region occurs because of the change from land to sea
breeze and was shown to produce a contrary result on air quality. This study examines the
numerical simulation to analyze the effect of recirculation flow in Gwangyang Bay,
Korea. For this purpose two case studies are performed by WRF-FLEXPART-CMAQ
modeling system, each for different Meso-Synoptic Index. Additionally this research
makes a comparative study large domain (Domain_A) and small domain (Domain_B).
The horizontal wind fields are simulated from WRF. Changes in the land-sea breeze have
67

an effect on the particle dispersion modeling. The numerical simulation of air quality is
carried out to investigate the recirculation of ozone. In Case_strong ozone is transported
to eastward because of westerly synoptic flow and this pattern can confirm in all domain.
In Case_weak ozone swept off by the land breeze and then transported to northward
along sea breeze. However re-advected ozone isn't simulating in Domain_B. In this
study, we know that recirculation of air mass must be concerned when numerical
simulation of air quality is performed in coastal region, especially on a sunny day. This
result will elevate the accuracy of meso-scale numerical simulation at coastal area.
Behavior Of Tropospheric Ozone And Its Relationship To Sugar Cane Farming In
The Sao Paulo State (58)
M. C. Bisinoti, 1 A. B. Moreira, 1 J. H. D. Barreto, 1 B. D. A. Matheus, 1 A. F. de Brito, 2 M.
L. A. Campos, 3 E. A. Pereira, 4 J. Trotta, 4 C. P. Crispim, 5 J. R. Fernandes, 5 G. Garcia, 6 A.
A. Cardoso 6 ; 1 University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), Instituto de Biociencias, Letras e
Ciencias Exatas (IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, 2 University of Sao Paulo State
(USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 3 Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão
Preto, Brazil, 4 Universidade Federal de São Carlos ( Campus de Sorocaba), Sorocaba,
Brazil, 5 Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita
Filho” – UNESP – Bauru, Bauru, Brazil, 6 Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual
Paulista Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP - Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil
The production of ethanol for use as biofuel has increased in São Paulo State. Sugar cane
is reaped after its chaff is burnt off. This process releases considerable quantities of NOx
and VOCs compounds known to be precursors of the formation of tropospheric ozone.
The purpose of this work was to seek evidence that one of the principal sources of
tropospheric ozone was the burning of the sugar cane chaff in the fields. Towards this
end, samples of the ozone were taken concomitantly every fifteen days, during the period
January 2008 to December 2009 from five cities which receive the effects of the sugar
cane chaff burning as well as one city (the reference one) that does not and is located
close to 100 km from the State Capital. Passive samplers having a indigo trisulphurate
reagent were used in the collections. Quantifying the O3 was based on the ozonolysis
reaction which provokes discoloring of the pigment. The O3 concentration varied from 6
to 148.9 μg m -3 in cities 400 km from the capital which receive the effects of biomass
burning and from 14.1 to 64.2 μg m -3 in the reference city. The cities with sugar cane
culture have the highest concentration of O3 during the harvest when the chaff is burnt off.
The highest ozone peak in the reference city was in the summer. The conclusion is that
the ozone has a direct relationship to biomass burning.
Acknowledgments: FAPESP.
Five Years Continuous Measurement Of PM2.5 Particle Fraction And Acidic Anions
In Zagreb Air, Croatia (68)
M. Čačković, K. Šega, V. Vadjić, I. Bešlić; Institute for Medical Research and
Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
68

Daily PM2.5 samples were taken continuously for five years (2005 - 2009) in the northern
residential part of Zagreb, with moderate to high traffic density. The samples were
analysed for mass and content of water soluble ions, chlorides, nitrates, and sulphates.
The present paper focuses on relation to mass concentrations, relative contribution of
measured species to PM2.5 mass and the prediction of the relative importance of pollutant
sources.
The most abundant contributing species to the PM2.5 mass were sulphates followed by
nitrates, and then by chlorides. The mass ratio of (NO3 - )/(SO4 2- ) as an indicator of the
relative importance of pollutant sources shows that the mobile source emission was
important contributor to particle mass.
Key words: air pollution, chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, ion chromatography
Lung-bioaccessibility Of Trace Elements In Atmospheric Particles: Special Focus
On Speciation And Size Distribution (81)
J. Caboche, E. Perdrix, B. Malet, L. Y. Alleman; Ecole des mines, Douai, France
Toxicological data provide solid evidence for the association of airborne particulate
matter concentrations with adverse respiratory health effects. Particle size, chemical
composition and bioaccessible content are the main characteristics to consider regarding
the PM-induced biological impacts. The bioaccessibility stands for in vitro dissolution in
surrogates of body fluids. Few studies have evaluated dissolution of particulate metals in
biological fluids, favouring instead, water-extraction procedures that lack of lung
surfactant among other reactive compounds. Our project was (I) to estimate the
bioaccessibility of metals within size-resolved PM fractions using physiological
extraction medium and (II) to study the variation of metal solubility according to particle
size and metal-speciation. A sampling strategy using several sampling devices was
developed in Paris and its surroundings to collect the aerosols covering different emission
sources (Traffic, Photochemistry ). The different size fractions of each sampling were
combined to define three particle size-classes: PM0.03-0.25, PM0.25-2.5 and PM2.5-10.
Bioaccessible fractions of metals were determined in 20 ml of Gamble’s solution (pH of
7.4 at 37°C during 24h) to simulate lung extracellular fluids. For validation of the
procedure, three Standard Reference Materials were employed. Our results show that the
bioaccessibility varied considerably depending on metals and particle sizes. We
confirmed that the bioaccessibility was metal-speciation dependant in the particles. This
study demonstrates the possibility to estimate the bioaccessible fraction of metals in
biological fluids for ultrafine, fine and coarse particles. It highlights the importance to
consider a realistic the bioaccessible fraction of metal to evaluate the toxicological effects
of inhaled atmospheric aerosols.
Commuter’s Exposure To Fine Particulate Matter In Different Transportation
Modes, Bangkok, Thailand (100)
C. Kaewmanee, 1 W. Jinsart, 1 K. Tamura, 2 M. Inoue, 3 E. Yano 3 ; 1 Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,
Japan, 3 Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
69

This study examined commuter’s exposure to respirable particulate matters while
commuting in different transportation modes. The field monitoring was conducted in
Bangkok between August 2008 and January 2009. A total of four public transportation
types, air-conditioned bus, non-air-conditioned bus, taxi and tuktuk (motorized threewheelers).
PM10 and PM2.5 were collected by personal air samplers attached size selected
impactors. From average four selected trip routes, tuk-tuk commuters were exposed to the
highest concentrations of PM10 (110.8 μgm - 3) and PM2.5 (85.6 μgm - 3). The real time
PM2.5concentrations were co-parallel monitored with filtered sampling using PDS-2,
personal dust sampler. The whole trip PM2.5 concentrations from PDS-2 measurement in
air-conditioned bus and taxi were found correlated to the filtered measurement with Kfactor
1.1 and 1.4, respectively. Exposure mapping and hazard areas were identified using
GIS base program. Transportation route passed commercial areas were found lowest
speed traveling and highest exposure values.
Comparison Of Organic And Elemental Carbon Mass Concentrations In PM10
Between Urban And Rural Areas (101)
R. Godec, K. Šega, I. Bešlić, S. Davila; Institute for Medical Research and Occupational
Health, Zagreb, Croatia
Daily PM10 samples were collected in Zagreb and Delnice during winter 2010. The
sampling site in Zagreb was situated in the northern, residential part of the city. The main
sources of PM and carbon species are mostly household appliances and moderate traffic.
In Delnice, the sampling site was situated at the north-east edge of the settlement. The
main PM and carbon species source is wood used for cooking and heating. Daily samples
of airborne particles were collected on pre-fired quartz fibre filters. Nominal sampling
flow rate was 38 dm 3 min -1 . PM10 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically
following the European norm EN 12341. Samples were analysed for organic carbon (OC)
and elemental carbon (EC) using the thermal/optical transmittance method (TOT) with a
NIOSH-like protocol.
These preliminary measurements have been conducted within the IAEA TC Project
RER/2/005 "Characterizing Seasonal Variations in Elemental Particulate Matter
Concentrations in European Urban and Rural Areas under Different Climatic Conditions"
and will continue during summer.
Average mass concentrations of PM10 were 58.05 μg m -3 in Zagreb and 46.97 μg m -3 in
Delnice. In Zagreb, average OC and EC mass concentrations in PM10 were 11.98 μg m -3
and 1.55 μg m -3 , while in Delnice they were 18.90 μg m -3 and 2.23 μg m -3 . OC and EC
contributed 26.77 % and 4.07 % to the total PM10 mass in Zagreb and 35.99 % and 4.58
% to the total PM10 mass in Delnice. The average OC/EC ratios in PM10 in Zagreb and
Delnice were 8.51 and 10.72, respectively.
Winter Time PM10 Mass Concentrations In Wood Burning Surrounding Area (102)
S. Davila, K. Šega, I. Bešlić; Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health,
Zagreb, Croatia
70

