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S AISPHERE 2011– 2012
SAISPHERE
THE PAUL H. NITZE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ■ THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
2011– 2012
Growth
Ahead
for
Global
Agriculture

Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS

Features
08 Global Agriculture: Gaining Ground?
Robert L. Thompson
12 Indian Agriculture: Waiting for Reforms
Walter K. Andersen
16 China’s Agricultural Revolution
Pieter Bottelier
20 Is Agriculture the Answer?
Marc J. Cohen
24 High Food Prices and Economic Growth
David Fowkes
28 Brazil and Argentina: Commodity Boom Winners
Francisco E. González
32 Hunger and Conflict
P. Terrence Hopmann
36 The Sea’s Harvest: China and Global Fisheries
Tabitha Grace Mallory
40 India’s Water Crisis
Srinivasan Padmanabhan
44 Global Warming, Agriculture and Biofuels:
A Combustible Mix
Charles Pearson
47 Counting on Agribusiness in Africa
Guy Pfeffermann and Nora Brown
50 Empowering the Poor
Michael G. Plummer and Dalila Cervantes-Godoy
54 Soil—the New Oil?
Mariano Turzi
57 The ‘Right to Food’ and Foreign Land Deals in Africa
Ruth Wedgwood and Tiffany Basciano
2011–2012 1

SAISPHERE
SAISPHERE is published for the alumni
and friends of The Paul H. Nitze School
of Advanced International Studies of
the Johns Hopkins University.
Managing Felisa Neuringer
Editor Klubes
Contributing Chris Blose
EditorS Sharon Congdon
Sonja Matanovic
ContributorS
Spencer Abruzzese
Walter K. Andersen
Tiffany Basciano
Pieter Bottelier
Nora Brown
Dalila Cervantes-
Godoy
Marc J. Cohen
Patrick Cranley
Francesca Di Marco
Jessica P. Einhorn
Mary Evans
David Fowkes
Margaret H. Frondorf
Francisco E. González
P. Terrence Hopmann
Chris Hunter
Kelly Hunter
Jordi Izzard
Jonathan Keller
Emily Kessler
art dirECtion Jeffrey Kibler
typESEtting Brenda M. Waugh
pHoto rESEarCH Ali Southworth
Nell Whiting
projECt Adriana Guevara
ManagEMEnt TMG
2 SAISPHERE
Kathryn Knowles
Jeannette Lee
Sarah Lerner
Tabitha Grace Mallory
Sarah Nelson
Srinivasan
Padmanabhan
Amir Pasic
Jason D. Patent
Charles Pearson
Guy Pfeffermann
Michael G. Plummer
Tatiana Pollard
Odette Boya Resta
Michael Roberts
Ruth Swanson
Robert L. Thompson
Mariano Turzi
Christine Vargas
Ruth Wedgwood
Michelle Weiner
PHOTO CREDITS: Cover, Carroll & Carroll/Getty Images;
page 3, Kaveh Sardari; page 5, Robert Tetro; pages 6–7,
Leo F. Freitas/Getty Images; pages 8–9, Dave Reede/
Getty Images; page 10, Peter Carroll/Getty Images; page
11, Christopher Pillitz/Getty Images; pages 12–13, The
India Today Group/Getty Images; page 15, Yasbant Negi/
The India Today Group/Getty Images; pages 16–17,
ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images; page 19, Nelson Ching/
Bloomberg/Getty Images; page 21, Heidi Wideroe/
Bloomberg/Getty Images; page 23, Susan Schulman/Getty
Images; pages 24–25, Sean Gallup/Getty Images; page
27, Alastair Miller/Getty Images; pages 28–29, Benjamin
Lowy/Getty Images; page 31, Ronaldo Schemidt/AFP/Getty
Images; pages 32–33, John Moore/Getty Images; pages
36–37, Steve Allen/Getty Images; page 38, Martin Harvey/
Getty Images; pages 40–41, Adrian Pope/Getty Images;
pages 44–45, Daniel Acker/Bloomberg/Getty Images;
pages 47, Jose Cendon/Bloomberg/Getty Images; page 48,
Shashank Bengali/MCT/Getty Images; pages 50–51, Design
Pics/Deddeda/Getty Images; page 53, John Moore/Getty
Images; page 54, Don Mason/Getty Images; page 56, Scott
Olson/Getty Images; page 57, AP Photo/Liu Jin; page 58,
Teh Eng Koon/AFP/Getty Images; page 62 (inset), Rochelle
Cheever; pages 62–63, Walter Astrada/AFP/Getty Images;
page 64, Abedin Qupevam, Karar Zunaid Ahsan; pages
65-66, Francesca Torchi; page 67, Eikon Studio; page 68,
ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images; page 68, ChinaFotoPress/
Getty Images; page 70, Jonathan Keller; page 71, Jonathan
Keller, Ariana Lindquist; page 72, Jonathan Keller; pages
73–77, Kaveh Sardari; page 89, Givaudan Fragrances Corp.;
pages 94, 97, 109, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 126 and 128,
Kaveh Sardari
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Managing Editor, SAISPHERE
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©2011 by The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced
International Studies of the Johns Hopkins
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United States of America.
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www.sais-jhu.edu
Departments
3 A Message From the Dean
60 The Bookcase: Recent
Faculty Publications
62 Update From the Bologna Center
Odette Boya Resta
68 Update From the
Hopkins-Nanjing Center
Jason D. Patent
73 Leaders for the Future: Putting
Degrees in Reach for All Students
79 Alumni News & Notes
94 What We’ve Heard
108 Thank-You’s

A Message From the Dean
Jessica P. Einhorn ’70
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
When I joined SAIS as dean
in June 2002, I was quickly
introduced to the summer
activity of planning for the
next year’s SAISPHERE. Each
year in July, a group of us come
together to select a topic for the
school’s flagship publication that would be of interest to
our SAIS community authors and our readers. On my
arrival, we initiated an issue on “Leadership,” and then
came “Diplomacy” and then “Regions.”
In those early years, the annual magazine
was a standalone project. But in
2004, when we celebrated SAIS’s 60th
anniversary, we discovered the sense
of community that comes from sharing
a special occasion. It was the seed that
sprouted into a new practice during my
deanship.
Today, SAISPHERE has evolved into
a publication that explores the subject
we choose as a substantive theme for
the academic year. These “Year of” top-
ics are reflected in events, large and
small, hosted by all the academic parts
of the school as well as by the dean—
frequently with philanthropic support
to facilitate a major academic conference
or academic travel by students.
These themes have taken root because
the soil of SAIS is fertile with curiosity,
entrepreneurship and grassroots
activities.
Each theme is meant to highlight
a subject that is of great importance
2011–2012 3

in international relations—and often
multidisciplinary in scope. We learn
together by examining the many different
functional and regional perspectives
on these big topics, which become
manageable as we break them down
across programs and then put the pieces
together again through integrative
learning. Although our typical student
enjoys only two years of studies at the
school, the SAIS community grows in
its cumulative understanding. Starting
with “Energy,” our “Year of” themes
have included “China” (when we celebrated
the 20th anniversary of our
Nanjing campus), “Elections,” “Water,”
“Religion” and “Demography.”
This is my 10th and last year as dean
of SAIS and, as you can imagine, I was
eager for a topic that would have major
implications for global affairs in coming
decades. The “Year of Agriculture” fills
that bill. In fact, agriculture is so important
in international relations that I felt
obliged to defer the topic until SAIS had
its own thought leader in residence.
It is my pleasure to introduce Robert
“Bob” L. Thompson, who joined SAIS
last summer as a visiting scholar. With
a doctorate in agricultural economics,
he has forged a distinguished career
marked by academic distinction as well
as practical engagement, as president
and chief executive officer of Winrock
International Institute for Agricultural
Development and director of rural
development at the World Bank.
At SAIS, Thompson will help us
develop an agriculture-focused curriculum,
blazing the trail to restore
agriculture to its rightful place in international
studies. The school is blessed
with alumni advisers who are leaders
in the modern fields of agricultural
commerce and investment and who
have field experience among the rural
poor in developing countries. And with
David Jhirad, director of the Energy,
Resources and Environment Program,
4 SAISPHERE
Thompson will have a welcoming
home for deepening our understanding
of the agricultural slope in what we
might term “the iron triangle of climate
change”—linking energy, water and
agriculture. My heartfelt thanks to our
team of volunteer donors who originated
the idea of raising funds so SAIS
could offer Thompson a base for the
coming two years, during the transition
in deans.
I will defer to Bob Thompson’s
opening essay to set the overview for
this volume, with just a closing comment.
Many in our community may
be tempted to skip over the increasing
amount of daily news about agriculture,
in its many dimensions. I hope the current
issue of SAISPHERE will provide
a bridge to this hugely important area
of international relations. As I write in
August, widespread and horrific famine
is extending outward from Somalia,
and record flooding in the United States
is under careful watch for its effects
on both the size and cost of upcoming
harvest crops. From China to the
Middle East and well beyond, each day’s
news carries reports on price controls,
subsidies or inflated food prices, with
the political risks those policies entail.
Agriculture is key to understanding the
foreign policy of nations.
From China to the Middle East and well beyond, each day’s news
carries reports on price controls, subsidies or inflated food
prices, with the political risks those policies entail. Agriculture
is key to understanding the foreign policy of nations.
Thompson offers a comprehensive
overview of the challenges we face in
agriculture in the coming decades.
He explains how agriculture interacts
with water, climate change and demographics
to pose an enormous threat
to food security and, thus, security
more broadly defined. Both poverty
and wealth add to demands for food,
and the response depends critically
on investments in adaptive research to
increase productivity in the multitude
of agroecosystems. Tackling rural poverty
will be the gateway to enhancing
food supplies to meet the extraordinary
population growth of our era.
Walter Andersen describes the historical
and political background of low
productivity in Indian agriculture—the
result of efforts to protect and subsidize
farmers. India needs market-based
reform and development-oriented
investments in the sector to enhance
performance and improve outcomes for
the poor.
In China, there are challenges ahead
as the nation acts on its comparative
advantage in growing certain agricultural
products and moves away from
traditional approaches to food security
and land ownership. Pieter Bottelier
traces China’s astounding economic
development through the dramatic
changes in agricultural productivity
and rural migration.
Marc Cohen tracks agriculture’s
place on the international development
agenda since World War II. He explains
the factors that led to the decline in
interest and funding for that sector
from 1987 to 2003. But agriculture
remains central to alleviating poverty,
managing the environment and producing
sufficient food for a burgeoning
global population. In that context,
renewed interest in a refreshed agenda
is most welcome.
Many observers believe high agricultural
prices hurt developing countries.
David Fowkes disputes that notion,
describing instead the exciting growth
opportunities of agricultural production
in the 21st century. In a fascinating
review of Argentina’s riches to rags and
back to riches history, he shows how
agriculture has reclaimed its place from
manufacturing as an engine of growth
in our time.
The countries of Latin America
illustrate the impact of the commodity
boom, which has created a great divide
between winners, such as Argentina
and Brazil, and losers, including smaller
countries or populations engaged
in subsistence farming. Francisco
González examines how the exploding
demand for food in fast-growing countries
in Asia and the diversion of food
supplies to biofuels have caused a surge
in global food prices.
Terry Hopmann reviews the great
body of evidence linking food insecurity
and protracted social conflicts. We

discover that conflict causes food insecurity—especially
in the many areas
afflicted with these conflicts. Effective
processes of conflict resolution emerge
as an important element in reversing
world hunger and its companion, environmental
destruction.
Tabitha Grace Mallory focuses on
the important topic of global fisheries
as a huge food source. China is the
world’s largest producer of seafood
and provides an excellent case study
in policies relating to near seas, distant
seas and the industry of aquaculture.
The international law and institutional
framework for managing the oceans’
resources emerges as a crucial component
of any strategy for building our
renewable resources from the sea.
In traditional land farming, depletion
of groundwater is a universal concern.
Srinivasan Padmanabhan points
to the destructive cycle of waste in the
way Indian agriculture is supported by
overuse of subsidized and unreliable
SAIS graduate Robert Tetro ’71
captured this image of a
Thai woman transplanting rice.
electricity to pump freshwater at rates
that lead to unsustainable declines in
groundwater levels. The “iron triangle”
of agriculture, water and energy is badly
mismanaged in a system that traps a
large percentage of the rural population
in poverty.
Rising fossil fuel prices are driving
a greater reliance on biofuels. Charles
Pearson discusses how mandates for
biofuels can lead to the double jeopardy
of global warming and reduced food
supply. Although there is no definitive
answer to how much damage is being
done, we know enough to enhance our
agriculture with a much more selective
approach to biofuels policy.
Guy Pfeffermann and Nora Brown
look at the links in the value chain of
agriculture in Africa and their major
impact on the manufacturing, service
and export sectors. With development
aid shifted away from agriculture,
agribusiness offers great opportunities—especially
if a new generation
of agribusiness entrepreneurs and
managers receive the business education
they need.
Michael Plummer and Dalila
Cervantes-Godoy review the economic
literature to demonstrate the centrality
of agricultural development to
growth that, in turn, lessens poverty.
Historically, higher productivity correlates
closely with a greater reduction in
poverty. The transmission mechanisms
include effects both direct and indirect
(economic activity outside the sector).
The goal of food security is best attained
through increased income for the poor
from sources other than agriculture.
In the coming years of this new
century, food geopolitics is poised to
outrank energy politics as a source of
national security concerns. Mariano
Turzi enumerates the demographic
changes that have pushed the world into
a “new age of geopolitical competition,”
as countries whose demand for food
outstrips supply seek other ways to provide
food security to their populations.
Finally, Ruth Wedgwood and Tiffany
Basciano survey the international covenants,
codes and guidelines that apply
human rights criteria to judging foreign
investment in large-scale agriculture,
particularly in Africa. They note that
even where standards are not legally
binding, the “practical cost of disregard”
needs to be calculated.
As I look back on past editions of
SAISPHERE, I congratulate all my colleagues
at SAIS. Each year, the themes
have been well chosen, and together
they have helped us understand the rich
landscape of international relations in
what we still call “the new century.” In
addition, the magazine showcases the
relevance of the SAIS intellectual tradition
through the perspectives of our faculty,
graduates and students. I know of
no other alumni publication that takes
its articles and the care with which they
are presented to the community more
seriously, and SAISPHERE is consistently
recognized as the best in its class.
As we observe the “Year of Agriculture,”
this issue of SAISPHERE is one of
our “fruits”—a colorful and enlightening
gift of our community. I look forward
to future editions and thank you
for your support. n
2011–2012 5

A Tall Order for
Agric
6 SAISPHERE

ulture
Can a single sector feed the world, reduce
poverty and promote economic growth?
It is a tough row to hoe, but in the wake
of extreme weather, crop failures and
high food prices, anxious organizations
and nations are turning to agriculture
for answers. The task: to roughly double
food production by 2050—when the global population
is expected to reach 9 billion people—in a reliable,
environmentally sustainable way at a reasonable cost.
w That will require improving crop yields, managing limited
oil and water supplies, developing drought-resistant
crops, encouraging aquaculture, increasing production in
poor countries, dealing with deforestation, and avoiding
conflicts between nations over land and resources.
w If agriculture can surmount these and other significant
challenges, it will truly plant seeds of change.
2011–2012 7

Gaining
Ground?
By Robert L. Thompson
The world is making
strides in achieving global
food security. But the race to
double farm production and feed
everyone by mid-century will
demand an international
commitment to agricultural and
rural development.
With the global population projected to grow by 2.6
billion between now and 2050, farmers everywhere
will be asked to increase production sufficiently to feed
the equivalent of two more Chinas. Add in the effect of
broad-based economic growth in low-income countries
that empowers poor people to consume greater
quantities of meat. Then consider the growing use of
agricultural products as raw materials from which to produce biofuels. The
result? World demand for agricultural products may double between now and
the middle of this century—but by then there will be at most 10 percent more
land and less freshwater available.

Resource Constraints on Food Supply
There are only two ways to expand agricultural
production: Increase the area
planted (which, where climate permits,
might include producing more than
one crop on the same land each year),
or increase the production per unit of
land. Worldwide, farmers could double
the number of hectares (one hectare
is 2.47 acres) of land in production;
however, there is only about 10 percent
more potentially arable land that is not
forested, highly erodible or subject to
desertification. Expansion beyond this
land would involve massive destruction
of forests and, with them, wildlife
habitat, biodiversity and carbon sequestration
capacity, all while accelerating
global warming.
Most of the potentially arable land
is inferior to that already in production
and is located in remote areas of
Sub-Saharan Africa and South America,
which have minimal infrastructure. To
sustainably double agricultural production
will require most of the increase to
come from greater production per unit
of land already in cultivation.
Availability of freshwater for agriculture
may become an even larger
constraint to doubling production than
land availability. Farmers account for
about 70 percent of the freshwater used
in the world. With more than half of the
world’s population living in cities now,
a number projected to rise to 70 percent
by 2050, the world’s farmers will no
longer have access to 70 percent of the
freshwater. Cities will outbid farmers
for available water. Whereas farmers
may have to double the average productivity
of land already in agricultural
production, they may have to triple the
“crop per drop,” the output per unit of
freshwater they use.
Food Productivity and Security
There are great differences among
regions of the world in crop yields,
which reflect differences in genetic
potential embodied in the seeds
planted, availability of water from precipitation
or irrigation, adequacy of the
nutrition available to the plants from
the soil or fertilizer, and effectiveness
of the control of weeds, insects, birds
and diseases that reduce productivity
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
relative to potential. The regional disparities
in crop yields suggest it should
be possible to significantly increase
productivity per unit of land. With their
low yields, many low-income countries’
farm sectors contribute significantly
less to their national food supply and
global food security than they could.
A century ago, cereal grain yields in
Western Europe and the United States
were not much higher than the low
levels found in Sub-Saharan Africa
today. The sizable gains in productivity
since then have reduced the unit cost
of production and have kept the price
of food lower to the great benefit of
poor consumers, who spend the largest
fraction of their incomes on food. This
has lessened the incidence of famine in
the world and has allowed millions of
hectares of trees to remain standing in
the forests instead of being cut to make
way for cultivation.
Reducing Farm Household Poverty
The majority of the world’s agricultural
production takes place on family farms,
where household members perform
most of the labor. In addition to providing
part of the family’s annual food
supply, farming gives the household
cash income—receipts from selling its
products minus what it pays for production
inputs (such as seed, fertilizer,
pesticides and fuel) and hired labor.
Most farm households earn significantly
less than households whose
income derives from other economic
activities. In fact, 70 percent of the
extreme poverty and associated hunger
in the world is in rural areas, and most
of the rural poor derive their meager
incomes from farming.
There are only five ways to lift lowincome
farm households out of their
poverty (other than from social welfare
support, which rarely exists in rural
areas of poor countries): Increase the
productivity per hectare of land used
in producing the crops being grown;
change the mix of what is produced to
crops with higher value per hectare; get
access to more land (through purchase,
rental or land reform) or other incomegenerating
assets; opt for one or more
members of the farm household to
2011–2012 9

obtain a nonfarm source of income; or
exit farming completely and move to
employment elsewhere.
Migration out of agriculture to
nonfarm employment is a normal and
essential element of economic growth
and poverty reduction. By reducing the
number of people trying to make a living
on uneconomically small pieces of
land, outmigration creates the opportunity
for both those who leave agriculture
as well as those who stay behind
to have higher incomes. In the normal
course of economic development, first
the fraction of the workforce and eventually
the absolute number of people
engaged in agriculture must decline.
Rural to urban migration is driven
principally by the desire of those who
migrate to escape poverty and secure a
better quality of life —at least for their
children than is possible within either
agriculture or the nonfarm economy
of the rural community they left. To
avoid urban problems of overcrowding,
unemployment, crime and pollution
associated with excessive rural-to-urban
migration, it is essential to create more
nonfarm job opportunities within the
rural communities and smaller cities dispersed
through a low-income country.
Rural Development: Farm and Nonfarm
The objective of rural development in
poor countries is to reduce poverty and
hunger and improve the quality of life
in general in nonurban areas, where the
majority of poverty is found. Increasing
productivity in agriculture is essential
and will contribute to greater national
food security and to the global supply of
food. However, this is only part of rural
development, which must also diversify
the economic base of rural communities
by creating nonfarm earning
opportunities. This has an additional
benefit to national economic development.
The national income multiplier
associated with increments to income in
rural communities is higher than from
increases in urban residents’ incomes.
Only the private sector can create
enough jobs to solve the problem of poverty
in low-income countries’ rural or
urban areas; however, government needs
to provide a positive investment climate
before either local or international inves-
10 SAISPHERE
tors supply capital to create these jobs.
There must be reasonable macroeconomic
and political stability, rule of law,
definition and protection of property
rights, and enforcement of contracts.
In addition, investments in a number
of rural public goods need to be
made—by the public sector, official
development assistance (foreign aid),
international development bank lending
or a combination of these sources.
Investments in rural infrastructure,
education, health, and agricultural
research and technology transfer are
required to solve the problem of rural
poverty through development of both
agriculture and the nonfarm sector.
Education and health services are
much less available in rural areas of
most low-income countries than in the
cities. Many areas lack safe drinking
water and sanitation. Waterborne diseases
are rampant. Permanent stunting
of mental and physical development
from nutritional deficiencies of young
children is common. There might be no
locally available source of certain essential
nutrients in the diet, for example,
vitamin A, iron, iodine or zinc.
Illiteracy is widespread in the farm
population of low-income countries,
particularly among women. Educating
girls is one of the most effective ways to
reduce the rate of population growth,
and better education of the farmers
of the future facilitates adoption of
improved agricultural techniques. Outmigration
from agriculture to nonfarm
employment is far easier between generations
than within any generation,
yet educational opportunities are much
more limited for children in rural areas
compared with urban children.
The poor quality of roads, if they
exist at all, impedes rural development
by raising the cost of transporting
goods and people to and from the
area. Most improved technologies are
embodied in inputs the farmer must
purchase. High transport cost raises
the cost of inputs and reduces the
price farmers receive for the products
they sell, making it unprofitable to
use technologies that could otherwise
enhance their household income.
Marketing institutions are necessary
to supply farmers with inputs and to
connect farmers to regional and national
markets for their products. There is no
benefit to a farmer’s increasing productivity
or shifting to higher-value-perhectare
crops if no market is ready to
buy the output at a remunerative price.
Finding buyers for their products is a
particular problem for smallholders,
who have only small lots of production
to sell. Securing credit to buy inputs at
planting time is a particular problem to
these landowners who have little or no
collateral to pledge against the loan, if
credit providers exist at all.
Until recently, rural areas of many

low-income countries have had few if
any telecommunication links with the
outside world. Markets do not work
well in an information vacuum, and it
creates opportunities for unscrupulous
middlemen to exploit farmers who
have no way to know the prices in other
markets. This has changed rapidly with
the advent of the cellular telephone and
construction of cell towers throughout
many poor countries. Lack of rural electrification
is also a severe impediment
to development of the nonfarm rural
economy—including food processing
to reduce large post-harvest losses and
delivery of rural health care and educational
services.
Investments in Public Goods
Public investments in agricultural
research have been an important source
of the large differences in crop yields
per hectare observed across regions.
Agricultural technologies tend to be
location-specific. The tools of agricultural
research are highly mobile, but
plant varieties need to be optimized for
each local agroecosystem through adaptive
agricultural research.
With global climate change, all
agroecosystems will be shifting. Larger
investments in adaptive research will be
required to sustain present productivity
levels—not to mention that the average
productivity of land already in use will
need to be doubled.
Public investments in agricultural
research and technology transfer played
a large role in the agricultural development
of the presently high-income
countries that enjoy strong agricultural
productivity levels. Research results
were made freely available, and publicly
supported farmer education programs
were created to encourage their diffusion.
These investments benefited farmers
through higher household incomes
and benefited consumers through
lower-cost food.
The social rates of return on the
public sector’s investments in rural
infrastructure, education, health and
agricultural research are extremely
high. In low-income countries, where,
as noted above, almost three-quarters of
people in extreme poverty and hunger
are in rural areas, the agricultural sec-
tor is contributing less to the national
food supply and to world food security
than is economically efficient and environmentally
sustainable. Nevertheless,
investments in agricultural and rural
development by low-income country
governments, official development
assistance and international development
bank lending declined from the
mid-1980s to negligible levels until a
small turnaround occurred after the
food price spike of 2008.
Moreover, with an eye on keeping
food prices as low as possible for urban
consumers, the governments of many
low-income countries turned the terms
of trade against their farmers through
policy interventions in markets, forcing
them to pay more than the world market
price for their inputs and to receive
less than the world market price for
their output. This reduced the incentive
for farmers to implement productivityenhancing
technologies. In recent
decades, this discrimination against
farmers has been remedied in all parts
of the developing world except Sub-
Saharan Africa and Argentina, where it
continues.
Cutting Hunger in Half
In 2000, the heads of state of more than
200 countries meeting at the United
Nations adopted several Millennium
Development Goals, the first of which
is to cut the incidence of hunger and
poverty in the world by half by 2015.
This goal cannot be achieved unless the
rates are reduced in rural areas, where
the majority of hungry and poor people
reside.
Accomplishing this feat will require
a greatly strengthened commitment to
agricultural and rural development.
With a possible doubling of global
demand for agricultural products in the
first half of the 21st century, the world
needs low-income countries with a history
of underperforming agricultural
sectors to contribute more to their own
and the world’s food supply. Failure to
do so could result in adverse geopolitical
consequences. n
Robert L. Thompson is a visiting scholar
at SAIS. He is also a senior fellow at the
Chicago Council on Global Affairs and
a professor emeritus at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
2011–2012 11

By Walter K. Andersen
Indian
Agriculture
Wait
Indian policymakers failed to
seriously address agriculture in
the several economic reforms
adopted in the early 1990s
that reduced the powers of the
state and enhanced those of
the market. The unleashing of
Indian entrepreneurial talent produced
gross domestic product (GDP) growth
rates above 8 percent in most years
after 2000, resulting in a surge in trade
and investment and leading to a much
expanded urban middle class.
12 SAISPHERE
ing
for

Reforms

Agriculture—on which approximately
half of the population depends—
generally presents a very different
picture. With low rates of growth, averaging
about 2 percent to 2.5 percent
since 1991, and limited investment,
this sector remains overregulated and
shielded from the global economy. An
earlier era of severe food shortages and
periodic famines has produced a protective
mindset among policymakers;
this mindset has led to setting prices for
farm commodities, subsidizing inputs
and protecting farmers from international
price volatility. The effort to protect
farmers is reinforced by the political
compulsion for votes, which often
overrides the notion of agriculture as an
engine of growth.
The political class talks of “inclusive
growth” for India, but this is
impossible to achieve unless there is
much more robust expansion in agricultural
production. A new approach
depending far more on private enterprise
and a firm-to-farm linkage is
required to expand farm production
significantly.
Greater Farm Output in the ’60s and ’70s
India’s public sector played a pivotal
role during the 1960s and 1970s in the
country’s “green revolution,” which
produced a major expansion in farm
output. The state invested heavily in
agriculture, importing new seeds and
fertilizers, organizing their distribution,
and providing price and market
support on a not-for-profit basis. Output
grew sufficiently to put an end to
the food security concerns that had
periodically produced famines, the
last major one being the Bengal famine
of 1943. India was able to increase
food-grain production from 51 million
tons in 1950–51 to 108.4 million tons
in 1970–71 and 234 million tons in
2008–09.
14 SAISPHERE
The increased income in agriculture
had a significant social and political
impact in rural India, with land ownership
shifting from the higher castes
to the lower peasant castes—termed
appropriately by scholars Lloyd and
Susanne Rudolph as “bullock capitalists”—thus
setting the stage for the rise
of regional parties that depended on the
votes of these assertive farming communities.
The rise of farmer-dependent
parties, however, led to demands for
ever-higher subsidies for fertilizer,
water and electricity as well as favorable
procurement prices for farm products.
Politicians reacted by catering to the
interests of farmers with larger land
holdings, who benefited most from the
subsidies and government-established
To get agriculture out of its present rut will require a move
away from government regulation to the greater reliance on
market forces that other parts of the economy experienced
during the 1990s.
procurement prices. But economists
point out that these subsidies and
price supports have had negative consequences
on long-range growth of
Indian agriculture.
The slow growth of agricultural
production in India over the past two
decades is well documented. One
major cause is that public spending
on marginally effective agricultural
subsidies is crowding out productivityenhancing
investments in agricultural
research and extension as well as
spending on rural infrastructure such
as roads and railway links.
By contrast, many analysts have
noted that China’s earlier investment
in rural infrastructure has resulted in
considerably higher food outputs than
India’s. As recently as 1977, Chinese
and Indian farmers harvested roughly
the same amount of wheat for each
acre they planted. But by 2009, United
Nations data reveal that wheat yields
were 1.7 times higher in China than
in India. India’s agricultural subsidies
have grown rapidly since the early
1980s, and the pace picked up significantly
after 2000. Subsidies on
fertilizers—the largest single subsidy—
increased by more than 500 percent
from 2004–05 to 2008–09. Total subsidies
for fertilizer, water, electricity and
food in that same time period increased
fourfold and amounted to about 4
percent of the country’s GDP of $1.38
trillion in 2009.
The government’s price support system
is another important reason for the
low levels of farm output. While the
pricing system was meant to protect
the farmer from exploitation, it has
often had a negative impact on growth
and on the poor. For example, public
price supports since independence
in 1947 have tended to favor wheat,
encouraging a shift in land use from
pulses (the edible seeds of legumes) to
wheat. Output has dropped and prices
have increased for pulses, the major
source of protein for the poor.
India’s Agricultural Prices Commission
was established to determine
prices that were fair to both producers
and consumers. Political compulsions
from the late 1960s, however,
prompted the commission to set a
purchase price well above the costs of
production of a particular product and,
in some years, close to the open-market
price. The rising prices meant the government
was forced into ever larger
losses in the vast public distribution
system intended to provide subsidized
food for the poor. As a consequence,
the rural poor suffered. Very few fairprice
shops are in rural areas, so these
people were forced to pay higher prices
for their staple foods on the open market,
and the number of malnourished
people grew.
Another Green Revolution?
With India’s rapidly expanding population,
its agriculture must do much
better than at present. A handful
of states in India (agriculture is the
responsibility of the state in India’s federal
system), such as the western state
of Gujarat, have performed far above
the national average of 2 percent to
2.5 percent. Over the last several years,
agricultural production in Gujarat has
grown by 8 percent to 10 percent annually,
while states at the other end of the
spectrum, including the north central

state of Uttar Pradesh,
have registered annual
growth rates of between
1 percent and 2 percent.
What did Gujarat do
that other states could
emulate?
Over the past decade,
Gujarat’s developmentoriented
state government
has focused its
agricultural investment
on growth-enhancement
projects: irrigation,
extensive road-building
projects, marketing
cooperatives, extension
programs and related
research conducted at
five agricultural universities.
The state’s farm
product mix has shifted
significantly from grains
to fruits and vegetables
(doubling production in
the decade after 2000)
as well as industrial farm
products such as cotton,
whose production increased from
3 million bales in 2002–03 to about
11 million bales in 2009–10, roughly
one-third of all raw cotton produced in
India. This surge in cotton, fruits and
vegetables is due to a combination of
research (for example, cotton that is
resistant to certain bacteria) and farmer
cooperatives, important in a state where
the average farm size is only 6.5 acres
and even more important nationally,
where the average farm is just 4 acres.
Gujarat is also among the most successful
states in promoting contract
farming, which provides the security of
guaranteed prices along with monitoring
and advice to enhance quality and
productivity. Enabling this growth is a
chief minister who has made economic
development the priority of his regime;
the favorable results have been a factor
in his winning election three times.
On a national scale, although the
original intent of India’s farm price
commissioners was to ensure that
farmers received a fair price, it has
in fact produced a system providing
substantial financial rewards to the
commissioners for limited services as
well as slowing the movement of product
from farm to market. A positive
development for strengthening firmto-farm
connections is the formation
of grocery chains, whose sales have
grown at an average rate of 70 percent
over the past several years, although
admittedly from a low base. They have
started investing in cold-storage facilities
and storage hubs at key transportation
links, developments that could
reduce the huge wastage rate—as high
as 40 percent by some estimates—that
characterizes so much of Indian agriculture.
Foreign-owned food chains
are still prohibited, but there is proposed
legislation to permit the entry of
foreign corporations that could bring
in capital for new technology and offer
a global market for Indian products.
Perhaps the most dramatic example
of the emphasis on protection of the
farmer is the Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act
enacted in 2005 and designed to provide
100 days’ employment annually to every
rural household. It is projected to cost
more than $9 billion in 2010–11, the
largest such rural employment scheme
anywhere in the world. While such programs
seek to alleviate the poverty that
has fueled a “Maoist”-style violence in
the poorest parts of India, the dilemma
is that these programs also squeeze out
more productive rural expenditures.
To get agriculture out of its present
rut will require a move away from
government regulation to the greater
reliance on market forces that other
parts of the economy experienced during
the 1990s. It will also demand risks
similar to those taken by Prime Minister
Narasimha Rao and his finance
minister (and current prime minister),
Manmohan Singh, in the early
1990s, when they launched the market
reforms that set India on a significantly
faster growth trajectory. Such a move
will take political wile, as it will be
opposed by a powerful combination of
the tens of thousands of small “mom
and pop” grocery shops and cautious
farmers who like the present system of
state protectionism. n
Walter K. Andersen is administrative
director of the South Asia Studies
Program and a professorial lecturer.
2011–2012 15

China’s
Agricultural
The country has transformed its
agricultural sector and the lives of the
rural poor in just three decadesRe
China’s burgeoning middle class is
spending more on meat, fish, dairy
products, fruits and vegetables, sodas,
wine, and all sorts of luxury foods
and drinks. Rapidly rising household
incomes and associated lifestyle
and dietary changes are having
a major impact on the composition of domestic
agricultural output, while reshaping global markets
for agricultural commodities such as corn, soybeans,
beef and poultry after China joined the World Trade
Organization (WTO) in 2001. The changes also are
creating new disease patterns in China. For example,
childhood obesity is on the rise.
Whereas China was traditionally a
grain economy, well over half the value
of agricultural output is now accounted
for by horticulture and animal husbandry.
To illustrate China’s influence
on global food markets: Corn prices in
the United States increased more than
300 percent since 2005 mainly because
of import demand from China, which
needs vast amounts of additional supply
for sweeteners, starch, alcohol and
animal feed.
16 SAISPHERE
Although grape wine has a long
history in China, production was very
small until recently; much semiarid
land in northeastern China is now
used for vineyards that produce a wide
variety of wines, all consumed domestically.
Similarly, the Chinese ate little or
no beef 30 years ago, but China is now
the world’s third-largest beef producer
after the United States and Brazil. Suppliers
to McDonald’s and other fast-food
chains started large commercial potato

volution
By Pieter Bottelier

farms in China in the mid-1990s.
According to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, China is the main producer
and consumer of rice, wheat, pork,
cotton, peanuts, rapeseed, silk, apples,
pears, peaches, plums, grapes and some
other products. After joining the WTO,
the country became the world’s largest
importer of soybeans (mainly benefiting
Argentina, Brazil and the United
18 SAISPHERE
three decades seems to have escaped
the attention of many China watchers.
The country’s traditional preoccupation
with food security and fears of grain
shortages or famine appear to have
evaporated. Food supply has never
been more abundant and varied than it
is today, even in remote towns and in
years of floods or droughts. However,
food safety has become a major new
The story of the nation’s agricultural transformation is not as
well known as the story of its emergence as the world’s No. 1
producer and exporter of manufactured products.
States) and wood products (benefiting
Canada, Russia, and many countries in
Africa, Asia and Latin America). The
bilateral U.S.-China trade balance is
strongly in China’s favor, but the United
States enjoys a large and growing trade
surplus with China in agricultural
products.
How could all these changes have
happened so quickly? After all, China
was still a very poor, low-productivity,
largely autarkic grain economy when
market reforms started under Communist
Party leader Deng Xiaoping in the
late 1970s, when all farming was still
“collective.” The story of the nation’s
agricultural transformation is not as
well known as the story of its emergence
as the world’s No. 1 producer and
exporter of manufactured products.
The fact that China’s output and
total factor productivity growth in
agriculture outpaced world averages
by wide margins for most of the past
concern, which may explain the rapidly
growing interest in organic farming.
(Internationally, the best-known
example of food-quality tampering in
China is the milk scandal of 2008 that
sickened 300,000 people and killed at
least six infants.)
As a result of vastly improved infrastructure
(rail, road, air, river, port and
telecommunication), storage facilities
and private trading, domestic markets
for agricultural products have become
integrated to the point where regional
price differences can be explained
almost entirely by transportation costs,
as in the United States. China’s agricultural
land tax, an important source of
government revenues (as well as farmer
complaints) for millennia, was abolished
in 2006.
Agricultural research in China is
highly developed, especially in the field
of biotechnology. The use of genetically
modified (GM) seed for nonfood crops
China’s Key Demographic, Employment and Output Indicators
1952 1978 2009
Population (% of total)
Urban population (China’s definition) 12.5 17.9 46.6
Rural population
Employment (% of total employed)
87.5 82.1 53.4
Primary industry (agriculture, forestry, fisheries) 83.5 70.5 38.1
Secondary industry (manufacturing, construction, mining) 7.4 17.3 27.8
Tertiary industry (services)
Production (% of total)
9.1 12.2 34.1
Primary industry (agriculture, forestry, fisheries) 50.5 28.1 10.3
Secondary industry (manufacturing, construction, mining) 20.9 48.2 46.3
Tertiary industry (services) 28.6 23.7 43.4
Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2010
(mainly cotton) has been common
since the late 1990s, but for biosafety
and other reasons (including rejection
by the EU), Beijing has been reluctant
to approve GM food crops. Nonetheless,
GM corn and rice were recently
approved—subject to further testing
and certification. Genetically modified
seed for minor food plants such
as papaya, tomato and bell pepper was
approved earlier.
Market Reforms in Rural China
Deng’s economic reforms started in
rural China. By 1983 they had resulted
in the complete de-collectivization
of agriculture and in annual income
growth of more than 10 percent for
most farmers, who then accounted
for the bulk of the total population.
The new system for agriculture, the
“Household Responsibility System,”
allowed individual farm families (on
plots leased from the local village
committee) to sell on the free market
whatever they could produce in excess
of their plan quota sold at the official
government price. It was an extremely
successful incentive-based system.
Until the mid-1980s, rural incomes
grew much faster than urban incomes.
The reverse happened most years
thereafter, and by 2010 average per
capita urban incomes were more than
2.8 times as high as average per capita
rural incomes, perhaps a world record.
That is how market reforms quickly
became popular in China and spread
to other parts of the economy, including
state-owned industrial enterprises
in urban areas. In the meantime, as
a result of internal migration and
industrialization, the share of gross
domestic product (GDP) and employment
accounted for by agriculture
declined rapidly. China’s population
is now about 50 percent urbanized,
and the contribution of agriculture to
GDP has fallen below 10 percent. (The
comparable number for India is about
20 percent.) Even in rural areas, nonagricultural
activities now account for
at least half of output and employment.
The chart at left shows the structural
shifts that occurred between 1952 and
2009 (the last year for which complete
national accounts are available).

