Glacier Mass Balance and Regime: Data of Measurements and ...

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Globally averaged glacier mass balance. A close relationship exists between glacier massbalances calculated for glaciers with time series of 20-years and longer, and those with time series of 30years and longer (Fig. 2.4).400200y = -5 + 0.99x R= 0.93y = -22 + 0.88x R= 0.91bn, long-term records0-200-400-600-800bn, 20 yrbn, 30 yr-1000-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400bn, all recordsFig. 2.4. Correlation between all mass-balance records and records 20-years and longer (1), 30-years and longer (2).To get accurate knowledge of the glacier contribution to the global water cycle (including sealevelchange) it is crucial to calculate characteristics of glacier regimes at large scales, such as riverbasins or mountain ranges. The surface area and average values of variables must be known toaccomplish this task. These are known poorly, and they are main sources of systematic errors for theglobal assessment. The main problems here are:1. Glacier inventory data exist for only for about 10-20% of all glaciers in the world (Bahr andMeier, 1996). The most recent inventory compilations list 71,558 glaciers(http://www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms);36
2. Glacier area is subject to constant change in time;3. Area of individual glaciers around Antarctic Ice Sheet has not been determined yet; e.g.,Shumskiy (1969) estimated that these ice caps around West Antarctic ice sheet have a total areaof about 164x10 3 km 2 . Weidick and Morris (1998) proposed that the aggregate area of all localglaciers around Antarctica may occupy of about 5% of Antarctic Ice Sheet or about 700x10 3 km 2 .In our most recent global mass-balance assessment we conservatively used an area of 70x10 3 km 2to calculate the mass balance of these glaciers (Dyurgerov and Meier, 1997a);4. It is difficult to compare the very short mass-balance time-series on glaciers in many regions(Russian Arctic Islands, individual glaciers around Greenland Ice Sheet, Sub-Antarctic,Himalayas, New Zealand, Iceland, South America), with the relatively long-time series inEurope, North America, Canadian Archipelago, and mountain chains in the southern part of FSU(Caucasus, Tien Shan, Pamir, Altai). This unequal spatial and temporal coverage makes globalassessment very complicated; in addition, the global estimation may be biased toward maritimeclimate conditions, as more than 60% of long-term mass balance records are from Alps,Scandinavia, and northwestern Northern America;5. The lack of data on mass balance of very large glaciers (Alaska, Central Asia, Patagonia IceFields), which may have different mass balances compared to the small and medium-sizeglaciers that are commonly used for mass balance study;6. Very small glaciers, those less than 1 km 2 in area, are poorly inventoried and their regime may bedifferent from that of larger glaciers (Kuhn, 1995). The extreme turnover value (about 20 m/yr inwater equivalent) and huge interannual variability is demonstrated by the snow-patch HamaguryYuki (Japanese Alps) and the Abramov snow patch (situated in the vicinity of Abramov Glacier,Pamir). We do not know, even roughly, the area of these “snow patches - nearly glaciers”(translated from Pertziger, 1981). These may be a small fraction of the global coverage, but insome regions they are important water sources.2.4. ERRORS IN DATA TRANSMISSION AND PUBLICATIONThere are likely to be errors in Appendices 1-4, either inadvertently propagated from errors inthe original sources, or introduced in transcription and conversion. The data presented in Appendix 2have also been extracted from many sources, digitized, quality checked (see explanation below), andused to calculate, or recalculate, variables for entire glaciers (Appendix 3). In many cases differences37
Page 4 and 5: 3.1.1. Number of records and surfac
Page 6 and 7: of winter mass balance. (d) Extreme
Page 8 and 9: PREFACEThe study of glacier fluctua
Page 10 and 11: IntroductionThis work presents data
Page 12 and 13: 100Number of mass balance records80
Page 14 and 15: Four Appendices contain data:Append
Page 16 and 17: 70×10 3 km 2 of ice caps around th
Page 18 and 19: Nianqingtangla 7,54 Dyurgerov and M
Page 20 and 21: Chile no inform. WGI, 1988, p. C67B
Page 22 and 23: measurements carried out in the fie
Page 24 and 25: 20001500a)bsataa(1-AAR)mm/yr1000500
Page 26 and 27: w, bs, ac(AAR), aa(1-AAR), mm/yr300
Page 28 and 29: November in the south), and summer
Page 30 and 31: to estimate the effect of calving o
Page 32 and 33: Golubev and Dyurgerov, 1976). Here
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Page 40 and 41: 2.6.1 Checking data quality1. The f
Page 42 and 43: 42PlaceSentinelSykoraTidemannWoolse
Page 44 and 45: Praviy Aktru275118.0--No 125/Vodop.
Page 46 and 47: Glacier Silvretta Silvretta Silvret
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Page 50 and 51: mass balance, all series, mm/yr, al
Page 52 and 53: winter mass balances, mm/yr# bw2000
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Page 56 and 57: Mass-Balance Change with Elevation.
Page 58 and 59: 300250576 611200area, km 21501004 5
Page 60 and 61: 5000b(z), mm/yr-500-1000-1500-2000-
Page 62 and 63: Glacier mass-balance calculations m
Page 64 and 65: There is a serious lack of meteorol
Page 66 and 67: Mass balance data presented in Appe
Page 68 and 69: Conclusions and RecommendationThis
Page 70 and 71: 7.1. Globally-averaged mass balance
Page 72 and 73: Auer, I., Bohm, R., Hammer, N., Sch
Page 74 and 75: Cogley, J. G., Adams, W. P., Eccles
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Page 78 and 79: Holmlund, P., Karlen W. and Grudd,
Page 80 and 81: Jianchen Pu, Zhen Su, Tandong Yao,
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Page 84 and 85: Narozhniy, Yu. K., 1991: Balans mas
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Rott, H., Skvarca, P., Nagler, T.,
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Warrick, R. A., Provost, C. Le., Me
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Explanation to Appendix 1Appendix 1
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Explanation to Appendix 3- Blank ce
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Appendix 1 General information on g
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Appendix 1 General information on g
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References to Appendix 1FOG, 1967;
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Appendix 2 Mass balance versus alti
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Appendix 3 Annual data on glacier r
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Appendix 4 Glaciers with long-term
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