Daily samples of PM10 were collected in Delnice from 15 January to 17 March 2010.
The sampling site was situated at the NE edge of the town. The main pollution sources
were from wood used as fuel for cooking and heating and from briquette manufacture.
Daily samples of airborne particles were collected on quartz fibre filters. For comparison,
samples were collected in parallel with two sequential samplers SEQ47/50 with the total
volume of 55 m3 per day. PM10 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically
following the European norm EN 12341. Weather conditions were monitored every 15
minutes using the Davis Vantage Pro2 Weather Station.
PM10 mass concentrations were different between workdays and weekends, and there
was no obvious difference in mass concentrations in rural and urban area.
Application Of Fuzzy Sets To Short-range Forecast Of Air Quality In The Regional
Scale (111)
E. Krajny, L. Osrodka, M. Wojtylak; Institute of Meteorology and Water Management,
Branch of Krakow, Katowice, Poland
The aim of paper is to present the forecast air quality (AQF) created under the AQ
Forecasting System in the Silesian region in the southern Poland that based on the
method of data mining in particular, using fuzzy sets. Forecasting AQ assumptions are as
follows: air sanitary situation characterized level concentrations of air pollutants depends
on meteorological conditions and emissions; there is a similarity between the
meteorological conditions determining the emission of pollutants, spatially varied local
conditions. The basis of AQ forecast is the NWP for the near daily, and historical
meteorological data base and the concentrations of pollutants. Using parallel the
knowledge base of historical COSMO-LM model and the historical real curses of
meteorological conditions we take a group similar forecasts to the current forecast. On
this basis, we creates fuzzy meteorological situation forecast for the near 24h. Using
these data will consider the past in terms of finding meteorological conditions which the
most appropriate for fuzzy meteorological forecast. The result is a set of weather
situations that may occur in the forecast horizon. Each selected as the meteorological
situation corresponds to the proper course of the pollutants concentrations from the past.
The last stage of forecasting is to build one of the air pollutants concentrations with many
a similar sanitary situation. The forecast of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2,5, O3 with step 1h
and air quality index is created for the zones. AQF model based on fuzzy sets, can be
implemented for other areas, using the principle of similarity.
Spatio-temporal Concentration Profiles And Variations Of Polychlorinated
Dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) And Dibenzofurans(PCDFs) In Ambient Air Of Seoul,
Korea (114)
K. Min Young, C. Yong Suk, B. Il Sang, Y. Joong-sup, E. Seok-won; Seoul Metropolitan
Research Institute of Health and Envrionment, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Once released into the atmospheric environment, polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins(PCDDs)
and dibenzofurans(PCDFs) can be transported far from their original
71

sources, and as a result, their presence can be determined in remote areas. These toxicants
are believed to be formed, unintentionally by many industrial activities including a
variety of thermal processes. Although PCDDs/Fs levels may be insignificant in
environment, the pollutants have been known as extremely toxic and bio-accumulative.
The purpose of this study was intended to determine the air monitoring results of
PCDDs/PCDFs which investigated in ambient air from January 2002 to December 2009.
An estimated 600 samples in ambient air were collected by PUF air sampler and analyzed
for PCDDs/Fs using HRGC-HRMS. PCDDs/Fs levels in air samples ranged from 15 to
563 fg I-TEQ/m 3 with an average 140fg I-TEQ/m 3 . Our findings show that contemporary
PCDDs/Fs levels in ambient air have declined clearly since the 2002s. According to the
seasonal changes, obvious characteristics were found, too. In this study, the PCDDs/Fs
levels in ambient air were much higher in winter than in summer. Analysis of PCDDs/Fs
isomers showed the ratios of PCDDs/PCDFs were about 0.49
PAH Concentrations In The City Of Zagreb And In A Rural Place With Wood
Industry (116)
I. Lulić, A. Šišović, G. Pehnec, R. Godec, V. Vađić; Institute for Medical Research and
Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed atmospheric pollutants
produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and other organic materials. Their
sources include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, motor exhausts, industrial processes,
heating, wood industry, tobacco smoke, and many other). The aim of this study was to
compare PAH concentrations in PM10 particles between Zagreb (A), the Croatian capital,
and a rural place (B) in the hills of Gorski Kotar. The measuring site A was located in the
center of Zagreb with high population and traffic density. Population at the rural site (B)
is scarce, but houses use wood for heating and there is a developed wood industry. PAH
concentrations were measured in the winter when air PAH concentrations are expected to
be much higher than in the summer because of heating. We measured the concentrations
of fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrisene, benzo(b)fluoranthene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)anthracene, benzo(ghi)perilene, and
indeno(1, 2,3, cd)pyrene using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and a
fluorescence detector with changeable excitation and emission wavelength. The results
show that concentrations of some PAHs were higher at site B than site A, or were
comparable.
GIS Based Method For Mapping Of Traffic Air Pollution Exposure In Bangkok
(139)
T. Suvanrattanamanee, W. Jinsart, N. Pongboonkhumlarp; Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok, Thailand
The on-road vehicles are major contributors of polluted air in many urban areas. To be
able to assess the health impacts of this exposure, the information about traffic air
pollution profiles are needed. Direct measurement of pollutants was conducted in a
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densely trafficked route in central Bangkok, Thailand. Six-day samples were taken
between November 2009 and January 2010. Two sites of transportation hub, Mochit and
WongwianYai were used to quantify the emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutions
from traffic. The distance between two sites is 23 km with average time travelling from
1.5 to 3.5 hours, depend on the traffic condition. Whole trip fine particles PM2.5, PM10
and real-time gaseous pollutants CO, CO2 and VOCs concentrations were continuously
measured including temperature, relative humidity and geographical parameters (by a
GPS system). To identify the hazard areas, all spatial data were analyzed and complied
with vector Bangkok map by Geographic Information System, ARC-GIS program. The
exposure concentrations were found associated with the traffic condition, vehicle counts,
speed, day of week and time. The highest whole trip PM10 concentration was found on
the week day from 6.30am -10.30am. At Mochit site, PM10 hourly average was 169 μgm -
3 , the vehicle number 3563 car hr -1 and at WongwianYai site, PM10 hourly average was
220 μgm -3 ,the vehicle number 6956 car hr -1 . To illustrate the application of GIS in
exposure mapping based on the real time measurement, an example of CO, CO2 and
VOCs are shown.
Use Of Remote Sensing Data To Assess Stroke Risk Due To Ambient Air Pollution
In Canada (159)
J. M. Johnson, 1 A. van Doneklaar, 2 R. V. Martin, 3 P. J. Villeneuve 4 ; 1 Population Studies
Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2 Department of Physics and Atmospheric
Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, 3 Department of Physics and
Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics, Halifax, NS, Canada, 4 Population Studies Division, Health Canada; Dalla
Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Background: Many studies of ambient air pollution effects on stroke risk have assessed
the short-term effects of pollution within localized urban centers. Here we present a
nation-wide analysis of the association between PM2.5 and stroke prevalence among
Canadians.
Methods: Data from the population based 2001 Canadian Community Health Survey
(CCHS) on self-reported stoke and stroke risk factors (age, sex, household income,
smoking history) were used for this study. The CCHS conducted a cross-sectional survey
of a representative sample of the population, with a response rate of 80.7%. Postal codes
of all survey participants were matched to long-term mean satellite-based PM2.5 derived
from observations from NASA’s MODIS and MISR satellite instruments (image
acquisition: 2001-2006, resolution: 10km x 10km). Risk estimates and 95% confidence
intervals (CI) were calculated from Poisson and logistic regression models.
Results: Mean (range) PM2.5 was 7.95 (17.2) μg/m 3 . Among the 104,529 surveyed in the
CCHS, there were 309 who had stroke one year ago or less. After adjustment for age, sex,
smoking, and income, a 1 μg/m 3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with increased recent
stroke prevalence (risk ratio: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.48).
Conclusion: High ambient PM2.5 levels are associated with increased risk of self-reported
stroke among Canadians. Further research is needed to assess the extent of exposure
misclassification due to migration bias.
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Development Of A Real Time Vehicle Emissions Model And Calibration For Indian
Auto-rickshaws (164)
D. Boland, 1 S. Rogak, 1 A. Grieshop, 2 C. Reynolds, 2 G. McTaggart-Cowan 3 ; 1 Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
2 Institute for Resources, Environment & Sustainability, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada, 3 Wolfson School for Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
A real-time emissions and fuel consumption vehicle model was developed and calibrated
using data from 40 emissions tests on compressed natural gas- (CNG) and gasoline 2- and
4-stroke auto-rickshaws (three-wheeled taxis) conducted in India. Data were collected
during dynamometer testing on the Indian Drive Cycle (IDC, used for vehicle
certification in India). The model estimates engine torque and speed, fuel consumption
rates, and particulate matter (PM), CO2, CO, NO, and hydrocarbon (HC) emission rates
for any drive-cycle. The model used linear regression on engine speed and load data to
produce fuel consumption maps and on vehicle speed and fuel consumption data to
generate emissions maps. Model accuracy varied widely across emission types and
technology classes. For example, errors in estimation of CNG 2-stroke emissions factors
over the IDC were 2.2% and 16.7% for CO2 and CO, respectively. Coefficients of
determination (R 2 values) were used to evaluate real-time model outputs relative to data;
R 2 values range from 0.2 to 0.9. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess the
models’ expected error and bias, if present. Though the high degree of inter-vehicle
variability and small sample sizes puts limits on the best achievable accuracy from a
single model, model simulations can provide useful information for policy-relevant
analysis. For example, the suitability of the IDC in representing on-road emissions was
evaluated by comparing trip emission factors modeled with the IDC against trip data
collected from in-use auto-rickshaws. Given adequate data, the model could be used to
model vehicles other than auto-rickshaws.
City Dwellers Exposure To Atmospheric Pollutants When Commuting In Paris
Urban Area (177)
A. Coursimault, 1 C. Delaunay, 1 G. Goupil, 1 H. Ravelomanantsoa, 2 A. Person, 2 S.
Mazoue 3 ; 1 Police departement central laboratory, Paris, France, 2 Paris hygiene
laboratory, Paris, France, 3 RATP, Paris, France
This work is conducted in 2007/2008 winter by two laboratories of the City of Paris and
RATP, the operator of the Parisian subway network.
This study aims at establishing the exposure levels of the Ile-de-France inhabitants when
they commute in Paris between their dwelling and workplace, during morning and
afternoon rush hour periods, using various modes of transport. A significant number of
contrasted situations is retained; twenty routes are chosen implementing the main modes
of transport : car, bus, subway, tramway, cycle and walking. Each route has been
reproduced 30 times (15 round trips).
The results are compared with the values obtained in similar conditions during the study
74