When, as a result of market reforms,
agricultural productivity began to rise
steeply in the early 1980s, surplus labor
began to move away from the farm, first
to emerging rural industries—usually
collectively owned—in nearby towns
and later, from the early 1990s, to the
big cities in eastern China, where the
demand for cheap labor was exploding.
China’s total migrant population living
in urban areas, often without access
to subsidized urban services such as
health and education (because many
lack a permanent urban registration
certificate, or hukou), is estimated at
175 million. The share of agricultural
employment in China today is about
one-third, roughly the same as in Japan
in 1960 and South Korea in 1970. The
migration of agricultural surplus labor
to higher-productivity jobs will continue
for at least another decade, supporting
high economic growth for the
country as a whole.
Food Security and International Trade
China’s traditional preoccupation with
food security—which means grain selfsufficiency—is
more easily understood
when one realizes the country’s share of
the world’s arable land and freshwater
resources (7 percent in both instances)
is only a fraction of the country’s share
of the global population (20 percent).
Joining the WTO was a breakthrough
of historical importance for China and
the world for many reasons, including
confirmation of China’s willingness
to increase its dependence on international
trade for food security. Most
agricultural trade, both imports and
exports, is now relatively unrestricted.
But for basic food grains, including
wheat, corn and rice, China continues
to aim at 95 percent self-sufficiency.
The recent surge in corn imports,
however, suggests Beijing is willing to
compromise.
Increased reliance on imports for
wheat and corn is in the country’s
long-term interest. Those grains are
mostly grown on irrigated fields in
northeastern China, where the shortage
of surface and groundwater has become
acute. China has no comparative
advantage in the production of those
grains, as it has for rice. Rice yields
in irrigated fields in southern China,
where water resources are still relatively
abundant, are typically among the highest
in the world.
It would be better for China—and
for the world—if it used scarce water
resources in the Northeast for the production
of fruits, vegetables, fish and
poultry (products that typically require
much less water and land per dollar of
value added than course grains) and
exported those products to pay for grain
imported from Argentina, Canada, the
United States and other countries that
do have a comparative advantage.
China should also use more “virtual
water” embedded in imported grains
and other products. (For an explanation
of how trade in virtual water can
help alleviate regional water shortages,
see “Water and Development”
by this author in the 2008 issue of
SAISPHERE.)
By joining WTO and opening to
international trade in agricultural
products, China can make more efficient
use of scarce water resources in
the Northeast, home to more than 300
million people—and thereby achieve
higher income growth for farmers and
more jobs in horticulture and animal
husbandry, a win-win for all.
Agriculture Versus Urban Development
Preserving agricultural land is an ongoing
struggle in China, especially in light
of the claim on land for urban development.
As in Hong Kong, there is no
private land ownership in (mainland)
China. Since 1987, urban land, owned
and administered by local governments,
has been made available on the basis
2011–2012 19

of long-term leases, usually 70 years,
that are typically tradable. Agricultural
land leases, typically 30 years, for individual
farms are administered by village
committees.
These factors mean the state—
or local governments acting on its
behalf—is directly responsible for land
conservation. The central government
in Beijing has ordered local governments
to strictly limit the rezoning of
agricultural land for urban purposes,
but the policy is hard to enforce. Local
governments have a strong financial
incentive to acquire agricultural land
for development, as they can cash in
on the huge difference between the
compensation price and the rezoned
property’s commercial value.
In the absence of private land ownership
and rural land markets, farmers
tend to get the short end of the stick
in the rezoning of their land for urban
purposes. The regulated compensation
price is calculated as the present value of
future agricultural income. The lack of
legal recourse against the acquisition
of farmland for urban development,
together with inadequate compensation,
is probably the most important
source of thousands of often violent
rural protests in China every year.
In response to those problems, some
cities have begun to experiment with
different compensation methods—for
example, giving farmers shares in
companies that will use their land for
commercial projects, such as shopping
malls or apartment complexes.
In the long run, China may return
to a system of private land ownership,
but—though much debated in
academic circles—it remains a highly
charged subject, and no major changes
are expected anytime soon. The issue
of land ownership is so controversial
in China because the Communist
revolution was based, in part, on the
redistribution of large land holdings to
the many millions of landless farmers
20 SAISPHERE
who worked for landlords, often under
conditions of semi-serfdom.
The nearest thing to private ownership
of agricultural land that might
occur is the conversion of long-term
leases into lease contracts of indefinite
duration, combined with full tradability
of user rights and the use of agricultural
land as collateral for bank loans.
A 2008 State Council decision made
that possible in principle, but there has
been no legislative follow-up. Unlike
India, China has few landless farmers;
a return to private land ownership
could re-create conditions that force
many farmers to sell their land to large
landowners.
To increase the supply of agricultural
land and permit the consolidation
of small plots into larger, more efficient
farms, Chongqing and other cities
with significant farmland within their
municipal boundaries are bulldozing
rural village compounds. The cities
house the villagers in urban apartment
complexes while issuing them,
as part of the deal, an urban hukou
to improve their access to subsidized
Unlike India, China has few landless farmers; a return to private
land ownership could re-create conditions that force many
farmers to sell their land to large landowners.
urban services. This can be a source
of enormous friction between farmers
affected by such policies and the local
authorities. China also is trying to
expand its agricultural or grazing land
through land reclamation. The result
of all efforts combined is that the net
loss of agricultural land in recent years
was zero.
China’s rural transformation has
progressed far since the late 1970s but
will not be complete until all agricultural
surplus labor has been absorbed in
alternative, higher-productivity activities;
landowner and land user rights are
secure; and the composition of output
has adjusted to the principles of comparative
advantage, as envisaged under
the World Trade Organization. n
Pieter Bottelier is senior adjunct
professor of China Studies.
Is
Agri
Despite the
emerging
consensus on the
need to
support
agricultural
development, the
question of how
to do so remains
controversial

culture
the
Answer?
By Marc J. Cohen
After decades of neglect, agriculture
is back in a high place on the
international development agenda.
There is now a broad consensus
among development actors that
agriculture plays an essential role in
economic growth, poverty reduction,
conflict resolution and tackling climate change.
Nevertheless, controversy swirls around the question
of how best to achieve agricultural development,
with sharp debates over such issues as land tenure
and optimal farm size, as well as what to cultivate
and where and how to do so.
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
Agriculture has “special powers”
for poverty reduction, the World Bank
noted in its World Development Report
2008: Agriculture for Development.
According to the World Bank, studies
show that economic growth based on
agriculture is at least twice as effective
as other kinds of growth in cutting
poverty.
Agricultural economist John Mellor
explained the reasons for this in a series
of works written between the 1960s
and the 1990s. In poor developing
countries, where agriculture accounts
for a large share of economic activity,
technological change in staple crop
production leads to substantial productivity
gains. This in turn creates more
employment opportunities on the farm,
lower food prices for consumers in
both rural and urban areas, and gains in
farm income (despite lower prices) due
to lower unit costs of production. Rural
people use their higher incomes to
purchase nonfarm goods and services,
thereby stimulating growth throughout
the economy. And finally, continued
productivity gains in agriculture generate
the basis for industrial development
(one Mellor-edited study is titled Agriculture
on the Road to Industrialization).
Mellor’s theory—often referred to as
“agricultural growth linkages”—drew
heavily on evidence from South Asia’s
“green revolution.”
Contemporary development thinking
focuses on poverty reduction as
much as economic growth, as reflected
in the U.N.’s Millennium Development
Goals. According to the U.N. International
Fund for Agricultural Development,
at least 70 percent of the world’s
extremely poor people—those living
on the equivalent of less than $1.25
a day—reside in the rural areas of
developing countries. In Sub-Saharan
Africa and South and Southeast Asia,
the figure is 75 percent or more. Poor
rural dwellers rely on agriculture and
related activities for their livelihoods,
either as members of farming or herding
households or as agricultural,
forestry and fishery workers. Ironically,
according to the U.N. Millennium
Project’s Task Force on Hunger, fully
half of all hungry people live in small-
2011–2012 21

scale farming households. Another 30
percent are fishers, herders or landless
rural people. Despite their ties to agriculture,
they do not produce enough to
meet all of their own food needs and do
not earn enough to buy what they lack.
Investment in agriculture is essential to
freeing these hundreds of millions of
people from what the U.N. has called
the prison of poverty and hunger.
Agriculture also has a bearing on
sustainability. Its environmental footprint
is large; agriculture and forestry
account for some 30 percent of the
greenhouse gas emissions that cause
climate change, and poorly managed
farming practices can contribute to
soil erosion and water pollution. But
post-green revolution agricultural
research has paid much more attention
to sustainable natural resource management
and biodiversity conservation
while still looking at how to boost
productivity. In addition, there are key
agricultural pathways to climate change
mitigation and adaptation, such as
agroforestry (the integrated cultivation
of trees and crops) and adoption of
drought-tolerant crop varieties.
Furthermore, agriculture is implicated
in both conflict and its resolution.
Competition over agricultural
resources such as land and water and
disputes between settled farmers and
pastoralists underlie the intractable
violence in the Darfur region of Sudan
and other places. At the same time, there
is evidence that equitable and sustainable
agricultural development, as in Costa
Rica, can help build a lasting peace.
Down on the Farm
Despite the centrality of agriculture
to both economic growth and poverty
reduction, donors and developingcountry
governments alike have
neglected the issue for much of the
past quarter century. Official development
assistance (ODA) commitments
to agriculture, forestry and fishing
22 SAISPHERE
declined nearly 70 percent in realdollar
terms from 1987 to 2003, falling
from $11.8 billion (in 2009 dollars)
to just $3.6 billion. The share of aid
devoted to these sectors dropped from
9 percent to only 3 percent. For their
part, governments of low-income
countries, in which agriculture usually
plays a dominant economic role,
devote an average of just 4 percent of
their budgets to agriculture (compared
to more than 12 percent to military
spending).
What drove this disregard? There are
a number of factors:
n Governments—in the global North
as well as the South—tend to have
an urban policy and budget bias for
obvious reasons: Urban discontent,
especially in capital cities, can lead
to regime change.
n There is a school of development
thinking that views agriculture as
a backward, sunset activity and
focuses instead on industry, services
and urban development.
n The emphasis in the 1980s and
1990s on gender and development
and sustainability meant a reallocation
of resources away from agriculture,
even though women account
for much of developing-country
food production, and agriculture has
profound implications for natural
resource management.
Investment in agriculture is essential to freeing these
hundreds of millions of people from what the U.N. has called
the prison of poverty and hunger.
n Structural adjustment programs in
the 1980s and 1990s had negative
effects: Particularly in Sub-Saharan
Africa, the dismantling of parastatal
agencies that enjoyed monopoly
control of seeds, fertilizers and
crops often left small-scale farmers
worse off, as the private sector did
not necessarily rush in to fill the
vacuum.
n Some farm groups in donor countries
opposed aid to “competing”
developing-country farmers.
n The failure of donor agricultural
development approaches such as
large-scale rural development projects
bred “agro-skepticism.”
n To some extent, agriculture became
a victim of its own success; the
productivity gains of the 1960s and
1970s in Asia and Latin America led
to a sense of complacency among
donors and policymakers and
brought lower commodity prices
that made agriculture less profitable.
Over the past decade, the pendulum has
swung back toward “agro-optimism.”
In 2003, to tackle deteriorating food
security and rising rural poverty, African
heads of state adopted the Maputo
Declaration, which calls on African
Union member governments to boost
spending on agriculture to 10 percent
of their budgets and strive for 6 percent
annual growth in agriculture. The
World Bank refocused its attention on
agriculture and rural development at
about the same time and solidified this
with its 2008 report, the first in the
series to look at farming since 1982. In
2009, the U.S. government launched
Feed the Future, a three-year, $3.5 billion
global agricultural development
and food security initiative aimed at
supporting efforts owned and led by
developing countries. Other donors
likewise pledged increases in their support
for developing-country agriculture
at the G8 Summit held that year in
L’Aquila, Italy.
This revitalized emphasis on agriculture
is more than rhetorical. In real
terms, ODA commitments for agriculture
rose more than 170 percent
between 2003 and 2009, reaching $9.8
billion (still less than in 1987) and
accounting for 6.5 percent of all aid.
Supporting Agricultural Development
Despite the emerging consensus on
what needs to be done—supporting
agricultural development—the
question of how to do so remains
extremely controversial. Among the
major debates:
n Farm size. Although there is considerable
evidence that, hectare-forhectare,
small-scale farms are more
efficient, market forces and policies
alike tend to favor larger operations.
The vast majority of the world’s
farms (85 percent) are operations

of less than two hectares (about five
acres), supporting some 2 billion
people. But the 0.5 percent of farms
that exceed 100 hectares capture
a disproportionate share of global
farm income, enjoy privileged access
to policymakers and—particularly
in developed countries—receive
generous subsidies. Further, buying
power is increasingly concentrated
in the hands of agribusiness and
other powerful corporate actors that
generally prefer to deal with larger
operators who can deliver sizable
lots of produce.
n “Land grabs.” Seeking to ensure
access to food in an era of high and
volatile prices, investors from China,
India, South Korea and Persian Gulf
states have bought or invested in
tens of millions of hectares of farmland,
mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Although this means food and profits
for the investors, it is not always clear
what the host countries gain from the
deals. In many instances, small-scale
farmers have lost their land without
much compensation.
n Technology. The application of
science to agriculture remains controversial.
Critics point to adverse
environmental and social impacts of
the green revolution, which required
purchased fertilizers and pesticides
to achieve higher yields. Questions
remain about the long-term
environmental and health effects of
genetically engineered seeds, which
go beyond conventional plant breeding
to transfer genes from one species
to another (and among plants,
animals and microorganisms), and
many consumers reject the products
of these seeds. Proponents of hightechnology
approaches argue that
the alternatives—organic agriculture
and reduced reliance on purchased
fertilizer and pesticides—will not
generate sufficient yields to feed a
world of 9 billion people in 2050, are
extremely knowledge-intensive and
will require the clearing of new land,
thereby threatening biodiversity.
n Export versus local food crops.
“Food first” proponents advocate a
focus on staple crop production and
growing food for local and national
markets. But many donors and agri-
cultural economists favor highervalue,
internationally traded crops,
such as fresh fruits and vegetables.
n High- and low-potential areas. The
International Food Policy Research
Institute has found that returns on
rural development investments—in
terms of both economic growth and
poverty reduction—may be higher
in less-favored areas. These are areas
that are disfavored by policy as well
as nature, with poorer-quality soils
and more limited access to markets,
services and infrastructure. The possible
gains are particularly large in
the less-favored zones of China and
India, where additional investments
in high-potential irrigated areas
result in diminishing returns.
Need for Integrated Approaches
Although the controversies over how
to support agricultural development
concern important and difficult issues,
to some extent they reflect either/or
thinking. As the International Institute
for Environment and Development
has shown, it is possible to structure
land deals so they benefit small-scale
2011–2012 23

farmers. This depends on farmers’ having
representative organizations and
deals where farmers and investors alike
are allowed a say in decisions—for
example, joint investment ventures
involving farmer-owned businesses.
Similarly, effective farmer organizations
and cooperatives can improve
cultivators’ bargaining power vis-à-vis
large-scale agribusinesses and allow
them to aggregate small lots of produce
or purchase inputs such as seeds and
fertilizer in bulk.
Integrated approaches to technology
may make the most sense;
integrated pest and soil fertility management
relies primarily on organic
fertilizer and biological pest control
but judiciously employs synthetic
pesticides and mineral fertilizers on
occasion. Genetic engineering in
agriculture remains a hotly contested
topic, however.
On the farm, it is possible to grow
both cash and food crops, and of
course every food crop is a potential
cash crop, whether for local markets or
export. In Central America, East Africa
and Vietnam, small-scale farmers have
grown fresh fruits and vegetables,
thereby boosting their incomes and
also their production of staple foods
for their own families’ consumption
and for the market. Technical knowhow
acquired for the cash crops can be
used on the staples as well.
Finally, Sub-Saharan Africa needs
agricultural investments in both highpotential
and less-favored areas. The
problem in the region is a general lack
of agricultural investment, not neglect
of particular agroecological zones.
Renewed attention to agriculture
in development circles is encouraging,
despite the ongoing controversies.
With virtually all projections indicating
higher food prices for some time
to come, and with poverty likely to
remain concentrated in rural areas for
the foreseeable future, agriculture will
continue to be indispensable to the
development enterprise. n
Marc J. Cohen is a professorial lecturer
in the International Development
Program and senior researcher on
humanitarian policy at Oxfam America.
24 SAISPHERE
HigH
Food Prices and
By David Fowkes

Economic Growth
The debate over rising food prices—rather like
the discussion about the Great Recession—is
dominated by two kinds of arguments. For those
with ascetic tastes, there is the austerity theme: We
are living beyond our means, and rising food prices
presage Malthusian decline. For those impatient
with the jeremiads of scarcity, meanwhile, there is
the promise of intervention: Ingenious technological solutions will
once again raise the carrying capacity of the environment.
2011–2012 25

But both views portray the facts as
essentially negative—either a permanent
problem or a temporary slump,
but still a bad thing. This is unduly
pessimistic. High food prices represent
an exciting opportunity, especially for
developing countries, as a brief review
of 20th-century debates on development
strategy demonstrates.
The most famous example in trade
theory is Portugal and England, wine
and cloth, agricultural produce for
manufactured goods. The theoretical
point, of course, is comparative advantage:
Portugal should be growing grapes
and England weaving cotton because
that produces the maximum amount of
utility. At the end of the 19th century,
this doctrine was in its prime, and perhaps
its most paradigmatic instantiation
was Britain and—not Portugal, but
Argentina. Argentina possessed a huge
endowment of prime agricultural land,
which gave it a tremendous advantage in
producing wheat and beef for sale to the
industrial countries, notably Britain. By
the end of the 19th century, this flourishing
trade had made Argentina one of
the world’s richest countries—wealthier,
per capita, than France, Germany or
Sweden. When the young Argentine
economist Raúl Prebisch was challenged
to explain why his country should not
seek to industrialize behind tariff walls,
like Canada, he had a ready response:
Canada was poorer than Argentina,
with $1,500 per head to Argentina’s
$1,750. Comparative advantage
worked.
That reassuring conclusion, so
pleasingly counterintuitive to noneconomists,
was about to suffer a severe
loss of prestige, and Prebisch would be
a leading architect of its disparagement.
His journey from the “true faith” of free
markets began in the Great Depression
and had as its main waypoint trade
negotiations with Britain. The onset
of the Depression led Britain to adopt
a tariff system giving her colonies first
access to her market, and Argentina
risked being shut out. In 1932, this
26 SAISPHERE
vulnerability forced a London-bound
Argentine delegation, which included
Prebisch, into accepting the Roca-
Runciman Treaty. The deal guaranteed
Argentina a beef sales quota (at a low
level) in exchange for the removal of
tariffs on all British goods and a commitment
to purchase 100 percent of
coal requirements from Britain. The
agreement was widely branded treasonous
in Argentina, but what was the
government to do? Argentina was not
an industrial power but an agricultural,
trading country.
Argentina Bounces Back
Helplessness, however, did not have to
be a permanent condition. The longerrun
alternative was to stop relying on
agriculture and trade. By the 1950s,
Prebisch had found both the intellectual
rationale and the institutional
position to recommend just that policy—and
not merely in Argentina, but
throughout the developing world. The
Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis (developed
independently by another economist,
Hans Singer) settled the Canada-
Argentina debate: The reason it was
better to be industrializing Canada
than agricultural Argentina was that
terms of trade were ineluctably shifting
against agricultural producers because
As the Financial Times explained in a wonderful headline,
“Argentina Is to Import South Korea Cars for Peanuts.”
manufacturers were capable of greater
productivity gains than farmers. Simply,
Britain would be giving up less and
less to buy Argentine beef.
The answer for peripheral agricultural
states was import-substituting
industrialization (ISI): Give local
industrialists a captive market, via
tariffs, so the benefits of industrial
innovation would not be monopolized
by the wealthy center of the world
economy. Prebisch advocated ISI from
his chairman’s seat at the U.N. Economic
Commission for Latin America
(now CEPAL, with the addition of the
Caribbean to the portfolio). And he
was extremely successful: The “ISI era”
has become a staple topic of economic
histories of Latin America.
Unfortunately, Prebisch’s salesmanship
was better than his product. By
the 1980s, ISI had become severely
discredited, and in a very interesting
way. “Exhibit A” was the miraculous
development of East Asia, which had
started its industrializing adventure
poorer than Latin America but had
since effected a humiliating overtaking
maneuver, racing past a region weighed
down by debt crises and hyperinflation.
The gap with Asia showed up the
problem with ISI: Without the discipline
of competition, protected industrialization
just produced second-rate
industries, with customers whose loyalty
depended on the absence of alternatives.
The Asian strategy of exportoriented
industrialization had worked
because it forced producers to attract
foreign consumers in open markets:
If the products were inadequate, there
was no way to compel them to buy.
Furthermore, ISI contained a dangerous
and mostly unanticipated
anti-export bias, owing especially to
overvalued currencies. This export
shortfall obliged the Latin Americans
to borrow foreign exchange to pay for
industrial inputs and staples such as oil,
setting up the region for the debt crisis.
The hard-won lesson was that
import substitution has sharp limits.
Industrialization, however, retained
its prestige. In this respect, the power
of the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis
persisted: Development success still
meant getting off the land and into
factories. But a major and sustained
rise in food prices, which we are seeing
now, subverts this logic. As the terms of
trade move back in favor of agricultural
producers—thanks to a rising world
population, widespread economic
growth (disposing people to eat more
and better), and a fairly fixed supply
of factors such as land and water—the
developmental prestige of agriculture
deserves a revival.
Once again, Argentina provides an
apt example. The great economic crash
of 2002 was an extraordinary low point
for a country that had already plumbed
so many depths in the 20th century—
falling, in the process, to mere middleincome
status, a far cry from its elevated
position during the Belle Époque.

But the 21st century has since delivered
good news, with an average growth rate
of 7.6 percent from 2003 to 2009, even
in the shadow of the largest sovereign
default in history and a political leadership
capable of unpleasant little tricks
such as falsifying inflation figures and
nationalizing pension funds to get at
peoples’ savings.
The fundamental reason for Argentina’s
impressive rise from the ashes
has been spectacular Asian demand for
commodities, most of all soy. Simply,
the country is back where it was at the
turn of the last century, reaping magnificent
profits by supplying the industrial
world with food. As the Financial Times
explained in a wonderful headline,
“Argentina Is to Import South Korea
Cars for Peanuts.”
The Profit Picture
What are the implications of high food
prices for the development strategies of
“peripheral” countries? It is important
to recognize that there is good news.
Although high food prices have certainly
set off riots and reduced incomes
in real terms, these countries are not
just consumers. A half century ago,
the protest was that low food prices
systematically disadvantaged peripheral
countries, and more recently we have
witnessed bitter and justifiable objections
that Western agricultural subsidies
price the developing world’s farmers out
of the market. What is it to be? Is there
any price for agricultural goods that is
not a threat to developing countries? We
need to recognize that rising prices are a
sign of extra demand, which is good for
producers, many of whom are or could
be in developing countries.
There are also, however, two important
problems with growth based on
agricultural products. The first and
simplest is that monoculture economies
are vulnerable to shocks, which
may also have ruinous political consequences,
as Côte d’Ivoire has shown
in its fall from breadbasket to basket
case, which began in the 1980s with a
crash in cocoa prices. The second is the
connection between agriculture and
inequality. If a Jeffersonian model of
yeomen farmers is viable, this need not
be the case. But if economies of scale—
or crude power politics—dominate, we
should expect rising agricultural prices
to enrich a small land-owning minority.
Why should capital get the rewards and
not labor? As economist Arthur Lewis
long ago explained, the reserve army of
labor waiting in rural areas has a marginal
productivity close to zero, which
helps explain why so many people
have flocked to cities. The combination
of unevenly distributed land with
plentiful labor and high food prices
will drive inequality to extremes—just
the mechanism the economic historian
John Coatsworth used to explain the
19th-century origins of high inequality
in Latin America.
We have returned to the world of
the late 19th century, where growing
food for export to industrial countries
is a highly profitable endeavor. The
intervening century has been marked
by disdain for agriculture and a passion
for industry, with results ranging from
the heroic (South Korea) to the farcical
(Nigeria). But perhaps figuring out the
best way to industrialize is no longer
the philosopher’s stone of development
studies. Were a great dissident economist
like Raúl Prebisch to be reborn, he
would surely champion comparative
advantage and agriculture—a mix that
is once again working for his homeland,
Argentina. n
David Fowkes is a Ph.D. candidate in the
African Studies Program and an instructor
of comparative politics at SAIS.
2011–2012 27

Brazil & Argentina:
Boom
Commodity
Winners
By Francisco E. González
Between the 1980s and early 2000s,
agricultural prices experienced a
relatively stable trajectory. This did
not mean that regions of the world,
nation states or subregions within
given countries did not undergo
episodes of acute scarcity during these
years. In the West, we learned of these crises—far
away from home—through the heart-wrenching
photographs of humans, young and old, dying in
major famines; the globally televised fundraisers
such as Live Aid and Feed the World; and the
advocacy and financial support by multilateral
organizations and foundations.

Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
The generally steady evolution of
prices up until the early 2000s came to
be expected as a matter of course. This
sense of complacency was fostered by
a belief in technological progress—
associated in part with overconfidence
in the wake of the “green revolution”
of the 1960s and 1970s and in part
with the international organizational
infrastructure that created a big food
aid industry to supply spots mired in
sudden, acute scarcity. Chief among
these organizations were the United
Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO); the World Bank and
regional multilateral banks, such as
the Inter-American Development Bank,
the Asian Development Bank and the
African Development Bank; and superpower
agricultural producers, including
the United States and some of the
European Union member countries.
Along came the 2000s and with
them two great international agricultural
price shocks. In 2007–08, sudden
price increases in the previously placid
agricultural sector were responsible for
food riots in countries as different and
far apart as Burkina Faso, Egypt, Haiti,
Madagascar, Mexico, Philippines, Senegal
and Yemen.
Scholars, analysts, policymakers,
major agribusiness corporations and
farmers themselves have highlighted
a multiplicity of causes behind the
higher commodity prices.
On the supply side, the oil price
bull-run between 2003 and 2008 hit
agriculture significantly, given its high
contribution to the production cost per
unit in this sector because of fertilizers,
transportation and other industrial
agribusiness operations. Cereal stocks
fell to their lowest levels since the early
1980s. And, specifically in the United
States, growing proportions of the corn
crop were channeled into the production
of ethanol for use in transport.
On the demand side, experts identified
a structural shift in global patterns,
with higher consumption of animal
protein (itself raised through animal
feed based on basic grains) in the big
emerging market countries of Asia
and increasing demand for biofuels to
reduce carbon emissions. The latter
2011–2012 29

has created a contentious international
debate about the competition between
agriculture-based sources as to whether
to feed humans or to provide energy
for transportation. In addition, analysts
have cited the rise of commodities as
an investment class in global financial
markets in the 2000s. Such investors
have paid attention in particular to the
value of agricultural, hydrocarbon and
mining assets to serve as an investment
hedge against the long-term relative
decline of the U.S. dollar (most of the
main commodities traded in the world
remain priced in U.S. dollars) or as
high-risk, high-return plays in a world
characterized by historically low interest
rates in the United States, Europe
and Japan.
Supertankers and Paddleboats
Despite some general social, economic
and political effects, the 2007–08 and
2009–11 agricultural price shocks
produced results in Latin America
that were the opposite of food shortages
and riots. At the risk of oversimplifying,
a group of countries rich
not only in agriculture but also in
other raw materials such as minerals
found a new engine of growth in the
2000s, spurred by the export of these
commodities.
The winners of the latest “commodity
lottery” have been big, small and
medium-sized countries. Thus, certain
producers have done well since the second
half of the 2000s: sugar and coffee
producers in Brazil, Colombia and the
small Central American and Caribbean
nation states; soybean producers in
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and
Uruguay; and producers in high-value
niches, including asparagus growers
in Peru and flower-export growers in
Colombia and Ecuador. Big producers
of staples such as corn, rice and cotton
also have performed well.
On the other hand, the small producers
around the region have been
squeezed by the importation of cheaper
produce. For them, globalization of
agricultural markets has meant the triumph
of large-scale, capital-intensive,
advanced-technology agribusiness and
the starving of rural development,
forcing new waves of rural to urban
30 SAISPHERE
migration by vulnerable small-scale
agricultural producers, according to a
report jointly published by the Global
Development and Environment Institute
(GDAE) and the Washington
Office on Latin America (WOLA).
Among the winners of the commodity
boom, two countries stand in
a class of their own. To use a shipping
analogy, Argentina and Brazil are the
region’s supertankers in the contemporary
waters of global agriculture. In
great contrast, the small Central American
and Caribbean republics as well
as the poorest rural regions in the biggest
Latin American countries become
paddleboats in the midst of storms
when basic food staples experience
positive price shocks, as in 2007–08.
They, along with other poor countries
in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa,
suffer disproportionately whenever
food crises occur. If, as journalist
Martin Wolf wrote in the Financial
Times, “in many developing countries,
the poorest quartile of consumers
spends close to three-quarters of its
income on food,” one can easily gauge
the devastating human consequences
price spikes have on poor households.
A snapshot of these opposite developments
in Latin America helps identify
the dramatically contrasting challenges
that winners and losers face
throughout the region.
Agriculture’s Role in Recovery
The supertankers have made the agricultural
sector a backbone of their economic
resurgence in the 2000s. Mired
in punitive external debt obligations,
episodes of hyperinflation and interrupted
presidencies in the 1980s and
1990s, the two biggest (territorially)
republics of South America recuperated
from their last financial implosion
(Brazil’s a controlled one in 1998–99
and Argentina’s a chaotic one in 2001–
02) and then experienced sustained
high growth between 2003 and 2008.
Argentina’s case is intimately linked
with the boom in agricultural prices.
The country practices an admired system
based on crop rotation between
wheat and soybeans. The end result
has been a bonanza. Even more
important for Argentina’s medium- to
long-term outlook, it is the leading
world producer of genetically modified
soybeans. As long as global demand
for soybeans continues unabated, the
crop’s growth potential in Argentina
remains substantial.
Argentina also moved up the
value chain by participating in and
now dominating the processing of
soybeans. Thus, soy oil, flour and
biodiesel constitute the base of what
could become a knowledge- and
capital-intensive sector in the processing
of agricultural produce for commercial,
industrial and mass transport
purposes. The danger for the country’s
current agricultural prosperity is its
growing dependence on soybeans as
“wheat and soy rotation has replaced
cattle ranching and other important
food crops, with an effect on food
security,” according to the GDAE and
WOLA report.
Brazil is in a class of its own. The country is a supertanker on
steroids when it comes to agriculture.
Brazil is in a class of its own. The
country is a supertanker on steroids
when it comes to agriculture.
While Argentina’s recent fortune
has relied on soybeans, Brazil—aside
from being propelled by global corporate
champions, including Petrobras,
Vale, Embraer and Odebrecht—has
a mighty agricultural arm. Newsweek
reported that Brazil is the world’s largest
exporter of beef, soybeans, sugarcane,
coffee, ethanol and frozen chickens.
It is also a top-10 world producer
of wheat, rice, corn, citrus and cocoa.
The main contradictions for Brazil
stem from instituting a very successful
large-scale capitalist agriculture while
at the same time allowing deforestation
and rural development to take the
backseat. How far can these contradictions
be pushed? Optimists and pessimists
continue to make their case in
what remains a large, complex emerging
market with a democratic process.

