Glacier Mass Balance and Regime: Data of Measurements and ...

of winter mass balance. (d) Extremes (minimum, maximum) and standard-deviation values of summermass balance. (e) Winter mass balances and standard-deviation values calculated for all glaciers(number of glaciers annually is given in Fig. 1) with one small snow patch Hamagury Yuki and without.(f) Summer mass balances and standard-deviation values calculated for all glaciers (number of glaciersannually is given in Fig. 1) with one small snow patch Hamagury Yuki and without (a more detailedexplanation is given in the text).Fig. 3.5. (a) Equilibrium-line altitude calculated as annual arithmetic means for all measurementstogether with number of observations. (b) Standard deviations, and square-root errors.Fig. 3.6. (a) Accumulation-area ratio for all measurements and for long-term (l-t) records. (b) Standarddeviation and square-root errors for all glaciers, and standard deviation for long-term measurements(square-root errors are the same as for all measurements).Fig. 3.7. Mass balance versus altitude. Data from FoG volumes (1967, 1973, 1977, 1985, 1988, 1993,1998) and INSTAAR data base. Curves of mass-balance change for 81 glaciers versus altitude relate todifferent time periods.Fig. 3.8. Vertical gradients of mass balance of 21 glaciers, averaged over 15-year periods (1971-75,1986-95).Fig. 3.9. Distribution of aggregate area given for 21 glaciers listed in Fig.3.8 versus altitude (columns).Values above columns are numbers of glaciers in that particular altitude range.Fig. 3.10. Specific mass balance versus altitude, averaged for the 21 glaciers (same as in Fig. 3.8) fortwo years: 1972, the coldest, and 1990, one of the warmest years during the period of consideration.Fig. 3.11. Specific mass balance vs altitude averaged for 21 glaciers for relatively cold (1971-75) andwarm (1991-1995) years.Fig. 3.12. Global glacier mass balance calculated as an arithmetic mean for all measurements since 1961and expressed in sea-level change equivalent.Fig. 3.13. Annual melt-water production by mountain and subpolar glaciers.6