led during period 1996-1998.
For nitrogen dioxide, results show that levels are higher in cars and in buses than in other
modes of transport. Median concentrations vary between 36 µg/m 3 measured in the train
of a subway line (RERB line) and 218 µg/m 3 inside the car circulating on the ring road
around Paris.
The exposure in cars is the most important for carbon monoxide, monocyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, PM2.5 absorption coefficient and formaldehyde. The formaldehyde
concentrations are the lowest for the pedestrian walking in a pedestrian district of Paris.
They are the highest for the vehicle circulating on the ring road around Paris.
PM2,5 mass concentration is higher in the underground lines of the Parisian subway
system, where a specific particles source is observed.
A significant decrease of benzene and carbon monoxide levels are observed between the
studies of 1998 and 2008.
Development Of New Model For H2S And SO2 Gases As Compared To Gas
Dispersion Modellings (204)
N. Sharifzadeh, B. Ayati, H. Ganjidoust; Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran,
Islamic Republic of
As hydrogen sulphur gases can cause health and environmental problems, should be
controlled before releasing to the atmosphere.
In this research, some famous software including PHAST, Cirrus and Shell Fred were
introduced. These softwares are using for consequence analysis to measure H2S and SO2
concentration based on Gauss model for point sources.
PHAST can be used to calculate concentration of some material such as H2S in order to
trace it. This material does exist in the input data. It means that we cannot calculate the
concentration of materials which are not in the data.
Cirrus software is used to calculate the concentration of materials. In some industries
sulphur is base of materials that after processing will be emitted as SO2 or H2S. In
comparing with other software it seems that Cirrus is appropriate software for gas
dispersion modelling but it is not complete and needs to be improved.
Shell Fred is employed for dispersion modelling. This software is similar to PHAST and
it can be traced only the materials that insert as input data. However, they have not
similar results as compared to the others. In this study, the result will be compared to
produce new program to do gas dispersion modelling with the best result.
Keyword: H2S, SO2, PHAST, Cirrus, Shell Fred.
Optimization Of Adsorption Reactor For CO2 Control In Public Transportation
(213)
Y. H. Lim, Y. M. Jo; Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggido, Korea, Republic of
Well insulation of public spaces including public vehicles or trains deteriorates the air
quality inside. Carbon dioxide is one of critical elements for IAQ regulation in Korea.
This study attempted to find an appropriate control method of low level indoor CO2 based
75

on a dry sorption technology. Three types of adsorption bed reactors for practical use (2
liters) were designed and reviewed though CFD analysis and experimental work.
It was found through the CFD study that the reactors leading the flow zig-zag could
present more frequent contact between sorbent granules and gas flow. Experimental work
using 3000ppm CO2 flow, which is often found in rush hours of Metro-subway, revealed
a model 1 to be better for the test flow condition. It was designed to minimize dead zone
of fluid flow throughout the reactor bed.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by National research foundation of Korea (No.2010-
0008986).
Key words : Adsorption reactor, CFD, CO2
Fine Dust Collection By Double-Stage Filtration System In A Subway - Air
Handling Unit (214)
D. K. Lee, Y. Lim, H. H. Lim, Y. M. Jo; Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggido, Korea,
Republic of
Seoul metro-subway is the most popular public transportation in a large capital city,
Seoul of which population is more than 10 million. Air quality in subway, especially
particulate matters, is of great notice in both users and public authorities. Seoul specifies
the PM10 level as 150 μg/m 3 for subway indoor. Current air quality is getting improved
by screen doors in between platform and tunnels. However frequent occurrence of yellow
dust from China influences the IAQ of the subway. Thus, this work focuses on fine dust
collection particularly in case of unexpected external environmental episodes. Normal
filtration is being operated in ordinary days, but a second filter layer could be come down
automatically whenever harsh dust flows in from outside.
Candidate filters which are electrically charged should have low pressure drop and high
collection efficiency. As a result of the experiments in the lab and field of subway station,
the efficiency increase of 20~30% for PM2.5 and PM10 could be obtained with
additional pressure drop of approximately 25%. More appropriate combination of filters
is now being studied regarding the filter type and operating feasibility.
Acknowledgement: This research was supported by Seoul R&BD Program (CS070160).
Key words: Air ventilation, Subway MVAC, Fine dust, Filtration, Electret filter
9A: Social Impacts of Pollutants
Evaluation Of The Social License To Operate A Natural-gas Fired Power Plant In A
Sensitive Airshed (185)
K. Preston; RWDI AIR Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
As part of a long-term planning process, the social license to operate the Burrard Thermal
Generating Station, located in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) of British Columbia, was
evaluated for several possible operating scenarios including continuing to operate as a
peaking facility or changing to a base load function. The LFV does not yet fully comply
76

with the CCME Canada-wide Standard (CWS) for ground-level ozone and therefore is
considered a sensitive airshed by many. Thus, increasing the operation of an older
natural-gas fired power plant in this airshed is a potentially contentious issue. The social
license to operate Burrard was assessed by comparing past, present and possible future
emissions of Burrard to other sources in the airshed and BC; reviewing regional,
provincial and federal government plans for the LFV; assessing public perceptions of air
quality and greenhouse gases in the LFV through a media survey; and examining case
studies of the social license to operate other thermal power plants in North America.
How Nature Cleans Polluted Air Of A Megalopolis (Lima, Peru) Evaluation At
Length Way Over River Basin, From Shore To Near Four Thousands Meters High
(20)
M. V. Andreu; Peruvian Society for Clean Air and Environmental Management, Lima,
Peru
Air pollution episodes in Lima comes since distant past 60´s. That time, atmosphere was
satured by offensive odours arising from fishery industries viewed (smelled) as a symbol
of prosperity. The actual worsening of our air quality, until considered "major social and
public health evil, "is linked to several, well defined and wide spread, sources. One in
base, is violent increase of population (eight millons, now), by shift of rural people to
urban areas coupled with poverty and its consecuences. Additional causes, are dispersed
elemental industries, city services, and mainly public transport. This prosecuted movil
source, is tantamount to chaos in Lima. Existence of multiple "environmental" agencies
with "scattered" responsabilities and thoughtless management, is also, one more
astonishing source, between us.
An air pollution survey was driven at lengthway Rimac mountain -valley, characterized
by complex morphology and meteorogical features. Our reaserch scenario is shapped by
the river Rimac, which caggy waters descend 132 km E-W from snow capped highlands,
near five km up, to Pacific Ocean. Our aim and scape was to gain a broader
understanding about quality and variety of pollutants and how them are "channeling" by
winds and valley structure.
This paper intends to present results, not only refered to clasic presence of suspended
particles and well known gases, but also, generation of secondary pollutants like ozone-
03. Furthermore, it is interesling to refer the use of methods like microscopy, new for us,
and also to expose practical profits as by-products of our study.
9B: Energy Efficiency - Best Practices and Case Studies [Panel]
Organizations, catalyzed by global concerns such as climate change, often face energy
conservation issues that impact multiple dimensions. The panelists will discuss the
business impact and value of alternative policy and operational approaches to address a
select set of these issues relevant to the industrial and building sectors. The session will
bring into focus the multitude of energy conservation initiatives and projects underway to
meet this social responsibility to all stakeholders. Best practices and project learning will
be shared and the state-of-the-art captured for the profession.
77