While the going is good, it is easy to
envisage the global capitalist model
retaining the upper hand.
Lifting All Boats
Many small countries, particularly in
Central America and the Caribbean
but also in subsistence agriculturedominant
areas in countries as different
as Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Mexico, Paraguay and Peru, continue
to suffer in two ways. First, their
chances of selling surplus production
has been undercut by cheaper imports.
Second, because the greatest portion
of their income is devoted to securing
food, the price spikes hurt them
disproportionately compared to the
middle and upper classes. There is no
easy solution. A silver bullet might not
even exist, but we have to keep sharpening
our critical skills to think about
alternatives.
In the Western Hemisphere, multi-
lateral forums that deal with responses
to agricultural price shocks, food
security, food versus fuels, “land grabs”
and displacement, and climate change
and water levels should give priority
to the small Central American and
Caribbean republics. They should also
emphasize the poorest rural sectors in
countries where communities continue
to be displaced by the self-reinforcing
success of economies of scale that are
underpinned by the financing, transport,
storage and distribution clout of
vertically integrated corporations.
“Small is beautiful” may be close to
a contradiction in terms when referring
to capitalist agriculture, but any
perspective that takes the welfare of
all individual human beings seriously
needs to consider the possibility of successful
rural development. Such a perspective
would mean that supertankers
Argentina and Brazil should mind
paddleboats, such as the small Central
American and Caribbean republics
—or, for that matter, the poorest rural
areas in South Asian and Sub-Saharan
countries—as much as they mind other
supertankers, such as Canada, the EU
and the United States.
In turn, these agricultural giants
should also mind and help poor, vulnerable
countries—not through handouts
but through rule changes eliminating
the subsidies and tariffs that
help the supertankers keep growing at
the expense of the small boats.
International relations specialists
will continue to say that such suggestions
are naive to the point of silliness,
but nothing is written in stone when it
comes to the potential for significant
international change. It happens all the
time. n
Francisco E. González is the Riordan
Roett Associate Professor of Latin
American Studies.
2011–2012 31

Hunger &

Conf
By P. Terrence Hopmann
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
Scholars of violent
conflict, especially
conflict within
states, have long
recognized that a
sudden decline in
the availability of
adequate food supplies, due, for
example, to extreme drought
or massive flooding, can serve
as the spark that sets off such
conflict. This is particularly
true when these catastrophes
affect weak, failing or failed
states that lack the institutional
structures and physical
infrastructure to alleviate hunger
and malnutrition in the face
of humanitarian emergencies.
Disasters, whether natural or
human, also can exacerbate
existing conflicts over identity,
ethnicity and inequality—and
the unexpected disruption of
basic commodities pushes the
conflict across the threshold
into large-scale violence. In
states where existing conflict
impedes the delivery of food
to the population, food supply
problems compound the miseries
associated with conflict.
2011–2012 33

Less frequently discussed, however,
is the relationship between protracted
social conflicts and long-term failure
to provide an adequate supply of food,
resulting in malnutrition and famine—
that is, chronic and pervasive food insecurity.
The term “protracted social conflict”
(PSC) is generally identified with
the late political scientist Edward Azar,
who defined it as “hostile interactions
which extend over long periods of time
with sporadic outbreaks of open warfare
fluctuating in frequency and intensity,”
quoted in Ronald J. Fisher’s book Interactive
Conflict Resolution.
Azar notes that PSCs generally
involve conflicts of group identity that
generate intense emotional responses
but are also a consequence of structural
inequalities and differential political
influence. Especially important is
the concept of “relative deprivation,”
namely, that it is not so much the absolute
destitution that matters but the perception
by one group in a social relationship
of being seriously deprived relative
to another group or groups. Conflicts
become especially intractable when
groups believe their basic needs are
being deprived, including the need for
acceptance, access to political power and
security. Therefore, although Azar and
most other scholars do not consider food
insecurity per se to be a cause of violent
conflict, they do acknowledge its central
role as one factor among many that contributes
to perceptions of relative deprivation,
insecurity, and the continuation
and escalation of social violence.
Violent Conflict and Food Insecurity
Significantly, this basic model of the
role of food insecurity in violent conflict
lies at the center of a 2010 report
of the United Nations’ World Food
Programme (WFP) and Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), The
State of Food Insecurity in the World:
Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted
Crises. The report notes that just under
1 billion people in the world were
chronically undernourished in 2010,
mostly in the less economically developed
countries, where they constitute
almost 16 percent of the overall population.
This represents a slight decline
from the record high that exceeded
34 SAISPHERE
1 billion in 2009 at the peak of the
global economic crisis. Nonetheless,
this improvement falls well short of the
goal outlined in the U.N.’s Millennium
Development Goals Report of cutting
this figure in half by 2015. The total
number of undernourished people is
highest in Asia and the Pacific region,
but the percentage of people suffering
food insecurity is greatest in the
countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, the
region most severely affected by violent
conflict since the end of the Cold War.
The 2010 WFP-FAO report focuses
on 22 countries that have been involved
in protracted crises, defined in terms of
the longevity of the crisis since 1996,
dependence on humanitarian development
assistance, presence of weak governance
or administrative structures and
fragile state institutions, accompanied
by high levels of food insecurity. In 20 of
these countries, human-induced disasters
produced by violence—whether
enacted primarily by the government,
by rebel or terrorist groups, or by
all-out civil war—accounted for the
food insecurity in a majority of the
events reported, in some cases co-
occurring with natural disasters. (The
two exceptions are Haiti and Kenya,
where natural disasters accounted for a
majority of the crises during this period.)
Violent conflict had especially devastating
effects in Afghanistan, Angola,
Burundi, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Iraq, Liberia,
Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan,
Tajikistan and Uganda. Among these
countries, the proportion of undernourished
people ranged from a low of
14 percent in Côte d’Ivoire to a high of
69 percent in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo. Chronic undernourishment
in these 22 conflict-affected
countries was approximately three
times the average of the remainder
of developing countries (excluding
the special cases of China and India).
Scores on the Global Hunger Index
were significantly related to low levels
of income, education, governmental
effectiveness, control of corruption
and years in crisis (R 2 =.72).
Malnutrition and Famine in Conflict Zones
Overall, although the world produces
enough food to feed its entire population,
approximately 1 billion people on
the planet are malnourished. At least
since the “green revolution” enhanced
agricultural productivity, the problem
has not been so much the inability to
produce enough food but how to get
it to the people who need it in a timely
fashion. Distributional inequalities can
be attributed to various factors, many
of which interact with a country’s propensity
to become engaged in violent
conflict.
Much of the world’s food supply rots before it reaches
the consumer, accounting in large part for the gap between
production and consumption.
First, some countries lack sufficient
arable land to feed their own people.
Many analysts have attributed Japan’s
expansionist policies before and during
World War II in part as an effort by a
densely populated island nation with a
small percentage of agricultural land to
seek food security through control of
nearby regions where food could be produced
more readily. Although invasion
of other countries in search of agricultural
products as a source of interstate
conflict declined after World War II with
the growth of international trade, it has
not disappeared altogether. Thus, in desert
regions where agricultural production
faces challenges involving access to
water—for example, the African Sahara,
much of the Middle East and Central
Asia—conflict crossing international
borders may result from efforts to gain
access to more productive agricultural
lands to feed hungry populations.
Second, world food prices may affect
the ability of people, especially in the
poorest countries, to buy the food they
need. A largely unintended but nonetheless
detrimental side effect of efforts
in the United States to increase the use

of biofuels led to a jump in world prices
for agricultural commodities, thereby
deepening food insecurity in many
of the poorest, most conflict-affected
countries of the world.
Third, getting food in a timely fashion
to people who need it depends on
transportation (including refrigerated
transportation) and the ability to preserve
perishable food through canning
and other means; much of the world’s
food supply rots before it reaches the
consumer, accounting in large part for
the gap between production and consumption.
Inadequate infrastructure in
many of the world’s poorest countries is
a major contributing factor to malnutrition
and famine. Because these problems
are often most severe in rural and
marginalized regions, this may exacerbate
perceptions of deprivation relative
to richer citizens residing in metropolitan
centers and reinforce tensions that
can contribute to violence. Reciprocally,
violent conflict itself may compound
these problems: When rebel armies steal
food before it reaches hungry people or
disrupt food shipments to punish their
enemies, that violence in turn enhances
food insecurity. Stealing livestock,
destroying crops and farm equipment,
and burning homes are often tactics
of both governments and rebel forces
engaged in civil war, increasing hunger
among affected populations irrespective
of their political affiliations.
Fourth, global climate change
affects agricultural productivity, often
in ways that create or worsen violent
conflict. For example, desertification
in the Sahel, the zone that traverses
Africa between the Sahara and the rest
of the continent, has made life difficult
for those tribes that survived on sedentary
agriculture while opening new
lands to nomadic herders. Because the
former were primarily black Africans
and the latter tended to be Arabs,
this has contributed to some of the
worst inter-ethnic conflicts in recent
years across Africa, including Sudan,
northern Kenya and Sierra Leone. As
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
observed, “Changes in our environment
and the resulting upheavals—
from droughts to inundated coastal
areas to loss of arable lands—are likely
to become a major driver of war and
conflict.”
Fifth, decline in agricultural production
has frequently led to large-scale
migration of rural populations to urban
centers or refugee camps. Thus, people
who previously survived on subsistence
farming lose easy access to food supplies
and may readily become victims of
malnutrition and even starvation. These
migrations often produce high levels
of unemployment that, combined with
crowded living conditions, tend to create
outbreaks of violence. Often, unemployed
youth become ready recruits
into armies, whether of the government,
rebel groups or local warlords, increasing
the likelihood that conflicts of interest
or identity will take a violent turn.
There are many reasons food insecurity
is related to violent conflict. It is
often impossible to draw direct causal
lines, as causality operates in both
directions, and food insecurity is frequently
embedded in a broader nexus
of poverty and structural inequality.
But the evidence is clear about the
close interconnection between food
insecurity and PSCs.
Two Cases: Somalia and Mozambique
These connections may be illustrated by
two cases, one showing the severity of
the vicious cycle and the other providing
some hopeful indications of ways to
break out of the cycle.
A severe drought struck Somalia
and nearby regions of northern Kenya
and Ethiopia in 2011, and in July the
United Nations estimated that 29,000
children had died and another 640,000
were malnourished as a result. Another
860,000 Somalis fled the country, more
than half to overcrowded camps in
Kenya. Although drought was the proximate
precipitant, Somalia has effectively
been without a central government for
two decades. In the prevailing anarchy,
massive deforestation has destroyed
the entire ecosystem, including grazing
lands and water sources, and much of
the arable land has simply disappeared.
A great deal of the productive farmland
has been leased to China, India and
Saudi Arabia, so that food is exported
rather than being available for the
famine-stricken people at home.
Further compounding the problem,
Al Shabab, a militant Islamist group
allegedly tied to al Qaeda, controls
much of the southern regions and
denies access to UNICEF and the WFP,
allowing only the Red Cross and the
Red Crescent to operate. The United
States has refused to provide food assistance
to the region out of fear that Al
Shabab will divert foreign assistance
to support its rebellion. As a consequence,
Somalian Foreign Minister
Mohamed Ibrahim argues that up to
3.5 million residents of the areas held
by insurgents could die of starvation,
according to former SAIS Professorial
Lecturer Stewart M. Patrick of the
Council on Foreign Relations.
A peacekeeping force of some 9,200
soldiers sent by the African Union
remains restricted to the capital city,
Mogadishu, and the United States and
other Western countries are reluctant
to supply forces, in large part due to the
political reaction following the death of
18 U.S. soldiers in a humanitarian relief
operation in 1993. For the better part
of 20 years, Somalia has been a locus
of both violent conflict and famine that
continually reinforce one another.
Mozambique, by contrast, is a relative
success story of a country emerging
from a lengthy and bitter civil war to
begin a long-term development program
that has made significant strides
to alleviate poverty and improve food
security. Between its independence in
1975 and the signing of peace accords
in 1992, some 1 million people died
and another 5 million became internally
displaced in Mozambique in a war
that pitted the Mozambique Liberation
Front (Frelimo) government against
the Mozambique National Resistance
(Renamo) guerrillas, each supported
in large part by opposing sides during
the Cold War. After a long and complex
period of negotiation facilitated by the
lay Catholic Community of Sant’Egidio
in Rome, the conflict was brought to
an end in 1992 with a comprehensive
peace accord.
Since then, the rate of growth in
Mozambique has averaged 8 percent
per year, while agricultural output has
grown by an average of 5.6 percent
annually, far above global averages. The
2011–2012 35

percentage of hungry and malnourished
people has declined from 59 percent
in 1992—among the highest in the
world—to about 38 percent in 2007.
One of the conflict drivers concerned
access to agricultural land. Even the
peace settlement brought further conflict
as displaced peoples returned to
their homes and farmlands to find them
occupied by others, while private entrepreneurs
sought to buy up arable land.
The resulting clashes delayed an early
rebirth of agricultural productivity.
However, an interministerial land
commission was set up with FAO assistance
to facilitate a democratic process
to resolve land disputes, and a new land
law was enacted in 1997 after consultation
with official and citizens’ organizations.
This law has been credited with
providing the foundation for sustainable
development and food security in postconflict
Mozambique.
In short, just as violent conflict can
aggravate food insecurity, effective
processes of conflict resolution and
post-conflict institution-building can
help create greater security in matters of
nutrition in the aftermath of long-term
violent conflict, thereby replacing a
vicious cycle with a virtuous one.
Policy Implications
This article focuses on the relationship
between PSCs accompanied by
frequent violence and chronic food
insecurity. Media and the policy community,
however, largely focus their
attention on disasters such as drought,
floods, hurricanes and earthquakes,
and the rapid responses undertaken by
international organizations, national
governments and nongovernmental
organizations, including Oxfam International,
Médecins sans Frontières,
International Rescue Committee,
CARE and UNICEF. But, at best, these
responders provide a bandage to deal
with the immediate effects of the
disaster without taking adequate longrange
actions to alleviate chronic food
insecurity or ongoing violent conflict.
The result is that countries such as
Somalia, which according to the WFP/
FAO report has suffered 15 combined
natural and human-induced disasters
between 1996 and 2010, go through
36 SAISPHERE
the same cycle of disaster on an almost
annual basis without any lasting
improvements.
At worst, humanitarian aid programs,
however well-intended, destroy
local markets and undercut indigenous
agriculture in ways that actually aggravate
long-term food shortages by driving
farmers out of business or into producing
exportable commodities rather
than food for local consumption. Aid
that is unequally distributed in favor of
one group relative to another, captured
by particular groups or warlords or
diverted by political elites for their personal
profit may similarly contribute to
conflict rather than alleviating it.
Policy should therefore be directed
explicitly at promoting long-range local
food production and, at the same time,
assisting in the management and resolution
of local conflicts. Even short-term
aid may be more effective without market
distortion if aid agencies buy local
produce when available.
In addition, the goal of international
assistance must move beyond disaster
relief to offer assistance in food production,
conservation, storage and delivery
to all segments of the population. Reliance
on disaster relief may more easily
attract political backing in developed
countries where the “CNN effect” provides
support for relief in the presence
of widespread, visible famine.
Leaders in developed countries need
to do a better job of educating the public,
media and politicians that the only
way to avoid repeated cycles of food
crises and violent conflict is to engage
in sustained efforts to build institutions
and infrastructure required to break the
cycle. The 2010 WFP/FAO report concludes
with the following valuable recommendation:
“Modalities of assistance
should move beyond the traditional categories
of ‘relief’ and ‘development’ to a
more diversified approach that includes
social protection mechanisms, food
security early-warning systems, disaster
preparedness, environmental protection
and rehabilitation, and building livelihood
resilience.” n
P. Terrence Hopmann is professor of
International Relations and director of
the Conflict Management Program.
China

By Tabitha Grace Mallory
The Sea’s
Harvest:
and Global Fisheries
When we consider
agriculture, and
in particular
the pressing
food security
issue, we
usually think
of land-based food cultivation. But
the ocean is also a huge food source.
Approximately 2.6 billion people
depend on the ocean for their primary
source of protein. Yet these resources
are just as finite as those on land.
2011–2012 37

In a report released in February
2011, the U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization stated that, as of 2008,
an unprecedented 85 percent of marine
fish stocks were fully exploited, overexploited
or depleted. As the world’s
largest producer of seafood, China’s role
in the sustainable management of international
fisheries and aquaculture has
enormous environmental, economic
and security implications. How is the
country handling its major challenges?
As China balances internal and external
pressures, what do its choices mean for
the rest of the world?
Law of the Sea Treaty
The U.N. Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS) is the most comprehensive
international legal instrument
that deals with international rights and
responsibilities with regard to the use
of the ocean. Though adopted in 1982,
UNCLOS only entered into force internationally
in 1994 and was ratified by
China in 1996.
The convention formalized previous
customary law on a country’s “exclusive
economic zone” (EEZ), extending the
zone to 200 nautical miles from coastal
baselines, throughout which a country
has exclusive rights over marine
resources and their uses as well as the
responsibility to protect them. Because
38 SAISPHERE
EEZs effectively nationalize fisheries,
countries can more easily regulate the
zones by controlling resource access.
Several international agreements to better
manage fisheries build on UNCLOS.
The treaty stipulates that countries
with opposite or adjacent coasts that
have overlapping EEZ claims—as is the
case with China and its neighbors—
must delimit their zones or agree on
measures to sustainably exploit marine
resources if territorial disputes remain.
Thus, China has signed bilateral fisheries
agreements with Japan, South Korea
and Vietnam, even while disputing territorial
jurisdiction with these countries.
Sadly UNCLOS came a little late
to prevent the widespread decimation
of fish stocks. As one fisheries expert
stated earlier in 2011, China’s own
waters are already virtually empty.
For example, the annual catch of one
of its four main commercial fish, the
greater yellow croaker, decreased from
220,000 tons in 1934 to 26,000 tons in
1985. Stocks have increased since then
but are still greatly threatened.
In the face of decreasing stocks,
China has strengthened regulations
over fisheries in its own EEZ. There are
now seasonal moratoria on fishing, and
the country has been seeding coastal
waters with hatchlings in an effort to
restore marine life. In addition, China
is working to decrease the number of
vessels fishing its waters.
Falling stocks and increased restrictions
have negatively affected employment
and profit in the Chinese fishing
industry. With a total of 13.3 million
people working in the sector, the nation
has the largest labor force employed
in fishing and aquaculture globally.
Because unemployment remains a big
worry, the government has created
retraining programs to help fishermen
move out of the domestic wild-catch
sector. China has invested in distantwater
fishing and aquaculture to relieve
some of the pressure.
Marine Fisheries
and International Relations
Chinese law distinguishes the country’s
near seas from distant-water seas, and
policies toward these two categories
vary. Near seas include the Bohai, Yellow,
East China and South China seas,
whereas distant waters include everything
beyond.
Near Seas
Fisheries management in China’s near
seas causes concern among other countries
over both sustainability and security.
Despite progressive bilateral fisheries
agreements, fisheries experts believe
that fishing still exceeds maximum sus-

tainable levels. Illegal fishing remains
problematic, though some progress has
been made. For example, the number
of incidents in which Chinese vessels
were caught fishing illegally by South
Korea peaked in 2005 at 584, then
decreased each year through 2010 (363
incidents) before rising again to at least
440 in 2011. Both Chinese and South
Korean officials and experts attribute
the overall decrease to greater efforts
on the part of the Chinese to stem the
problem through education and alternative
employment opportunities.
Why, then, have we seen a number of
high-profile security incidents related to
fisheries recently? In September 2010,
a Chinese fishing vessel clashed with
two Japanese coast guard vessels near
the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu islands.
The scuffle resulted in the apprehension
of the Chinese captain by Japanese
authorities, an embargo on rare earth
exports (minerals and metals needed
for smartphones and other advanced
technology) from China to Japan and a
cooling in China-Japan relations. A few
months later, another skirmish between
Chinese fishing vessels and the South
Korean coast guard took place in the
Yellow Sea, resulting in the death of
three Chinese fishermen. In June 2011,
a Chinese fishing boat collided with an
exploration cable from a Vietnamese
seismic survey vessel, and the incident
was followed by Vietnamese protests. In
December 2011, a Chinese fisherman
on a vessel operating illegally stabbed
two South Korean coast guard officers,
killing one and wounding the other.
Some analysts believe these conflicts
are part of China’s grand strategy in
Asia, though an alternative explanation
points to the effects of domestic political
dynamics. Conflicting signals and priorities
between the central and local government
are contributing to the occurrence
of these incidents. The central
government has an interest in preserving
China’s national sovereignty, but it also
strives to maintain good diplomatic relations
with neighboring countries—not
least to provide a stable environment for
China’s economic development.
At the provincial level, however,
local officials are concerned primarily
with economic performance, for which
they are accountable to the central
government. Therefore, fishermen are
encouraged to catch as much as possible.
Because fish are scarcer in Chinese
coastal waters, the country’s vessels are
venturing farther to fish and into waters
the central government says they have
a right to be in—where they come into
conflict with neighboring countries.
Add to this a bit of Chinese Communist
Party insecurity over China’s 2012
leadership succession, and one result
is a more aggressive response to some
of these conflicts so the Chinese state
appears strong to its citizens.
China’s bilateral fishery spats with
Japan, South Korea and Vietnam
have a very real historical and diplomatic
dimension. The long-fraught
relationship with Japan had been
slowly improving since 2006, but the
recent conflict was a serious setback.
Unless the situation improves through
confidence-building measures such as
dialogue over reconciliation, such disputes
about resources, including fisheries,
are likely to continue. China’s foundation
with South Korea is in markedly
better shape, and when clashes over
fisheries happen, they are less apt to
spill over and negatively affect the
overall relationship. The historical connection
between China and Vietnam
is also a difficult one, though conflicts
with Vietnam must be set in the larger
context of the South China Sea.
The dispute over the South China
Sea is mainly over who controls sea
lines of communication and the abundant
hydrocarbon resources believed
present in the seabed. But disputes over
these resources are diverting attention
away from what is the more important
resource in the area—the rich fisheries
on which coastal communities along
the South China Sea basin heavily
depend. Whereas the estimated hydrocarbon
resources are not a long-term
energy solution, the fisheries are renew-
able if they can be managed. China
has been dispatching fisheries law
enforcement vessels to patrol the waters
around the Paracel and Spratly Islands
for illegal fishing, though many people
suspect Chinese authorities are using
the fisheries as an excuse to assert control
over the South China Sea through
civilian instead of direct military means.
Distant Seas
Because of these growing pressures
on fisheries in China’s near seas, the
country has shifted its efforts toward
developing distant-water fishing. China
believes it deserves its “fair share” of
global fish stocks and sees distantwater
fishing as a way to increase its
ocean presence globally. The country
maintains that distant-water fishing is
an important part of its official “going
out” strategy—a strategy detailed in
the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001–05),
which encourages Chinese companies
to search for new markets and invest
abroad. Through preferential tax treatments
and fuel offsets, China subsidizes
its distant-water fishing fleets to fish on
China’s distant-water fishing strategy is potentially problematic.
Fish stocks around the world are already severely threatened,
which has negative implications for the livelihoods of
subsistence-level coastal communities.
the high seas and in the EEZs of other
countries. It is working to expand the
size and technology of its distant-water
fleets, already the largest in the world
(although its fleet technology is inferior
to that of developed countries) and is
making plans to exploit nontraditional
fisheries such as Antarctic krill.
But China’s distant-water fishing
strategy is potentially problematic. Fish
stocks around the world are already
severely threatened, which has negative
implications for the livelihoods of
subsistence-level coastal communities.
For example, China has nearly
400 fishing vessels in 10 West African
countries through bilateral fisheriesaccess
agreements with these countries.
But some West African governments,
heavily dependent on licensing fees for
their national budgets, may be issuing
2011–2012 39

more licenses than are scientifically
sustainable, and corruption plagues the
licensing process.
Plus, these countries do not have
the capacity to enforce fishing regulations
or police their waters for illegal
fishing. In Liberia, a country still
recovering after years of civil war, the
government effectively has no coast
guard. Chinese vessels often fish illegally
in Liberian waters, violating the
three-nautical-mile artisanal fishing
zone or landing fish in neighboring
countries because the vessels do not
possess a Liberian license.
Though originally entirely a stateowned
sector, now 70 percent of China’s
distant-water fishing companies
are privately owned. This means the
government has much less control over
their actions abroad than it once did.
Is Aquaculture a Solution?
Because of constraints on wild-catch
fisheries, China has expanded its
aquaculture sector and is currently the
world’s largest producer. Between 1990
and 2000, employment in Chinese
aquaculture grew by 189 percent.
Although aquaculture is a potential
solution to the depletion of wild fisheries,
concerns over food safety and environmental
issues persist. Farmed fish
are kept in quarters tighter than those
living in nature, resulting in fish disease
that is treated with antibiotics. China
struggles with clean water supplies, and
aquaculture water may be contaminated
with ambient biological and chemical
pollution. Waste runoff from fish farming
can in turn contaminate the local
environment, and farmed fish interbreeding
with wild fish remains a risk.
The Broader Problem
China is largely copying the fishing
practices of developed countries, which
have their own fishing fleets with global
reach. Fishery subsidies throughout
the industry have led to economic
inefficiency. One study showed that
40 SAISPHERE
subsidies were equal to approximately
half of one large fishing company’s net
profit in 2008. Efforts to eliminate fishery
subsidies through the World Trade
Organization should continue.
Also, some fishing methods—even
though legal—are destructive. Many
vessels are trawlers, which greatly
Overfishing is a collective action problem that requires creative
solutions through international cooperation. We are not oceans
apart at all.
damage the marine ecosystem because
they scoop up every living creature in
their path, targeted species or not.
Chinese fishing companies sell
about half of their catch, mostly the
high-value species, to developed countries:
the European Union, Japan and
the United States. It is crucial to realize
that consumer demand in these countries
is driving unsustainable fishing.
Western consumers can take steps to
help stem fisheries depletion by making
more informed choices about the
seafood they buy and by advocating for
better tracing and certification schemes.
China is the largest aquaculture
exporter to the United States. The
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
has detected in imported seafood
from China unapproved antibiotic
residues and other additives used
to mitigate bacterial, fungal and
parasitic growth. Some of these additives
are carcinogenic, and antibiotic
residues pose the risk of antimicrobial
resistance in human pathogens.
The United States has also found mislabeled
fish in its import inspections.
China is working on improving its
food safety standards, and developed
countries should encourage and
aid its efforts to do so. The country
pays close attention to the stringent
import-safety standards developed
countries have in place.
Overfishing is a collective action
problem that requires creative solutions
through international cooperation.
We are not oceans apart at all. n
Tabitha Grace Mallory N’06, ’08 is a
Ph.D. candidate in the China Studies
Program. Farmers are

India’s
Water
Crisis
By Srinivasan Padmanabhan
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
Raj Kumar,
who works a
small farm in
Doddaballapur,
a rural village
at the outskirts
of Bangalore in
southern India, looks anxious,
his brow creased with worry
as he scans the sky looking
desperately for rain-laden
clouds. His rice fields are dry
and parched, and if the rains fail,
he fears his crops will perish.
Groundwater—the succor of
farmers such as Kumar—has
failed him, too. Its levels have
dropped precariously and,
worse, power supply to his
irrigation pumps is irregular.
This means the pumps are not
operational when the need for
water is greatest, and the poor
quality of power delivered makes
pumping a risk since the motors
are likely to burn out. The cost
of rewinding the burned-out
motor coils because of lowsupply
voltage conditions is an
additional expense that Kumar
can ill afford.
on the frontline in battling the nation’s water-energy-poverty cycle
2011–2012 41

This scenario plays out across several
regions of India, where Kumar
and other struggling farmers are held
hostage to lack of power availability,
rapidly receding groundwater levels
and vagaries of the monsoon. Nowhere
is the link between water, energy and
poverty alleviation more stark than in
these regions, creating a cycle that often
spirals out of control.
The agriculture sector in India uses
85 percent of the available freshwater.
That groundwater is India’s predominant
water resource for agriculture is
reflected in the fact that the net irrigated
area under canal irrigation fell from 41
percent in 1971 to 31 percent in 1999,
while during the same period the area
irrigated by groundwater (tube wells)
increased from 14 percent to 36 percent.
Higher agricultural productivity,
declining farm sizes and more frequent
droughts have induced a dramatic rise
in groundwater utilization. Decreasing
public investment in irrigated infrastructure
(for example, canals) has also
meant more groundwater use. During
the period 1971–2010, the area irrigated
by groundwater increased sevenfold:
from 5 million hectares (about 12.5
million acres) to more than 35 million
hectares (about 87.5 million acres).
More reliable groundwater delivery
and declining extraction costs due
to advances in technology and, most
important, government subsidies for
power and for installation of groundwater
structures (for example, irrigation
pump sets) have contributed to this
growth. With 16.8 million energized
pump sets throughout the country, India
has more than four times the number of
irrigation structures of China, Iran,
Mexico and the United States combined.
Agriculture and Water Waste
Compounding the problem of water use
is the poor farm-irrigation efficiency of
only 20 percent to 50 percent. The other
50 percent to 80 percent of irrigation
water is wasted. Combining these data
42 SAISPHERE
indicates the agricultural sector in India
is squandering about half of the country’s
total freshwater supply. However,
from a basin perspective, we find that
much of the “wasted” water is reused, so
the loss is less than the figures indicate.
Nevertheless, water-use efficiency is
a key consideration, and yield per unit
of water should be maximized. The
latter also has a direct and deleterious
impact on the degree of exploitation of
groundwater and falling groundwater
tables across India. Nowhere is this
depletion more acute than in north
India, where the states of Rajasthan,
Punjab and Haryana have all the ingredients
for groundwater depletion: staggering
population growth, rapid economic
development and water-hungry
farms, accounting for about 95 percent
To put these numbers in perspective, the $6.6 billion power
subsidy is comparable to the country’s annual expenditure for
education and more than double its expenditure for health.
of their groundwater use. Data provided
by India’s Ministry of Water Resources
suggest that groundwater use is exceeding
natural replenishment, but the
regional rate of depletion is unknown.
Groundwater levels have been declining
by an average of 1 meter every three
years (1 foot per year). More than 109
cubic kilometers (26 cubic miles) of
groundwater disappeared between 2002
and 2008—double the capacity of India’s
largest surface water reservoir, the Upper
Waingang, and triple that of Lake Mead,
the largest man-made reservoir in the
United States. Observations from the
NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate
Experiment satellites and simulated soilwater
variations from a data-integrating
hydrological modeling system show that
groundwater is being depleted at a mean
rate in excess of the rate of replenishment
in the Indian states of Rajasthan,
Punjab and Haryana (including Delhi).
On the energy front, there are inefficiencies
as well. The agricultural sector,
on average, accounts for about 22 percent
of the total electricity consumption
in India. The figure is somewhat higher
in agricultural states such as Andhra
Pradesh (31 percent), Gujarat (32 percent),
Haryana (36 percent), Karnataka
(36 percent), Madhya Pradesh (30
percent) and Tamil Nadu (22 percent).
However, from a revenue perspective,
the sale of this electricity amounts to no
more than 5 percent to 10 percent of the
state electricity utility’s revenue.
The reason for this perverse state
of financial affairs is the adoption of
flat-rate pricing for agricultural power.
Under this system, when a farmer
pays a fixed price per horsepower per
month for electricity, the marginal
cost of pumping is zero. This leads to
energy waste, overpumping and inefficient
selection of crops. Moreover, flatrate
pumping masks the true cost of
power to farmers. When unreliability
is factored in, most farmers incur costs
of 4.5 to 6.6 cents per kilowatt-hour,
more than what typical urban dwellers
pay. From a political and economic
perspective, the flat-rate structure
enables the state to give the impression
of providing subsidized power to the
rural, voting population whether or
not that population actually receives
the intended subsidy.
Summing up, the tariff structure and
the combination of poor technology
and management are responsible for
water loss, unsustainable exploitation of
groundwater, and the high energy losses
associated with the distribution and
end use of electricity in groundwater
pumping.
Water-Energy Nexus
Access to groundwater is the most critical
factor determining the reliability of
irrigation water supplies, which in turn
is key to the full “green revolution”
package of fertilizers, seeds and other
inputs. Without reliable water supplies,
the risk associated with other investments
in agricultural production is high
because everything can be lost due to
variations in precipitation, forcing small
and marginal farmers into poverty.
Since groundwater availability is
relatively independent of fluctuations
in rainfall and there is often substantial
interannual storage, a farmer’s access to
water is rarely threatened by climatic
changes—at least on a short-term basis.
This gives groundwater irrigation a substantial
advantage over surface irrigation
with regard to poverty alleviation.

Furthermore, because groundwater can
generally be accessed at the time and in
the amount a farmer requires (by turning
on the tube well pump), farmers are
wholly dependent on the availability
and reliability of the power supply. With
uncertain power availability, they tend
to pump when power is available rather
than when crops need water. This leads
to over-extraction of groundwater, evaporation
loss and lowered water tables,
with farmers using higher-capacity
pumps to lift water from ever deeper
levels. The result is reduced on-farm
productivity and lower farm profits.
The depletion of groundwater
resources strengthens this selfreinforcing
cycle, which has led to
an increasing number of areas being
designated as critical and over-exploited.
One consequence of this phenomenon
is the gradual exclusion of farmers
who lack the means to chase the falling
water table by investing in larger bore
well and irrigation pump sets.
The pace of groundwater withdrawals
and use in India is intimately tied
to energy prices. Reference was made
earlier to the low marginal cost of
pumping on account of the flat-rate
system of power pricing. The use of
flat rates for electricity, combined with
less than fully reliable power supplies,
encourages farmers who own wells to
maximize pumping of groundwater and
sales to neighboring farmers in informal
water markets.
The growing financial burden of
India’s state-run power utilities or state
electricity boards (SEBs) can be largely
attributed to the low-cost recovery of
farm electricity. States such as Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab and Tamil
Nadu have a free-power policy for agricultural
consumers; others like Gujarat
and Maharashtra have kept their effective
tariffs for the agriculture sector as
low as 0.9 to 1.3 cents per kilowatthour.
The below-cost supply to farmers
is compensated by state governments in
two ways: by state governments providing
direct subsidies to SEBs and by having
industrial and commercial users pay
tariffs higher than the average cost of
supply (e.g., cross-subsidy).
Despite financial support provided by
the state governments, there still exists
a revenue gap that imposes financial
burdens on the SEBs. For instance, as a
result of providing flat and/or unmetered
electricity to farmers, the total all-India
state power subsidy in 2008–09 was
estimated at $6.6 billion. This represents
more than 20 percent of the total all-
India state fiscal deficit, of which power
sector subsidies are one contributing
source. To put these numbers in perspective,
the $6.6 billion power subsidy
is comparable to the country’s annual
expenditure for education and more
than double its expenditure for health.
Falling Groundwater Levels
The performance of the Indian power
sector, the sixth-largest in the world,
increasingly depends on how efficiently
irrigation water is pumped, used and
paid for. Groundwater withdrawal is an
energy-intensive operation performed
throughout the agricultural sector,
resulting in a fourth of the power consumption
in the country being used for
roughly 50 percent of the national irrigation
consumption.
Many regions in India are witnessing
shortages in water supply, with groundwater
levels falling as much as 1 meter
every three years—to the point where
they are 10 to 20 meters below their
level of 40 years ago. Approximately
12 percent of all aquifers are severely
overdrawn, and the problem is exacerbated
by the runoff of surface water.
Lowered water tables can be attributed
to the overexploitation of groundwater
by farmers. Three states, Rajasthan,
Punjab and Haryana, have reached a
stage where even their current level of
groundwater extraction is exceeding
recharge and is therefore unsustainable.
Three other states, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat
and Uttar Pradesh, seem to be fast
approaching that stage.
Overexploitation, which has been
directly linked to unreliable power
supplies as well as suboptimal energy
and water pricing policies, is also a
significant contributor to India’s growing
carbon emissions, as considerable
additional pumping energy is required
to extract ever deeper water supplies.
In addition, overwithdrawal, coupled
with the lack of effective groundwater
management strategies—such as
India’s Water
Situation at a Glance
n Rainfall is erratic in four out of
10 years.
n 68 percent of India’s cultivated
area is subjected to varying degrees
of drought.
n Each year, about 50 million people
are exposed to drought.
n 35 percent of the country’s land
area receives between 750 and
1,125 millimeters of rainfall every
year and is drought-prone.
n 21 percent of the country’s area
receives less than 500 millimeters
of rainfall.
n Most drought-prone areas lie in
the arid (19.6 percent), semi-arid
(37 percent) and sub-humid (21
percent) regions of the country,
accounting for 77.6 percent of its
total land area.
aquifer recharge and the loss of topsoil
due to commercial exploitation of forests—has
led to the widespread use of
lower-quality groundwater, exposing
affected populations to potentially serious
long-term health risks from fluoride,
increased salinity and microbiological
contamination.
The national and state governments
are working on a variety of business and
technological models that advance enduse
energy and water efficiency in Indian
agriculture. There are also ongoing pilot
demonstrations for contract models that
typically involve utility-farmer-private
sector partnerships, with benefits arising
out of energy savings allocated in proportion
to the risks each party assumes.
For farmers like Raj Kumar, a solution
to the age-old problem of rural poverty
due to the inability to water crops
as needed is inextricably linked to the
water-energy nexus. n
Srinivasan Padmanabhan was a visiting
research scholar and a professorial
lecturer in the Energy, Resources and
Environment Program in spring 2011
and is director of the South Asia Regional
Initiative for Energy at the U.S. Agency
for International Development.
2011–2012 43

