Guide for the Structural Rehabilitation of Heritage ... - Test Input

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Figure 14: Shaking-table test of a masonrybuilding at 2/3 scale (41)Figure 15: In-situ test of the lateral resistance of amasonry wall (26)To characterize the dynamic behaviour of the building, dynamic tests are often used,allowing for obtaining the fundamental frequencies, damping, etc., which will be very useful,particularly in the cases of complex masonry buildings. The comparison of the resultsobtained on these measurements with those obtained from the modelling of the building, willbe very helpful for the refinement of the structural model of the building.3.5.5 Assessment of the foundationsThe knowledge about the existingfoundations of the building will be ofprimary importance. Besides thegeotechnical characterisation, it will also benecessary to conduct research to allow forthe definition of the geometry of thefoundation elements.The assessment of the conditions of thefoundations is usually made through theexecution of shafts in particular zones ofthe building (Fig. 16).In this assessment attention will be given tothe characteristics of the soil and to thewater table, as well as to the presence ofsubstances that can attack the building bycapillary action (chlorides, nitrates, etc.).Figure16: Shaft for the geotechnical recognition ofbuilding foundations (21)21/48
Particular attention will also be given to check the existence of embankments and to theidentification of the drainage system of the building.The adequate characterisation of the foundation soil sometimes needs undisturbed samples tobe taken and tested in the laboratory. Penetrometer tests are also of great value, allowing for thestratification to be assessed and for a reduction in the number of samples needed.3.5.6 Field measurementsThe detailed assessment of a building can also include the measurement of deformations instructural elements of the building, such as the inclination of columns and the lateraldeformation of walls. Sometimes, it includes, simply, the measurement of the width of cracksin building elements (Fig.17).It can still include the detailed survey ofthe geometry of the building, in order toallow for its modelling, so as to supportthe diagnosis, and for the structuralassessment of the building.The measurement of deformations instructural elements of the building usuallyuses topographic techniques, such asprecision levelling, etc.In the measuring of the dimensions of thebuilding elements, the topographictechniques are also used, in addition tothe common means of measuringdimensions in the field. Usually,advantage is taken of the installation ofany special means used for the visualinspection, to carry out this survey.Figure 17: Ruler measuring the width of cracks in walls(21)For the measurement of the thickness of the elements a method commonly used is radar.However, as this technique is not very accurate, it has to be complemented by other means,for example, with the drilling of small holes through some elements, for calibration.In the case of monuments or other complex structures, the photogrammetric technique canalso be very useful for the survey of the geometry of the building, as well as for the register ofthe defects in the building (Fig. 18a).More recently, the “laser” sweeping technique has appeared, which allows for the obtainingof a “cloud” of coordinated points in “3D”, from which it is even possible to construct anumerical model of the building (Fig. 18b).22/48
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Page 10 and 11: - Reversibility of the intervention
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Page 16 and 17: ) Arches, vaults and domesFigure 4:
Page 18 and 19: As tests are, in general, very expe
Page 20 and 21: a) Masonry core (21) b) Steel speci
Page 24 and 25: a) Photogrammetric survey (16) b) L
Page 26 and 27: Figure 20: Flowchart of the actions
Page 28 and 29: Furthermore, in the case that safet
Page 30 and 31: components (arches, walls, etc.), t
Page 32 and 33: It is to be noted that the mechanic
Page 34 and 35: As a reference, a reduction factor
Page 36 and 37: strengthening measures in the struc
Page 38 and 39: a) MasonryThe repair of masonry ele
Page 40 and 41: a) With anchor bolts (21) b) With c
Page 42 and 43: d) Framed elementsIn the case of ti
Page 44 and 45: the foundations (Fig. 35b). Another
Page 46 and 47: 6 QUALITY OF THE INTERVENTION WORK6
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Page 50 and 51: International Council for Research
Page 52 and 53: DISCLAIMERAll rights reserved. No p

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