Panel Members:
1. S. Musharraf Ali, Director Energy Management, Global Pharmaceutical
Operation, Abbott Laboratories
2. Alex Boston, Director Climate Protection and Sustainable Energy, HB Lanarc, a
leading community planning and design firm in British Columbia and across North
America
3. Prof. Suresh Santanam*, Sc.D., Executive Director, Syracuse University COE Energy
and Environmental Systems
*to be confirmed
Keywords: Risk management, Strategy, Compliance, Data management
9C: Ambient Monitoring
Effect Of Acid Pollutants On The Solubility Of Natural Aerosols (175)
N. A. Saliba, A. Chamseddine; American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Chemical interactions of dust aerosols with air masses of various compositions is leading
to dust coated surfaces with chemical and optical properties which could enhance dust
solubility and/or make dust a carrier of pollution compounds and nutrients for
ecosystems. Carbonate particles are of particular interest because of their unique
heterogeneous reactivity with gaseous species such as SO2 and HNO3. Once Ca(NO3)2
particles are formed, they remain in the aqueous phase and never dry out even over desert
areas. Hence, It can be transported in longer distances compared to gaseous HNO3 and by
deposition in surface seawater can provide nutrients and thus affecting seawater
productivity on a regional scale. This study focuses on understanding the interaction
between polluted gases and dust particles and assesses their effect on the aerosol
solubility. In particular, we measure the amount of nitrates, sulfates and chlorides in
aerosols at a site located along the Eastern Mediterranean coast, assess the amount of
gaseous acids and correlate between the concentrations of inorganic ions in aerosol and
gas phases. This correlation helps to determine the effect of various concentrations on the
solubility of dust particles and calculate the deposition rates of aerosols and gases. This
study provides insight concerning interaction between polluted continental and sea salt
aerosols in the coastal zone and its effect on the aerosol solubility and the increase of the
dry-deposition flux of total nitrate to the Mediterranean coastal ecosystems.
Developing Heavy Metal Pollution Map With Multifactor Contributed By Using
GIS Techniques (77)
M. Altan, Ö. Ayyildiz, S. Malkoc, B. Yazici, S. Koparal; Anadolu University, Eskisehir,
Turkey
A detailed investigation was conducted to understand the contamination characteristics
and distributions of heavy metal pollution in terms of contributions of the heavy metal
concentrations as mg/kg of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn in the urban soil in
78

Eski[[Unable to Display Character: ş]]ehir city center. The amount of these heavy
metals were determined from 15 soil sample points collected within urban area and every
sample point included 6 separated samples for Chemical analyses. The results indicated
that concentration values of all metals except Ni and Cr in soils were below the risky
limit pollution values which are recommended by Turkey Ministry of Environment and
Forestry in some sample points. Spatial distribution maps were created and recoded, in
terms of these heavy metals concentrations as contribution to heavy metal pollution in
soil, through Geographical Information Systems techniques. As a result, risky areas were
modeled in terms of contamination of heavy metal and it is shown that, every different
risky area can be interpreted based on buildings in city center quickly and easily.
9D: Health and Ecosystem Impacts
Differential Exposure Of The Urban Population To Vehicular Air Pollution In Hong
Kong (193)
X. Fan, 1 K. Lam, 1 Q. Yu 2 ; 1 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New
Territories, Hong Kong, 2 Fudan University, Shanghai, China
This study aims to assess, by modeling, the exposure of the urban population of Hong
Kong to vehicular air pollution. It will provide data to show whether there is significant
spatial variations in exposure to air pollution, and if there is, whether the differential
exposure to air pollution is related to the socioeconomic characteristics of the urban
inhabitants. Hong Kong has a unique housing provision mechanism in which about half
of the population are accommodated in public housing estates whereas the rest in private
dwellings whose provision is determined by market forces. The urban and housing forms
of these two providers are different and these forms define the spatial relationship of the
dwelling units to the road network. To assess the exposure of the urban population to air
pollution, the IMMIS_net air model, developed for city-wide air quality assessment, was
used. It takes into account the spatial distribution of buildings and roadways as depicted
on digital maps; and the traffic volume and composition on the roads based on the traffic
census. Based on these inputs, the concentrations of CO, NOx, SO2 and PM10 are
estimated for various assessment points, in 3-D format, for selected buildings for typical
weather conditions in different months of the year and under the worst meteorological
conditions. To obtain a representative picture of the situation, close to 300 public and
private housing clusters respectively were selected. These building clusters were built at
different times, of various urban forms, by different providers. Collection of the air
pollution exposure and socio-economic data allows elucidation of the relationship
between air pollution exposure and socio-economic characteristics.
Urban Air Quality And Transport: Impact On Public Health (122)
N. Guaita, A. Ayuso; Spanish Observatory for the Sustainability, Alcala de Henares,
Spain
79

This article is focused on showing the situation and evolution of air quality in Spanish
cities and its impact on public health, analysing the transport sector as the main driving
force affecting it. It concludes with a discussion of medium to long-term scenarios for
projected air quality and a strategic action plan. According to the methodological
approach of cause and effect used, the study of air quality has been evaluated through
direct sources of information coming from the measurement of emissions and air quality,
and by indirect sources applying advanced dynamic models. The analysis of the impact
that pollution has on health has been carried out from epidemiological and toxicological
studies, and evaluating the impact on health. The results show that in 2007, 24% of
municipalities in Spain having a population of more than 100,000 people exceeded the
average annual concentration of PM10 (according to the limit established in 2005) and
41% exceeded the daily limit. For NO2, 15 cities presented average annual concentrations
beyond the established value limit. All the cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants
exceeded the value limit objective for O3. The present situation and trend of air quality in
many Spanish cities are not satisfactory and constitutes a health concern for the
population, as well as for the potential costs on the social, economic and environmental
levels. Measures are needed requiring major political commitments and a higher
coordination and integration of policies. This involves a radical change in our way of life
and guidelines of consumption.
Assessment Of Policemen's Exposure To Urban Atmospheric Pollution (41)
G. Thiault, 1 G. Goupil, 1 S. Riffet, 1 L. Schang, 1 F. Bonoli, 2 C. Poissonnet 2 ; 1 Laboratoire
Central de la Préfecture de Police, Paris, France, 2 Service de Médecine de Prévention de
la Préfecture de Police, Paris, France
The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels of policemen who work
on the ring road around Paris. A population of non-exposed policemen have also been
studied as a reference.
This work included individual exposure measurements by the use of pump samplings,
diffusive samplers and individual analyzers. The pollutants measured were the main
urban pollution indicators with recognized sanitary effects: nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
benzene, toluene, carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM2,5).
A significant number of contrasted situations were selected (morning, afternoon, night
teams, during the winter and summer period of 2009). Around 110 individual exposure
levels have been obtained for NO2, benzene, toluene and CO, 70 for PM2,5.
For NO2, concentrations vary between 70 and 320µg/m3 with a median concentration of
150µg/m3. These results show that WHO recommendation (200µg/m3 for 1 hour) is
frequently not respected.
For PM2,5, concentrations are between 8 and 65µg/m3 with a median concentration of
30µg/m3.
For benzene, concentrations vary between 0,9 and 8,7µg/m3 with a median concentration
of 3,0µg/m3.
CO exposure levels are lower than WHO recommendations for all durations.
Concerning NO2 and PM2,5, concentrations for exposed policemen were 2 times higher
than non-exposed policemen. For benzene, the ratio obtained was between 1 and 7.
80

For all pollutants, exposure levels were much lower than fixed limit values on working
places.
Comparison with results provided by the Parisian air quality survey network shows that
exposure levels measured in this study are higher than concentrations in measurement
stations bordering the ring road.
10A: Modelling
A Study On Air Quality Simulation Model Around Roadway Tunnel Portals Over
Complex Terrain (45)
H. Takahashi, 1 K. Horiuchi, 2 S. Okamoto 1 ; 1 Tokyo University of Information Sciences,
Chiba, Japan, 2 JIST Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
Highway tunnel portals are one environment where severe air pollution from automobile
emissions occur. These sites are often surrounded by steep mountains or obstructions, and
conventional Gaussian models are thus not suitable for predicting air quality. Wind
tunnel simulation or numerical models, however, can be applied as a prediction tool for
environmental assessment. For an-hour-average concentration, wind tunnel simulation
can use scale models on a turning table or a fluctuating screen on the upwind inlet. These
facilities are used for prolonged average concentrations, namely extending the horizontal
plume spread sigma-y. Almost all numerical models, however, do not consider all the
problems inherent in this sort of environment. The aim of this study is to propose a
scheme that can incorporate the effect of wind fluctuation into a numerical air quality
model.
In the proposed air quality simulation model, wind field was derived by variational
method, and concentration was calculated by Taylor-Galerkin with Forester filter method.
In this simulation, six ten-minutes-average wind data were used individually, instead of a
one-hour-average wind data. This method allowed the model to incorporate the wind
fluctuation within one hour. A one-hour-average concentration was calculated by
integration for each of the six ten-minute-average concentrations.
Calculated concentrations were compared with air tracer experimental data conducted at
three sites, Ninomiya, Hitachi and Enrei tunnels. Statistical scores were used to evaluate
the results predicted by the model. The scores obtained indicated that the prediction
performance of this model compares favorably with that of other existing models.
Sensitivity Of VOC/NOx Ratios On Urban And Regional Ozone In South And
Central Texas Using Seasonal Photochemical Modeling (126)
N. Sule, 1 K. John 2 ; 1 Texas A&M University - Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 2 University of
North Texas, Denton, TX
Developing effective emission control strategies has always been a challenge for air
quality planners. A good understanding of VOC/NOx ratio is critical for understanding
the urban and regional ozone problems. Photochemical models that simulate high ozone
episodes are used for air quality planning. Due to unique meteorological and emissions
81