Global
Warming,
Agriculture
and Biofuels: A
Combustible
Will global warming severely
undermine global food
production? That is the
most interesting and
consequential question
confronting agriculture over
the next century. A secondary
but still important question is whether biofuels
should be part of a renewable energy strategy. More
pointedly, do biofuel mandates and subsidies disrupt
world food supplies and inflate food prices while
inadvertently contributing to global warming?
The two questions are connected. If
biofuels can be part of a robust climate
policy, the threat of global warming to
agriculture is reduced. But if biofuel
policies exacerbate warming, world agriculture
suffers a double blow—higher
temperatures and the diversion of output
away from food production. Even as
scholars explore these questions, there
are no definitive answers. The degree of
uncertainty concerning global warming
and agriculture is itself troubling.
This uncertainty has three sources.
First, no one knows how much global,
44 SAISPHERE
By Charles Pearson
regional and local temperature and
weather—especially rainfall—will
change. Research scientist Andrei
Sokolov and his colleagues, using
MIT’s integrated assessment model of
climate, have attempted to bound people’s
uncertainty. They estimate that,
with no explicit climate policy, there
is a 95 percent probability that the
average global temperature this century
will increase between 3.5 and 7.4
degrees Celsius, with a median value of
5.1 degrees Celsius (7.4 degrees Celsius
is 13.3 degrees Fahrenheit). These

numbers are potentially catastrophic.
Recall that a global average conceals
uneven distribution spatially and over
the seasons. W. Michael Haneman at
the University of California, Berkeley,
estimates that summertime temperatures
in the agriculturally rich Central
Valley in California would rise some
2.5 times the global average. Using the
upper bound of Sokolov’s estimate, this
suggests a rise of 33.3 degrees Fahrenheit,
far above catastrophic levels.
Second, we also do not know what,
if any, binding international agreements
on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions
will emerge following the termination
of the Kyoto Protocol obligations in
2012. The aspirational target of capping
temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius
agreed to at the U.N. climate summit in
Cancun, Mexico, last year is ambitious
but has no legal force, does not reflect
either a scientific or economic consensus,
and—despite local initiatives—is
unlikely to be achieved.
Finally, we do not know whether
productivity gains through agricultural
research and development, and possible
productivity gains from carbon fertilization,
can offset production declines
due to global warming. Declines can
be anticipated even if not predicted
with certainty. They will result from
heat stress on plants, greater scarcity
and seasonal variability of water for
rain-fed and irrigated crops, and the
loss of highly fertile delta and river bottomlands
as sea levels rise and flooding
increases. The challenge will be more
difficult because world population and
income growth are expected to double
food demand during the first half of
this century.
In this fraught context, should promotion
of biofuels be part of a green
energy strategy?
Dubious Subsidies and Mandates
If one considers reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and especially carbon
dioxide as the centerpiece of climate
policy, mandates requiring that biofuels
be blended into transportation fuels
appear superficially attractive. Fossil
fuel takes carbon from under the earth,
where it is harmless, burns it and emits
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
that carbon as carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere, where it is harmful. In
contrast, biofuel crops extract carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere during
the growth phase and release carbon
dioxide when they are burned or
decompose. The goal with biofuels is to
recycle carbon, not to add to the active
stock. Let sleeping carbon lie.
This simple idea has been taken up
by many governments with perhaps
more enthusiasm than good sense.
Aside from cost, two major problems
have emerged: indirect increases in
carbon emissions via the conversion
of land to biofuel crops, and pressures
on food production and prices. To
understand these problems, recall that
biofuels come in three main flavors,
depending on their feedstock: ethanol,
made from sugars and starches (corn,
sugarcane); biodiesel from fats and oils
(palm oil, rapeseed, soy); and cellulosic
ethanol from cellulose (woody material,
grasses). The technology for the
first two has been well established for
decades, but except for sugar in Brazil,
the costs are high and large subsidies
are needed. Cellulosic technology is at
an early stage.
Biofuels do not float down from the
heavens like manna. They or their feedstocks
must be cultivated and harvested.
Shifting land from its current status to
biofuel feedstock production can initially
increase carbon emissions from
surface biomass (often by burning vegetation)
and from carbon stored in soils.
For example, clearing marginal land for
corn and preparing the soil will result in
a pulse of carbon emissions today.
Readers inside the Washington
Beltway may have seen the loss of
scrub forest and loblolly pine and the
expansion of soy and corn fields over
the past 20 years as they traversed the
Eastern Shore in their summer trek to
Rehoboth, Delaware. This sort of land
conversion creates a “carbon debt” that
can be repaid over time by the carbonneutral
crop (corn, sugarcane, soy)
displacing the use of fossil fuels. The
debt and timescale can be significant,
however, and lie at the heart of allegations
that biofuels accelerate rather
than moderate global warming.
2011–2012 45

Nature Conservancy scientist Joseph
Fargione and his colleagues, publishing
in the journal Science, have calculated
the number of years before a
carbon-neutral fuel replacing fossil
fuels can erase the carbon debt from
land conversion as follows:
n Indonesian peatland tropical forest
to palm biodiesel: 419 years
n Brazilian Amazon to soy biodiesel:
319 years
n U.S. central grasslands to corn ethanol:
93 years
n Indonesian tropical rainforest to
palm biodiesel: 86 years
n Brazilian cerrado (wooded grassland)
to corn ethanol: 37 years
n Brazilian cerrado to sugarcane ethanol:
17 years
These estimates call into question
the life-cycle carbon neutrality of biofuels
unless they are made exclusively
from agricultural wastes or are on
already degraded and abandoned land.
Three other points are relevant and
potentially damaging. First, land is
fungible. Even if one is certain the biofuel
itself does not release carbon from
land conversion, additional demand is
placed on other crops and, through a
knock-on effect, can lead to land conversion
and carbon release. Second, the
timing is important. A ton of carbon
released today from land conversion
is more damaging than a ton released
100 years from now. Land conversion
and biofuels tilt the time profile of
emissions in the wrong direction—
toward the present. The third point is
that under current accounting, carbon
emissions are attributed to the country
where land conversion takes place—
for example, Indonesia and Malaysia
for palm oil. But the real source often
rests with biofuel mandate policies in
biodiesel-importing countries.
Environmental and Food Supply Issues
To be fair, U.S. legislation requires the
lifetime greenhouse gas emissions from
renewable fuels to be less than the fossil
fuels they displace (20 percent less for
corn ethanol and 50 percent less for biodiesel).
For instance, the government
estimates canola oil biodiesel emits 48
kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent
per million British thermal units,
46 SAISPHERE
whereas petroleum diesel emits 97 kilograms,
and thus it (barely) passes the 50
percent reduction test. It is noteworthy
that in the canola calculations, 31 of the
48 kilograms arise from “international
land-use changes,” suggesting substantial
carbon leakage through international
trade. The EU also requires that
biofuels save greenhouse gas emissions
(35 percent compared to fossil fuel) and
are produced “sustainably.” A considerable
amount of carbon leakage may still
occur through indirect land conversion
and the numerous countries that
impose mandates without safeguards.
The second contentious issue is that
biofuel mandates cut into world food
and animal feed supplies and can cause
food price inflation. U.S. legislation
requires that in 2011 19.9 billion gallons
of renewable fuels be consumed,
of which 12.6 billion may be corn
ethanol (capped at 15 billion in 2015).
In 2010 the United States produced
39 percent of the world corn output.
About 35 percent of U.S. corn went
to ethanol production, assisted by
high subsidies and protected against
imports of Brazilian ethanol by high
tariffs. Corn prices reached an all-time
high of $318 per metric ton in April,
surpassing their peak in the 2007–08
price spike and about tripling their
2004–05 average.
These data are suggestive. But it is
not possible to definitively pin today’s
high prices primarily to ethanol mandates.
More generally, the empirical evidence
of the role of biofuels in the great
worldwide food inflation of 2007–08 is
controversial and mixed, and a number
of studies tend to put other factors
above biofuel mandates that were in
place at the time.
However, there is no doubt about
the effects of food shortages and soaring
food prices in developing countries;
in many of them, more than 50 percent
of household income is spent on food.
Food-importing countries are, of course,
most vulnerable. During the price
surge, food riots and unrest arose in
many nations of Africa, Asia and Latin
America. And the world food trade system
performed poorly. A large number of
key countries (Argentina, Brazil, India,
Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam) restricted
the export of grains. The United States
found it inconvenient to criticize too
sharply, as President Richard Nixon was
an early culprit when he embargoed soybean
exports to Japan in 1973.
The point here is not to rehash past
food crises but to look ahead. World
food demand is expected to double by
mid-century. Global warming is a fact,
and even with a serious world climate
policy, which is not yet in sight, food
supplies will be under pressure. Putting
expanding biofuel mandates into this
mix is risky. Widespread conversion of
land to biofuels, as is happening now,
can increase near-term carbon emissions
and can seriously disrupt world food
markets, with the heaviest costs borne
by the poor.
All is not lost. What is needed is a
highly selective biofuels policy that targets
technological advances in cellulosic
ethanol where displacement of food
Widespread conversion of land to biofuels, as is happening now,
can increase near-term carbon emissions and can seriously disrupt
world food markets, with the heaviest costs borne by the poor.
production is least likely, that eliminates
the distortive U.S. tariff on low-cost
sugar ethanol from Brazil, that phases
down the U.S. corn ethanol mandate,
that encourages Southeast Asia to preserve
its tropical forests and peatlands
rather than plundering them through
biodiesel trade, and that slaps penalties
on countries that traffic in unregulated,
uncertified biofuels. A restoration of
international funding for agricultural
research and development, and especially
research on adapting to higher
temperatures, is also badly needed. n
Charles Pearson ’66 is a professor
emeritus of International Economics, a
visiting lecturer at the Bologna Center
and a senior adjunct professor at the
Diplomatic Academy of Vienna.

Counting
on
Agribusiness
By Guy Pfeffermann and Nora Brown
By fostering
connections
between
agribusiness and
farmers, Africa
can promote
shared economic
growth with
positive social
impacts
The importance of agriculture to Africa’s
development and poverty reduction
can hardly be overstated. Agriculture
is Africa’s largest employer, supplying
nearly two-thirds of all jobs and
providing critical employment and
sustenance to the rural population.
Agriculture also accounts for a growing proportion
of domestic trade, which allows the continent to
feed its population and better protect itself from
external shocks in the global market. At the same
time, entrepreneurs in quite a few African countries
have responded to growing foreign demand for highvalue-added
products, leading to agriculture’s rising
importance to exports.
2011–2012 47

Take horticultural products grown
for export. According to the Kenya
Flower Council, the country’s exported
blooms account for 35 percent of all
flower sales in Europe. By successfully
complying with EU environmental
requirements, horticulture exports
now rival tourism as Kenya’s major
source of foreign exchange. Tourism
and agribusiness are interlinked,
however. Hotels and restaurants have
strong economic incentives to source
local food products. In Kenya, hotels
source most of their hard furniture to
locals. Other countries have also made
major strides in growing their agricultural
exports. Senegal and Mali have
expanded their horticultural exports,
and Ghana is successfully exporting
pineapples.
Yet, despite agriculture’s significant
role in Africa’s development, aid to the
sector has been in decline over the past
two decades. No one cause can explain
this trend, but a number of factors
are at play. One is the greater priority
placed on health and education.
Another is the recent economic liberalization
programs, which decreased
the role of the state in the agriculture
sector and increased incentives for the
private sector to engage. A third cause
48 SAISPHERE
is the belief that development aid for
other sectors, such as infrastructure
and financial services, will have positive
effects on the agriculture sector
without necessitating a large amount
of direct investment.
Investing in Agriculture
Statistics from the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
show that when the development
community has invested in agriculture
in Africa, the largest proportions
of funds have been targeted toward
policy, agriculture development, food
crop production, water resources and
agriculture extension services. Additionally,
much of the development
community’s strategy in recent years
has focused on increasing production
through improved farming methods
and adoption of new technologies.
Although the emphasis on improving
production is critical to boosting
African agriculture to the level needed
to sustain the continent’s population
and achieve development goals, production
alone will not reap the full
economic and social benefits the agricultural
sector can deliver.
According to the World Bank’s
World Development Indicators 2011,
during the past 20 years, value-added
agriculture grew at the modest average
rate of 3.2 percent—only 0.7 percent
faster than the population. On the
other hand, there has been a sharp
acceleration of manufacturing growth
(from 2.2 percent per year in the 1990s
to 3.2 percent during this century’s
first decade) and an even sharper rise
in the pace of growth in services (from
2.6 percent to 4.8 percent for the
same periods). At the same time, the
population of Africa has been migrating
from rural areas to urban centers.
This movement, along with a rise in
incomes, has led to increasing demand
for processed food products. With the
growth of manufacturing and services
coupled with its shifting population,
Africa has an opportunity to reap huge
rewards through targeted investments
in agribusiness.
Agribusiness is “a broad concept
that covers input suppliers, agroprocessors,
traders, exporters and
retailers. Agribusiness provides inputs
to farmers and connects them to consumers
through the financing, handling,
processing, storage, transportation
and distribution of agro-industry
products,” according to a recent report
by the U.N. Industrial Development
Organization. So defined, agribusiness
is the single largest component of the
manufacturing sector, estimated to
account for half the sector in Ghana
and one-third in Kenya. Although statistics
are scant, agribusiness also represents
a substantial share of services
and, in a growing number of African
countries, exports.
More significant to Africa’s future
than these shares is the marginal
importance of agribusiness—that is, its
contribution to growth. Much of the
accelerated growth of African economies
in recent years is in agribusiness
writ large. Urbanization and rising
incomes increase demand for food, and
especially for higher-value-added processed
and packaged products. With an
expanding middle class, modern food
stores are now a regular urban feature.
Increasingly, these stores are replacing
imported products with local goods.
As agriculture becomes more commercialized,
African agribusiness has

huge potential for expansion. From its
strong connections to farming communities
where poverty is widespread
to its rising importance in urban centers,
agribusiness touches all levels of
African society, making it crucial to the
continent’s success.
Therefore, what happens in agriculture—and,
more specifically, agribusiness—will
have a major impact
on overall development and poverty
reduction across Africa. Besides the
upstream connection with farmers
and the downstream connection to
urban marketing, agribusiness links to
many intermediate inputs: agricultural
machinery, fertilizers and insecticides,
agro-processing machinery, packaging
materials, transportation, refrigeration
equipment and telecommunications,
to name a few. A good illustration of
this can be found in the dairy industry.
Large local processors are developing
fairly sophisticated local and regional
markets in certain African countries
for the processing, promotion and
distribution of milk and other goods.
The agribusiness value chain spans
the entire pyramid, from top to bottom,
and has the ability to affect all
areas of the labor market. As noted,
farm families are often among the
lowest-income groups and make up
a large percentage of the population.
Meeting the rising demand for agribusiness
products translates directly
into more jobs for these families.
Because the supply of labor in rural
areas is generally not elastic—in other
words, people there are busy, especially
during growing seasons, even though
they earn little—rural wages are likely
to rise as a result. Further up the value
chain, jobs will be created in transport,
packaging and the other industries.
And recently, large corporations have
been playing a more prominent role in
the sector. Driven by rising world agricultural
prices and growing demand
for renewable fuels, these corporations
have been expanding their operations
and are experiencing a greater need for
management and leadership talent.
To take advantage of these current
trends and reach the full potential of
agribusiness in Africa, linkages along
the value chain need to be strengthened.
The connections between agribusiness
and farmers are particularly
crucial to achieving shared economic
growth with positive social impacts.
Cultivating Agribusiness Leaders
In the 2007 U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) report, Approaches
to Linking Producers to Markets, agribusinesses
were shown to provide a
wide range of extension services to
farmers—services traditionally supplied
by the public sector. These
included provision of material inputs
(often on credit), education and training
on new technologies and farming
techniques, and other services such as
produce transportation. More important,
the farm-agribusiness connections
studied for the report demonstrated
Much of the accelerated growth of African economies in recent
years is in agribusiness writ large. Urbanization and rising
incomes increase demand for food.
success in incorporating smallholder
farms. Where the relationship between
agribusiness and farmers was strong,
smallholder farmers benefited from
the certainty of having a reliable buyer
for their produce, and the agribusiness
benefited from a stable source of quality
produce.
The linkages between agribusinesses
and farmers studied in the FAO
report showed there can be mutual
benefits to such relationships. However,
as the report points out, these
connections are often the exception
rather than the norm. Strong, effective
linkages require mutual trust on the
part of both players; profitable business
models; and competent managers
to supervise the sequencing of transactions,
oversee financial planning and
take into account the seasonal fluctuation
of the supply chain.
Unfortunately, there is a shortage of
skilled managers with the local knowledge
necessary to effectively capitalize
on the opportunities in these emerging
markets. This critical component of
strong farm and agribusiness linkages
can be positively influenced by
investing in both human capital and
applied research. Business schools
are uniquely poised to add value in
both areas: They represent an effective
model of education, merging theory
with practice to teach basic management
and leadership skills relevant to
the specific needs of the agribusiness
value chain. Business schools also play
an important role in creating knowledge
networks, diffusing new information
and building local capacity.
In Kenya, the Global Business
School Network (GBSN) is working
on a program to train agribusiness
entrepreneurs at the Chandaria School
of Business. This program, which will
offer a certificate in management and
innovation for agribusiness entrepreneurs,
seeks to provide analytical
tools, market-oriented skills and information
to strengthen the quality and
productivity of the agricultural sector.
On a larger scale, the Association
of African Business Schools is leading
development of a Pan-African program
to bring business and leadership education
to agribusiness managers at all
levels of the value chain. A focus of the
program is the integration of smallholder
farmers with the goal of reducing
rural poverty through agribusiness
opportunities.
Although both of these efforts are
in the development phase and do not
yet have results to share, development
professionals interested in finding new
ways to catalyze growth in agribusiness
should watch them. As Africa
looks to the future, investing in these
kinds of interventions will be key to
producing an agriculture sector that
can compete in the global market
while providing jobs and food security
at home. n
Guy Pfeffermann is chief executive
officer of the Global Business School
Network, a nonprofit organization that
promotes management education as
an important element of international
development. Nora Brown B’04, ’05 is
chief operating officer of GBSN.
2011–2012 49

Empower

ing
thePoor
By Dalila Cervantes-Godoy
and Michael G. Plummer
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
How agricultural productivity
is reducing poverty and strengthening
food security in the developing world
Developed and developing countries
often disagree on economic
priorities. This was painfully clear
in the failure to produce an accord
at the World Trade Organization’s
Doha Round negotiations.
However, one rare area of global
consensus is the need to place greater priority on the
eradication of absolute poverty.
In developing countries, this suggests
the need to focus on the agricultural
sector. Most people who depend
on agriculture for their living in these
countries are poor, and most of the
world’s poor depend on agriculture for
a living.
The U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization estimates that in 2010
there were 1.02 billion undernourished
people. Hence, extreme poverty
remains an alarming problem in the
developing world. Yet, the poverty rate
has declined substantially over the past
30 years: In 1981, 1.9 billion people
were living on less than $1.25 a day, but
since that time great progress has been
made, particularly in East Asia. This
achievement is attributable largely to
economic growth; certainly, the lion’s
share of empirical studies shows that
poverty tends to fall with growth.
2011–2012 51

However, it is not just the economywide
pace of growth that matters for
poverty reduction but also its sectoral
composition, with agricultural growth
known to be especially “pro-poor.”
Although the only sustainable cure for
poverty might be economic growth,
some kinds of increased productive
capacity reduce poverty more than
others. Many studies underscore that a
given rate of growth can deliver diverse
outcomes for the poor, suggesting the
pattern—sectoral and/or geographical—matters
independently of overall
growth. If the poor live mostly in
remote rural areas and depend mainly
on agriculture for a living, rapid expansion
of urban manufacturing will likely
have less of an impact on poverty than
agricultural progress.
Poverty and Agricultural Productivity
The academic literature strongly supports
the view that growth in the
agricultural sector is more povertyreducing
than non-agricultural sources
of growth, at least at the lowest levels
of income. For instance, econometric
work by Luc Christiaensen, Lionel
Demery and Jesper Kuhl confirms that
agricultural growth is the most effective
source of reducing poverty among
the poorest of the poor (classified by
them as earning $1 per day or less). In a
policy research paper published by the
World Bank, José Montalvo and Martin
Ravallion find that, contrary to popular
belief, the primary (natural resources)
sector—rather than the manufacturing
or services sectors—was the real driving
force in China’s spectacular success
against poverty, in which approximately
400 million people were able to rise
above the absolute poverty theshold.
Increasing agricultural productivity
constitutes an important part of the
poverty-reduction story. Arthur Lewis,
who won the Nobel Prize in economics
in 1979, observed that successful economies
were able to develop by drawing
unproductive labor off the farm and
into manufacturing in the cities, where
worker productivity was much higher.
This had the effect of not only supporting
industry but also raising productivity
on the farm by reducing excess
labor. As suggested by the associated
52 SAISPHERE
literature (for example, an Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and
Development report published in 2011,
Agricultural Progress and Poverty Reduction:
Synthesis Report, by Joe Dewbre,
Dalila Cervantes-Godoy and Silvia
Sorescu), a clear negative relationship
exists between the poverty rate and
agricultural productivity. Moreover,
the relationship is concave; increasing
agricultural productivity is especially
effective at high levels of poverty.
A paper produced by the U.K.
Department for International Development
emphasizes the historically close
correlation between different rates of
poverty reduction over the past 40
years and differences in agricultural
performance, particularly the rate of
growth of agricultural productivity.
Agriculture and poverty reduction are
related via four “transmission mechanisms”:
(1) direct impact of improved
agricultural performance on rural
incomes, (2) impact of cheaper food
for the poor, (3) agriculture’s contribution
to growth and the generation of
economic opportunity in the nonfarm
sector, and (4) agriculture’s fundamental
role in stimulating and sustaining
economic transition, as countries—
and poor people’s livelihoods—shift
away from being primarily agricultural
toward a broader base of manufacturing
and services.
There are many contributory factors
to success in agricultural growth,
including access to output and input
markets accommodated by a good
transportation, marketing and processing
infrastructure; nondiscriminatory
tax and trade policy; high rates of
investment in agricultural research and
extension services; a system of ownership
rights that encourages initiative;
employment that creates nonagricultural
growth; well-functioning institutions;
and good governance.
Of course, although the poor in
rural areas count on agriculture to
make a living, they are also consumers
of food; in fact, they spend far more
of their income on food compared
with the nonpoor. There is no more
telling indicator of global agricultural
progress over the long term than the
steadily declining real price of food, a
trend reflecting technology-induced
growth in agricultural productivity
outstripping population and incomedriven
increases in demand for food,
as Julian Alston and Will Martin wrote
in the American Journal of Agricultural
Economics.
Variations in prices of food commodities
may also have special significance
for poverty outcomes, as
reported widely in the press during
times of commodity price spikes, such
as 2007–08 and 2010.
Yet, the fact that variations in food
commodity prices also affect farm
income is sometimes ignored. For
many of the poor, price changes have
an impact on both the income they
earn and what they pay for foodstuffs,
with opposite implications for poverty.
In some countries, higher food costs
undoubtedly increase poverty, while
in others they lessen it. As Lawrence
Chandy and Geoffrey Gertz pointed
out in a recent Brookings Institution
policy brief, the widely held view that
higher food prices are an unmitigated
negative for the world’s poor is incor-
Although the poor in rural areas count on agriculture to make a
living, they are also consumers of food; in fact, they spend far
more of their income on food compared with the nonpoor.
rect. Be that as it may, rapid changes
in prices certainly can have significant
distributional effects across regions,
countries and sectors; a quick hike in
the global price of rice may benefit the
poor in Vietnam (a big rice producer)
but could negatively affect the poor in
Nigeria (a big rice importer).
It is impossible to draw general conclusions
a priori about whether in any
given instance lower food commodity
prices are good or bad for poverty.
Lower food prices will inevitably lift
some poor people above the poverty
line and push some below it.

Boosting Food Security
This leads us to the discussion of food
security, identified as a critical area by
international organizations, intergovernmental
organizations, such as the
G-20 major economies, national governments
and many nongovernmental
organizations. The 1996 World Food
Summit, held in Rome, concluded:
“Food security exists when all people,
at all times, have physical and economic
access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food to meet their dietary
needs, and food preferences for an
active and healthy life.”
When there are international price
spikes in key agricultural products,
concerns are well-founded that an
increase in what people in poor countries
pay for basic staples will exacerbate
poverty. During the 2007–08
surge in food prices, an estimated
additional 300 million people found
themselves among the food-insecure.
Nevertheless, when food prices were
at their lowest level in recent years
in 2002, there were still 833 million
food-insecure individuals.
In developing economies, food
security is ultimately a problem
of poverty: Households are food-
insecure because they are poor. A rise
in the price of food will hurt households
that are net food purchasers and
lack alternative means of income support
outside agriculture. The policy
implications are clear: To render such
households more food-secure, they
must diversify their income sources.
In sum, agricultural growth is
essential to poverty reduction and
food security. Agricultural productivity
as well as accommodating institutions,
infrastructure and policy
measures are important sources of
progress in this area. This is not to say
that development in less-developed
countries is uniquely about agriculture;
manufacturing and services also
help reduce poverty rates and ultimately
become increasingly important
as countries’ incomes rise above
the lowest levels. Moreover, policy
also plays a direct role (for example,
targeted poverty reduction programs
such as Oportunidades in Mexico or
Bolsa Família in Brazil) and an indi-
rect role (for instance, conservative
monetary policies that keep inflation
low and liberal trade policy that allows
developing economies to specialize in
labor-intensive goods).
Nevertheless, a focus on agriculture
is usually necessary for any effective
poverty-reduction scheme. The battle
to achieve the first of the U.N. Millennium
Development Goals—halving
global poverty by 2015—will be
fought in the countryside of most
nations. n
Dalila Cervantes-Godoy is an agriculture
policy analyst in the Development
Division of the Trade and Agriculture
Directorate at the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
in Paris. Michael G. Plummer ’82 is the
Eni Professor of International Economics
at the Bologna Center, currently on leave
of absence from SAIS, and head of the
Development Division of the Trade and
Agriculture Directorate at the OECD.
The views in this article are uniquely
those of the authors.
2011–2012 53

54 SAISPHERE
S
Throughout
history,
securing food
resources has
been critical
for survival.
For nation
states, food security is
assigned a strategic value.
As such, it drives their
external actions in peaceful
or belligerent ways. From
ancient Athens to modern
America, agricultural
producers have sought
to protect domestic grain
supply, while those with no
possibility to feed their own
populations are forced to seek
out those resources abroad by
means of trade or conquest.

The New Oil?
By Mariano Turzi
In the coming years, access to edible
commodities will become a key strategic
source of power, bringing back to the
forefront an old fault line in international
relations: food geopolitics.
The strategic relevance of agricultural
products has been undervalued
relative to other natural resources such
as gold, silver and oil. Since the mid-
20th century, an age of abundance and
economic development, oil has been
regarded as the most critical commodity.
But agricultural commodities are much
more vital goods: One can substitute
driving for public transportation but
cannot help eating and drinking on a
daily basis. If energy scarcity can disrupt
the normal functioning of a society, the
absence of food and water can cause its
sudden breakdown.
As the geopolitical balance between
the emerging and the developed world
shifts, several trends will combine to
intensify competition for food products.
Decision-makers will face new
national security dilemmas and foreign
policy challenges. Some will come from
increased demand and others from the
nature of the supply system.
World demand for agricultural commodities
is driven by three Fs: food, feed
and fuel.
The first leg, food, is the result of an
impressive background demographic
dynamic: The global population, which
grows by around 80 million people per
year, was expected to surpass the 7 billion
mark by late 2011 and to reach
9 billion by the end of the century.
Renowned agronomist Norman Borlaug
estimated in 2009 that over the next 50
years, the world will have to produce
more food than it has in the past 10,000
years. This means a structural upward
shift in food demand.
The second component, feed,
answers to the rise of the emerging
world, with particular focus on Asia.
When living standards rise, so does
demand for meat and dairy products.
As people from Brazil, China and India
abandon poverty and move into the
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
burgeoning middle class, they diversify
their diets to include more vegetable
oils, meat and dairy products. There are
not only more people, but also more
people eating pork, chicken and beef.
The third element is fuel. Expectations
of oil price hikes and supply
shortages have triggered a growing
demand for energy from the biofuels
industry. Supported by policy mandates,
countries are seeking to diversify
their energy sources by incorporating
renewables. When the international
price of corn soared in 2007, Mexico
underwent a period of social unrest and
political instability due to the “tortilla
wars.” When corn demand from U.S.
ethanol plants soared in 2007, prices
spiked across the border. In the “tortilla
wars,” tens of thousands of protesters
took to the streets of Mexico City and
demanded a solution to the 50 percent
increase in the price of corn tortillas, a
staple of Mexican diet and culture.
On the supply side, climate change is
generating increased temperature volatility
and alteration of precipitation patterns.
In 2010, for example, a drought
and heat wave decimated the Russian
wheat harvest, leading to a rise in the
price of flour and bread worldwide. Second,
there are severe price distortions
due to global investors’ hunting for
safe hedges to diversify their portfolios
in times of financial turmoil, turning
commodities into an asset class. New
investment products—food derivatives
and indexed commodities—open speculative
opportunities that put upward
pressure on prices. Third, as urbanization
grows—in 2010 more than half the
world’s population became urban—land
available for cultivation decreases.
Finally, water mismanagement and
overproduction are leading to increasing
desertification, destroying previously
arable land. Although not immune to
criticism, biotechnology developments
have the potential to counter these
supply-reducing trends.
Desperate for Land
The nature and composition of world
agricultural demand and supply are
fast becoming important dimensions
of international relations, opening up a
2011–2012 55

new geography of power. On the bottom
of the pyramid are the most deprived,
the 1 billion who go to bed hungry every
night. Here, food security is equivalent
to hunger. In 22 countries, including
Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Haiti, Sierra
Leone and Somalia, food is not a matter
of power and weakness but of life and
death. However, in this new geopolitical
landscape, there are actors who own
different resources and apply distinctive
strategies to advance their position.
In some countries, demand outstrips
supply, and it is physically impossible to
move the frontier of production farther
out. Because of lack of land or water,
countries in Asia (China, India, Japan,
Malaysia and South Korea) and the
Middle East (Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
Emirates) have no way of keeping up
with increased domestic demand.
Leaders know agricultural shortages
or food inflation are directly linked to
social unrest and to potential regime
breakdown. Protests for specific grievances
can snowball into massive civil
unrest, as the 2011 Arab revolutions
seemed to confirm. Coupled with rising
protectionism since the 2008 financial
crisis, governments in these countries
are quickly deeming trade insufficiently
secure to provide for their populations.
In consequence, they are grabbing land
for food security. Although the means
vary—acquiring grain elevators, adopting
specific production agreements or
leasing land—the strategic aim is the
same: to secure supplies in the face of
renewed competition.
56 SAISPHERE
The controversial issue is that many
of these agreements are made by stateowned
companies, essentially creating
foreign enclaves in producing countries.
Local hostility toward “land grabs” is the
rule, not the exception. In 2007, the public
outcry about the China-Philippines
2.5-million-acre lease for crops that
would be shipped directly forced Manila
to backtrack. In 2009, the government of
Madagascar was toppled after it leased to
Daewoo Logistics Corp., a South Korean
company, half the island’s arable land for
export production. How would Beijing
react if, for example, the Argentine government
imposed a total export ban on
crops, in effect revoking the terms of an
already signed lease? Should suppliers
fail to comply, the only way to enforce
such contracts would be through the use
of retaliation or coercion.
Then there are those who produce
more than they consume. For agricultural
producers, surplus is power. In
a world that demands ever-increasing
amounts of agricultural products, countries
with vast extensions of fertile land
and abundant freshwater resources have
the upper hand. This is by no means a
coordinated group, coalition or bloc. It
constitutes by its very nature a heterogeneous
grouping: Not all countries produce
the same food commodities.
Soybean Is King
Soybeans are arguably the most essential
input in the global food system.
They are a highly efficient crop: About
40 percent of the calories in soybeans
are derived from protein, compared to
25 percent for most other crops. This
means the return per dollar spent is
relatively high compared to other oilseed.
For the poor, soy is an essential
component of any dietary energy supply
intended to inexpensively cover daily
calorie requirements. For the better off,
the crop is a cornerstone fodder component.
And because livestock can be
fed more efficiently with soybean-based
feed, the massive spread of the crop has
made chicken, beef and pork cheaper
and more readily available worldwide.
The biggest soybean producers in the
world are the United States and South
America; Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay
combined account for half of total world
exports. Demographic and environmental
factors are projected to increasingly
make buyers more dependent and South
American sellers more competitive in
the international agricultural market.
Just as the rise of American economic
might was made possible by a steady,
secure supply of oil from the Middle
East, the rise of China necessitates soybeans
from South America.
Assuming that relative scarcities continue
to deepen and move the world into
a new age of geopolitical competition,
agricultural resources will be at the forefront
of a global power struggle for food
security. In the oil geopolitics of the 20th
century, countries such as Bahrain, Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia
and the United Arab Emirates became
strategically relevant for U.S. foreign
policy. Will the rising powers of the 21st
century define core strategic interests in
South American food production?
If the 21st century is more about
soil than oil, then Argentina, Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay might become
the geopolitical equivalent of the Persian
Gulf countries. To what extent will
Chinese foreign relations with Latin
American agricultural exporters resemble
the ones between the United States
and Middle Eastern oil exporters? The
answer to these questions will go far
beyond SAIS’s “Year of Agriculture.” n
Mariano Turzi ’07, Ph.D. ’10 is a
professor in the Department of Political
Science and International Studies at
Torcuato Di Tella University in Buenos
Aires, Argentina.

and
The
‘Right
to Food’
Foreign
By Ruth Wedgwood
and Tiffany Basciano
Land Deals in Africa With hunger in the Horn of Africa
making headlines once again, the
importance of sound agricultural
policy in international
development is even more
apparent. The sharp increase
in foreign investment in largescale
agriculture in Africa and elsewhere—particularly
through the purchase or lease of millions of arable
acres—also has prompted a heated debate over whether
this aspect of international trade and investment is a
positive practice.
2011–2012 57

Large-scale farming facilitated by
corporate agriculture can produce
benefits such as job creation, infrastructure
development, technology
transfer, increased food security, better
balance of payments through exports,
and improved access to both international
and local markets. Yet some critics
have castigated foreign investment
in corporate farming as “land grabbing”
and argued that the potential
costs of internationalized agriculture
may include the loss of customary
landholdings and expulsion of local
inhabitants, unregulated environmental
damage and even threats to local
food security. The ongoing discussion
about the relative costs and benefits of
international corporate farming shows
the increased attention to economic
issues in the international debate over
the nature of human rights.
The United States has been outspoken
about the importance of fighting
hunger and has pledged to support a
policy of “global food security.” At the
G-8 summit in L’Aquila, Italy, in 2009,
President Barack Obama committed
$3.5 billion to support women’s roles
“as critical drivers of agriculture-led
economic growth in developing countries.”
Women, he noted, constitute
the majority of smallholder farmers in
many developing countries yet often
lack access to capital. Two talented
Americans—Josette Sheeran (SAIS’s
2011 commencement speaker) and
previously Catherine Bertini (now on
the faculty at Syracuse University)—
have served as innovative executive
directors of the U.N. World Food
Programme. Under their leadership,
the WFP has acknowledged that famine
response in the developing world
should draw on local as well as international
sources of food so as not to
displace local farmers.
But the United States has also been
cautious in framing access to food as
a formal international “human right.”
This caution was reflected in the Carter
administration’s decision, in signing the
International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, to provide
that the rights in the covenant could
not be considered “self-executing” in
American law. Even the United Nations
58 SAISPHERE
treaty-monitoring Committee on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, sitting
in Geneva, has recognized that the
limits of public financing and the key
role of the market mean that economic
and social rights can be measured only
against a standard of “progressive realization.”
Nonetheless, the committee
recently gained additional powers to
take individual complaints under an
optional protocol, which would allow
U.N. monitors to decide individual
cases of claimed economic rights in
countries that agree.
A Right to Adequate Food?
Within the international human rights
community, the right to be free from
starvation is taken to be the prerequisite
to the enjoyment of other human
rights. In General Comment No. 12,
the Geneva monitoring committee on
economic and social rights opined that
a “human right to adequate food is of
crucial importance for the enjoyment of
all rights.” Thus, the impact of international
economic policy on the supply of
food to affected communities is likely to
be seen in a broad framework.
Agriculture and land policy in Africa
may attract attention from one other
human rights body. Though there is no
express “right to food” in the African
Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights,
the African Commission on Human
and Peoples’ Rights has read a “right to

food” into the charter and argues it is a
prerequisite to the effective enjoyment
of a right to life, health and development
as well as “education, work and
political participation.”
In addition, a dramatic claim that
international investment in agricultural
land must be assessed in light of its
impact on local food supply and local
producers has been put forward by
Olivier De Schutter, U.N. special rapporteur
on the right to food. De Schutter,
who teaches at the Catholic University
of Louvain and is also a member of the
Hauser Global Law School faculty at
New York University, has proposed a
“set of minimum principles and measures
to address the human rights challenge”
of “large-scale land acquisitions
and leases.”
De Schutter’s recommendations may
at times be controversial, inviting claims
of micromanagement, undue suspicion
of the operation of markets, undervaluing
the importance of improved
efficiency against rigid protection of
existing ways of gaining a livelihood,
along with lack of political realism
about the decision-making processes of
underdeveloped countries. In addition,
one must recognize that a special rapporteur
does not have the power, ipse dixit,
to create law. But at the least, responsible
corporate leaders may wish to review De
Schutter’s statement of “minimum principles”
as a checklist for areas that might
engender political concern or potential
criticism, as well as for a “red team”
assessment of the wisdom of a corporate
venture. And insofar as the principles
may have influence with the international
financial institutions that dispense
loan guarantees, a corporate leader will
wish to engage with their substance,
whether in criticism or agreement.
The rapporteur’s proposals include
that governments should not approve
land sales or leases that would deprive
“the local population of access to productive
resources indispensable to their
livelihoods” and that a “human right
to food would be violated if people
depending on land for their livelihoods,
including pastoralists, were cut off
from access to land, without suitable
alternatives.”
De Schutter also argues, perhaps
more controversially, that land sales or
leases should not be permitted “if local
incomes were insufficient to compensate
for the price effects resulting from
the shift toward production of food for
exports; or if the revenues of local smallholders
were to fall following the arrival
on domestic markets of cheaply priced
food, produced on the more competitive
large-scale plantations developed
thanks to the arrival of the investor.”
Investing in Agriculture
This protection of the status quo in
poor countries could seem unsuitable
to many supporters of free markets.
After all, more efficient production of
food may allow greater access to an
adequate food supply, even for the poor.
The distorting effects of the “winner takes all” politics that
characterize the governance of so many developing countries
may also lend support to solutions that are otherwise
suboptimal. The pervasiveness of government corruption could
teach the same lesson.
But it is worth keeping in mind that
much of the undeveloped land in African
countries is owned by the state and
that land policy in other countries—for
example, the 19th-century federal policy
on homesteading in the American
West that only small holdings could
receive subsidized water—has had
an eye cast to theories of distributive
justice.
The distorting effects of the “winner
takes all” politics that characterize
the governance of so many developing
countries may also result in solutions
that are otherwise suboptimal. The pervasiveness
of government corruption
could teach the same lesson.
In scouting this complicated terrain,
American corporations, development
economists and social critics may also
want to review and assess the recent
proposals for principles of agricultural
investment policy published by the
U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization
and the World Bank as well as
the African Union’s Framework and
Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa.
In the world of international politics,
economics, morals and law, it does
not always matter whether a proposed
standard would be legally binding if the
practical costs of its disregard would
become excessive.
But it is also good to remember what
may drive a policy of open investment
and open markets. There is lingering
resentment in the developing world
at the refusal of developed countries
to allow open access to their own
markets for foreign-produced agricultural
goods. The failure of the World
Trade Organization’s Doha Round
negotiations was deeply disappointing,
frustrating the desire of poorer countries
to sell to wealthy markets. There
may be a calculation that international
investment in local agriculture is likely
to bring greater international support
for the lowering of agricultural tariffs
generally.
Agricultural investment in Africa
remains important for development.
It should also be responsible. As
the African Commission has noted,
“[T]he intervention of multinational
corporations may be a potentially
positive force for development if the
state and the people concerned are
ever mindful of the common good and
the sacred rights of individuals and
communities.”
Foreign investment in agriculture
can advance economic growth and
human rights alike, where its structure
and impact are carefully considered. n
Ruth Wedgwood is the Edward B.
Burling Professor of International Law
and Diplomacy and director of the
International Law and Organizations
Program. She was the U.S. member
of the U.N. Human Rights Committee
from 2002 to 2010. Tiffany Basciano is
associate director of the International
Law and Organizations Program.
2011–2012 59

