Generation, of the energy carrier HYDROGEN In context ... - needs

NyOrka Page 3 12/18/2008Figure 1 Overview of energy streams, from source to user phase. Any source of energycan become a source of hydrogen and therefore it may give all regions an opportunity forlocal production and specific local use. .............................................................................. 7Figure 2 A schematic overview of the process flow within the three main types ofelectrolysis .......................................................................................................................... 9Figure 3 An overview of the connected components of an electrolytic fuel station anno2003................................................................................................................................... 11Figure 4 The main life cycle phases of a hydrogen filling station. ................................... 12Figure 5 Main components of an electrolytic hydrogen filling station. ............................ 13Figure 6 Contribution analysis for electrolytic hydrogen production, when using UCTEgrid mix. Refer to figure 7 for comparison with grid mix based on renewable sources. .. 16Figure 7 Comparison of key emissions using UCTE electricity grid and the Icelandicelectricity grid. .................................................................................................................. 17Figure 8 Energy road-maps for the new century predict that fuel types for transport, willcontain gradually less carbon.. .......................................................................................... 19Figure 9 Presentation of the context between hydrogen supply and demand. ................. 20Figure 10 An overview of expected proportion number of hydrogen vehicle penetrationon the world market according to various sources............................................................ 22Figure 11 Hydrogen or electricity by cable? Pathways for hydrogen import to Europehave been mapped by the ‘Encouraged’ project. .............................................................. 27Figure 12 The system setup in Ramea ............................................................................. 28Figure 13 Measured cost of Equipment, site preparation, investment and operation cost(2005) for electrolyser per kg hydrogen; electricity cost = 10 ct/ kWh; Nitrogen cost = 0,5€/ Nm 3 ............................................................................................................................... 31Figure 14 Measured cost of equipment, site preparation, investment and operation cost(2005) for a steam reformer per kg hydrogen – electricity cost = 10 ct/ kWh; natural gascost = 5 ct/ kWh; nitrogen cost = 0,5 €/ Nm 3 . .................................................................. 32Figure 15 Cost burden from hydrogen purfication criteria ............................................... 32Figure 16 Future scenario: Reformer – Electrolyser; cost for electricity set at 0,10 € perkWh ................................................................................................................................... 35Figure 17 Composition of cost factors using projected learning effect but based oncurrent yet upscaled technology. Electrolyser scenario 600 Nm3/h and 170 plants; costper kg hydrogen - electricity cost = 10 ct/ kWh; nitrogen cost = 0,5 €/ Nm3 .................. 36Figure 18 Steam Reformer scenario 600 Nm3/h and 170 plants; cost per kg hydrogen.Electricity cost = 10 ct/ kWh; natural gas cost = 5 ct/ kWh; N2 cost = 0,5 €/ Nm3, allusing fore .......................................................................................................................... 37Figure 19 A hydrogen test system that is intended to monitor and raise total energyefficiency. .......................................................................................................................... 39