characteristics, the effectiveness of such controls will potentially vary by geographical
region and meteorological episodes. However, such variability can be reduced by
conducting seasonal modeling which captures the characteristics and behavior of multiple
episodes and thus provide more confidence in the assessment of control strategies. The
main aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical regime sensitivities of selected urban
areas in Texas by conducting a matrix set of across-the-board NOx and VOC emissions
reduction analysis for the ozone season (April - October) of 2002. EPA recommended
comprehensive air quality model with extensions, MM5 processed seasonal meteorology
along with an enhanced base case emission inventory was used in this study. The model
performance was evaluated over four urban areas in Texas, including Austin, Corpus
Christi, San Antonio, and Victoria. Additionally, process analysis tool was used to
identify the contribution of individual physical and chemical processes affecting the
study region. The results developed in this study would provide a better understanding of
the chemical regime sensitivity as well as the local urban air shed response to emission
reductions. Such analysis would be helpful in providing directional guidance for
developing robust control strategies needed for State Implementation Plans (SIP).
Hierarchical Bayesian Spatio-temporal Modeling Of Summer Ozone
Concentrations In Pittsburgh Region (178)
Y. Wu; York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Consider the ozone data in the Pittsburgh region of Pennsylvania, United States. We
primarily focus on the daily time scale in 4-consecutive summer months June-September
for the years from 1995 to 2007. Ozone concentrations are expressed in terms of daily
maximum 8-hours moving averages computed from hourly ozone concentration data
recorded in micrograms per cubic meter. We have the original data set with 25 stations
and 1586 (13 years x 122 days) records at each station. There are many missing data.
Only one station has no missing observations. By applying hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal
modeling (see Le and Zidek (2006) for details), we are able to obtain predictive
distributions for some ungauged sites. To see if a new station needs to be added or an
existing station can be removed, we apply an entropy criterion for solving this
environmental network design problem with use of the obtained predictive distributions.
Evaluation Of Atmospheric Fine And Ultrafine Particles` Effects On Solar
Radiation (105)
F. S. Halek, K. Abbaspour, F. Hassani, A. Kavousirahim; Materials & Energy Research
Center, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of
According only 50 % of solar energy is either received to the earth directly or scattered
by fine atmospheric particles. The 50 % rest of this energy is either directly reflected to
the atmosphere or it is absorbed by the atmosphere and then again reflected to space. A
very important role suspended atmospheric particle play is that they can prevent reaching
the solar radiation to the earth and therefore resulting the increase of CO2 in the
atmosphere. In this study pollutant particles such as nano and micro (PM