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That Used to Be Us:
How America Fell
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By Michael
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in Addis Ababa in 1995 to the double US
embassy bombing in the summer of 1998,
as well as examining the preparation and
execution of the naval terrorism attacks.
In addition, Pecastaing discusses how the
state of lawlessness in Somalia has led to
the rise of piracy in the western Indian
Ocean, offering a brief narration of the
most spectacular hijackings.
For foreign powers, Pecastaing concludes,
the Horn of Africa is a conundrum. The
strategic risk is mitigated by the logistic
limitations of the local outfits and their
lack of capacity to project power outside
the region. The costs of trying to impose
law and order most certainly outweigh
the benefits, as least in financial terms.
As long as local violence does not make
too much of a splash in the global media,
foreign governments will continue to look
the other way. But with Yemen on the
brink of civil war following the events of
the Arab Spring, the region is calling for
foreign intervention.
Cover Image:
DVIDS photo by Petty Officer 2nd Class Jason S. Fariss
Cover Design:
Jennifer Navarrette
Straits of Trouble
The Bab el-Mandeb, which separates the Red Sea from the
Indian Ocean and joins Africa and Asia, has provided a key
Eurasian trade route for at least the past 2,500 years. But the
lands and coasts across the Bab el-Mandeb have for centuries
had a forbidding reputation as lands of piracy and privation.
In Jihad in the Arabian Sea, Camille Pecastaing examines
the twenty-first-century challenges facing this troubled and
treacherous region.
Pecastaing looks at the past and present of the key players in
the area, including Somalia, Yemen, Eritrea, Djibouti, the Sudan,
and Ethiopia; he discusses the tumultuous events of the Arab
Spring of 2011 and reviews the terrorist activities of Al Qaeda,
the state of lawlessness that has led to the rise of piracy in the
western Indian Ocean, the rise of the radical Shabab group, and
the spread of extremist forms of Islam in the south. The author
displays a real feel for the land, seamlessly blending history and
current headlines to paint a picture of a region that, for most of
the past two thousand years, has never quite evolved into the
era of the modern state.
About the Author
Camille Pecastaing is a senior associate professor of Middle East
studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International
Studies at Johns Hopkins University. His areas of expertise
include social history, behavioral sociology, and comparative
politics.
Hoover Institution Press
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305-6010
www.hooverpress.org
Hoover
Institution
Press
Political Science/Political Freedom & Security/
International Security
La Rivoluzione
Promessa: Lettura
della Costituzione
Italiana (The
Promised Revolution:
A Reading of the
Italian Constitution)
By Gianfranco Pasquino
B’66, ’67
Bruno Mondadori, 2011
Pasquino is a senior
adjunct professor of
European Studies at the
Bologna Center.
Pecastaing
Jihad in the Arabian Sea
Hoover
Institution
Press
Jihad in the
Arabian Sea
Camille Pecastaing
Jihad in the Arabian Sea Final.indd 1 7/12/11 4:20 PM
Economics and the
Challenge of Global
Warming
By Charles Pearson ’66
Cambridge University
Press, 2011
Pearson is a professor
emeritus of International
Economics and a
visiting lecturer at the
Bologna Center.
Jihad in the
Arabian Sea
By Camille Pecastaing
’97, Ph.D. ’02
Hoover Institution
Press, 2011
Pecastaing is acting
director of the Middle
East Studies Program
and senior associate
professor of Middle East
Studies.
the age of equality
the twentieth century
in economic perspective
richard pomfret
The Age of Equality:
The Twentieth
Century in Economic
Perspective
By Richard Pomfret N’89
Harvard University
Press, 2011
Pomfret is an adjunct
professor of International
Economics at the
Bologna Center.
A
t the dawn of the twenty-first
century, the challenges for the countries
on the shores of the Arabian Sea are
many: civil war, piracy, radical Islamism,
transnational terrorism, and a real risk of
environmental and economic failure on
both sides of the Bab el-Mandeb strait.
Yet its strategic importance as a conduit
for maritime trade between Asia and
the Mediterranean world is as great as
it was when Egyptian pharaohs built a
canal between the Nile and the Red Sea.
Today, as then, the lands around the Bab
el-Mandeb are as difficult to pacify as the
Red Sea was treacherous to navigate.
In Jihad in the Arabian Sea, Camille
Pecastaing leads us through the history
and geography of the region, illuminating
the tests it faces today. He describes
the collapse of the Somali state under
Siad Barre in the 1980s and details the
struggle between the warlord Aideed and
the UN and US forces in the early 1990s.
He outlines the history of modern Yemen, Russia and the
from the civil war of the 1960s to the
reunification process. And he reviews the
activity of Al Qaeda in the region, from Communist Past
the assassination attempt against Mubarak
Continued on back flap
David Satter
It Was
a Long Time Ago,
and It Never
Happened Anyway
It Was a Long Time
Ago, and It Never
Happened Anyway:
Russia and the
Communist Past
By David Satter
Yale University Press, 2011
Satter is a SAIS Foreign
Policy Institute fellow.
Ethnic Identity and
Minority Protection:
Designation,
Discrimination and
Brutalization
By Thomas Simon
Rowman & Littlefield/
Lexington Books,
forthcoming 2012
Simon is a visiting professor
of International
Law at the Hopkins-
Nanjing Center.
Ferghana Valley: The
Heart of Central Asia
Edited by S. Frederick
Starr
M. E. Sharpe, 2011
Starr is chairman of the
Central Asia-Caucasus
Institute at SAIS and a
research professor.
The Emergency State:
America’s Pursuit of
Absolute Security at
All Costs
By David C. Unger
Penguin Press, forthcoming
2012
Unger is an adjunct
professor of American
Foreign Policy at the
Bologna Center.
Libro Bianco sul
Terzo Settore (White
Paper on the Nonprofit
Sector)
Edited by Stefano
Zamagni
Il Mulino, 2011
Zamagni is vice director
of the Bologna Center
and a senior adjunct
professor of International
Economics.
—Compiled by
Sarah Lerner
2011–2012 61

Hungry
1 Billion
By Odette Boya Resta
Bologna Center graduate addresses
the problem of hunger with a perspective
that goes beyond sound agricultural policy
What do agriculture, risk, conflict, and maternal
and child health have in common? All
have an impact on the problem of world
hunger—and they all intersect to some
degree. Just ask Bologna Center graduate
Brenda Lee Pearson B’89, ’90, who works
for the United Nations World Food Programme
(WFP), an agency at the forefront of integrating good nutrition
practices into humanitarian food assistance.
Pearson is global deputy
coordinator of REACH,
a new U.N. interagency
program that tries to solve
the nutrition needs of the
world’s most disadvantaged
and vulnerable children
and women. In this role
she seeks to harmonize the
activities of the nutrition
divisions of four U.N. agencies—WFP,
UNICEF, the
Food and Agriculture Organization,
and the World
Health Organization—to
62 SAISPHERE
The
World’s
determine what catalysts are
needed to implement effective
public policy.
There are about 1 billion
hungry people in the world
because of natural disasters,
armed conflicts, scarce
resources and unsustainable
livelihoods. Pearson
explained these problems
are exacerbated because of
weak governance and the
breakdown of local institutions,
“preventing countries
from helping themselves.”
Over the past 20 years,
she worked with the U.S.
Department of State and
the U.S. Agency for International
Development
(USAID) in Asia and the
Middle East; was one of the
founders and original staff
of the International Crisis
Group, covering Kosovo
and Macedonia; and served
as president of an international
consulting firm based
in Rome and Washington,
D.C. At different stages, she

Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
has advised world leaders,
including the prime ministers
of Kosovo, Macedonia,
Montenegro and Poland.
Pearson said of her new
role at REACH, “At the
country level, aid coordination
is imperative to tackle
the problems of hunger
and malnutrition. We are
exiting an era of easy fixes,
large global investments
and pilot projects that do
not make full use of existing
resources and local
partners at the community
level. All partners, especially
NGOs and the private
sector, need to contribute
to building sustainable local
food systems.”
The Hunger-Poverty Cycle
The problem of world hunger
is complicated because
of the way hunger and
poverty intersect. Hunger
is a cause of poverty, and
poverty causes hunger.
Resulting poor health, and
even mental impairment,
can lead to greater poverty
by reducing people’s ability
to work and learn—in turn
leading to even greater hunger.
Risk analysis sheds light
on these complexities.
“There are three levels of
risk analysis that need to be
taken into consideration,”
Pearson said. “First, the
global economy and rising
food and fuel prices affect
poor countries’ market volatility
and local food prices,
which affects the poorest
segments of society most
severely. These political
factors often put pressure
on governments to charge
export taxes and develop
schemes to keep food supplies
at home.”
The second type of
risk analysis, Pearson
said, relates to how well
2011–2012 63

countries cope with crisis
management. “How do
political leaders manage
natural disasters, mitigate
conflict arising from reduction
of resources and adapt
to climate changes that dis-
locate farmers and reduce
food supplies?”
The third type of analysis
is to “evaluate social risks,
especially to women and
children,” she said.
Pearson emphasized the
need to better understand
how developing countries
can offer protection in highrisk
environments, such as
local insurance programs that
safeguard farmers against
climate-related disaster.
64 SAISPHERE
Political risk analysis,
applied to numerous fields,
is clearly a timely topic.
With this in mind, the Bologna
Center introduced a
new course on risk last
fall. Risk in International
We have crossed the threshold, and there are
now more people living in urban areas than in
rural areas for the first time in history. Conflicts
linked to food security will occur because of
reduced food production in the abandoned
rural areas.
Political Economy is taught
by Erik Jones B’89, ’90,
Ph.D. ’96, professor of European
Studies and director
of the Bologna Institute for
Policy Research, with the
generous support of Bologna
Center Advisory Council
member Robert S. Singer
JHU’72.
Water and Food Fights
Many of the world’s bloodiest
conflicts arise out of
Brenda Lee Pearson B’89, ’90
with Prime Minister Hashim
Thaçi of Kosovo
a struggle for control of
resources. Pearson’s experiences
advising on conflict
management in Bosnia,
Kosovo and Macedonia have
given her insight into how
stress over agriculture and
food resources could lead to
conflicts in the future.
“One of my most professionally
rewarding experiences
was in 2001, when I
was in Washington, D.C.,
as a senior congressional
research fellow at the U.S.
Institute of Peace,” Pearson
said. “There was a strong
possibility the simmering
ethnic conflict in Macedonia
would escalate and reignite
nationalist flames across
the region. Then-Senator
Joe Biden called a congressional
hearing and asked
my assistance in drafting
questions, while at the same
time General Wesley Clark
[then-Stephens Groups
consultant] and Richard
Perle [then-member of the
Defense Policy Board of the
U.S. Department of Defense]
asked me to draft responses
to anticipated questions.
It was exhilarating to help
shape American foreign
policy and help prevent civil
war. I also worked closely
with the White House and
NATO to make the case for
the deployment of NATO
troops in the region.”
It is well known that
water shortages and “land
grabs” are triggers for conflict,
and recent issues of
SAISPHERE and Rivista have
highlighted the challenges
of managing the world’s
dwindling water resources.
That said, Pearson foresees
the transborder effects of
irrigation as another new
flashpoint.
“Yemen, where I was a
country director for USAID
programs in the mid-1990s,
will run out of water in five
to 10 years,” she said. “It
has one of the world’s high-
Brenda Lee Pearson B’89, ’90 discussing nutrition practices with
mothers in Gaibandha district in Bangladesh

est growth rates and imports
98 percent of its food.
Yemen cannot afford to buy
food, and the consequent
social unrest will affect its
neighbors.”
In addition, Pearson
said the “Greening Malawi”
project will limit access to
water inside Malawi and
neighboring countries, in
turn reducing the livelihood
of many fishing communities.
“The splitting of Sudan
is another classic example
of a fight for arable land and
energy resources,” she said.
Land grabbing is on the
rise in Africa, Asia and Latin
America. Richer developed
countries are purchasing
land in less-developed
countries, and these investments
are becoming a
source of conflict because
the buyers seldom recognize
the rights of local stakeholders,
domestic food security
and rural development concerns.
According to Pearson,
unchecked “land grabs” will
lead to more global food
sovereignty conflicts.
Another emerging source
of conflict relates to urbanization
emanating from
internal migration from
rural communities. “We
have crossed the threshold,
and there are now more
people living in urban areas
than in rural areas for the
first time in history,” Pearson
said. “Conflicts linked to
food security will occur
because of reduced food
production in the abandoned
rural areas.”
The Role of Women
The World Bank estimates
that countries lose about 3
percent of gross domestic
product (GDP) annually if
children are unhealthy when
they grow to adulthood.
Recent WFP studies in Latin
America have put the figure
at closer to 11 percent reduction
in GDP. But a study by
the International Food Policy
Research Institute finds
that across 63 countries,
women’s education leads to
more productive farming
and results in a 43 percent
decline in malnutrition.
Pearson has long been
passionate about educating
girls. She cited that in
2007, according to UNICEF,
women did 66 percent of
the world’s work and produced
50 percent of the
world’s food but earned only
10 percent of the world’s
income and owned only 1
percent of all property.
“Teaching young girls,
providing them with nutritious
meals, and giving them
confidence and encouragement
is the best investment
a country can make,” she
said. “Girls who remain in
school marry later, postpone
their first pregnancies and
space their pregnancies,
which breaks the cycle of
undernourished pregnant
adolescents giving birth to
undernourished children.”
Pearson said nutrition
plays a critical role in a person’s
life during a narrow
window of time—the 1,000
days that begin at the start
of the mother’s pregnancy
and continue through the
second year of life. “The
quality of nutrition during
those 1,000 days can help
determine whether a mother
and child survive pregnancy
and whether a child will
contract a common childhood
disease, experience
enough brain development
to go to school and to hold
a job as an adult.” n
Odette Boya Resta B’99, ’00
is communications officer at
the Bologna Center.
Amici di Bologna 2011
On June 4, nearly
120 Bologna
alumni from the
classes of 1960 to
2011—and even a couple
of fresh faces from the class
of 2012—gathered at 230
Fifth’s glamorous rooftop
garden and penthouse
lounge in the heart of New
York City for the fourthannual
Amici di Bologna,
an event reuniting Bologna
Center professors and former
students.
The program began
with opening remarks from
Bologna Center Director
Kenneth H. Keller and continued
with an academic
panel, including SAIS
Professors Mahrukh
Doctor B’89, ’90, Mark
Gilbert and Erik Jones B’89,
’90, Ph.D. ’96. With a view
of the Empire State Building,
guests listened to a
discussion about the implications
of developments in
Europe and South America
on the Obama administration’s
foreign policy agenda.
The event featured
two exciting door prizes:
Peter Bracke B’81 and
his wife, Rita, donated
a weeklong stay in their
Paris studio apartment, and
Alison von Klemperer B’86,
’87 contributed a dinner
and a set of handcrafted
aquamarine earrings and
necklace. Young alumni
Branislav Kralik B’09, ’10
and Jamie Shellenberger
B’10, ’11 were this year’s big
winners.
The event concluded
with dessert and coffee, but
for many amici the party
flowed downtown and into
the night.
This year’s rooftop format
encouraged fluid movement
among guests, while the
2010 sit-down dinner led to
more sustained conversations.
For the fifth-annual
Amici di Bologna event in
2012, the steering committee
plans to offer the best
of both worlds by organizing
a sit-down dinner and
an after-party option. Alla
prossima!
To help organize the
2012 event, contact steering
committee chair Tom
Tesluk B’81, ’82 at ttesluk@
gmail.com.
Framed by the New York City skyline, Bologna Center Director
Kenneth H. Keller, Portia Mills B’09, ’10 and guest, Professor
Erik Jones B’89, ’90, Ph.D. ’96 and Bologna Center Director of
Development Gabriella Chiappini
2011–2012 65

Bologna Institute for Policy Research
Launches in London
I Bolognesi a Londra
Bologna Center
alumni in
London were
among the first
to celebrate
the official launch of the
Bologna Institute for Policy
Research (BIPR) during
their annual event, I Bolognesi
a Londra, on October
1. Two days later, the institute
announced its launch
at home—in the company
of 199 students from 43
countries as Bologna Center
Director Kenneth H. Keller
opened the 2011–12 academic
year.
“The BIPR was founded
on the strong belief that we
66 SAISPHERE
can get more out of activities
already under way at
the SAIS Bologna Center,”
said Erik Jones B’89, ’90,
Ph.D. ’96, BIPR director
and professor of European
Studies. “The community
at the Bologna Center is
rich enough—and the intellectual
resources we can tap
through the wider Johns
Hopkins enterprise are deep
enough—that we should be
able to do more with what
we have to make a positive
contribution to policy
debates in Europe.”
During its first months
of activity, the BIPR has
already begun to support
From left to right at I Bolognesi a Londra, Martin Fraenkel
B’83, ’84; Mimi Lowe Armstrong B’82, ’83; Bologna Center
Director Kenneth H. Keller; Hans Hoogervorst B’82, ’83 and
guest Marisa Polin; Armstrong’s guest, Louis Armstrong; and
Fraenkel’s guest, Paola Giunti
tangibly the research activities
of the Bologna Center.
Its new suite of offices steps
away from the teaching
building provides workspace
for its first associate
research fellows, Elisabetta
Magnani and Rob Shum,
and SAIS Ph.D. candidate
Bilal Erdogan and doctoral
student Giuliana Mascagni.
Special short courses at the
Bologna Center brought
BIPR its first visiting fellows,
Gary Sick (Columbia
University) and Charles
Pearson ’66 (SAIS and
Academy of Vienna), who
taught four-part seminars
on “The United States in the
Persian Gulf: From Outlier
to Empire” and “Economics
and the Challenge of Global
Warming,” respectively.
BIPR’s mission is to promote
problem-oriented,
interdisciplinary research in
international policy, drawing
on the global network
of SAIS scholars and the
comparative advantage of
the Bologna Center as a
transatlantic institution
for research and teaching
with more than 50 years
of experience in Europe.
Resident faculty fellows lead
BIPR research programs
in six main policy areas;
each research program is
enriched by visiting
scholar residencies,
seminars, conferences
and publications.
During the fall
semester, BIPR
hosted more than 25
thematic seminars
at the Bologna Center,
using student
research assistants to
create lecture summaries
and video
interviews, materials
that were then published
online.
“Our goal from
day one is to make
content coming out
of the BIPR and the
Bologna Center available
to our public
in a useful and
timely manner,” said
Kathryn Knowles
B’01, ’02, who is
working with Keller
and Jones to develop
a road map for BIPR’s

first year. “This is an initial
step toward our objective of
becoming a pivotal forum
for thought and debate in
international public policy.”
Intellectual and financial
support for BIPR was
provided by Johns Hopkins
University President
Ronald Daniels, whose seed
contribution was critical in
shaping the scale of BIPR’s
efforts. Additional support
from SAIS Advisory Council
member Robert J. Abernethy
JHU’62 made it possible
to move quickly toward a
formal launch. One of the
institute’s first endeavors
was to undertake a review
of how other Western
European policy research
institutes are funded. Valeria
Calderoni B’11 played a
key role in this project
and continues to work
with BIPR and the Bologna
Center Development
Office to identify academic
grantmaking programs and
foundations to support
research programs.
In September, BIPR
submitted its first funding
application for its program
“Implications of the Global
Economic and Financial
Crisis.”
“Research proposals are
arriving with encouraging
regularity from interested
academics, and early
momentum of the institute
is strong,” said Jones. “These
intellectual pursuits are only
possible, however, because
of the capable team behind
us. If a central aspect of
Director Keller’s vision is for
the BIPR to develop as an
integral part of the Bologna
Center, it is the actions of
the entire center staff and
faculty that make it so.”
Follow BIPR’s activities at
www.jhubc.it/bipr.
Alumni Weekend 2011
Three hundred
alumni
reunited in
Bologna from
April 29 to
May 1 for the
annual Alumni Weekend,
an occasion for Bologna
Center classmates, faculty
and staff to reconnect. The
classes of 1956, 1966, 1970,
1971, 1985, 1986, 1990,
1991, 2001 and 2006 were
all well represented at the
event. The first Bologna
Center class of 1955–56
celebrated 55 years since
graduation, while the 80
members of the class of
2006 raised a glass to their
five-year anniversary.
The opening events were
held Friday evening at the
Arena del Sole, a theater
and city landmark on Via
dell’Indipendenza. Bologna
Center Director Kenneth H.
Keller kicked off the evening
by welcoming alumni
with a speech on the success
of the building renewal
campaign and on upcoming
projects. This was followed
by a roundtable discussion
on “Politics in the Age of
Austerity,” moderated by
Professor Erik Jones B’89,
’90, Ph.D. ’96 and featuring
Tom Row JHU’78, B’79, ’80,
Ph.D. ’88, Dana Allin B’85,
’86, Ph.D. ’90 and Lanxin
Xiang B’84, ’85, Ph.D. ’90.
Saturday’s events were
held at the center. The
morning’s main conference,
“Reflections on Teaching at
the Bologna Center,” featured
Professor John Harper
B’76, ’77, Ph.D. ’81 and
Pierre Hassner, emeritus
research director at the Centre
d’études et de recherches
internationals in Montreal,
who taught at the Bologna
Center in the 1960s and
1970s.
This year, for the first
time, alumni participated in
class sessions held on Saturday
morning by Professors
Marco Cesa, Mahrukh
Doctor B’89, ’90, David
Ellwood B’71, Mark Gilbert,
Arthur Rachwald and
Vera Zamagni. Attendees
expressed enthusiasm about
this new “Alumni Back to
Class” series.
Alumni and guests
gathering for
opening cocktails
at the Arena del
Sole theater
After the traditional buffet
luncheon, a panel of 50
alumni from 15 countries
answered student questions
on career paths in foreign
service, political risk,
finance, the environment,
international development
and other sectors.
In the evening, classes
met separately for dinner in
various restaurants around
town.
The three-day event
concluded with Sunday
morning visits to local
attractions. Alumni could
experience new aspects of
the city, such as the permanent
collection of the
recently relocated museum
of contemporary art and the
stunning Manifattura delle
Arti, an artistic hub with
a collection of postindustrial
architecture, or take
walking tours of Bologna’s
Renaissance highlights or
hidden treasures.
This year’s Alumni Weekend
will be held April 27–29.
Visit www.jhubc.it/aw2011 to
view photos from the 2011 event.
2011–2012 67

Autumn is a contradictory time for
us university folk, as Johns Hopkins
University President Ronald Daniels
pointed out in his September
message welcoming students,
faculty and staff back to campus.
In the world of nature’s seasons,
of solstices and equinoxes, autumn is a period of
waning: Shadows lengthen, mornings and days cool,
and while we bid farewell to a time of lushness and
thriving, we welcome the harvest as our thoughts
turn to nestling down for a winter’s rest.
68 SAISPHERE
By Jason D. Patent
In Nanjing:
Sowing
Seeds of
Possibility
But for those of us engaged in the
mission of education, it is our great
fortune to enjoy in autumn a second
spring: a time not only of sowing
but also of blossoming as we embark
on another year of exploration and
learning.
The Hopkins-Nanjing Center for
Chinese and American Studies (HNC)
in Nanjing, China, has sprung to life;
164 students from China, the United
States and six other nations have
arrived and are attending classes.
Eighteen Chinese faculty and eight
international faculty are teaching
our students in courses ranging from

Chinese Government and Politics to
Game Theory to Modernity and World
Social Thought. Students feel the pressure
of adjusting to classroom immersion
in their target languages—but,
like students in previous years, they
will discover internal resources they
never knew they had. The fruit of
their struggles will be an augmented
repertoire of fresh ways of conceptualizing
both the world around them and,
even more crucially, the human beings
around them—including their confoundingly
other, and stubborn, views
of the world and how it should be.
Turning to the SAIS “Year of Agriculture”
theme, last year and this year
have seen field trips and research dedicated
to agriculture—not surprising
in a country where more than a third
of the population is still primarily
engaged in growing food.
Last spring, Professor Adam Webb
led a field trip for his Politics of Rural
Development class to a village in
nearby Anhui Province, where students
interviewed farmers and spent
the night in locals’ homes. This year
Professor Zhao Shudong will again
lead students on field trips to the
northern part of Jiangsu Province to
see how agricultural policies affect
farmers. And second-year master of
arts in International Studies student
Shirlene Yee N’12 will be conducting
field research in Taiwan on various
aspects of agriculture, including
the impact of cross-Strait policies on
farmers’ livelihoods and on the everdeepening
ties between Taiwan and
the mainland.
Personally, I could not be more
thrilled to be the new American codirector
of this ever-more-venerable
institution. And yet, the accumulation
of years—25 under our belts, now
into a 26th—has done nothing to dim
the shine of the radical idea made real
For those of us engaged in the mission of education, it is our
great fortune to enjoy in autumn a second spring: a time not only
of sowing but also of blossoming as we embark on another year
of exploration and learning.
by JHU President Steven Muller and
Nanjing University President Kuang
Yaming. If anything, as Sino-Western
educational opportunities continue to
expand and as prospective students
have more and more options, the
unique advantages of the HNC as a
place where Chinese and international
Year of
Agriculture
atSAIS
Hopkins
Scholars at
HNC
Students are not the only
ones seeking to understand
the new global balance
with Asia. Academics
are also finding ways
that China influences
their fields of study. In this vein, the
Hopkins-Nanjing Center is pleased
to host the Hopkins Scholars Program
in conjunction with the Foreign
Policy Institute (FPI) at SAIS.
Born of a recognized need for highquality
individual and collaborative
research between U.S.-based scholars
and the rest of the world, this
program will encourage comparative
analyses and interdisciplinary projects
in Nanjing.
Two scholars will be selected by
an academic committee to take up
residence and pursue their topics
of study at the HNC. This initiative
will also bring two in-depth research
projects and new discussions to
the center, contributing to the
intellectual stimulation of other
scholars-in-residence, center faculty
and students.
Johns Hopkins University’s
increased contribution to scholarly
research at the HNC will create a
pipeline for future faculty at the
center, in collaboration with the FPI.
This is an important step in informing
the academic and practitioner
communities of the resources that
exist in Nanjing. The ultimate goal is
to feature the center as a place to conduct
research and to share expertise
on and in China.
The Hopkins Scholars Program
was made possible by the university’s
Benjamin and Rhea Yeung Center
for Collaborative China Studies,
which seeks to deepen understanding
between the United States and China
through collaboration among the
various Johns Hopkins schools and
academic programs. —Emily Kessler
2011–2012 69

students, faculty and staff come together
to live, learn, eat and sleep stand in
clearer relief than ever.
This year we are especially excited to
launch a new venture sponsored by the
Hassenfeld Family Foundation, longtime
supporters of the HNC. The program,
known as the Hassenfeld Social Enterprise
Fund, will provide select teams of
Chinese and international M.A. students
with the opportunity to create, launch,
run and eventually hand off projects
that use innovative measures to meet
pressing needs (see sidebar on page 71).
The seeds our students will sow through
the fund will bear fruit for years, even
decades, to come.
This June we will formally mark the
25th anniversary of the center’s first
graduating class. President Daniels and
his counterpart, Nanjing University
President Chen Jun, will lead our celebration
(see sidebar at right).
The event comes at the close of
a spring semester that will see the
welcoming of two Hopkins Scholars,
funded by the Benjamin and Rhea Yeung
Center for Collaborative China Studies
at JHU (see sidebar on page 69).
The Yeung Center, launched last year,
expands opportunities for scholars and
researchers across the university’s many
divisions to partner with Chinese organizations
in conducting cutting-edge
research. The Hopkins Scholars Program
will strengthen research ties between the
HNC and greater Johns Hopkins.
Sowing and reaping, reaping and
sowing: This is our year-in, year-out
work in the world of education. This
June, as we welcome Daniels to Nanjing
and join with our Nanjing University
partners to celebrate, we will reap the
rich and unique harvest of hearts and
minds that now see a world that is both
quite a bit smaller and unfathomably
larger than the one they had known
just a fall, winter and spring earlier. And
of course we will sow, as we always do,
the springtime seeds of curiosity and
possibility that are the heart and soul
of the HNC, and of all we do at SAIS
and JHU. n
Jason D. Patent is American co-director of
the Hopkins-Nanjing Center for Chinese
and American Studies.
70 SAISPHERE
HNC Celebrates 25 Years
The theme of the Hopkins-Nanjing Center’s 25th anniversary celebration,
to be held June 15–17 in Nanjing, will be “HNC: Yesterday,
Today and Tomorrow.” Events will include a gathering of all past
co-directors (“yesterday”), the commencement ceremony (“today”),
and a summit where alumni and center leaders can discuss their
vision for the HNC’s next
25 years (“tomorrow”).
In honor of Kuang Yaming and
Steven Muller, the two visionary
university presidents who brought
the center to life in 1986, JHU President
Ronald Daniels and Nanjing
University President Chen Jun will
preside over the festivities.
Many graduates consider their
time at the Hopkins-Nanjing Center
a life-changing experience. After
25 years of commencement cer-
emonies and the awarding of more
than 2,000 certificates and master’s
degrees, the HNC community looks
forward to revisiting the notable
achievements of the center and its
many distinguished alumni.
“The 25th anniversary celebrations
will be a very special opportunity
for the big Hopkins-Nanjing
Center family to gather together and
share with each other the ways in
which the center has affected their
lives,” said Chinese Co-Director
Huang Chengfeng. Her American
counterpart, Jason D. Patent, added,
“China and the world have changed
so much over the past 25 years. The
gathering this June should celebrate
the hard work of this year’s graduates
and also help us sharpen our
vision for the center’s next quarter
century.”
Ma Yunxia N’87, a member of
HNC’s first graduating class and
a director at Deloitte in New York
City, sees the 25th anniversary gathering
as an opportunity to reconnect
with classmates, who have scattered
to the four corners of the globe and
to many different careers. “My life
certainly was affected significantly
by my time at the Hopkins-Nanjing
Then ...
... And Now
Center,” she said. “I want to see the next generation have the same opportunities
my classmates and I had to learn and to make lifelong friends across
cultures.”
—Patrick Cranley

Hassenfeld Fund
Will Let Students
Work With Local
Communities on
Social Issues
This year, Hopkins-
Nanjing Center students
have an opportunity that
no other students have
enjoyed in the center’s
25-year history. Thanks
to the generosity and vision of the
Hassenfeld Family Foundation—a
stalwart supporter of the center
over the years—the HNC has created
the Hassenfeld Social Enterprise
Fund to allow students to
apply their knowledge to solving
problems.
Taking the collaborative spirit
of the HNC to new heights, the
fund will enable mixed teams of
Chinese and international students
to devise and implement innovative
solutions to difficult issues.
The competition selection
committee, which will reveal the
winning project in early 2012,
included students, faculty and
alumni—all equally distributed
between Chinese and international
participants. The committee
chose the project with the greatest
potential and best plan for continuing
the impact of the project
beyond the two-year timeline. All
students are eligible to build teams
and apply. Year one of the program
may focus less on social entrepreneurship
and more on creating
ways to spread the HNC’s accomplishments
to a larger audience.
The Hassenfeld family has
funded the venture through an
endowment gift that will make it
a permanent feature of the HNC
experience.
The HNC community is watching
with great anticipation as the
fund takes shape and leads the
center into exciting, uncharted
waters.
—Jason D. Patent
Academic Life at the
Hopkins-Nanjing Center
Students at the Hopkins-Nanjing Center enroll in the two-year master of
arts in International Studies or the one-year, graduate-level certificate
program in Chinese and American Studies. Eight distinguished professors
from the U.S., U.K. and Israel join the Nanjing University faculty
in challenging Chinese, American and international students to explore
issues in international relations; comparative politics; economic systems;
Chinese, American and international law; and the modern histories and contemporary
societies of China and the United States.
An elective mini-course series brings expert
practitioners to the center to teach in specialty
subject areas. Mini-courses this past year
included Urbanization in China taught by Toby
Lincoln, lecturer in modern Chinese urban
history at the University of Leicester; Alternative
Vision in American Cinema taught by Paula
Rabinowitz, visiting Fulbright Distinguished
Lecturer in American culture and professor of
English at the University of Minnesota; and
Chinese Labor in Its Domestic and International
Context taught by Seth Gurgel, New York
University law professor.
Faculty and students engaged in a variety
of extracurricular activities. The 2010-11
academic year began with the Jessup International
Law Moot Court Competition team’s regular
practices for their competition. In February 2011, the team went to Jinan for
the Chinese national competition, where they placed sixth against the best teams
in China. All four of the HNC team oralists finished in the top 15 competitors individually,
with first place taken by the center’s own Stanley Seiden N’11.
The HNC dragon boat team began practice in the spring for the annual Duanwu
Festival in June. Their efforts resulted in a third-place win for all of Nanjing before
an audience that included Maryland Governor Martin O’Malley.
2011–2012 71

Events at the Center
The Hopkins-Nanjing Center hosts lectures, seminars and
conferences throughout the year that attract practitioners,
scholars and field experts to the center’s unique cross-cultural
environment and its modern, high-tech facilities. Among
recent campus speakers and events:
n Ding Xinghao, professor and chair of the Shanghai Institute of
American Studies, lectured on “Sino-American Relations: Walking
Out of Crisis.”
n An Ping, public
relations director for the
Committee of 100; Dean
Baquet, then-assistant
managing editor and
Washington bureau chief
for The New York Times;
Rana Foroohar, deputy
editor for Newsweek; John
Gapper, associate editor
and columnist for the
Financial Times; David
Ignatius, associate editor
and columnist for The Washington Post; and Tavis Smiley, talk
show host for PBS and Public Radio International, participated in
a Committee of 100 panel discussion on journalism in Asia. �
n Martin O’Malley, governor of
Maryland, discussed his state’s
China connections and U.S.-
China relations. �
n Chas. W. Freeman Jr., chairman
of Projects International, spoke on
“The United States, China and the
New Global Geometry.”
n Sheng Jia, history professor at
Xiamen University, lectured on
the American Revolution and how
it is viewed by Chinese Communist
Party members.
n Douglas Woodring, ’86, co-founder
and director of Project Kaisei, spoke on “Marine Debris and the
North Pacific Gyre—How Plastic Is Impacting Our Planet, and
How You Can Impact Change.”
n Gaafar Karrar Ahmed, strategic expert in Asian affairs at the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Qatar, discussed “Recent Political Development
in Sudan and Egypt and Its Meaning to China.”
n Cheng Tai-Heng, professor of law at the Center for International
Law at New York University Law School, delivered a lecture on
“When International Law Works: Bridging Political and Theoretical
Divides.”
n Richard Brubaker, founder of Collective Responsibility, spoke on
social entrepreneurship and its impact in China.
n Zhou Lei, N’03, editor in chief of Link Times, gave a presentation on
his experiences at the news magazine and the “Best Commentary
and Southwest China Research Initiative.”
For more information about events at the center, email saisnanjing@jhu.edu.
72 SAISPHERE
HNC Alumni Activity
The Hopkins-Nanjing Center’s 2,100 alumni
are the best evidence of the international
impact of the center; they affect Sinointernational
relations through diplomacy,
business, nonprofit organizations and
other channels. Alumni connect with each other
through formal and informal means, attending
group events in cities such as Beijing, Chicago,
Hong Kong, Los Angeles, New York, Paris, San
Francisco, Seattle, Shanghai and Washington,
D.C. HNC alumni visit the center each year to
give lectures, participate in workshops and connect
with students, professors and fellow alumni.
At the 25th HNC commencement ceremony on
June 10, Zhao Xiaoping N’02, China’s representative
for Strata Mining, delivered the Chinese commencement
address, and Gerald Chan, co-founder
of Morningside, a diversified investment group,
delivered the American address.
Career Day 2011
In March, HNC alumni gave their time and
expertise to assist students attending the annual
Hopkins-Nanjing Center Career Day in Shanghai.
Sponsored by W.P. Carey & Co., Deloitte China,
Noble Group, Chubb Insurance (China) Company
Ltd., Autocraft and Amway, the daylong
event allowed students to engage with alumni
and friends of the center through panel discussions,
mock interviews, a networking lunch and
happy hour. The keynote speaker at lunch was
James McGregor, author of One Billion Customers:
Lessons From the Front Lines of Doing Business in
China, former CEO of Dow Jones & Company in
China, and former Wall Street Journal bureau chief
in China and Taiwan.
For more information about alumni activities, contact
Emily Kessler at ekessler@jhu.edu.