PM

improved during the recent years. Nevertheless the limit values for air quality, defined by
the European Union are exceeded on some roads, especially concerning NO2 and PM10.
This is also due to the fact, that parallel to the improvements of air quality the European
limits for pollutants were intensified and new critical air pollutants were defined.
In the presentation the temporal development of air quality in Stuttgart is shown as well
as the actual measures designed to reduce air pollution. Access restrictions are the most
effective measures to reduce high emissions. For example there exists a ban of heavy
traffic passing through Stuttgart and an Environmental Zone, where cars with high
emissions are not allowed to drive.
Success of the measures is presented as well as the answer to the question, whether the
measures are adequate or what could additionally be done to guarantee clean air in
Stuttgart.
Sulfur And Nitrogen Species In PM10 From The Rijeka Bay Area (Croatia), 2007-
2009 (171)
A. Alebic-Juretic; Teaching Institute of Public Health/School of Medicine, University of
Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
Determination and chemical analyses of PM10 started only in mid 2006 in the Rijeka Bay
area, Croatia. During a 1-year period samples of PM10 were collected at two sites: in the
very city center (Site 1) and in the proximity of shipyard located 6 km eastwards from the
city (Site 2). Surprisingly, no significant differences in concentration levels of airborne
pollutants studied were found between two sites. Contrary to sulphates, the
concentrations of ammonium and nitrates show a seasonal behaviour with minimal values
in warm period (April-October) due to chemical and/or photochemical reactions, and
increase during winter. Unlike nitrogen species, the concentrations of sulphates are
somewhat higher (approx 10%) in summer than in winter time due to photochemical
transformation of SO2 to SO42- in the warm period. From the µeq/m3 concentrations of
airborne sulphates, nitrates and ammonium it is evident that the ammonium sulphate is
the dominant species, approx six time more abundant that ammonium nitrate in summer
time Concentration roses of PM10, sulphates, nitrates and ammonium for each of three
consecutive years (2007-2009) show different patterns at Site 1, due to different weather
conditions and prevailing wind directions. Though, there is a hint of declining trend only
for PM10. Unexpectedly, closure of a big SO2 emission source within the city in 2007
did not reduce considerably the airborne sulphates in subsequent years, indicating other
possible sources of.
Rapid Urban Air Quality Assessment Of Kathmandu Valley (133)
R. Maskey Byanju, 1 M. B. Gewali, 1 K. Manandhar, 1 B. Banamali Pradhan, 2 P. Dangol, 2
S. Pradhan, 2 B. Shrestha, 2 M. Ferm, 3 M. Lilijberg, 4 K. Sjoberg 5 ; 1 Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu, Nepal, 2 ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal, 3 IVL Swedish Env. Research Ins.Ltd.,
Stockckholm, Sweden, 4 IVL Swedish Env. Research Ins. Ltd, Stockholm, Sweden, 5 IVL
Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., Goteberg, Sweden
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A Rapid Integrated Air Quality Assessment Method based upon spatial resolution of
emission inventory database using Arc Info/Arc map GIS 9.2 software for Kathmandu
Metropolitan city has been developed to quantify the pollutant concentration in grid of
100 x 100 square meters. This method aims to generate input data for dispersion
modeling. The method uses Malé Emission Inventory Work Book Version 2.4 to list the
emission factors for various emission source sectors. Emission factors for built up and
point sources are introduced in terms of House Hold Index- Modified Method due to its
suitability for study area. The emission load from the inventory of respective emission
sources for each pollutant is disaggregate into 100 x 100 square meters grid and finally
sum up according to common grid ID to get the final concentration map of the pollutant.
Different concentration maps were produced for each individual pollutant. IVL, Sweden
provided technical assistance for this task whereas the financial support was provided by
UNEP. Road transport was identified as the major contributor of pollution in Kathmandu
valley where PM10 and PM 2.5 were found to be the major concentrated pollutants. The
calculated amount of PM10 and PM 2.5 ranged from 0.02-44.2 tons/yr and 0.04-33.0
tons/respectively. Other significant pollutants were CO and NMVOC.
Keywords: Urban air quality assessment; Emission inventory Particulate matter; Carbon
monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide; Sulphur dioxide.
Effect of Non-motorized Transport on Air Pollution in Dhaka City (7)
M. Rahman, 1 S. Alam, 2 A. Shahriar, 1 M. Rahman 1 ; 1 Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2 The University of British Columbia
Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is densely populated with a rate of increase of
population of about 2.022% per year. Dhaka Metropolitan area is expected to become one
of the largest cities within this century and is growing at a rate of 4.5 km 2 a year.
Consequently, the vehicle population is growing at a high rate. Since 1992, an average
8.6% growth of motorized vehicles per year has been observed. Rapid traffic/vehicular
growth has been accompanied by an associated increase in emissions of harmful
pollutants and thereby considered as a major source of air pollution in Dhaka city. Air
pollution in the Dhaka city is recognized as a serious problem and possibly the worst
environmental problem because of its adverse health implications. Road transport system
of Dhaka comprises both of motorized and non motorized vehicles. The Non Motorized
Transport (NMT) like rickshaw comprises a large portion of our transport. This mode
does not contribute to the air pollution problem directly. But it increases the problem by
creating traffic jam and lowering of the speed of the Motorized Vehicles. So, it has an
indirect impact on air pollution. This study aims in identifying the impact of NMT on air
pollution by comparing the situation where NMT is present with the situation where
NMT is not present. It has been found that the absence of NMT increases the overall
speed of the vehicles of the roadway and thereby reduces the emission level.
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10D: Health and Ecosystem Impacts
Roadway Barrier Effects On Cyclist And Pedestrian Exposure To Ultrafine
Particles (73)
C. Kendrick, A. Haire, L. George, M. Figliozzi, C. Monsere, A. Bigazzi, A. Moore;
Portland State University, Portland, OR
From a human health standpoint, the most harmful component of vehicular exhaust is
ultrafine particles (UFP), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 0.1 µm.
Concentrations of these toxic particles are highest near roadways and ironically, those
exposed to the highest levels of UFP in the urban core tend to be those travelling by
modes producing lower per-capita or zero levels of UFP. Bicyclists and pedestrians,
while contributing little to UFP levels in the ambient atmosphere, often find themselves
moving within near-road areas with high concentrations of UFP. The higher respiration
rates of these roadway users exacerbate their inhalation of UFP. In some environments,
however, high-volume roads are bordered by physical barriers to increase safety, reduce
noise pollution, or provide visual separation, and non-motorized facilities may be located
in front of or behind these structures. This research is focused on assessing the effect of
roadside structures and barriers on air quality within bicycle and pedestrian facilities sited
alongside roadways. Our study site, along a major regional freeway in Portland, Oregon,
incorporates a multi-use path for cyclists and pedestrians and a mix of constructed and
natural barriers. Using a combination of real-time data including traffic volumes and
speeds, air flow metrics, and UFP measurements, we assess the impact of barriers on
UFP dispersion and exposure. We draw conclusions about the effectiveness of a variety
of roadway barrier systems in mediating UFP exposure in multi-modal transportation
environments, and make associated design recommendations for active transportation
facilities.
Air Pollution Effects (PM10 And PM2.5) In Neonatal Mortality In Northeast Of
Mexico (150)
A. Hinojosa-Velasco, V. J. Lara-Díaz, G. M. Mejía-Velázquez, S. F. Gutiérrez-Ramírez,
J. Santos-Guzmán; Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey,
Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
In the last decade many researchers have demonstrated association between selected air
pollutants and children´s mortality. Neonatal mortality can be associated with prenatal
and postnatal exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. We studied the effect of PM10 and PM2.5 as a
risk factor for neonatal mortality. We demonstrated increased mortality associated with
increased level of PM10, three and ten days before death. In that particular period,
neonatal ward was exposed to outdoor air pollution due to lack of air conditioning, during
a specially hot season of the year; we associated the outdoor levels with the increase of
risk.
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Associated Health Benefits On Mortality Of Reducing Particulate Matter (PM2.5) In
Spain (109)
E. Boldo, 1 C. Linares, 1 J. Lumbreras, 2 R. Borge, 2 J. García-Pérez, 1 P. Fernández-
Navarro, 1 B. Pérez-Gómez, 1 N. Aragonés, 1 M. Pollán, 1 R. Ramis, 1 T. Moreno, 3 G. López-
Abente 1 ; 1 Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit.National Center of
Epidemiology. Carlos III Health Institute.CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública
(CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, 2 Department of Chemical & Enviromental Engineering,
Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain, 3 Institute of Environmental
Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain
The objective of the study was to estimate the number of avoidable deaths resulting from
reducing ambient air concentrations of PM2.5 in Spain. We used the Community Multiscale
Air Quality (CMAQ) model of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to
simulate the levels of air pollution over the whole country corresponding to 2004 -the
baseline year- and to estimate the future pollution scenario in 2011 with a reduction in
PM2.5 based on air quality policies. To calculate the health impact we used: a) municipal
crude mortality rates (all causes, ICD-10: A00-Y98), and population figures of 2004, and
b) the concentration-response functions (CRF) based on available epidemiological studies
for this health indicator (Pope et al.,2002; Laden et al.,2006). For this purpose, the U.S.
EPA´s BenMAP software was used to obtain a global figure of avoidable deaths for the
country. According to the simulation, air quality would improve with an average annual
reduction of 0.7μg/m 3 in PM2.5 levels. According to Pope’s CRF, this change in PM2.5
levels would imply an annual decline in overall mortality in Spain of 1,718 deaths in the
population older than 30 years (6 avoided deaths per 100 000 inhabitants). The total
number of deaths in this age range would decrease by 0.5%. According to Laden´s CRF,
which restricts the analysis to people between 25-74 years old, the air quality
improvement would avoid 1,447 deaths per year. These results show the potential
benefits in mortality that could be expected if pollution control policies were successfully
implemented in Spain.
10E: IUAPPA Special Session: Key Issues in Air Quality Regulation: An Inter-
Continental Dialogue [Panel]
Regulatory Systems tend to reflect national cultures and administrative traditions. But
common science, globalisation and the influence of international organisations means
there are also very strong similarities, particularly across countries in the Northern
Hemisphere. In this session representatives from North America, Europe, Japan and
Korea will compare and contrast the key regulatory issues preoccupying policy-makers
and regulators in their countries, and discus what this tells us about prospects for some
the enduring challenges in air quality regulation, such as the relevance and effectiveness
of ‘limit value’ systems for non-threshold pollutants, accounting for natural background,
‘hotspot’ v personal exposure approaches, and linking climate and pollution policies.
Introduction - Richard Mills (Director-General, IUAPPA); Contributors: Jeff Clark
(USA), Tbc (Canada); Martin Williams (European Union); Tbc (Japan/Korea)
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11A: Modelling
Progress In Dispersion Model Evaluation And Prediction For Low Wind Speed
Conditions (19)
J. Connors, R. Paine; AECOM, Westford, MA
Some of the most restrictive dispersion conditions are observed and are also predicted by
air quality dispersion models in very low wind speed, stable conditions. This is especially
true for emission sources near the ground with low buoyancy. In spite of this problem,
there has been limited evaluation of dispersion model performance for low wind speed,
stable conditions.
In 2009, AECOM obtained sponsorship to research available low wind speed databases
and to conduct an evaluation of both meteorological and dispersion components of
AERMOD, the model in regulatory use in the United States. There was also considerable
interest and stakeholder involvement in this study on the part of the Clean Air Society of
Australia and New Zealand (CASANZ) as well as the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA).
Major elements of the study involved the following steps, which were reviewed during
the course of the project by the agencies mentioned above:
• a detailed review of available meteorological and tracer evaluation databases, and
selection of a qualified subset for use in the actual evaluation work;
• a review of planetary boundary layer parameterizations and evaluation with researchgrade
meteorological databases
• determination of various alternative dispersion formulations of AERMOD to be tested
in the evaluation process
• completion of the model evaluation work itself, with documentation of model
performance results.
This presentation will discuss the results of the meteorological and tracer evaluations, as
well as USEPA review and implementation of the study results.
Modeling Peak Concentrations In High Background Regions (86)
D. R. Murray; TRC, Windsor, CT
High, short-term PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 background concentrations present permit
modeling challenges for compliance demonstrations with ambient air quality standards.
Adding a model predicted concentration plus a monitored background concentration from
the high ends of the two frequency distributions is overly conservative and not
mathematically correct. An examination of monitored background concentrations and
U.S. EPA AERMOD model predicted concentrations for combustion facilities was
conducted to investigate the meteorological events underlying the concentration
distributions. Regional transport rather than local sources appeared to dominate the
monitored concentrations. High predicted concentrations were not coincident with high
monitored concentrations; however it is not fully protective of ambient air quality to
evaluate only high predicted concentration events. For this reason, it was necessary to
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develop an alternative compliance demonstration approach and obtain regulatory agency
concurrence on the technique. The relationship of background concentrations and source
predicted concentrations paired in time will be discussed. The ability of deterministic
models to match the time series of predicted concentrations will be reviewed based on the
results of objective model performance evaluation studies. Finally, the appropriateness of
combining both unpaired and paired predicted and observed concentrations, e.g., adding
the 98 th percentile observed to the 98 th percentile predicted to determine total
concentration, will be reviewed.
An Evaluation Of Pollutant Dispersion And Deposition Models Downwind From A
Traffic Line (158)
A. Feiz, 1 B. Loubet, 1 F. Dugay, 2 C. Honoré, 2 B. Durand, 1 P. Cellier 1 ; 1 INRA, Thiverval-
Grignon, France, 2 AIRPARIF, Paris, France
Many pollutants exist in both particle and gas phases which are ubiquitous in agricultural
areas because of sources such as road traffic emissions. A study of the concentration and
deposition of these pollutants near heavy traffic lines under different environmental
conditions is of great importance for evaluating potential contamination of agricultural
crops by traffic.
A modelling approach using dispersion and deposition models is performed in order to
evaluate deposition of particulate and gaseous pollutants emitted by local traffic sources.
Four models are compared: a Gaussian dispersion model ADMS Urban (CERC, 2001), a
Gaussian puff dispersion model CALPUFF (U.S. EPA, 2008), a local dispersion and
deposition analytical model FIDES-2D (Loubet et al., 2001) and a lagrangian stochastic
dispersion model MODDAS-2D (Loubet et al., 2006). Each model was compared against
a dataset from measurement campaigns near a highway south of Paris. Some of the
pollutants (NOX, PM10, PM2.5) which are tracer elements, allowed to validate dispersion
models. In addition, other pollutants (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pd, Pt, Rh) are identified and
considered in terms of contaminants.
A sensitivity analysis was then performed to identify the main parameters driving local
deposition and atmospheric concentration of pollutants. Eventually, the notion of
“deposition distance” is introduced which gives the distance at which a given pollutant
has been deposited to a certain fraction. The “deposition distances” change significantly,
depending on the nature of the pollutants (gases, particles) and environmental conditions
(e.g. meteorological variables, vegetation structure, traffic density). For each model a
distribution of “deposition distance” is obtained.
Change In Climate Not Climate Change - A Unique Modelling Approach (61)
G. Doerksen, J. Lundgren; RWDI AIR Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
A unique approach was used to examine the potential of a lake or reservoir to modify the
local micro climate of an existing river valley. With the goal of developing renewable
energy sources, reservoirs are being formed around the world with the potential to change
the local micro-climate. RWDI has performed a study to assess how the formation of a
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eservoir would affect the local and regional climate. To quantitatively assess changes in
micro-climate induced by the reservoir formation, RWDI examined two model scenarios,
an existing case and a proposed case, using the Weather Research and Forecasting
(WRF) numerical meteorological model. The WRF model incorporates parameters that
influence atmospheric conditions, such as turbulence, convection and cloud formation,
precipitation, radiation, surface heat transfer, and moisture. Therefore WRF is able to
simulate various weather conditions, including wind shears, mountain and valley
drainage flows, and other topographically induced wind-flow patterns. The WRF model
solves the fundamental equations of atmospheric motion on a three-dimensional grid. By
changing the input data to the WRF model, including terrain and land-use information,
one can model a proposed reservoir case and compare results to predictions based on the
existing climate. Without modelling it is impossible to determine the potential climate
impacts of the reservoir before impoundment. The results of the model allow site-specific
estimates of changes in local climate well in advance of actual construction. Analysis
performed in the study included model evaluation and investigation of the change in
micro-climate at several locations along the river valley.
11B: Sustainable Production and Management
Sustainable Operations In Manufacturing/Remanufacturing System (29)
Y. Kainuma; Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
Increasing demands for our world’s remaining natural resources have made it clear that
our country must work more closely with other nations to move for the establishment of a
society with an environmentally. As a result, Japan is facing environmental problem,
such as resource constraints and depletion of mineral resources. A lot of companies tend
to carry out remanufacturing systems due to these issues. As a result reusing products or
parts of it is an important business strategy. In this paper, we proposed an optimal
ordering policy of parts in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain. The manufacturer in the supply
chain decides the order quantity of new and reused parts minimizing their total cost. The
total cost of manufacturer includes ordering cost of parts, holding cost of products and
opportunity loss cost. As a case study, we apply our proposal policy to a product of a
certain corporation and confirm the efficiency of the proposal.
In the numerical examples, we confirm the optimality of the proposal policy by
comparing the proposal policy with the operation of the Company-A. Consequently, by
determining the distribution demand, cost and stock quantity, we show the optimal
ordering policy is more efficient.
Energy And Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions And One Plant’s Call To Action
At Navistar, Inc. (60)
E. Ardiente, 1 J. Shih, 1 D. Benson, 2 T. Sexton 2 ; 1 Navistar, Inc., Chicago, IL, 2 Navistar,
Inc., Springfield, OH
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As part of Navistar’s sustainability initiatives, and to prepare for a carbon constrained
future, the company developed internal energy conservation and greenhouse gas (GHG)
reduction goals in 2008. Using the previous year’s monthly energy consumption
intensities as baseline, facilities are challenged to reduce year over year electricity
consumption intensity during production periods and non-production periods. The
program goal will be met between 2009 and 2013 while benefitting from reductions in
energy consumption, GHG emissions, and generating potentially millions of dollars in
savings. Progress towards achievement of these goals is reported regularly to Navistar’s
Executive Council and Board of Directors.
The program and stated goals will soon also be publically announced as Navistar had
joined the EPA Climate Leaders program and the Business Roundtable’s Climate Change
program. Navistar is requested to report on its GHG emissions by investor and
stakeholders groups and now required by Securities and Exchange Commission to
evaluate and publically disclose the impact of climate change on their business.
This paper discusses the corporate perspective on accomplishing energy and GHG
emissions reductions at the manufacturing facilities, their importance, and additional
profitable benefits. This paper will also discuss one Navistar assembly plant’s response to
this corporate challenge. The Springfield Assembly Plant adopted these goals and began
a local on-site Energy Team consisting of cross-functional members. A detailed
explanation of the local Energy Team’s creation, leadership, format, and function will be
described. The Team’s efforts and successes will be discussed including the core program
“Energy Walks” conducted throughout the Plant.
Achieving Environmental Sustainability In A Resource Hungry World (180)
H. Compere, J. Aamidor; Enablon, Chicago, IL
To successfully improve corporate performance and maintain compliance in EHS
programs companies need to have an integrated EHS management system. This is easier
said than done.
This presentation will focus on the requirements of a common technology platform that
meets the challenges of creating an integrated EHS management system and will offer a
detailed case study of successful integration. An expert from Enablon, the world's leading
provider of sustainable development reporting and management software solutions, will
be joined by a Carbon Management Executive from a leading global company that has
successfully integrated its EHS management system.
Furthermore, in this session, the Carbon Management Executive will share with attendees
the pioneering corporate strategies Enablon currently observes on the market. Notably,
how their corporation has implemented the system, that helps to structure their emissions
inventory, collect, consolidate and audit emission data, identify reduction opportunities
and manage emission reduction targets, comply with regulations and standards and track
progress toward reducing corporate footprint.
This discussion will provide insights on how companies can overcome the challenge of
carbon reporting, managing and reducing strategies and systems across its supply chain.
Three different GHG assessment scopes will be addressed: direct emissions produced by
daily business activities (scope 1) and indirect emission assessment of purchased
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electricity for example (scope 2).
The Carbon Management Executive will particularly focus on what is at the forefront of
best-in-class companies’ challenges: how to integrate the supply chain in the process
(scope 3).
Leveraging Technology To Reduce Risk (85)
Z. Khaw, K. Held; Optimized Systems and Solutions, Houston, TX
An integrated environmental management information system (EMIS) enables
organizations to reduce their risk exposure to fines and fees as well as to changes in the
regulatory landscape. Tracking and trending of potential emissions, enables companies to
predict and mitigate threats posed to their core business. Utilizing key information allows
stakeholders to identify best practices, reduction opportunities, and energy efficiency
projects. Furthermore, forecasting trends can provide opportunities to effectively manage
carbon offsets. A streamlined solution can be achieved through the integration of the
EMIS system with other key business systems including data historians, maintenance
management, human resources, lab information, and continuous emissions monitoring
systems (CEMS). These connections allow for a streamlined approach to managing
information, maintaining the data set integrity as it flows from the data source, through
the calculator engine, to the applicable reports. Sustainability Reports, generated by the
system, provide a top-down analysis of key performance metrics, while drill-down
reports allow users to pinpoint data issues and system anomalies, facilitating operational
decisions. By leveraging embedded work flows, audit trails, and libraries of standards,
these integrated solutions provide a more sustainable business model with reduced risk.
11C: Urban Air Quality Issues
PM2.5 Particle Fraction Levels In Zagreb Atmosphere During The 2000-2009 Period
(48)
K. Sega, I. Beslic, M. Cackovic, A. Sisovic, R. Godec; Institute for Medical Research and
Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
Mass concentrations of PM2.5 particle fraction were investigated in accordance to the EN
14907 in Zagreb, Croatia, during the 2000-2009 period. Sampling sites were located in
different parts of the town representing city centre, residential, industrial and mixed areas
characterised by presence or absence of industrial premises, level of traffic density and
type of space heating appliances used. The analysis of the results obtained at 5 locations
for the period 2005-2007 showed that the number of sampling sites could be easily
reduced to 3 locations representing northern, central and southern part of the town. Light
absorption coefficient and particle content (metals, acid anions, PAH, organic and
elemental carbon) were analysed at some of the sampling sites for a shorter period.
Results show that PM2.5 particle fraction represents around 75% of PM10 mass and that
this ratio is constant over the years. Most of the PM2.5 particle mass (55-75%) are related
to acid anions, organic and elemental carbon. It could be concluded that future
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improvement of air quality should be accomplished through the measures which will
reduce levels of these pollutants. Calculation of the ‘average exposure indicator’ was
performed in order to compare it to the ‘national exposure reduction obligation’ and
‘national exposure reduction target’ according the DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC.