Leaders
Future
Putting Degrees in Reach for All Students
for the
Past, present and future SAIS students come from
across the country and around the world. Potential
comes from every background imaginable, but
resources do not, unfortunately.
With that in mind, Leaders for the Future is
SAIS’s ongoing initiative to ensure our financial aid resources
meet the needs of our promising students. In 2011, SAIS
raised $4,214,275 in fellowship support, including $2 million
in current-use gifts—to be expended within the next few
years—and $2.2 million added to the endowment to provide
fellowship income for many
years to come.
Some of the gifts are highlighted
on the following pages. Additional
gifts include a full two-year fellowship
from the Forster Family
Foundation; major contributions to
endowed fellowships from Robert
Carr B’64, ’64, Tom Kearney ’91,
Lee Kempler ’91, Joe Lipscomb ’91
and Paul Liu ’86; and the establishment
of a second Student Revolving
Loan Fund underwritten by John
McGillian JHU’74.
SAIS’s Annual Fund lets everyone
play a role in placing a SAIS
degree within reach of the students
who seek it. For more information,
contact Michael Roberts,
assistant director of development
operations, at mroberts@jhu.edu or
202.663.5630.
Rebecca Keller B’10, ’11,
the Virginia Linthicum
Dukert Fellow, with Joseph
Dukert B’56, ’93, Ph.D. ’05
at SAIS’s annual Fellowship
Reception in February 2011
2011–2012 73

2011 almon
Current-use
Fellowships
Herbert Dinerstein
Fellowship
Established by Kate S.
Tomlinson ’79
Aziza Ghori Fellowship
Established by Amjad A.
Ghori ’86
Eteri Loria Kikvadze
Fellowship
Established by George
Kikvadze ’01
J. Michael Barrett
Fellowship
Established by J. Michael
Barrett ’01 and
Catherine Barrett
Vincent Broze
Fellowship
Established by Vincent J.
Broze ’71
Franklin M. Berger
Fellowship
Established by Franklin
M. Berger B’72, ’72
Cole Frates Fellowship
Established by D. Cole
Frates B’94, ’95
Dr. Rajko Medenica
Fellowship
Established by Deborah
A. Medenica ’97
Nishaya Mangklapruk
and Khanh Pham
Fellowship
Established by Nishaya
Mangklapruk ’01
Helmut Sonnenfeldt
Fellowship
Established by Babette
Sonnefeldt Lubben ’85
and Gary, Eric and
Annie Lubben
74 SAISPHERE
Join the Current-use
Fellowship Challenge
A bequest
from the estate of David Almon ’53 and Grace Almon, combined
with matching funds from SAIS alumni, provided 10 members
of the class of 2013 with generous fellowships worth $30,000 each.
Awarded to the students over two years, the fellowships will reduce
their tuition by nearly half.
Director of Admissions Sidney Jackson credited the fellowships with
helping to recruit top students to SAIS. “We know our applicants want
to come to SAIS and that
financial aid is a critical
component driving their decision,” he said. “The
students who were offered these fellowships were
quick to choose SAIS.”
To continue to provide our admissions team
with the tools needed to recruit the best and brightest—and
to give our alumni the opportunity to
leverage the impact of their gifts—SAIS will offer
10 of these significant fellowships to members of
the class of 2014. Contributions of $15,000, which
can be paid over two years, will be matched dollarfor-dollar
with general SAIS fellowship funds for a
total of $30,000 over two years. Fellowships can be
named in honor of the donor, a family member or a
member of SAIS’s faculty.
Commitments are needed by March 1. To join
this effort, contact Spencer Abruzzese, associate
director of development, at spencera@jhu.edu or
202.663.5646.
“The Current-use Fellowship
Challenge provided us with a
wonderful opportunity to renew
our family’s support of the
Helmut Sonnenfeldt Fellowship
in honor of my father, a distinguished
public servant, a JHU
alumnus and trustee emeritus,
and a former member of
SAIS’s faculty. The generous
matching funds provided by
the challenge will significantly
impact the fellowship award
and will make a meaningful
difference for the student who
receives it.”
—Babette Sonnenfeldt Lubben ’85
Dean Jessica P. Einhorn ’70 with Marjorie Sonnenfeldt, wife of Helmut Sonnenfeldt JHU’50, JHU’51,
whom the Sonnenfeldt fellowship honors, at the annual Fellowship Reception in February 2011

Lives
Aldie
“
Chapin
gave me a
chance when
I needed
it most,”
said Gregg
Smith ’67 to a group of
Chapin’s family and friends
gathered at SAIS in October
2010 to honor the alumnus
and beloved member of the
school’s staff.
When Smith arrived at SAIS in
1965, having just returned from the
Peace Corps, the financial aid he was
counting on had fallen through. “I did
not have anything to fall back on. I
went to Aldie, and he told me not to
worry, that he would take care of it.
And he did. Today I am a proud member
of the class of 1967.”
Stories about Aldus Chapin ’53
abound. While studying to become one
of SAIS’s first graduates, he hid behind
a big football player named Woodie
Vest ’53 in Dean Philip Thayer’s international
law class in the hopes the
dean would not call on him, according
to The Story of SAIS. Nevertheless,
Chapin’s SAIS education helped him
find a job and success in public service
as a CIA case officer. He later became
assistant dean of SAIS, where he oversaw
admissions, development and several
other offices. Drawn by his greatest
passion—art—he eventually left SAIS
and became executive director the
FinAnCiAL
Aid
Changes
Classmates John Franklin Jr. ’67, Alan Platt B’67, ’67, Bonnie Wilson B’67, ’67, Ph.D. ’71,
Gregg Smith ’67 and John McLaughlin B’66, ’66 at the reception honoring Aldus Chapin ’53
Corcoran Gallery of Art. He spent the
remainder of his celebrated career as
a respected leader in the Washington,
D.C., arts community.
When Chapin died in 2009, a
group of family and friends established
the Aldie Chapin Fellowship to ensure
promising students like Smith were
guaranteed a space at SAIS. The effort
raised $237,000. Chapin’s brother
and JHU Trustee Chris Angell made a
lead gift in honor of his older brother.
Smith made the largest contribution,
rededicating a fellowship in his own
name to the Chapin Fellowship.
Smith went on to establish a new
full fellowship with a generous $1
million gift. A cancer survivor who
had been given months to live just a
few years ago, Smith added, “Thanks
to Aldie, I know something of second
chances.”
2011–2012 75

Tomorrow’s
Leaders,
Today’s
Philanthropists
The Classes of 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011
Over the past five years, recent
SAIS graduates have contributed
more than $200,000
in fellowship support to
ensure that talented students
could have access to the
same world-class education,
distinguished faculty and
remarkable fellow students
that defined their own SAIS
experience.
Despite facing a historically challenging job environment
and carrying the burden of school loans, these graduates
have demonstrated a level of philanthropic engagement
and dedication that exemplifies the type of student
who is attracted to SAIS and will represent the school long
into the future.
This trend started in 2007 with a group of students
who believed that their class could make a significant
financial contribution to SAIS. They successfully mobilized
their fellow students to make a commitment that
would be fulfilled in the first year after commencement.
The trend caught on, and now each class holds a fund Henry Nuzum ’07—center, with Mirentxu Arrivillaga ’07 and Hagin
drive to continue to provide needed fellowship support and Elawad B’06, ’07—helped mobilize his classmates to establish
a class giving program, launching a powerful new tradition of
to establish an early tradition of philanthropy among our
philanthropy among graduating students that continues today.
alumni.
Highlights:
n The class of 2007 boasts a lifetime philanthropic participant rate of 66 percent, compared with an
annual participation rate for all SAIS alumni of 16 percent.
n The class of 2008, which may have faced the full force of the most difficult economy in recent times,
has contributed $63,245 since graduating, the most of any recent classes with giving campaigns.
n The class of 2011 raised $45,000 for eight current-use fellowships in memory of their classmate Julia
Bachleitner B’10. Fellowships will be awarded to students in the Conflict Management Program, alternating
each year between a Washington, D.C., and Bologna Center student.
76 SAISPHERE

Finding the First
dean’s Fellows
In spring 2012, three applicants will receive a personal call
from SAIS Dean Jessica P. Einhorn informing them they have
been named the first-ever Dean’s Fellows. These full two-year
fellowships are underwritten with a generous $1 million gift
from SAIS alumni Pamela Flaherty ’68 and Peter Flaherty B’67,
’68. Dean’s Fellowships will be awarded to exceptional students,
who will then propose and execute a leadership project to benefit
SAIS, its students or its mission in their second year of studies.
Both Peter and Pamela are members of SAIS’s Advisory Council.
Peter is council chair, and Pam serves as chair of the JHU Board of
Trustees—the first SAIS alumnus and woman to fill that role. “They
have a long tradition of service to the
“Pam and I want SAIS
to always be the logical
choice for anyone with
aspirations to play an
important leadership
role in the international
affairs community,
especially in the public
policy arena. We do not
want any outstanding
candidates to choose
another institution
based on financial
considerations.”
—Peter Flaherty B’67, ’68
university at the highest level and set
an inspirational example for these
students to follow,” Einhorn said.
Two Dean’s Fellows will be
selected to start in Washington, D.C.,
and one student will be chosen to
start at the Bologna Center. The program
will be open to incoming SAIS
students of all nationalities and professional
and academic backgrounds.
However, special consideration will
be given to applicants pursuing dual
degrees with other JHU divisions.
The Dean’s Fellowships also reflect
a priority of JHU President Ronald
Daniels to increase financial aid,
making higher education more accessible
to incoming students across the
university. SAIS and JHU leadership
hope to see other alumni and friends follow in the Flaherty’s footsteps
and help support the Dean’s Fellowship program.
Dean’s Fellowships can be established through current-use gifts
or endowed funds. For information about establishing a Dean’s Fellowship,
please contact Ruth Swanson, director of development, at
rswanson@jhu.edu and 202.663.5640.
The Dean’s Fellows program,
launched with a gift from Peter
Flaherty B’67, ’68 and Pamela
Flaherty ’68, will be open to
exceptional students from all
nationalities and professional and
academic backgrounds.
An Investment
in International
Skills
Kevin Kinsella ’69 made a gift of $500,000
to support SAIS’s Center for International
Business and Public Policy (CIBPP). The
center provides students with the skills to
succeed in international business, finance and government.
Headed by Kinsella’s classmate Professor
Roger Leeds ’70, Ph.D. ’77, the center serves as the
focal point at SAIS for teaching, applied research
and outreach activities that focus on the nexus
between international business, finance and public
policy formation.
A Renaissance man, Kinsella taught high school
algebra in Lebanon, advised the Peruvian government
on national nutrition planning and founded
the highly successful venture capital firm Avalon
Ventures. In addition to Avalon’s many successful
early-stage investments in a range of companies,
including Zynga (best known for the popular Farmville
game), he was the lead producer of the Tony
Award-winning Broadway show Jersey Boys. He and
his wife, Tamara, recently released the inaugural
vintage of their premium 2008 Kinsella Estates Dry
Creek cabernet.
Speaking about the CIBPP, Kinsella said, “I was
inspired by Roger’s vision for the center as being an
integral component of the SAIS mission. In true SAIS
fashion, it provides students with the opportunity to
strengthen the multidisciplinary skills and expertise
required to operate successfully as practitioners in
international business, finance or government. As
the center continues to expand its activities under
Roger’s leadership, SAIS students will become more
competitive and better able to navigate the increasingly
complex global environment.”
2011–2012 77

SAIS Advisory Council
T he SAIS Advisory Council serves as a critical
source of advice and counsel to the SAIS dean
in setting the overall course for the school’s future.
Membership is international in scope and consists
of Johns Hopkins University trustees, alumni, business
and public sector leaders, and community
members who share a commitment to international
relations and to preparing leaders in the field.
Members serve as ambassadors for the school,
promote its programs to external constituencies
and work with the school’s leadership to ensure its
strength and advancement.
Chairman
Peter A. Flaherty
B’67, ’68
Managing Director
Arcon Partners LLC
Robert J. Abernethy
JHU’62
President
American Standard
Development Company
David H. Bernstein
JHU’57
Consultant
Carisam-Samuel Meisel Inc.
Robert D. Botjer ’67
Chairman
Euro West Inns, Inc.
Wm. Polk Carey
Chairman
W.P. Carey & Co. LLC
Douglas Carlston ’71
Chief Executive Officer
Tawala Systems Inc.
Contact Our Staff
n For information about endowing and naming a professorship,
internship or fellowship or to discuss other ways
to support the school, contact Ruth Swanson, director of
development, 202.663.5640, rswanson@jhu.edu.
n To suggest or discuss corporate or foundation support
for SAIS, contact Ashley Rogers ’11, director of
corporate and foundation relations, 202.663.7767,
arogers@jhu.edu.
n Does your employer have a matching gift program?
Don’t know? We can help you find out. Many employers
will double or even triple your gift to SAIS. Contact
Michael Roberts, assistant director of development
operations, 202.663.5630, mroberts@jhu.edu.
n To plan for SAIS in your estate or to request information
78 SAISPHERE
Patricia A. Haas
Cleveland B’78, ’78
Consultant
Global Asset Management
Susan R. Cullman
Managing Member
B. Bros. Realty LLC
Jerry M. de St. Paer ’66
Executive Chairman
Group of North American
Insurance Enterprises
Peter M. Drittel ’84
Portfolio Manager
George Weiss Associates,
Inc.
Ludovico Feoli
Executive Director
Center for Inter-American
Policy & Research
Tulane University
Linda W. Filardi ’83
Senior Counsel
Sponsor Finance Group
GE Capital, Americas
Todd A. Fisher ’91
Chief Administration
Officer
KRR & Co. LP
Pamela P. Flaherty ’68
President and Chief
Executive Officer
Citi Foundation
Alan H. Fleischmann ’89
Co-founder and
Managing Director
ImagineNations Group
Louis J. Forster
JHU’82, ’83
President
Cerberus Japan K.K.
David T. Fuhrmann ’82
Partner
Glenwood LLC
Richard P. Gildea B’83, ’84
Managing Director
J.P. Morgan
Richard Gilmore B’66, ’67
President and Chief
Executive Officer
GIC Group
John Graham ’79
Partner and Portfolio
Manager
Rogge Global Partners
Deborah L. Harmon
B’80, JHU’81
Co-founder and Chief
Executive Officer
Artemis Real Estate
Partners
Robert J. Hildreth ’75
President
IBS Inc.
Laurence E. Hirsch ’05
Chairman
Highlander Partners LP
Lee S. Kempler ’91
Managing Director
BlackRock Inc.
Kevin J. Kinsella ’69
Managing Member
Avalon Ventures
Marc E. Leland
President
Marc E. Leland &
Associates Inc.
Joseph E. Lipscomb ’91
Co-founder and Partner
Arborview Capital
John F. McGillian Jr.
JHU’74
Managing Partner
Symmetry Partners LLC
Aria Mehrabi ’98
Principal
Pacific Star Capital LLC
L. Peter O’Hagan ’87
Managing Director
Goldman, Sachs & Co.
Sarah B. O’Hagan ’86
Board Co-chair
International Rescue
Committee
Ned S. Offit JHU’87, ’93
Co-chief Executive Officer
Offit Capital Advisors LLC
Kathleen M. Pike B’81,
JHU’82, JHU’83
Senior Fellow
Institute of Contemporary
Asian Studies
Temple University
Francis C. Record ’75
Executive Partner
MK Technology LLC
Frank Savage ’64
Chief Executive Officer
Savage Holdings LLC
Bernard L. Schwartz
Chairman and Chief
Executive Officer
BLS Investments LLC
Sally A. Shelton-Colby
B’67, ’68
Adjunct Professor
School of International
Service
American University
Gary M. Talarico ’83
President and Chief
Executive Officer
Gordon Brothers Group
Thomas B. Tesluk
B’81, ’82
Owner
Sequent Consulting LLC
Antoine W. van Agtmael
Chairman and Co-chief
Investment Officer
Ashmore EMM LLC
on setting up a life-income agreement, such as a trust or
annuity, contact Spencer Abruzzese ’11, associate director
of development, 202.663.5646, spencera@jhu.edu.
n To update your alumni records, locate other alumni
in your area, start an alumni group in your region
or inform the Alumni Relations Office of interesting
facts and accomplishments for publication in
SAISPHERE, contact Alumni Relations, 202.663.5641,
saisalum@jhu.edu.
n Let us know your ideas on how we can continue to foster
a vibrant SAIS community. Contact Margaret Hardt
Frondorf ’00, director of alumni relations, 202.663.5631,
mfrondorf@jhu.edu or Jordi Izzard, alumni relations
officer, 202.587.3210, jizzard1@jhu.edu.

alumni news & notes
Prepared for
leadership by their
SAIS education and
committed to serve,
SAIS graduates are
finding innovative
and successful
solutions to critical
global issues.
2011–2012 79

in tHe sPotliGHt
Work With International Flavor
The ideal industry
for a SAIS graduate
might run the
gamut from business
and politics to sustainable
development, health and food
security. Janet Voûte B’76,
’77 is involved in all of these
fields. As the global head of
public affairs for Nestlé, Voûte
is responsible for managing
relationships with United
Nations agencies, NGOs
and other key stakeholders.
She is the first to admit that
it is a dream job, not least
because of the international
character of her work. “I’m
inspired by diversity, different
perspectives and different
cultures,” Voûte said. “There’s
no question that my years at
80 saisPHeRe
SAIS made me a convinced
internationalist.”
Voûte, who lives in Vevey,
Switzerland, started working
on food and health issues
during her time as a strategic
consultant. She began her
career at the Boston Consulting
Group and later worked
at Bain & Company in Paris,
Munich, Zurich and Geneva.
“Many of my clients happened
to be from the food and pharmaceutical
industries, so it
was serendipity,” she said.
“What reinforced my interest
was being a mother of
three children. Naturally you
become interested in food
and health.”
Before joining Nestlé,
Voûte was an adviser at the
World Health Organization.
From 2000–08, she served as
CEO of the World Heart Federation,
a global NGO dedicated
to the prevention and control
of heart disease with a focus
on low- and middle-income
countries. The experience
of tackling food and health
issues both in and outside the
business world has solidified
Voûte’s belief in the publicprivate
partnerships she is in
charge of forging at Nestlé.
“I believe you have to take
the best of each [the public
and private sectors] to solve
social problems,” said Voûte,
who also serves as co-chair
of the International Food and
Beverage Alliance. “Business
has the implementation
capacity to address health,
food security and other
issues, but it needs to be
guided by work with organizations
like the U.N. or NGOs.”
A Homegrown Social Statement
David earling B’90, ’91 traces his appreciation for farm-fresh produce to the
two years he spent in Bologna, the first as an undergraduate at Dickinson
College. His relatives in italy turned him on to the joys of freshly grown
food.
For a long time, his interest was simply a hobby while he put in long hours at
Goldman sachs in new York. He made sauces from tomatoes he grew at home
and tried to re-create Bolognese dishes. But eventually earling and his wife, maria
nicolo, decided to leave manhattan for rural new Jersey, where he grew up. in
2005, they started Gravity Hill Farm.
the farm, which produces 40 varieties of vegetables, 30 kinds of
tomatoes, flowers, fresh eggs and berries, is both a statement for
social change and a lifestyle choice. “it’s important to us that our
two kids have something real in their lives other than nintendo
and other nonsense,” earling said. “they work on the
farm and actually take care of the animals.”
He and nicolo were also unhappy with the “u.s. foodindustrial
complex” and wanted to know what they were
eating, where it came from and what farming on an enormous
scale does to the environment. “we wanted to make
a small contribution toward fighting those bigger forces,” he
said.
through the farm, earling and his wife have partnered
with local food pantries and have gone beyond just donating
produce to holding cooking classes. “we give away a lot of produce
but also try to educate recipients about how to prepare it,”
he said.
earling, who is now a managing director at global advisory
firm solebury Capital llC, also serves on the board of the
northeast Organic Farmers association.

Fighting for Farmworkers
Greg asbed ’90 and
laura Germino ’91
arrived at sais determined
to work overseas
after graduation. instead,
they found a worthy cause
closer to home. they fight
for farmworkers’ rights in the
united states, having founded
the Coalition of immokalee
workers (Ciw) in Florida.
asbed shared their story in an
interview with SAISPHERE.
SAISPHERE: One of the great
things about SAIS is the sheer
number and variety of causes
to which students and alumni
dedicate themselves. Of all
the humanitarian issues in the
world, why did you choose this
one in particular?
Greg Asbed: Before going
to sais, laura worked with
the Peace Corps in Burkina
Faso, and i was in Haiti with
a national peasant movement
that was deeply involved with
efforts to build democracy
before and after the fall of
Jean Claude Duvalier. we
enrolled at sais with the
intention of returning overseas
and working in development.
while at sais, we
became involved with local
legal services organizations
that specialize in helping
farmworkers defend their
labor rights, one in Pennsylvania
with workers in the
apple harvest and another
on maryland’s eastern shore
with workers in the watermelon
and tomato harvests.
the abysmal working conditions,
abject poverty, and,
most disconcertingly, real
fear—fear of their bosses,
fear of the consequences if
they were to stand up for
their rights, fear of being a
day away from having no
money in their pockets—
left us convinced that there
was plenty of work to be
done right here at home.
S: Can you describe the genesis
of the Immokalee coalition?
GA: after sais, we found
work as community specialists
with a legal services program
based in immokalee,
Fla. the town is the largest
migrant farmworker community
on the east Coast,
though it more resembles a
labor reserve typical of mining
towns in Brazil or south
africa. Our arrival in 1991
coincided with the second
major wave of Haitian immigration
and an increasing
flow of indigenous migrants
from southern mexico and
Guatemala. many of these
new migrants came to the
states with extensive experience
in political and community
organizing; i had worked
with some of them in Haiti.
these highly sophisticated
organizers, forced by political
and economic pressures
to take refuge in the united
states, sparked the birth of
the coalition.
we also work with large
retail food companies to cre-
alumni news & notes
Laura Germino ’91, left, receives the 2010 TIP Hero Award, which
recognizes efforts to combat human trafficking, from U.S. Secretary
of State Hillary Clinton. Germino is the first U.S. recipient.
ate more humane farm labor
conditions. these companies
have leveraged their highvolume
purchasing power
for years to demand lower
and lower prices for produce,
which in turn puts downward
pressure on farm labor wages
and working conditions. Yet,
they also can use that purchasing
power to help raise
wages and demand more
humane working conditions
from their suppliers. Just one
more penny per pound of
tomatoes at the retail level
could raise wages by more
than 60 percent at the farm
level. this is the theory of
change behind the Ciw’s
Campaign for Fair Food.
S: What are your roles within
the coalition?
GA: laura is the Ciw’s antislavery
Campaign coordinator.
she works with
u.s. Department of Justice
officials on the prosecution
of modern-day slavery
operations and trains state
and local law enforcement
and social services agencies
to detect and investigate
human trafficking. my work
focuses on implementing our
Fair Food agreements by
coordinating our efforts with
those of nine multibilliondollar
retail food companies—
including mcDonald’s, whole
Foods and subway—and
more than 90 percent of the
Florida tomato industry in
a partnership to improve
farmworker wages and working
conditions. i also write
and design the Ciw website
(www.ciw-online.org).
S: How has SAIS influenced
your careers?
GA: the social Change and
Development Program [now
the international Development
Program], under the
guidance of Professor Grace
Goodell, was a place for students
to consider approaches
to economic and political
development that sometimes
ranged far from the mainstream
and were informed
by the real-world experience
of students, most of whom
had worked for several years
overseas in development.
the combination of academic
freedom and practical rigor
has helped us think and
work outside the bonds of
convention.
2011–2012 81

eVents
Alumni Communities
Around the World
sais alumni continue to be active on nearly all continents, initiating gatherings to connect with each
other, sais professors, and current and prospective students. stay informed about alumni events
through our monthly e-newsletter, SAIS Alumni NEWS. to subscribe, contact saisalum@jhu.edu.
AFRICA
Johannesburg, South Africa
alumni are connecting more frequently in africa. spearheaded by Reginald shaver ’00 and agustin Cornejo ’04, sais graduates
met for happy hour at metro Restaurant Café and Bar on september 9 and hope to do so again in the near future.
82 saisPHeRe
In Johannesburg, clockwise from left: Jason Cooper and wife
Heather Cooper ’00, Friedrich Schröder B’06, ’07 and wife Julia
Schröder, Anne-Lucie Lafourcade, John L. Less ’98, Stephanie
Wolters ’97, Sam Shaver and husband Reginald Shaver ’00
ASIA
Bangkok, Thailand
Professor Karl Jackson gathered with sais friends in Bangkok
hosted by Bob Fitts and Pichaya “noi” Fitts ’04 on
march 6 in their home.
sais alumni discussed the results of the thai presidential
election and what it will mean for the future of thailand at
the Polo & equestrian Club in Bangkok on July 21. �
In Bangkok, front row: Rachaneekorn Poomipug, Seth Kane ’11, Brian Jungwiwattanaporn ’09, Aldo Morri B’87, ’88, Panravee Mori and Danny
Marks ’10; second row: Bao-Chiun Jing ’12, Pajaree Varathorn ’13, Fumiko Nagano B’03, ’04, Alison Symons ’01, Craig Symons, Kullawee
Pongpattanajit ’08, Gayshiel Grandison ’12, Luc Chauvin ’90, Nopporn Wong-anan ’98, Derek Keswakaroon ’08, Nattakorn Devakula ’03 and
Thitinan Pongsudhirak ’92; back row: Sam Christopherson, Ran Hu ’12, Roger Arnold, Noppon Sagnanert B’11, ’12, Ashley Burgin ’12, Eric
Fisher, Phil Robertson ’97, Sirapol Ridhiprasart B’09, ’10, Jirawat Poomsrikaew ’03, Jirayu Tulyanond ’02 and Pongsiri Vorapongse ’09

In Bangkok, standing: Linda True ’04, Professor Jae Ku Ph.D. ’03,
Professor Karl Jackson, Thitinan Pongsudhirak ’92, Bao-Chiun Jing
’12, Yuting Hsu, Pichayanin Wangchalabovorn ’13, Noppon Sagnanert
’12, Derek Keswakaroon ’08 and Seth Kane ’10; seated: Phil
Robertson ’97, Pajaree Varathorn ’13 and Worawut Chawengkiat ’12
sais alumni in Bangkok enjoyed a visit from Professors
Karl Jackson and Jae Ku Ph.D. ’03 on august 9 at molly
malone’s. �
Colombo, Sri Lanka
sais alumni, students and friends socialized with Professor
Ruth wedgwood at the Barefoot Garden Café in Colombo on
march 23.
Hong Kong
Graduates joined current students and Career services
Director Ron lambert JHu’05 for happy hour
as part of the fourth-annual asia Career trek on
January 13, 2011, at the annexx in Hong Kong.
Jakarta, Indonesia
sais alumni came together on march 7 for an
informal social gathering and dinner hosted by
norbert Baas B’76, who is serving as German ambassador in
Jakarta.
liana Bianchi ’06, Payton Deeks ’06, astari Daenuwy ’08
and fellow alumni in Jakarta joined Director of admissions
sidney Jackson for drinks at De Burse on september 28. �
In Jakarta, Amanda Lonsdale ’06, Jack Kneeland ’06, Daniel
Chirpich ‘05, Payton Deeks ’06 and J. Michael Nehrbass ’96
alumni news & notes
In Manila, Gerd Droesse B’78, Jacob Young ’05, Edi Sian ’04,
Jennifer Frias ’10, Logan Sturm ’02, Philip Erquiaga ’82, Pamela
Pontius ’07, a guest and Cedric Crelo ’08
Manila, Philippines �
manila alumni led by mary abad B’04, ’04, edi sian ’04
and Jacob Young ’05 gathered for happy hour at side Bar
on april 27.
Seoul, South Korea �
Professor David m. lampton met with sais alumni in seoul
for dinner and a discussion on “u.s.-China Relations in an
era of Difficulty” at samwon Garden on January 14, 2011.
SAIS alumni and Professor David M. Lampton in Seoul
Singapore
alumni and their guests held an informal dinner at Jumbo
in singapore on February 24.
singapore alumni gathered on July 30 at CmPB restaurant at
Dempsey Hill with current students and graduates joining
from Bangkok, Jakarta and washington, D.C. �
In Singapore, Adam Jarczyk N’09, ’10, Kathleen Bissonnette ’12,
Catherine Chen ’12, Amy Weiner N’08, ’11 and Julien Deslangles-
Blanch N’09, ’10

eVents
Tokyo, Japan
Jim armington ’96, shoichiro
Odagaki ’69 and fellow tokyo
alumni joined for an evening of
socializing and networking at
Boeing Japan on June 23. �
In Tokyo, Jim Armington ’96
EUROPE
84 saisPHeRe
sais alumni in tokyo
enjoyed the company and
magic tricks of Professor
eliot Cohen at the
sasakawa Peace Foundation
on January 12, 2011.
Cohen discussed lessons
learned from his experience
as a counselor at the
u.s. Department of state
in a lecture titled “what
the Counselor taught the
Professor.” �
In Tokyo,
Narushige
Michishita ’94
and Professor
Eliot Cohen
In Barcelona, Denise Senmartin ’03, Elvira Sánchez-Mateos B’88,
’89, Merce Mercedes B’94, ’95 and Montserrat Rodigales ’91
Barcelona, Spain
sais alumni joined Denise senmartin ’03 for a first-time
happy hour on april 4 at w Barcelona. �
Víctor mesalles B’65, ’66, Denise senmartin ’03 and neus
arqués B’90, ’91 met fellow sais and JHu alumni for an
informal gathering with special guest Professor Riordan
Roett at Belvedere in Barcelona on July 4.
Madrid, Spain
sais and JHu alumni met on march 24 at the Hotel emperador
in madrid for a reception with Professor eliot Cohen,
sais staff and current students.
it was the culminating event of
this year’s strategic studies staff
Ride in spain.
Professor Riordan Roett joined
Juan nuñez Gallego ’05, alice
Faibishenko B’05, ’06, alfonso
Zurita y de Borbón B’97, ’98,
margaret H. Frondorf ’00, director
of sais alumni Relations,
and other alumni for tapas at
Bocaito on July 7. �
Berlin, Germany �
the weekend of October 15–16 marked the annual reunion
of Johns Hopkins alumni in Berlin, Germany. the glorious
weather brought out four members of the Bologna
Center class of 1971, all of whom were delighted by the
mini-reunion.
In Berlin, Rainer
W. Klaus B’71,
Claudia Flisi
B’71, ’72, Susan
Kessler B’71 and
Peter Kessler B’71
In Madrid, Juan Nuñez
Gallego ’05 and Alice
Faibishenko B’05, ’06

Krakow, Poland
tim Huson ’97 convened fellow alumni from the sais
Poland alumni Club for an evening of socializing and conversation
on april 15 at the Hotel stary in Krakow.
London
sais alumni Francesc Balcells ’96, Richard Braakenburg ’10,
Julien Halfon ’03, alla Kruglyak ’03, Jan lindemann ’88,
terri mcBride ’99 and Jeremy whipp B’08, ’09 welcomed
fellow alumni for a discussion on “the middle east as it
Has Become today” with George lambrakis ’53 on march
31 at the east india Club in london. �
In London, Karl Van Horn ’60, B’61, Sven Friebe B’07, ’08, Gary
Sharkey ’06 and Andy Zhu N’03
sais alumni in london gathered at the european Bank for
Reconstruction and Development on november 2 for a lecture
and book signing with Professor michael mandelbaum
for his newly released book, That Used to Be Us: How America
Fell Behind in The World It Invented and How We Can
Come Back, written with New York Times columnist thomas
l. Friedman. alumni were welcomed by michael Delia
B’83, ’84, mark Giancola n’96, ’97, David Klingensmith ’74,
George lambrakis ’53 and terri mcBride ’99. �
In London, Lesia Haliv, Terri McBride ’99 and Thomas Kearney ’91
alumni news & notes
CENTRAL and
SOUTH AMERICA
Bogota, Colombia �
sais alumni and students enjoyed a social gathering at the
irish Pub at the Zona t in Bogota on July 14.
In Bogota, Cornelius Fleischhaker ’12, Kinga Krisko ’11,
Carolina Carter ‘08, Daniel Kornfield ’12, Emily Harter
B’08, ’09, Dara Mersky B’11, ’12, Jimena Serrano B’11, ’12,
Felix Steinberg B’11, ’12 and Coen van Iwaarden
Mexico City, Mexico �
alumni and students met for drinks and
dinner at Cabiria Ristorante italiano in
mexico City on July 29.
In Mexico City,
Andrés Ávila-
Akerberg’ 01 and
Jason Graffam-
Henriquez B’11, ’12

eVents
Panama City, Panama �
sais students and alumni gathered for drinks at la Rana
Dorada in Panama City on July 14.
In Panama City,
C.J. Perego ’09,
Andrea Perego and
Daniel Vecchi ’09
Sao Paulo, Brazil �
sais alumni and students met
at Pé de manga for happy hour
in sao Paolo on July 21.
In Toronto, first row: Paul Yeung B’01, ’02,
Laura Saenz-Gandara ’02, Amanda Horn,
Marketa Dolezel Evans ’89 and Henry
Bulmash JHU’68; second row: Professor
Charles Doran B’65, ’67, JHU
Ph.D. ’69, Stanley Mandarich
’85, Colin White ’98, Ph.D. ’02
and Andrew Posluns ’92;
third row: Tina Wong ’11, Jana
Orac B’95, ’96, Boliang
Zhang ’13, José Sifuentes
’96, David Quayat ’03 and
John Kirton Ph.D. ’77
86 saisPHeRe
In Sao Paulo, front row: Professorial Lecturer Luis Fernando
Beneduzi, Alethea Scally ’12, Portuguese Language Coordinator Bebel
Delgado, Salina Rico B’10, ’11, Isabella Bablumian ’08, Meredith Dukes
’12 and Marcus Freitas ’98; second row: Arthur Rubin ’92, Andrew
Orihuela ’12, Saleema Vellani ’12 and Charles Barnett ’87; back row:
Fabio Hirschhorn ’11, Daniel McCleary B’11, ’11 and Arthur Araujo ’09
NORTH AMERICA
Toronto, Canada �
On august 18, alumni in toronto met Professor Charles
Doran B’65, ’67, JHu Ph.D. ’69 at asian legend for a lively
dinner and discussion that centered on the outcome of the
recent Canadian election, Canadian-american energy policy,
global economic challenges and Canada’s foreign policy
priorities.