Characterisation Of Airborne Particles At A High Traffic Road And Effects Of
Street Sweeping On The PM Concentrations (47)
G. Baumbach; Institut of Combustion and Power Plant Technology, Stuttgart, Germany
Traffic-induced particulate matter is an important contributor to ambient PM. At a trafficimpacted
site in Stuttgart, Germany, the 24-hourly EU limit value of 50 µg/m³ for PM10
was exceeded 175 times in 2006 and and 110 in 2007. A novel method for investigating
the contributions of the different traffic-dependent sources of PM to the ambient PM10 at
the traffic site was developed. PM samplings were carried out from two sites by means
cascade impactors and PM10 samplers in the city of Stuttgart in winter 2006. The
sampling sites were characterised by different exposure to traffic emissions, enabling the
assessment of PM concentration levels and particle size distributions between the traffic
and urban background sites. After sampling, the morphology, composition and
mineralogy of PM from the impactor stages were determined based on individual particle
analysis with Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis.
Three groups of potential PM sources could be identified from the results. The PM coarse
fraction from 2.1 to 10.0 µm was identified as resuspended road dust, the PM fraction
from 0.7 to 2.1 µm as background and agglomerated particles with nitrogen and sulphur
containing crystals, and the finer PM fraction smaller than 0.7 µm as agglomerated diesel
soot particles with traces of sulphur. By weighing the different impactor plates, the
contribution of these different groups could be quantified. At the road a sweeping
experiment has been carried out with road cleaning on 40 days and the effects have been
evaluated by measurements and modelling.
The Influence Of Traffic Flow and Winds Factors On Particle Number
Concentration Around An Urban Intersection (98)
N. Z. Yahaya, J. E. Tate, M. R. Tight; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
The influence of traffic flow and wind factors on roadside Particle Number Count
concentration [PNC] have been continuously surveyed for a 12 month period around a
congested urban traffic signal controlled junction intersection in the suburb of
Headingley in the City of Leeds, UK. The experimental work was conducted at the semipermanent
‘Instrumented Junction’ research site. Instrumentation includes: traffic flow
and speed sensors, above roof-top and in-street sonic anemometer and four air quality
stations measuring ultra-fine [PNC]. One of these stations represents a local urban
background site. Results indicate that peak [PNC] are usually observed in the morning
peak traffic conditions, a plateau during the late morning and afternoon, and a lesser peak
during evening traffic flow conditions. Analysis demonstrates significant variations in
[PNC] between the stations, largely influenced by the prevailing and in-street winds,
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vertical vector, wind-turbulence, building geometries, background concentrations and
tidal traffic flows. There is strong evidence for along canyon flow channelling at the sites
located in irregular street canyon environments, with air-flows commonly parallel to the
street axis. Across-canyon air-flows were also observed, which led to elevated
concentrations on the leeward side of the street canyon at two of the monitoring stations.
Inversely, lower concentrations were found when the wind blew from the opposite side of
the road, with the sites on the windward side of the street. Subtracting the local
background from in-street [PNC] enhanced the analysis and understanding of the trafficrelated
PNC contribution and the dispersion processes in complex street environments.
Particulate Matter Characterization In The Mexico City Subway (165)
V. Mugica, T. López, J. Sepúlveda, M. Gutiérrez, J. Aguilar; Universidad Metropolitana,
México D.F., Mexico
A 10 days study was carried out at a subway station in Mexico City. 24 integrated
samples of PM10 and PM2.5 were collected using High Vol (Tisch) and MiniVol
(Airmetrics) equipments. The instruments were placed in the platform at 50m away from
the ventilation system, just 30 meters after the entrance of the train. In addition airborne
samples of PM10 and PM2.5 were taken in a location 500 m far from the subway station,
using the same equipments Heavy metals were analyzed using an ICP spectrometer and
observed with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and EDS..
The levels were similar all days with the exception of weekend, especially on Sunday
when activity decreases due to the lower frequency of trains.
Concentrations of PM2.5 in the subway ranged between 60 and 93 micrograms per cubic
meter, and PM10 ranged from 88 to 145 micrograms per cubic meter. Airborne PM2.5
ranged between 38 to 75 micrograms per cubic meter, whereas PM10 concentrations
ranged between 65 to 134 micrograms per cubic meter.
SEM and EDS showed the presence of heavy metals. Higher concentrations of Fe,
manganese, cupper and nickel were also found in the subway samples than in the
airborne particles in the order of two, three and 1.5 times.
This means that although the exposition of the people is short in time, the concentration
of toxic metals is important. On the other hand, this exposition could be significant for
workers in the subway system.
Air Pollution Reduction Technology By Activated Carbon Fibers (184)
M. Yoshikawa, 1 T. Kanzaki, 2 Y. Ichikawa, 3 T. Shimohara, 4 T. Kitada 5 ; 1 Osaka Gas co.,
ltd., Osaka, Japan, 2 Daido University, Nagoya, Japan, 3 Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan,
4 5
Fukuoka Insititute of Health and Environment, Dazaihu, Japan, Toyohashi University
of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
Activated Carbon Fibers (ACF) has the fiber-form of diameter of 10-20 microns, and has
the micropore under 2 nanometers on its surface. ACF has charactersitec of not only the
adsorbent, but also the oxidative catalyst for NOx. Therefore, it can flow out the nitrate
ion as oxidized NOx by the water washing, and it is possible to carry out the regeneration
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epeatedly. ACF flow through fence has the structure of low pressure drop which can
pass the natural wind easiliy. The passing rate of the natural wind through ACF fence was
20-30%, which was calculated from the measured wind velocity of outside and inside of
the fence. The field test of ACF fence in the roadside with the large traffic volume
resulted in the removal rate of 84% of NO2 and 19% of NO. The roadside air pollution
reduction system using ACF fence has been constructed in Japan at 3 places. Especially,
large scale of ACF fence was constructed in the national road in Osaka in 2008, and it
reduced 2-6 ppb of NOx of the surrounding environment. That value was correspondent
to the decrease of the traffic volume of large automobile as 2000 per day.
11D: Health and Ecosystem Impacts
Climate Change Impacts On Human Health - New Airborne Risks (36)
H. Dr Muecke; Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
In 2008 the German Adaptation Strategy on Climate Change came into force. One main
topic is which kind of health impacts have to be faced, and how society and public health
can be prepared best for the future.
Climate change could have various direct and indirect implications for human health. On
one hand there is reason for concern that, as a direct impact, more injuries and
cardiovascular disorders will occur if extreme weather events - such as storms, floods and
heat - become more frequent.
Furthermore and as an indirect effect, climate change could result in an increase in
infectious (e.g. vector-borne) and non-infectious diseases (e.g. allergies and asthma). A
changed climate leads to a changed occurrence of biological species in the air. Extended
vegetation periods result in an extended pollen season, new allergic species can be
established. Insects, which transmit diseases or have allergenic potential, can extend their
range or become domestic. For example, mild temperatures favour the presence and
distribution of thermophile organisms of plants and insects (species such as ragweed and
the oak processionary moth). Contact with pollen or stinging hairs of such species may
not only lead to allergic skin, eye and pulmonary irritations, but may also cause serious
asthma attacks.
The presentation gives overview and insight on the current situation, projects and
adaptation measures for public health protection in Germany.
Health Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants in A Metropolitan Area (130)
J. J. Lin; NTL Kaohsiung First U of Sci & Tech, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
The focus of this study is to explore the emission of organic hazardous air pollutants
(OHAPs) in Kaohsiung City, followed by a risk assessment. The study projected the total
hydrocarbon (THC) emissions from point sources, line, and area source in the city to be
91,714 tons per year, of which 45.18% came from point sources, 22.70% came from line
sources, and 32.12% came from area sources. In terms of OHAPs emissions, a total of 57
compounds were estimated, of which area sources accounted for the largest percentage of
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46%, followed by point source of 31% and line sources of 23%. The top five emission
compounds were toluene, xylenes, MEK, benzene, and styrene, and together they
accounted for about 93.7% of the OHAPs emissions. Results from monitoring of HAPs in
atmosphere showed acetone, hexane, toluene, styrene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene as the
top five air pollutants in terms of concentration. This study also carried out a "weighing"
health risk assessment on the various HAPs in the estimates. The analysis results showed
that the recommended compounds requiring priority control included: benzene,
formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, 1,3-butadiene, 1-chloro-2,3-propylene oxide, and
acrylonitrile; the recommended non-carcinogenic compounds requiring priority control
included: xylene, benzene, toluene, styrene, acrolein, and vinyl chloride.
Effects Of Flouride Emissions From Brick Kilns On Crops In Pakistan (181)
N. Ahmad, M. Ashmore, L. van den Berg; University of York, York, United Kingdom
There are about 400-450 brick kilns around the city of Peshawar in Pakistan. The aim of
the study was to assess the extent of visible HF injury to fruit trees and other crops in the
area. Injury to different species was assessed in two surveys, from February to June 2008,
and from October 2008 to January 2009. Injury was assessed near to brick kiln fields
(BKF), and at three sites at different distances from the brick kilns. In the summer, visible
injuries to mango, plum and apricot leaves typical of fluoride were observed in the brick
kiln area. The mean HF level in the air, and the fluoride concentration of fruit trees and
other crops was higher in BKF than at the other sites. However soil fluoride leves were
not higher in BKF. The only visible injury recorded during the winter survey was leaf tip
burn injury to young wheat plants at BKF area. It was concluded that the substantial
visible injuries to leaves and fruits of fruit trees at the BKF site were due to hydrogen
fluoride emitted from brick kiln factories in the surrounding areas. This is the first study
carried out on the effects of HF pollution on crops around Peshawar and suggests that air
pollution may be having significant effects on sensitive crops in the area. Similar brick
kilns are common in other parts of the region, and hence the cumulative effect on food
production may be significant.
Assessment Of Climate Change Effects On Some Agriculture Products In Egypt
And The Resultant Economical Impacts (120)
M. W. Labib, M. A. Ahmed; Central Department of Climate Change, EEAA, Cairo,
Egypt
According to the international reports prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) issued in 2007 and World Bank reports, Egypt is considered as
one of the most vulnerable countries in the world affected by climate change. These
reports and others also estimated the climate change impacts on Egypt.
This paper presents the status and impact of climate change on some agriculture products
as cereals, diary, meat, fishes and other animal products now and in the future. The
climate change studies predict a reduction in the production of major crops such as
wheat, maize, rice, cotton, beans and sugar cane, If no timely measures are taken to adapt
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Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and
serious.
Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence
on the River Nile as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and
its long coastline already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion.
This paper summarizes and estimates the reduction in the productivity of major crops in
Egypt and discusses the effects on the economy for assessing the integrated impacts in
this area with several statistics.
11E: Air Pollution and Biodiversity in a Resource-Hungry World [Panel]
Special Session to mark International Year of Biodiversity - Sponsored by Environment
Protection UK -- Biodiversity is falling worldwide at an alarming rate. Whilst
governments and international organisation struggle to agree on measures that will halt
the decline, pressures on ecosystems from economic development and consequent
changes in land use and pollution are intensifying as the world demand for resources
grows. Air pollution can also have significant impacts on vegetation, biota and ultimately
biodiversity. In this session, speakers will consider the pressures on biodiversity, the
consequences of the loss of biodiversity for the integrity of ecosystems and the essential
services we receive from them, some of the impacts of air pollution and what changes in
natural systems can tell us about air pollution. Keynote Address: Biodiversity: the Trends
and Challenges - Robert Hoft (UN Convention on Biodiversity); Eco-system Services
and Biodiversity: A European Perspective - John Murlis (EP-UK); Impact of Air
Pollution on Crops - Kevin Hicks (Stockholm Environment Institute)
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