Boston, Massachusetts
John Butterworth JHu’82, ’83, David ehrenthal ’88, andy
Goldberg ’82, anna Ravvin B’05, ’06, Rachel Rochat ’04 and
fellow Boston alumni Club members gathered with Professor
Roger leeds ’70, Ph.D. ’77 for a reception and presentation
on “making sense of Financial Regulatory Reform” at
the union Club of Boston on march 10.
In Boston, Kevin Thurston B’02, ’03,
Robert Jenney B’02, ’03 and Lowell
Schwartz B’96, ’97
sais Dean Jessica P.
einhorn ’70 joined the
sais Boston alumni
Club for a reception
and talk on “Catching
a train: Perspectives
on Fiscal Policy” on
may 12 at the union
Club of Boston. �
Professor michael
mandelbaum traveled
to Boston as part of his
three-city u.s. book
tour to promote his
best-seller, That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in
The World It Invented and How We Can Come Back, written
with New York Times columnist thomas l. Friedman.
mandelbaum met with alumni to sign books and engage
in a discussion with the sais Boston alumni Club, led by
David ehrenthal ’88, andrew Goldberg ’82, Cynthia Greene
B’97, ’99, Robert Jenney B’02, ’03 and Biorn maybury-lewis
’84 on October 6 at the union Club of Boston.
Chicago, Illinois �
Chicago alumni joined Professor michael mandelbaum at
a roundtable luncheon about his then-forthcoming book,
That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It
Invented and How We Can Come Back, on June 6 at the university
Club of Chicago.
In Chicago, Howard Simons JHU’75, ’77, Jennifer Lind B’91, ’92,
Professor Michael Mandelbaum, Martin Finnegan ’82 and Robert
Carr B’64, ’64
alumni news & notes
Miami, Florida
sais alumni visited with Professor Riordan Roett for a
wine and cheese reception in miami Beach hosted by Jim
thomas ’01 on april 15.
New York, New York
the sais new York alumni Club celebrated Carnaval on
march 2 with an evening of food, drinks and live entertainment
at emporium Brasil. �
In New York, Gabo Arora B’07, ’08, Jonathan Taylor B’07, ’08,
Courtney Rickert McCaffrey ’08, Siobhan Sanders B’07, ’08, Sioban
Devine B’07, ’08, Yumi Kim B’07, ’08 and Leela Ramnath ’08
Professor Riordan Roett hosted latin
american studies Program alumni for a
wine and cheese reception at his home
in new York on march 31. �
Professor David Jhirad talked with the
sais new York alumni Club about
“smart energy Globalization” at morgan
stanley on april 7.
in new York, sais alumni at the u.n.
had lunch on June 8. �
In New York, Mark
Dewing-Hommes ’83
and David Kyle ’79
In New York, front row: Diana Salvemini B’07, ’08, Dijana Duric B’04,
’05, Thomas Stelzer B’83 and Fumiko Fukuoka ’90; back row: Gabo
Arora B’07, ’08, Kate Corenthal B’04, ’05, Shivangi Shrivastava ’07,
Alex Pascal ’08, Zhendai Yang N’99 and Yun Wu N’93
2011–2012 87

eVents
Current students and alumni gathered in new York City at
the annual happy hour at Hurley’s on June 14. �
the sais new York alumni Club met with Professor eliot
Cohen on november 17 for a book lecture and signing for
his new book, Conquered into Liberty: Two Centuries of Battles
Along the Great Warpath that Made the American Way of
War. the event was held at BlackRock in New York City. �
San Francisco, California
sais san Francisco alumni Jennifer Brann B’02, ’03, Josh
Brann B’02, ’03, Philip Davis ’89, Carine Gursky ’96, Paul
Fuller B’03, 04, nate Heller ’05 and Paul Oliva B’91, ’92
welcomed fellow alumni at sens Restaurant on June 16
for an informal happy hour with Director of admissions
sidney Jackson and Director of Career services Ron
lambert JHu’05.
Washington, D.C.
Professor Roger leeds ’70, Ph.D. ’77 and
m.i.P.P. alumni Darryl Chappell ’09, Kevin
Keating ’02 and Brooks wrampelmeier ’77
hosted fellow graduates and current students
for a reception on February 17 in the
sais Herter Room. �
In Washington,
D.C., Selina Ho
’05 and Gene
Moses ’06
88 saisPHeRe
then-sais Visiting
Professor thitinan
Pongsudhirak
’92 discussed
“entrenched
incumbencies under
stress: thailand’s
Crisis” with alumni
over breakfast in the
sais Rome Building
on april 6. �
In New York, Cordelia
Chesnutt B’10, ’11,
Stephen Byeff JHU’09,
B’10, ’11, Eric (Gian
Hung) Lee ’11 and Fei
Weng JHU’11
In New York, David Fuhrmann
’82 and wife Marilyn Fuhrmann
In Washington,
D.C., Thitinan
Pongsudhirak ’92
In Washington, D.C., Professor Klaus Larres and Margaret H.
Frondorf ’00, director of SAIS Alumni Relations
sais Visiting Professor Klaus larres gave a breakfast talk
to alumni on “island of stability? the Obama white House
and europe” on april 26 in the sais Rome Building. �
the class of 2001, led by alison symons ’01, celebrated its
10-year reunion in washington, D.C., on may 13–14. they
met for happy hour at the 18th street lounge, had a family
picnic at montrose Park and an evening reception at the
home of mason Denton ’01. �
In Washington, D.C., Hal Bosher B’00, ’01, Gabriel Goodliffe B’00,
’02, Ph.D. ’08, Claudio Felix ’01 and Camara Garrett B’00, ’01
Recent alumni came back to sais for a barbecue in the
nitze Building Courtyard on June 24. Proceeds from the
evening benefited the 2011 class gift, the Julia Bachleitner
Fellowship Fund. �
In Washington,
D.C., James
Lerch ’11
and Sharon
Nakhimovsky ’11

Professor
Steven
Schneebaum
and Jung
Hwa Song ’11
Professor steven schneebaum gave
a breakfast talk to alumni on “what
is this Case Doing Here? Human
Rights litigation in u.s. Courts”
on October 5 in the sais Rome
Building. �
In Washington, D.C., Vincent
Wei-cheng Wang ’86 and Anna
Yu-chia Ho ’12
Vincent wei-cheng wang ’86 gave
a breakfast talk to alumni on “taiwan’s
2012 elections and implications
for taiwan-China-u.s. Relations”
on november 2 in the sais
Rome Building. �
ReFleCtions
The Scent of
Sustainability
The scent industry
is arguably the
world’s single best
example of agricultural
sustainability
and a positive feedback
loop for farmers and
the earth. You could say
i am biased—i am the
former perfume critic
for The New York Times
and the new curator
at the Department of
Olfactory art at the
museum of arts and
Design in new York
City—but the facts are
pretty clear.
the industry’s raw
materials are grown
around the world: the
astringent grass vetiver
in Haiti, geranium leaf
in Rwanda, patchouli
in indonesia, pink peppercorn
in Peru, cedar
in morocco. scentmaker
companies buy
these from farmers and
harvesters, distill and
extract them, and their
perfumers then put
them into the perfumes
of Hermès, Ralph
lauren and Chanel.
take laotian benzoin,
for example. One
of the world’s best scentmaterials
companies,
the switzerland-based
Givaudan, realized that
its supply of the special—and
beautiful—
tree that produces this
resin was disappearing.
the company took a
close look at northeastern
laos and found the
reasons: the region was
severely deforested, and
the soil was depleted.
alumni news & notes
A village in northeastern Laos
Givaudan’s experts,
including a perfumer,
went to laos and, with
botanists and agronomists
from their local
partner agroforex,
revolutionized local
agriculture. they had
villagers pioneering an
agricultural approach
that combined rice, red
ginger and Styrax tonkinensis
trees, the source
of benzoin. For the first
four years, villagers
could harvest the rice
and red ginger, which
would enrich the soil
and provide income.
the rice and ginger
would then be planted
in separate fields, and,
after seven years, villagers
could start to collect
benzoin gum from new
trees. On top of these
agricultural benefits,
Givaudan built two
local secondary schools
and funded them for
their first two years.
Benzoin, the villagers’
only significant
source of currency, is
back. the land is productive
again, the villagers
have both a school
and their livelihoods,
and Givaudan has reliable
sourcing for this
unique incense and can
put it in perfumes for
armani, Prada or Dior.
we buy these scents
and, in doing so, send
money to farmers and
their families in northeastern
laos. unlike so
many major industries,
from petroleum to mining
to manufacturing,
the scent industry only
functions if it sustains
nature.
it gathers and bottles
these beautiful materials
from around the earth.
every bottle of perfume
contains a world.
—Chandler Burr ’90
2011–2012 89

ReFleCtions
alumni news & notes
The Path Out of Poverty
As many a sais graduate knows, the international development
field is constantly grappling with the challenge of sustaining
development initiatives after external funding comes to an end.
i am a newcomer to the field and had the opportunity to confront
this problem during a six-week consultancy last spring in Kabul,
afghanistan.
i worked with CnFa inc., an international agricultural economic
development organization that harnesses the power of the private sector.
On this particular project, CnFa inc. serves as an implementing part-
ner for the u.s. agency for international Development (usaiD) under
an initiative to increase the incomes of farmers in afghanistan. usaiD
and CnFa are pursuing this goal by providing higher-quality, more
affordable seeds, fertilizers and crop-protection products to farmers on a
timely basis and in reliable quantities. they also are connecting farmers
to buyers and traders to promote the development of licit agriculture.
this assignment focused on building the capacity of the Farm service
Center association of afghanistan. in addition to getting my foot
in the door, i accepted the CnFa assignment because i was intrigued
by its matching investment requirement. afghan entrepreneurs selected
to own and operate farm service centers are required to match usaiD
funding 3:1. that is, for each dollar of u.s. funding, the afghan side has
to invest three dollars, which can be in the form of capital, land, inventory
or other in-kind contributions. “skin in the game” does not guarantee
success, but it improves the odds that the afghan investors will make
a serious effort to succeed. the project meshed well with my professional
mission to do sustainable, market-based work that offers people
with a pathway out of poverty.
During the first two years, usaiD, CnFa and their afghan partners
opened seven privately owned Farm service Centers, which provided
over $25 million in agricultural inputs and services to more than 40,000
afghan farmers, according to CnFa. the incomes of the target farmer
group are projected to increase by approximately 25 percent annually.
the program has been extended for an additional two years and will
open 10 more centers throughout the country. let’s hope that a combination
of hard work, sound judgment, good luck and the co-investment
model will magnify these results and raise rural household income.
—Andrew Goldberg ’82
Haji Ghulam Mohammand, owner of the Ghazni Farm Service Store, and Andrew
Goldberg ’82
90 saisPHeRe
alumni GRouPs
Keep the
Connection
Stay in Touch With SAIS and Each
Other Through Alumni Groups
Around the World
sais graduates are part of the JHu alumni
association, a network with chapters in more
than 20 u.s. cities and more than 20 countries,
many headed by sais washington,
D.C., Bologna and nanjing alumni. the JHu
alumni community is a volunteer-driven effort
through which people come together to support
each other, the university and its nine
schools, including sais. Find fellow alumni
by employer, class year or geographic region
with Johns Hopkins Connect, a new alumni
database and career-networking tool. Go to
www.connect.jhu.edu.
SAIS Regional Alumni Clubs
sais alumni Relations works with graduates
to form strong regionally based alumni
clubs in metropolitan areas with significant
sais alumni clusters in cities such as Boston,
london, new York, san Francisco and washington,
D.C. the goal is to develop effective,
locally based communities to deliver alumnioriented
programming and communication.
members reconnect with each other and with
sais, participate in student recruitment,
provide career guidance and employment
opportunities, and more fully engage in their
support of sais.
International Points of Contact
sais alumni volunteer as points of contact
(POCs) to help form alumni groups abroad.
POCs often serve as the communication hub
for alumni traveling or relocating to new
destinations, and when possible, POCs assist
newcomers with introductions to fellow
alumni. POCs have hosted dinners and happy
hours for relocating alumni and for visiting
sais professors and students on study tours
during winter and spring semester breaks.
most POC volunteers reside abroad in latin
america, the middle east and asia. For a
listing of sais POCs, visit www.sais-jhu.edu/
alumni/clubs.htm.

sHElF liFe
Peoples of the Earth:
Ethnonationalism,
Democracy and the
Indigenous Challenge in
“Latin’’ America
By Martin Edwin
Andersen B’80, ’81
lexington Books, 2011
(paperback)
andersen’s text is a
much-needed commentary
and examination
of comparative ethnic
nationalism pertaining to
the indigenous peoples
of latin america. Often
treated as outside of the
sociopolitical realm, their
political mobilization in
recent decades has forced
governments and intellectuals
alike to acknowledge
their consequential
force as a political power.
Subversion: A Shocking
True Story of Corruption
and Redemption in the
Nuclear Submarine Force
and the War in Iraq
By Christopher J.
Brownfield B’09, ’10
skyhorse Publishing inc.,
2011
Brownfield, a former
navy lieutenant, details
his range of experiences,
from serving on the uss
Hartford to rebuilding
the oil and electrical
infrastructure of iraq.
Brownfield argues that
energy independence
became a political ideology
that contributed
to iraq’s political isolation
and the breakdown
of international
cooperation.
alumni news & notes
Recent Publications by SAIS Alumni
Two Storms: Prostate
Cancer and Katrina in
New Orleans
By Iain S. Baird ’72
CyPress Publications,
2010
Baird’s memoir is a story
of his diagnosis, treatment
and recovery from
prostate cancer set in
new Orleans in the
aftermath of Hurricane
Katrina and the failure of
the levees. with honesty,
candidness and a surprising
amount of humor,
Baird sets forth the physical
and emotional challenges
facing men struck
with prostate cancer.
The Interrogator:
An Education
By Glenn L. Carle ’85
nation Books, 2011
Carle offers a detailed
examination of one of
his most high-profile
and controversial assignments
as a Cia officer
after 9/11—interrogating
a detainee the Cia
believed might hold the
key to finding Osama bin
laden. Carle describes
his struggle with the
interrogation in light of a
waning belief in his captive’s
guilt and discomfort
over tactics. this book is
a true-life exposé of the
challenges faced by an
intelligence officer during
a wartime administration.
Export Now: Five Keys to
Entering New Markets
By Frank Lavin ’92 and
Peter Cohan
John wiley & sons inc.,
2011
the authors explain the
steps businesses can take
to compete and win in
exporting. this book is
a step-by-step guide to
tackling the international
marketplace and helping
companies effectively and
affordably bridge the cultural
and financial gaps
of selling in complex
overseas markets.
The Economy of Brands
By Jan Lindemann ’88
Palgrave macmillan, 2010
as an authority on valuebased
brand management,
lindemann offers
his expertise on how
brands and their competitive
advantage account
for the majority of shareholder
value in many
businesses. with a client
list including PepsiCo,
mastercard, samsung
electronics and Prada,
lindemann explains how
crucial it is to understand
how the economy of
brands works, and how
brands can be leveraged
to create superior and
sustainable value.
Reducing Poverty,
Protecting Livelihoods
and Building Assets in a
Changing Climate: Social
Implications of Climate
Change for Latin America
and the Caribbean
By Lotte Lund ’99 and
Dorte Verner
world Bank, 2011
Global climate change
threatens human social
development and the
progress made to combat
world poverty. this
book offers key insights
and recommendations
on good governance and
technical capacity within
the public sector.
The Power of Music:
Pioneering Discoveries in
the New Science of Song
By Elena Mannes ’67
walker & Company,
2011
mannes takes a scientific
and anthropological
approach to explore the
transformative power of
music. the book reveals
the universality of music
across cultures and time
and considers why music
is such an innate part of
human experience.
2011–2012 91

International Commercial
Arbitration Practice: 21st
Century Perspectives
edited by Paul E. Mason
B’69, ’69 and Horacio a.
Grigera-naón
lexisnexis, 2010
the editors brought
together in-house counsel
of major multinationals,
prominent arbitration
lawyers and arbitrators
to describe and analyze
their experiences along
various dimensions.
topics include emerging
industry trends, arbitration
culture and practices
in certain regions, and
new technologies applicable
to the arbitration
process.
The Supreme Court
and the Press: The
Indispensable Conflict
By Joe Mathewson ’56
northwestern university
Press, 2011
mathewson offers a
detailed account of the
justices and journalists
who have fenced with
each other for two centuries
over freedom of
the press and the public’s
right to know what devils
are in the details.
92 saisPHeRe
Where China Meets India:
Burma and the New
Crossroads of Asia
By Thant Myint-U ’91
Farrar, straus and
Giroux, 2011
this book examines the
rising strategic importance
of Burma, given
its location between two
emerging powers, China
and india. the rapid
expansion of commerce,
construction of massive
infrastructure, deforestation
and an unprecedented
movement of
people are all changing
the country’s physical
and political landscapes.
while China seeks
access across Burma to
the indian Ocean, india
sees Burma as its bridge
to the Far east. myint-u
discusses these implications
through tales of his
journeys to Burma, eastern
india and southwest
China.
The Last Resident: The
Love Story of a British
Official and an Indian
Princess
By Shahzad Rizvi ’79
Kahany Publishers, 2010
Rizvi’s novel tells the
story of a British diplomat
in india, in love
with india and muslim
culture, who falls for the
married muslim princess
of the state where he
serves.
An Angel Whispered
By Patricia Ryan-Tashiro
’97
O-Books Publishing,
2011
tashiro reflects on why
we are here and what we
are meant to be doing in
her book combining wisdom
with down-to-earth
advice on how to find
happiness.
Sandstorm: A Leaderless
Revolution in the
Digital Age
By Adeel A. Shah ’04 and
sheheryar t. sardar
Global executive Board,
2011
this timely book on the
arab spring analyzes the
role that social media
played in contributing
to the “leaderless
revolution” that spread
throughout the middle
east. against the backdrop
of worldwide economic
crises, this book
examines the changing
nature and incredible
success of the people’s
protest in the digital age.
Remedies in
Construction Law
By Camilla ter Haar ’07
and Roger ter Haar
informa law, 2010
this book provides a
comprehensive look at
areas of interest in cases
of construction law and
identifies potential problems
in commercial construction
projects.
Daughter of Xanadu
By Dori Jones Yang ’80
Random House, 2011
after eight years of
research and travel to
mongolia, China and
the silk Road, Yang has
finished her novel. the
book is set in the time
of marco Polo and
Khubilai Khan, and Yang
narrates the adventures
of emmajin, a fictional
granddaughter of the
Great Khan and an
aspiring warrior.

4
alumni BenEFits news & notes
SAIS Alumni Benefits
1 5
2 3
SECURE ONLINE ACCESS
SAIS has a number of
benefits available to
alumni, in addition to
those offered through
the Johns Hopkins
Alumni Association
YOU ARE PART OF THE
ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
sais alumni are part of the JHu
alumni association, a volunteerdriven
network with chapters in more
than 20 u.s. cities and clubs in more
than 20 countries. For information on
chapters and clubs, and to become a
member of the JHu alumni association,
visit www.alumni.jhu.edu/
chapters. For information on sais
alumni groups and global points of
contact, visit www.sais-jhu.edu/
alumni/clubs.htm. DISCOUNT ON SPRING,
TO FELLOW ALUMNI
a new alumni directory is available!
Find fellow alumni by employer,
class year or geographic region with
Johns Hopkins Connect, an alumni
database and career-networking
tool. Get in touch with other sais
and JHu alumni at www.connect.
jhu.edu.
SUMMER AND FALL COURSES
sais alumni and graduates of fulltime,
sais-affiliated programs,
including the Bologna Center
Diploma and Hopkins-nanjing
Center Certificate, receive a tuition
discount of 25 percent on all summer
courses, and a 50 percent
discount on all fall and spring
courses, space permitting. Offer-
ings include international relations,
economics, policy studies, development,
conflict management,
regional studies, several language
courses and more. For details, call
202.663.5671 or visit www.sais-
jhu.edu/academics/non-degree.
ONLINE PROFESSIONAL
SKILLS COURSES
sais Career services offers alumni
the opportunity to take online skills
courses offered through Harvard
Business school Publications in
accounting, finance, spreadsheet
modeling and quantitative analysis.
For more information, contact
martina leinz at mleinz@jhu.edu.
SAIS LIBRARY ALUMNI
PRIVILEGES
alumni may obtain a free pass
for in-house use of the sais
library. Borrowing privileges cost $50
per year for the sais library or $200
per year for all JHu libraries. For more
information, contact the sais library
Reference Desk at 202.663.5901 or
saislibrary@jhu.edu. Knowledgenet
(www.connect.jhu.edu/knowledgenet),
a selection of online resources, is
available to all alumni free of charge.
6
SOCIAL MEDIA CONNECTIONS
Find the latest sais news and
connect with students, faculty
and staff through our accounts on
Facebook, twitter and linkedin.
Visit www.sais-jhu.edu/connect.
7RECEIVE SAIS PUBLICATIONS
a benefit of being in the sais
alumni network is receiving
SAIS Alumni NEWS, our monthly
e-newsletter, plus SAIS Reports and
SAISPHERE. For more information,
email saisalum@jhu.edu.
2011–2012 93

1958
Dick Murphy ’58 and Luda
Murphy B’60, ’61 celebrated
their golden anniversary
on July 29 with their
daughter, Julie, and Luda’s
sister, Helen Block, during a
memorable two-week vacation
in St. John, U.S. Virgin
Islands. The Murphys continue
to lead active lives in
Leisure World, a retirement
community in Silver Spring,
Md.
1959
In March, Nicholas Platt
’59 of New York City began
advising the Philadelphia
Orchestra on a long-term
strategy to develop operational
links to China’s provinces.
His relationship with
the orchestra began in 1973,
when he helped Eugene
Ormandy lead his musicians
on a historic first tour of
China. His 2010 memoir,
China Boys, is now widely
available as an ebook.
1961
Myra Barron ’61 of Washington,
D.C., celebrated two
milestones in June: her 50th
SAIS reunion and her 50th
wedding anniversary. She
celebrated the latter with
her husband, three children
and their spouses, and seven
grandchildren.
Having retired from
careers in both the U.S.
Air Force and as a technical
documentation writer,
Lincoln Beaumont Jr. ’61
of Omaha, Neb., enjoys
time with his family, including
his son, Tom, and his
granddaughter Bailey.
Retired U.S. Foreign
Service officer and former
USAID employee Robert
Chamberlain ’61 resides in
Washington, D.C.
Talbott Huey ’61 recently
retired from 20 years as the
Asian studies librarian at
Michigan State University
and enjoys life in Baltimore
and Washington, D.C.
William (Bill) Jennette ’61
has been a part-time contractor
with the U.S. Department
of State’s International
Visitor Leadership Program
since 2000. He lives in
Arlington, Va.
Retired from his civil service
career since 1985, Carol
Members of the class of 1961 gathered for a luncheon at SAIS
in Washington, D.C., in April to celebrate the 50th anniversary
of their graduation. Attendees included Barclay Ward ’61,
Joan Steves Ward B’58, ’61, William Jennette B’61, ’61, Carol
Thomas ’61, Talbott Huey ’61, Ludmilla Murphy B’60, ’61, Robert
Chamberlain B’60, ’61 and Wilbur Wright ’61.
94 SAISPHERE
Thomas ’61 has since been
involved in numerous singing
groups and community
organizations and enjoys
his six grandchildren. He
resides in Reston, Va.
Barclay Ward ’61 and
Joan Steves Ward B’58, ’61
divide their time between
Vermont and Washington,
D.C. Barclay, now semiretired,
consults for the U.S.
Department of State and the
Brookhaven National Laboratory,
for whom he is working
on a textbook focused
on nuclear nonproliferation
and safeguards. In the summer
of 2011, the couple
went on a cruise through the
Baltic Sea with a JHU alumni
group.
1963
Fred A. Kahn ’63 was the
subject of an article on the
Nixon Foundation website
in September 2010. The
article credited him as a pioneer
for his proposal for U.S.
presidential election debates,
which led to the first one in
1960 between Vice President
Richard Nixon and Senator
John F. Kennedy.
Roberta Cohen Korn
B’62, ’63 is retired but
remains a nonresident senior
fellow at the Brookings Institution
in Washington, D.C.,
specializing in human rights
and humanitarian issues. In
July she published an article
on hunger in North Korea.
She is also a senior associate
at Georgetown University’s
Institute for the Study of
International Migration and
an adjunct associate professor
at American University’s
Washington College of Law.
1964
Since June 2007, Les Janka
’64 has been living in
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with
his wife, Michele. Janka is
working as president for
Quincy International LLC,
an international business
development and government
relations consulting
group. He was elected chairman
of the American Business
Group of Riyadh in
May.
Ronald Shelp ’64 of New
York writes a weekly blog
for Forbes called “Greenberg
Watch,” based on his
best-seller Fallen Giant:
The Amazing Story of Hank
Greenberg and the History of
AIG (2009). In the fall, Shelp
began working as executive
producer on a documentary
with Cannes Film Festival
winner Mike Walter and
director Neal Slavin.
1967
Theodore A. Delvoie B’67,
’67 is enjoying retirement.
He is very active in
volunteer work, and in
September, he took a trip
to Santiago de Compostela,
Spain.
1968
James C. Cason ’68 was
elected mayor of Coral
Gables, Fla., in April. He will
serve a two-year term.
Despite the distances
between their residences in
Israel, Japan and the United
States, four good friends who
last met at SAIS 43 years ago
had their reunion in May.
Shmuel Limone ’68,
Shoichiro Odagaki ’69,
Thomas Magstadt ’68,
Ph.D. ’72 and Kent
Harrington ’68, along with
their spouses, vacationed
together in Savannah, Ga.
Planning is under way for
another reunion in 2012 in
Tel Aviv, Israel.

Bonnie Wilson B’67, ’67, Ph.D. ’71 hosted a dinner at her home
in Bethesda, Md., for the Bologna class of 1967 in June. Alumni
pictured here include: Alan Messer B’67, ’68, Alan Platt B’67,
’67, Giuseppe Pennisi B’67, ’68, Peggy Jones B’67, ’68, Diana
McNaughton Capoluongo B’67, ’68, Wilson, Allen Keiswetter B’67,
’71, Roberto Toscano B’67, ’68 and Lynne Lambert B’67, ’67.
1969
Warren J. Devalier ’69 lives
and works in Tokyo. He is
the founder of Interface Inc.
and has been an M.B.A. consultant
and leadership coach
since April 1988.
Retired USAID employee
Pirie Gall ’69 and his wife,
Maria Consuelo, live in
Bethesda, Md., and celebrated
their 39th wedding
anniversary in July. In 2010
they became first-time
grandparents with the birth
of Gavin Pirie Rizzolo. Gall
stays busy with fundraising
for arts organizations, acting,
Santa Claus gigs and occasional
international work.
Shoichiro Odagaki ’69
leads a happy and active
retirement life. He enjoys
traveling, golfing, volunteering
and shuttling between
libraries and the fitness
club. As one of the JHU club
leaders for Japan, he helped
organize two SAIS alumni
events in Tokyo in August
2010 and June.
In August, Ann Van
Dusen ’69, JHU Ph.D. ’73
of Washington, D.C., was
appointed interim director
of the new M.A. in Global
Human Development
Program at Georgetown
University’s Edmund A.
Walsh School of Foreign
Service. Van Dusen has had
a distinguished career in the
field of development. She
also has taught at SAIS for
several years.
1970
Retired since May, Howard
B. Libauer ’70 is readjusting
to American life in Minneapolis
after living in East
Asia for 28 years. He counts
among his most satisfying
experiences working for private
enterprises.
In May, Herbert Paine ’70
celebrated the 22nd anniversary
of his national consulting
business, specializing in
organizational development
and change management,
business strategy, mergers
and governance. Residing
in Phoenix, Ariz., he is
beginning his seventh year
as JHU’s Arizona alumni
chapter president. He is a
political commentator for
the local National Public
Radio affiliate, KJZZ, and a
contributor to the Arizona
Guardian.
WHAT WE’VE HeARD
1971
In July 2009 William I.
Brustein B’70, ’71 became
vice provost for global strategies
and international affairs
at Ohio State University in
Columbus, Ohio. He also
retains his post as professor
of sociology, political science
and history.
David Mason B’70, ’71
and Sharon Ann (Wood)
Mason B’70, ’71 live in
Indianapolis, Ind., and went
on a three-week vacation to
Alaska with their family over
the summer. In January 2011,
they were in Egypt on the eve
of its revolution. In retirement,
David enjoys traveling
and spending time with his
grandkids, including a 1-yearold
grandchild who is in line
possibly to be the first fourthgeneration
SAIS student.
Sam Oglesby B’69, ’71 of
New York City continues his
post-U.N. life as a writer. His
most recent article, “Before
Facebook, Slam Books,” was
published in The Washington
Post on December 11, 2010.
Oglesby is also writing a
blog, which includes portions
of his latest book.
After many years as a
foreign service officer with
the U.S. Department of
Agriculture’s Foreign Agricultural
Service, Robert
Tetro ’71 retired in August
2002, allowing time to
indulge his lifelong hobby
of photography. In February
2011, he self-published
a book, New Mexico & Arizona
Cathedrals. Tetro lives
in Arlington, Va.
1972
At a Los Angeles barbecue
in July, while explaining
that she had acquired her
knowledge of Italian—
plus her Italian husband,
Italian passport and Italian
children—as a result
of studying in Bologna for
a year, Claudia Engelman-
Flisi B’71, ’72 discovered
that she and fellow partygoer
John Mazzarella B’92,
’93 were both Bologna
alumni.
1973
Frederick L. Shiels ’73,
professor of political science
and history at Mercy
College in New York, continues
his research on civilian
casualties in American
wars. He presented papers
at Lincoln College, the
Donald Hasfurther B’73, ’74, James Coone B’73, ’74 and Henry
Berghoef, B’73, ’74 discuss the state of the world aboard a
steamer on Lake George, N.Y., in June.
2011–2012 95

University of Oxford in
March 2010 and March
2011 on the strategic psychology
of bombing.
1975
Robert W. Jenkins ’75,
adjunct professor at the
London Business School
and senior adviser to
CVC Capital Partners,
was appointed an external
member of the Financial
Policy Committee of the
Bank of England in July.
In August 2010, after
five years in retirement,
Dane Steven McGuire ’75
became chief financial officer
of Finca International
in Washington, D.C., one
of the largest microfinance
institutions in the world,
with 21 affiliates in Latin
America, Africa, Eurasia
and the greater Middle
East.
Jon Nowick JHU’74,
B’75, ’75 has been working
for SAIC since February
2006 after a 31-year career
in the U.S. government.
He trains federal analysts
in collaboration and counterterrorism
and supports
government agencies with
their outreach, communications
and quality control.
Nowick lives in Bethesda,
Md., with his wife. He
enjoys hanging out at the
beach, traveling and practicing
his cocktail-style
piano.
Lawrence I. Weinstein
JHU’74, ’75 is a partner
in the New York office
of Proskauer Rose LLP,
where he chairs the trademark
and false advertising
litigation practice. He was
named one of the “Litigation
Stars” of New York in
Institutional Investor magazine’s
2011 Benchmark Litigation
Survey.
96 SAISPHERE
1977
Keith Oberg ’77 of Arlington,
Va., founded the nonprofit
Bikes for the World in
January 2005. Since then, his
organization has sent 55,000
used or unwanted bikes
to nonprofit partners in a
dozen countries, where they
are distributed to people in
need. The Washington Post
covered the positive effects
of this program in Costa Rica
in an article in July.
Edward M. Roche ’77
taught courses last fall in
business intelligence and
technology intelligence
at the Grenoble Ecole de
Management in France and
is professor of intelligence
technologies at Henley-
Putnam University in Palo
Alto, Calif. He is also the
CEO of Barraclough Ltd.,
a company that provides
litigation support for cases
involving Medicare audits.
In July 2010, Dominique
Thormann B’77, ’77 was
appointed executive vice
president and chief financial
officer of Renault in Paris.
He remains the head of RCI
Banque, Renault’s captivesales
finance affiliate. He and
his family returned to France
in October 2009 after three
years in Nashville, Tenn.,
where Thormann was with
Nissan North America. His
second son, Adrien, was
recently accepted as a Ph.D.
candidate at JHU Whiting
School of Engineering.
1978
Linda Hammer Collins
B’77, ’78 retired in December
2009 after 26 years as a
U.S. government employee
and four years as a U.S.
government contractor. She
served tours overseas at U.S.
embassies and consulates
in Bonn, Munich and Bagh-
dad. She lives in Montverde,
Fla., with her husband of 28
years, Richard, a retired foreign
service officer.
In November 2010,
Paul Dwyer B’77, ’78 was
appointed head of risk for
Hong Kong Aviation Capital,
a lessor of commercial jet
aircraft and subsidiary of
the mainland-based HNA
Group. He resides in Hong
Kong with his wife, Andrea.
In July, Gregory Powell
B’77, ’78 and his wife,
Margaret, hosted a “Bologna
by the Bay” weekend for a
few vintage SAIS stalwarts
at their home on the Chesapeake
Bay, Va. Attendees
included David Layton
B’77, ’79, Robin Reeder
Layton B’77, ’79, John
Haaga B’77, ’78 and his
wife, Elin, and Des Shaw
B’77, ’80 and his wife,
Siska. They reminisced
about the good times in
Bologna and discussed
domestic and international
politics.
1979
Since January 2009, Frank
Josbacher ’79 has been on
contract with Hewlett-
Packard (HP) to integrate
the former Electronic Data
Systems business into HP’s
financial systems. He still
considers diplomacy his
primary skill, as he was formerly
an internal business
systems implementation
manager. Josbacher lives in
Shrewsbury, Mass.
João Pignataro Pereira
’79 has worked at the
Ministry of Development,
Industry and Foreign Trade,
in Brasilia, Brazil, since
February 2009. He is the
technical adviser for the
Department of Industrial
Competitiveness.
After 12 years with
National Journal—the past
eight in the No. 2 position
of deputy editor—Patrick
Pexton B’78, ’79 became
ombudsman at The Washington
Post in March. At
National Journal, he oversaw
daily operations of the magazine
and directed coverage of
defense, foreign affairs, intelligence,
homeland security
and trade policy. He resides
in Chevy Chase, Md.
1980
Barbara Alexander ’80 of
Annandale, Va., became
director of the Cyber,
Infrastructure and Science
Division in the Office of
Intelligence and Analysis
at the U.S. Department of
Homeland Security (DHS)
in November 2010. She
provides analysis to DHS,
its operational components
and its state, local, tribal and
private sector partners on
threats to the United States.
Julia Michaels ’80 quit
her job in publishing in
August 2010 to blog about
the fascinating transformation
of her hometown, Rio
de Janeiro, in the runup to
the 2016 Olympics and
the 2014 World Cup.
RioRealblog.com is a bilingual
website that has become
a prime source of information
on many aspects of the
transformation and has been
featured on the websites of
Christian Science Monitor,
Insight Crime and the
Council of the Americas.
1981
Paul Dalle-Molle ’81 and
Katharine Phillips Dalle-
Molle B’80, ’81 live in Paris.
In July 2009 Paul became
the head of client relationship
management for
Europe, the Middle East and

Africa at Société Générale
Corporate & Investment
Banking. Kathy is a freelance
consultant. Both greatly
enjoyed the 2011 Bologna
Reunion.
F. Süphan Erkula ’81 is
living in Ankara, Turkey, and
since May 2010 has held
the position of ambassador,
director-general for Bilateral
Economic Affairs at the
Turkish Ministry of Foreign
Affairs.
Jutta Wolke B’80, ’81
assumed the post of German
ambassador to Algiers in
August.
1982
Roberto Alvarez ’82 left
Washington, D.C., in September
2008 after 20 years,
first as a businessman and
later as a diplomat. He
resides in Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic, where
he stays busy with local politics
and social issues. He is
involved with the advisory
councils of Americas Watch
and the Latin American
Program of the Woodrow
Wilson International Center
for Scholars. He is also
working on Alternativa
Latinoamericana, a project
organized by political figures
Jorge Castañeda and Carlos
Ominami.
Philip Erquiaga ’82 is
director general of private
sector operations at the
Asian Development Bank
(ADB), where he manages
lending, guarantees and
equity investments in project
finance and capital market
transactions throughout
Asia. In June, Erquiaga
assumed interim responsibilities
as chairman of the
board of the Credit Guaran-
RobeRt FoRd JHU’80, ’83
visited Hama, Syria, as U.S.
ambassador in July to demonstrate
American support for the
right of free speech and peaceful
protest in the country. He was
warmly greeted by cheering antigovernment
demonstrators, but
three days later, pro-government
supporters attacked the U.S.
Embassy in Syria, breaking windows in protest. Ford’s
visit showcased his laudable skills as a diplomat and led
to the U.S. Department of State’s increasing criticism of
Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s actions against his
people. When not abroad, Ford resides in Baltimore, Md.,
with his wife, C. Alison Barkley ’86, who also is a foreign
service officer. Ford shared his experiences at an event
at SAIS in November.
Several employees of Congressional Research Service in
Washington, D.C., who are also SAIS graduates spanning across
four decades, posed for a photo in April: Tiaji Salaam-Blyther ’00,
Michael Ratner ’95, Bill Canis ’73, Mary Irace ’83, Alfred Cumming
’86, Raymond Ahearn ’73, Michaela Platzer B’83, ’84, Carl Ek ’90,
Neelesh Nerurkar ’01 and Ronald O’Rourke ’81.
WHAT WE’VE HeARD
tee and Investment Facility.
He is also vice chairman
of the Investment Committee
of the ADB Pension
Fund. He lives in Manila,
Philippines.
As professor of international
politics at the
Sorbonne, Hall Gardner
’82, Ph.D. ’87 has become
a recognized expert on the
future of European security
and NATO’s strategic vision.
In 2010 and 2011, he was
invited to speak at various
conferences throughout
Europe, including Mikhail
Gorbachev’s New Policy
Forum and the Slavyani
Foundation. Gardner took
his family to Hammamet,
Tunisia, in August, while
concurrently observing
the impact of the Jasmine
Revolution.
Paul Pitman B’81, ’82
joined the Historian’s Office
at the U.S. Department of
State in November 2010, and
is looking forward to getting
back in touch with SAIS
friends from Bologna and
Washington, D.C.
Maja Wessels ’82 is serving
as First Solar’s executive
vice president of global public
affairs. She is responsible
for government affairs,
sustainable development
and community relations.
Wessels has been working at
First Solar since May 2008.
She lives in Paradise Valley,
Ariz., with her family.
1983
Thomas Byrne ’83 became
the regional head of Moody’s
Investors Service’s Sovereign
Risk Group in September
2007 and is based in
Singapore. He supervises
the group’s analytical work
in Japan, the Asia Pacific and
the Middle East.
In April, Linda F. Marion
B’82, ’83 retired from the
University of Utah after 11
years. She was managing
editor of the university’s
magazine, Continuum. Previously
she served as director
of Alumni Relations and
Publications at the Bologna
Center. She now devotes
time to renovating her home
and backyard and tending to
her 2-year-old golden Chow
Chow. She also enjoys oil
and acrylics painting and
hopes to exhibit her art in
Utah.
1984
In October, President Barack
Obama nominated Gina
Abercrombie-Winstanley
’84 to be U.S. ambassador
to the Republic of Malta. A
career member of the U.S.
Foreign Service with the
rank of minister-counselor,
Abercrombie-Winstanley
currently serves as deputy
coordinator for Policy, Programs
and Budget in the
U.S. Department of State’s
Office of the Coordinator
for Counterterrorism. She
lives in Washington, D.C.
Jacqueline Mazza B’83,
’84, Ph.D.’98 has been a
2011–2012 97

professorial lecturer in the
SAIS Latin American Studies
Program since receiving
her Ph.D. in 1998. She
works full time as lead
labor markets specialist for
the Inter-American Development
Bank in Washington,
D.C., where she publishes
frequently on Latin
American labor markets
and social policy. Mazza led
SAIS Western Hemisphere
Studies students to Beijing
this past spring and will be
teaching U.S. Foreign Policy
Toward Latin America
in spring 2012.
Scott D. Tollefson ’84,
Ph.D. ’91 has been an associate
professor of national
security affairs at the Center
for Hemispheric Defense
Studies at National Defense
University in Washington,
D.C., since April 2010.
1985
Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla ’85,
Ph.D. ’92 was reappointed
in March to a fourth term
as executive director
for Argentina and Haiti
at the Inter-American
Development Bank (IDB).
He continues teaching a
course on the history and
operations of the IDB at
The George Washington
University’s Elliott School
for International Affairs in
Washington, D.C.
Elizabeth “Lisa” Klein
McKenna ’85 has been a
sales director at the commercial
open-source software
company Zenoss since
June. She plays tennis and
enjoys music, stage, film
and food. She lives in the
San Francisco Bay Area
with her husband and three
rescue dogs.
G. Christopher Welton
B’84, ’85 has been living
and working in Europe
98 SAISPHERE
since 1990 and has made
Paris his home since
September 2000. Welton
handles global investor relations
for Vinci, a member
of the French stock market
index CAC 40.
Gunnar Wiegand B’84,
’85 left the European Commission
and joined the European
External Action Service
of the European Union in
January 2011. He is now
director in charge of Russia,
the Eastern Partnership
(Eastern Europe and South
Caucasus), Central Asia,
regional cooperation and the
Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe.
Wiegand lives in Brussels.
1986
Susan K. Brems ’86, Ph.D.
’93 became senior deputy
assistant administrator
for the Bureau for Global
Health at USAID in July
2010. She served in that
position until July and is
now USAID mission director
in Lusaka, Zambia.
Brems is a career member
of the USAID Senior
Foreign Service, rank of
minister-counselor.
Mary M. Dickens
Johnson ’86 and her husband
recently moved from
Deerfield Beach to Tavernier
on Key Largo in the
Florida Keys. She continues
to teach contracts management
at Villanova University
School of Continuing
Studies online.
Ronald W. Peppe II JHU
’83, ’86 was elected in June
to the city council of Falls
Church, Va. Peppe previously
served as the chairman
of the school board in
Falls Church and remains
vice president for legal and
human resources for Canam
Steel Corp.’s U.S. operations.
1987
Jean Curran Benedict ’87
and Mitchell Benedict ’87
are in Freetown, Sierra
Leone, where Mitch is deputy
chief of mission at the
U.S. Embassy, and Jean is a
country manager for USAID.
This summer, their daughter,
Collin, in her final year at
Phillips Academy, was an
intern in the embassy’s public
affairs office. Their son, Cole,
also at Phillips Academy, was
in Sierra Leone volunteering
at the Tacugama Chimpanzee
Sanctuary.
Angelo Capozzi B’86, ’87
has been living in Maastricht,
Netherlands, with his wife,
Ingrid, and daughter, Cecilia,
since 2005. Since November
2008, he has worked in
global business development
at Goodpack Europe, focusing
on the global trade of
fruit juices and concentrates.
After 40 years in international
relations, mostly
within the Swedish Foreign
Service, Winni Fejne ’87,
former consul-general of
Sweden in Guangzhou,
China, retired to her hometown
of Helsingborg, Sweden,
in January 2011. She
enjoys staying in touch with
fellow alumni and plans to
consult in East Asia affairs
with a focus on China and
the Pearl River Delta.
Kay Halpern B’85, ’87
and Jean Luning-Johnson
B’82, ’83 enjoyed a minireunion
at Zaytinya restaurant
in Washington, D.C.,
in January 2011. Halpern is
a senior analyst at the U.S.
Government Accountability
Office, and Luning-Johnson
is retired.
1988
Casual triathlete Lynda
Kristen Barrow B’87, ’88
completed the Register’s
Annual Great Bike Ride
Across Iowa in July. She is
an associate professor of
political science at Coe College
in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Katherine Penchuk
Grabbe B’87, ’88 is married
and living in New York City,
where she has worked for the
Federal Reserve since September
2009. She has fond
memories of Italy travels,
Bologna shoe shopping and
her year at SAIS in Washington,
D.C. She extends a hello
to her classmates from the
class of 1988.
This past June, Timothy
D. Hoyt ’88, Ph.D. ’97 was
named John Nicholas Brown
Chair of Counterterrorism
Studies at the U.S. Naval War
College in Newport, R.I.,
where he has been a professor
for 10 years.
In July, Denise A. Rollins
’88 returned to work in the
United States after 23 years
abroad with USAID. She
has served as a U.S. foreign
service officer in Jamaica,
Ghana, Uganda, Nigeria,
South Africa and, most
recently, as mission director
in Bangladesh. She now holds
the title of senior deputy
assistant administrator for
Asia based at USAID’s Washington,
D.C., headquarters.
In April, Jonathan Stern
’88 became the manager of
media and communications
for the Global Alliance for
Vaccines and Immunization
(GAVI) Alliance in Washington,
D.C., after a long career
as a business journalist. GAVI
is a Geneva-based international
organization devoted to
increasing children’s access to
immunization in the world’s
poorest countries.
Belinda Theriault ’88 was
appointed executive director
of the Fulbright Commission
in Iceland. She has been
working on a project that

Lee KempLeR ’91, managing
and executive director of the
BlackRock Investment Institute,
received the 2011 Johns Hopkins
University Alumni Association’s
Distinguished Alumnus Award
on September 21 in New York.
The award honors alumni whose
personal accomplishments,
professional achievements or
humanitarian service typifies the school’s tradition of
excellence. Kempler has spent most of his career working
with financial institutions on a range of strategy, operations
and organization issues. A dedicated alumnus and
strategic thinker, Kempler undertook a thorough benchmarking
survey for SAIS’s Career Services in 2004 and
suggested strategies for improvements that have since
been adopted. In addition, together with Peter Flaherty
B’67, ’68, Kempler led the “Rolling Back the Future” strategic
plan for SAIS and has supported the school’s leadership
development program. In 1996, he also funded the
Myra and Jerold Kempler Fellowship to support a SAIS
student in recognition of his parents’ “loving support
each step of the way.” Kempler has hosted students at his
New York office during Career Trek visits and generously
shared his personal insights about strategy consulting. He
also serves as a SAIS Advisory Council member and has
been active in various nonprofit institutions in New York.
aims to promote diversity,
open-mindedness and
tolerance among children
while they learn English as
a second language. In 2010,
her project earned a prize
for best new business idea
and received several public
grants, including one from
the Human Rights Council
of the city of Reykjavik.
1989
After 18 years working for
the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees,
Victoria Akyeampong ’89
joined the United Nations
Population Fund as their
country representative in
Kigali, Rwanda, in August
2010. She finds advocating
for reproductive health
and rights of girls highly
rewarding.
Fermin Fautsch ’89 is
the chief executive officer of
the Southeast Asia branch
of Logica, a U.K.-based
global information technology
and management
consultancy company, since
2009. He is based in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia. He previously
directed Logica in Sao
Paulo. His son, Dimitri, is a
freshman at Northwestern
University. Fautsch is an
avid golfer, swimmer and
diver and is currently learning
Mandarin Chinese and
Bahasa.
In May, President Barack
Obama appointed Alan H.
Fleischmann ’89 to serve on
the White House Commission
on Presidential Scholars,
a part-time appointment
that allows him to remain
engaged in public service
and continue his profes-
WHAT WE’VE HeARD
sional leadership roles as cofounder
and managing director
of ImagineNations Group
and as managing board
member of Albright Stonebridge
Group. Fleischmann
is a member of the SAIS
Advisory Council. He and his
wife, Dafna Tapiero JHU’91,
’92, are proud parents of two
young daughters. They live
in Washington, D.C.
Ted Osius ’89 represents
the United States as the
deputy chief of mission to
Indonesia in Jakarta at a time
of surging bilateral relations.
Osius continues to build an
enduring partnership with
the world’s third-largest
democracy. He plans to
return to Washington, D.C.,
in the summer of 2012.
In October 2010, The
Washington Post hired Holly
Yeager B’88, ’89 as its Middle
East and Asia editor. Yeager
formerly reported for the
Financial Times in both New
York and Washington, D.C.
Her assignments included
political coverage and the
weekend section. She has
also written freelance pieces
for O, The Oprah Magazine
and The Wilson Quarterly.
Yeager lives in Washington,
D.C.
1990
Jonathan Isham ’90 is
professor of economics at
Middlebury College, director
of Middlebury’s Environmental
Studies Program, and
in September, became the
faculty director of the new
Hassenfeld Center for Social
Entrepreneurship, based in
Middlebury, Vt., and Hartford,
Conn. He thinks fondly
and often of what he learned
in the SAIS Social Change
and Development Program
[now International Development
Program], under the
tutelage of retired Professor
Grace Goodell.
After a heavy global travel
schedule in 2010, Reuben
Jessop ’90 decided to localize
his consulting work in
Southeast Asia in an effort
to stay closer to family. He
focuses on Vietnam and
the improvement of its
local banks in which his
employer, the International
Finance Corporation, has
made equity investments.
He and his family live in
Bangkok.
Michael Waxman-Lenz
’90 founded International
Education Advantage LLC
in December 2010. The
company specializes in using
digital technology to assist
universities in recruiting and
retaining international students
more cost-effectively
and consistently. It launched
a number of digital media
tools and its Web-based
recruiting platform with
pilots in Russia, China and
India in July. Waxman-Lenz
resides in Beachwood, Ohio.
1991
In September 2010, Timothy
James Jennison ’91, a managing
director at Morgan
Stanley, was appointed cohead
of Europe, the Middle
East and Africa credit sales
out of the company’s London
office.
Feroz Hassan Khan ’91,
a retired brigadier general,
served with the Pakistani
Army for 32 years. This
included domestic and
international assignments
in the United States, Europe
and South Asia. In 2003,
he joined the Naval Postgraduate
School in Monterey,
Calif., as a visiting professor
in the Department of
National Security Affairs
and senior researcher in the
2011–2012 99

Sam Whipple ’91 (back left), Arnold Holle ’91, Tim Jennison ’91, James Stuart ’90,
John Kremer ’91, Landon Thomas ’91, Tom Kearney ’91 and John Metzler ’91
(seated) celebrate Cinco de Mayo at Mestizo restaurant in London in May.
Missing from the photo but present at the party were Paul Hennemeyer ’88
and Will Gardiner ’91. They chose the celebration date and restaurant to
honor classmate and friend Arturo Sarukhán ’91, current ambassador of
Mexico to the United States.
Center for Contemporary
Conflict. Since 2008, he has
served as a lecturer in the
same department.
Mark Lee N’91 welcomes
fellow alumni to the “new
coastal district” of Tianjin,
China, where he is responsible
for pre-opening his
new management project,
Longda Hot Springs Resort
& Spa. Lee says it will be
the largest in-house rain forest
resort in the world. The
project is scheduled to open
in October.
In July, William S. Martin
IV ’91 finished a one-year
tour as the director of the
Provincial Reconstruction
Team in Panjshir, Afghanistan.
In August, he started a
two-year assignment as the
deputy director of the Office
of Peace Operations, Sanctions
and Counterterrorism
in the International Organizations
Bureau at the U.S.
Department of State.
Joanna Pineda ’91 gave
birth to her second son,
Marcus John, in September
2010. Last year, Washingtonian
magazine named Joanna
a local “Tech Titan,” and in
May, her company, Matrix
100 SAISPHERE
Group International, Inc.,
celebrated its 12th anniversary.
Pineda lives and works
in Northern Virginia and
has been happily married to
Maki Kato for 11 years.
1992
Susannah Leisher ’92
resigned after five years as
the vice president of programs
for Trickle Up, an
organization serving those in
extreme poverty. She and her
husband moved to Maine in
June for a year in the woods.
They are homeschooling
their three boys and spending
much time outdoors,
including lots of kayaking.
Leisher’s husband, Craig,
has posted notes about their
adventure on The New York
Times blog on energy and the
environment.
Thitinan Jay
Pongsudhirak ’92 was a
visiting professor with the
SAIS Southeast Asia Studies
Program in spring 2011. He
taught a course on Thailand’s
Crisis and Transformation
and engaged the policy community
in Washington, D.C.,
on issues related to Thailand
and Southeast Asia.
He went back to
Bangkok just before
Thailand’s election
on July 3 and
returned to teaching
and research
at Chulalongkorn
University. He also
runs their think
tank, the Institute
of Security
and International
Studies.
In October 2008,
David Schatsky
B’91, ’92 founded
Green Research, a
research and advisory
firm focused
on corporate environmental
sustainability
and clean technology. Green
Research is based in New
York City, and Schatsky
remains its principal analyst.
Keith Sproule ’92 moved
to Windhoek, Namibia, with
his family in June 2009. As
the tourism business adviser
with the World Wildlife
Foundation-Namibia, he
provides technical support
for joint-venture lodge
developments in communal
conservancies throughout
the country.
1993
Claudia Fumo B’92, ’93
left Maputo, Mozambique,
in August 2010 after four
years as social development
adviser with the U.K.
Department for International
Development (DFID) and
moved to Rome, where she
is on secondment from DFID
to the European Union Delegation
to the United Nations
Agencies.
Richard (Rick) Hughes ’93
has embarked on a second
career in environmental conservation,
ending a 20-year
career in international public
health. He became regional
representative in charge of
the World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF) program in
Madagascar and the Western
Indian Ocean in February
2011. He has been living
in Antananarivo with his
two children, Kiran, 11,
and Ravi, 8, since the end
of 2007, after eight years in
Zambia.
James Mathias B’92, ’93
has been working with the
government of South Africa
in support of an array of science
and astronomy projects
since August 2008. He is living
in Washington, D.C.
1994
Alexandra (Sandy) Burke
Ewing ’94 of Nashville,
Tenn., is pursuing a Ph.D. in
environmental management
at Vanderbilt University.
Her work focuses on the
life cycle of environmental
CHaRLotte HebebRand ’93
has served for the past six years
as chief executive of the International
Food & Agricultural
Trade Policy Council (IPC) in
Washington, D.C. Previously she
advised the European Commission’s
Washington Delegation
on international development,
trade, agriculture and food
safety issues. Hebebrand has also worked in the foreign
policy division of the Brookings Institution.

energy and social impacts of
food systems in the United
States. She is also developing
metrics to support sustainability
improvements in
the industry. She has two
children, Richard, 8, and
Madeleine, 5.
Benjamin Hein B’93, ’94
saw several classmates last
summer when he worked at
a multifamily office of PRS
Investment Advisory and visited
investment management
firms around the world.
In June and July, he reconnected
with Jennifer
(Kimiatek) Hunnewell B’93,
’94 in Boston and Stacy
Scapino B’93, ’94 in Chicago.
In August in Sao Paulo,
he visited Jose Pedro Leite
da Costa B’93, ’94, Fernando
Borges B’93, ’94 and Rick de
Lambert B’93, ’94.
In April 2008 Cynthia
Lopez ’94 became the
director of the JCPenney
Leadership Program for
high-achieving business
students at the University of
Oklahoma’s Price College of
Business.
Suzie Sudarman ’94 has
been heading the American
Studies Center since April
2003 while also teaching in
the Department of International
Relations at Universitas
Indonesia in Jakarta since
1986.
1995
Yamilee Bastien B’94, ’95
is the commercial attaché at
the U.S. Embassy in Brazil
and looks forward to having
a full house of visitors
during the 2014 World Cup
Games. In July, she was featured
in an Essence article on
“Global Movers and Shakers
Changing Our World.”
As of September 2010,
Thanos Kafopoulos B’94,
’95 became consul general of
Greece in Montreal, responsible
for Quebec and the
Maritime Provinces.
1996
Jim Armington ’96 moved
from Washington, D.C.,
to Tokyo in October 2010
to lead Boeing’s defense,
space and security business
in Japan. In January 2011,
Armington also became
co-chair of the Aerospace
and Defense Committee
of the American Chamber
of Commerce in Japan. In
June, he co-hosted a SAIS
alumni event at the Boeing
Japan headquarters.
Isabel Hagbrink ’96
joined the World Bank
in July 2009. She is now
senior communications officer
of the Carbon Finance
Unit and lives in Washington,
D.C.
Zachariah Messitte B’94,
’96 has held the William J.
Crowe Chair in Geopolitics
at the University of Oklahoma
since August 2007.
In January 2011, he was
named the dean of the College
of International Studies.
His wife, Julia B’94, ’96,
is an assistant general counsel
for the university. They
have two children, Samuel,
9, and Julius, 7.
Lainie Thomas ’96
has been based in Manila,
Philippines, with the Asian
Development Bank (ADB)
for the past three years.
Since February 2009, she
has worked specifically
with the NGO and Civil
Society Center, supporting
ADB’s engagement with
civil society.
In August, Joy Whitlow
’96 was promoted to
chief financial officer and
executive vice president
for finance at the National
Association of Broadcasters.
WHAT WE’VE HeARD
She lives in Washington,
D.C., with her husband and
three sons.
In September 2006,
Stephen Yates ’96 founded
DC Asia Advisory, a consulting
company. In May
2010, the company was
rechristened DC International
Advisory with Yates
still at the helm as founder
and president. He also
remains a senior fellow
at the American Foreign
Policy Council and lives in
Gaithersburg, Md.
1997
Phillip Assis B’95, ’97
became the public affairs
officer at the U.S. Embassy
to the Holy See (Vatican) in
September.
Matt Hill ’97, N’97
and Tiange Gao ’97, N’97
moved to Melbourne, Australia,
in April 2010. They
now have two boys, Oliver,
6, and Patrick, 3.
After three years serving
as chief of party of a
USAID-funded financial
sector development program
in the West Bank
of the Occupied Palestinian
Territories, Timothy
Nourse ’97 returned to
Washington, D.C., in
January 2011 to become
executive director of Making
Cents International, a
socially oriented development
consulting business.
Pamela Pontius ’07 has
been a foreign service officer
with the U.S. Department
of State since graduation.
Her family enjoyed
two years in Hyderabad,
India, where they helped to
open a new consulate. In
March, they were posted to
Manila, Philippines, where
there is a thriving SAIS
community.
John Vaaler ’97, finance
director of John Deere Russia,
moved to Moscow in
August 2010 to take up this
new position after two years
in Tampere, Finland, as
finance director for Deere’s
forestry business in Europe
and Russia.
1998
Eric Gibbs ’98 and Sampriti
Ganguli ’99, ’01 celebrated
their 11th wedding anniversary
on August 19, during
a blissful week in Copenhagen.
Gibbs recently joined
an international NGO as the
senior director of country
programs and is happily connecting
with SAIS classmates
in Beijing, Mexico City, New
Delhi and Brussels. Ganguli
has worked for the past
decade at Corporate Executive
Board, where she heads
the company’s government
practice.
Elizabeth Madigan Jost
B’97, ’98 was appointed
chief risk officer for Latin
America at Morgan Stanley
in June. She works out of the
company’s New York office.
Since July 2009, Loula
Sassaris Merkel ’98 of Des
Plaines, Ill., has worked as
second-generation biofuel
technology developer at
Coskata. She is focused on
helping to finance the company’s
first commercial facility
using its low-cost technology,
which she says can
reduce dependence on oil,
stimulate rural job creation
and is environmentally superior
to other biofuel options.
In August, Russell Porter
’98 of Bethesda, Md., became
director of the Office of Strategic
Planning, Monitoring
and Evaluation, Budget and
Outreach in USAID’s Office
of Afghanistan-Pakistan
Affairs. He previously served
as director of the USAID
2011–2012 101

peRCivaL mangLano ’98
has been appointed as the
economy and budget minister
of the Madrid Regional Government
(MRG). Manglano has
dedicated much of his career
to Spanish politics. He has
served as an adviser in foreign
affairs and international
development to the Popular
Parliamentary Group at the Spanish parliament, chief of
staff of Madrid’s immigration ministry and, most recently,
Madrid’s director general for development aid.
Haiti Task Team, managing
the USAID response to the
2010 earthquake.
In July 2010, Jennifer
Reichert ’98 joined CRDF
Global (U.S. Civilian
Research and Development
Foundation) as a senior
program manager. She
implements educational and
other cooperative programs
in support of international
nuclear security. She lives in
Alexandria, Va.
1999
Edward “Boz” Bestic ’99
and Jordan Winkler ’07 are
in Khost, Afghanistan; both
are serving as U.S. Department
of State members of
a military provincial reconstruction
team, focusing on
political, governance and
economic development
issues. Bestic has been incountry
since July; Winkler
since January 2011.
Peter Taylor B’99, ’99,
together with his wife,
JoAnn, and son, A.J., moved
back to the United Kingdom
last summer after 14 years of
living overseas in Singapore,
Hong Kong and Washington,
D.C. He is working in London
as an investment manager
for emerging markets
equities at Aberdeen Asset
Management.
Sergio Tjong-Alvares
102 SAISPHERE
N’97, ’99 currently manages
a strategic marketing project
with the Israeli Ministry of
Industry, Trade and Labor
on behalf of consulting
firm Atid-EDI in Jerusalem.
He also remains a regional
reporter for Xinhua News
Agency. He and his wife,
Shira, enjoy raising their
children Tzuriel, 5, Kelila, 3,
and Gavriel, 1.
Friso van der Oord B’98,
’99 and his wife, Laura
Dorling, moved from Santa
Monica, Calif., to New York
in the spring. At first they
experienced culture shock
but have since begun to
enjoy the urban jungle of
Gotham City. He is leading
several lines of business at
LRN Corporation, an education
and advisory firm
helping companies inspire
principled and sustainable
performance. He likes
working with Christophe
Leroy ’02 on a program
to recast leadership in
business.
2000
Nicole King Allen ’00 and
Russ Allen ’00 of Atlanta
have been blessed with their
fourth child, Hart Law, born
on July 27. He was welcomed
into the family by big
brother Adger, 6, and big sisters
Elowyn, 4, and Carys, 2.
In April 2010, Ricardo
G. Rojas ’00 was appointed
as political counselor and
deputy chief of mission at
the Embassy of Chile in
Uruguay.
After spending nearly a
decade as a journalist for
Fortune magazine, Julie
Schlosser B’99, ’00 of Washington,
D.C., teamed up
with former colleague Lee
Clifford to launch a philanthropic
line of jewelry that
raises money and awareness
for global and local nonprofits.
Started in November
2010, their company,
Altruette, serves 30 nonprofits
such as CARE, the
International Rescue Committee
and GlobalGiving.
Andrée Simon ’00 of
Washington, D.C., is acting
chief executive officer of
Women for Women International,
an organization
providing women survivors
of war, civil strife and other
conflicts with the tools and
resources to move from crisis
and poverty to stability and
self-sufficiency. In February
2011, Simon worked with
women in East Congo on
issues related to economic
empowerment.
Markus David Taussig ’00
accepted a faculty position
in July at the National University
of Singapore Business
School. He assumed his new
post, assistant professor of
strategy and policy, after
defending his D.B.A. in
strategy at Harvard Business
School. He would like to
connect with SAIS alumni
in Singapore and Vietnam,
which he will be visiting
regularly for research.
2001
Adria Armbrister ’01 has
worked with the Inter-
American Development
Bank for three years. She
was transferred from Washington,
D.C., to Bogota,
Colombia, in March, and
will remain there for the
next three to five years. She
welcomes any visits from fellow
alumni.
Vanessa Friedman B’00,
’01 works in New York
City and in February 2009,
started her own international
communications consultancy,
V Dot Consulting. She
has two children, Dahlia,
4, and Max, 2. They live in
Brooklyn, N.Y.
Since 2005 Zeynep
Kudatgobilik B’00, ’01 has
worked at Deutsche Bank
as an in-house economist
responsible for Latin America
and Turkey. She lives in
New York City with her husband,
Derek Meilman, and
children, Liam and Leila.
Christina Wu N’01, ’01
is an assistant U.S. attorney
for the District of Arizona,
where she handles prosecutions
for border-related
crimes, such as immigration
and firearms violations and
drug and alien smuggling.
She was married on April
30 in Phoenix. She met her
fiancé in law school at the
University of Arizona.
2002
Chris Allen ’02 and his wife,
Cynthia, returned to Washington,
D.C., at the end of
August. Allen accepted the
position of northeast director
of real estate for P.F.
Chang’s Bistro and Pei Wei
Asian Diner.
In May, Hassan Baroudy
’02 became chief of party
for a USAID-funded project
in Kabul with Democracy
International. Since then, he
has been leading a team of
U.S. expatriate and Afghan
experts in promoting elec-

toral reform and civic advocacy
throughout the country.
Since June 2002, Dastan
Bekzakir ’02 has lived
and worked in Almaty,
Kazakhstan. He is the chief
executive officer for TORE
Engineering.
Based in Casablanca,
Morocco, since 2004,
William C. Fellows ’02
became regional director for
Maghreb & Afrique Francophone
in October 2010. Fellows
attended the SAIS class
of 2001 10-year reunion in
Washington, D.C., in May.
After spending two
years in Portland, Ore.,
Christophe Leroy ’02 and
Ana Morales Leroy ’02
moved to Mexico City, where
they now live with their son,
Sebastian. Christophe has
his own healing arts practice
and is also a freelance
consultant for LRN Corporation.
Ana is a full-time yoga
instructor and works as a
trade consultant. They are
excited to be close to
Sebastian’s godfather, James
J. Shea JHU’02, B’04, ’05.
Christopher Dean ’02
and Simona Marin ’03 were
married in August 2005,
and currently reside in
Annapolis, Md., with their
2-year-old son, Matei. Marin
is a business analyst with a
defense contractor, and Dean
is director of information
systems and technology at
an organization that collects
and distributes royalties for
digital audio broadcasts. All
three enjoy music, biking,
sailing and being outdoors.
Claudia Seymour ’02
has been working in eastern
Democratic Republic
of Congo (DRC) on issues
relating to child protection
since February 2006. When
not in the DRC, she spends
her time in London completing
a Ph.D. in development
studies at the University of
London School of Oriental
and African Studies.
In August, Tejal Shah ’02
began work with U.S. Senator
Mark Udall (D-Colo.)
on domestic energy issues, a
one-year posting through the
U.S. Department of State fellowship
program for foreign
service officers. She continues
to be based in Washington,
D.C.
Svetlana Vassiliouk ’02
has been living and working
in Tokyo for nine years.
In April, she accepted a
permanent tenured position
as senior assistant professor
at the School of Global
Japanese Studies of Meiji
University, where she teaches
undergraduate courses in
international relations and
politics.
2003
Sebastiana Gianci ’03 and
her husband, Paul Lafornara,
of Baltimore, Md., welcomed
their son, Nikai Pax Victor,
into the world in September
2010.
In June, David Quayat
’03 moved to Toronto to join
the law firm of Lenczner
Slaght LLP, where he has a
busy litigation practice.
Gianluca Signorelli ’03
lives in San Francisco and
has worked at Rabobank,
N.A. since April 2010 as
head of renewable energy
finance for California, focusing
principally on solar,
wind and bioenergy.
In March 2010, Brant
Silvers ’03 re-started his
international public health
consulting practice, Silvers
Global Consulting. His
clients include USAID, the
President’s Emergency Plan
for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR),
the Office of the Global
AIDS Coordinator and the
WHAT WE’VE HeARD
International Center for
AIDS Care and Treatment
at Columbia University’s
Mailman School of Public
Health. He lives in New York
City with his wife, Gaylea,
and two children, Abraham,
7, and Madeleine, 3.
In November 2010 Kevin
Thurston ’03 assumed the
role of investment adviser
at UBS in Boston. He previously
served as an adviser
to the state treasurer in his
home state of Maine.
Since April 2007,
Sebastian Vos ’03 has been
living in Brussels, where he
is a director at consultancy
FIPRA International. He is
married with two daughters
and is president of the SAIS
alumni chapter in Belgium.
2004
Thora Arnorsdottir B’03, ’04
lives in Iceland and has
worked for RUV-Icelandic
National Broadcasting
Service Television since
June 2004 as a senior news
reporter and program editor.
She has two children, Nina,
3, and Halldor, 6.
Marie Ewens Brown
’04 and her husband had
daughter Anna Marion
in March 2010. Brown is
working as an adviser to
the U.S. executive director
at the World Bank. She also
handles development policy
and Africa issues there and
enjoys running into lots of
SAIS alumni in the cafeteria.
In February 2011,
Elizabeth Githens Coyle
B’03, ’04 married Douglass
Coyle in New York City. She
works as a math teacher for
the New York City Department
of Education. Right
after graduating from SAIS,
she worked for Goldman
Sachs for four years in the
company’s foundation and
training group.
In December 2009, Mark
T. Fung ’04, Ph.D. ’06
became a fellow at the Harvard
University Asia Center,
focusing on China’s financial
system and U.S.-China
relations, while serving as
general counsel of a port
and infrastructure holding
company based in Hong
Kong. He previously worked
as general counsel of the
China-Africa Development
Fund in Beijing.
In January 2011, Property
23 hired Charles Joseph
Kewish ’04 as its chief operating
officer to strengthen
the company’s senior team
and manage its hyper
growth. He is responsible for
the turnkey real estate firm’s
property management, sales
management, training, investor
success, customer support,
IT systems and human
resources. He works at the
company’s Orem, Utah,
office.
Marianna Kozintseva ’04
was hired by Morgan Stanley
as a head of equity strategy
for Emerging Europe, Middle
East and Africa in August
2010. She has relocated to
London from New York for
the position. Previously,
Kozintseva worked as a
senior strategist at JPMorgan
Chase & Co. and Bear
Stearns.
In April, Robert Murray
’04 spoke about social media
marketing for authors at
“How to Write, Publish and
Market Your Book,” a writing
and publishing seminar
hosted by Open Door Publications.
Murray is president
of StyleMatters Writing Services,
LLC in Philadelphia.
In March Benjamin
Orbach ’04 launched
America’s Unofficial Ambassadors
(AUA) at Creative
Learning, a Washington,
2011–2012 103

D.C.-based nonprofit. AUA
sends American citizens on
short-term volunteer assigments
in the Muslim world,
to help build partnerships
in education, health and
community needs. Orbach
lives in New York City.
Jason Sausto ’04 became
president for greater China
of consumer electronics
manufacturing company
Onkyo in 2008. Sausto
currently splits his time
between Shanghai and Hong
Kong and looks forward to
catching up with any fellow
SAIS alumni as they pass
through China.
Tomicah Tillemann ’04,
Ph.D. ’09 of Washington,
D.C., was appointed by
Hillary Clinton to serve as
the senior adviser to the U.S.
104 SAISPHERE
Secretary of State for civil
society and emerging democracies,
in October 2010. Previously,
Tillemann worked
as Clinton’s speechwriter. He
and his wife, Sarah Beal
Tillemann ’03, have three
sons, ages 5, 3 and 1.
2005
Darlene Damm ’05 of Washington,
D.C., has been working
with Ashoka in the field
of social entrepreneurship
since 2007. Last summer she
participated in a 10-week
program at Singularity University
in California’s Silicon
Valley studying exponential
technologies and their application
to improving the lives
of one billion people.
Ajit Mohan ’05 published
a piece in The Wall Street
Journal in April titled “India
Journal: Hazare Triumphs,
but No Silver Bullets.” His
work examined the effects of
social activist Anna Hazare’s
hunger fast unto death,
which galvanized the public
fight against government
corruption. Mohan is a political
and social commentator
in New Delhi. He recently
co-authored McKinsey
Global Institute’s “India’s
Urban Awakening: Building
Inclusive Cities, Sustaining
Economic Growth.”
Michael Oko ’05 was
hired as director of media
relations at World Resources
Institute in August 2010. He
lives in Washington, D.C.
Rebecca Patterson B’04,
’05 has worked for J.P.
A group of overseas and traveling SAIS alumni gathered in Uganda in February 2011 for a reunion on
the thrilling whitewater descent of the Nile River at its source. Participants included Andrew Rhodes
’05 and his wife, Megan, who are currently assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Kampala, Uganda;
newlyweds Jessica Wolfendale ’05 and Keith Doxtater ’04, who have been working in Kisumu, Kenya,
and recently moved to Juba, South Sudan; Adrienne Stone ’02, and husband, Andy Colburn, who live in
Kampala with their new baby, Apolline; Katheryn Van Der Celen ’05 and Philip Van Der Celen ’05, who
visited East Africa on their six-month round-the-world tour; and Nanda Kamat ’05, Jed Howbert B’04, ’05
and Dan O’Neill ’05, who decided the timing was right for their own East African adventure and flew
out from the United States to join the crowd.
Morgan since 1997. In May,
she became the chief markets
strategist for J.P. Morgan
Asset Management, based in
New York City.
In July, the Chicago
Council on Global Affairs
named 22 individuals from
government, private and
nonprofit sectors as “those
who will help Chicago compete
and thrive in the global
era.” That list of emerging
leaders included Girish Rishi
’05, corporate vice president
for Motorola Solutions.
In September 2010, after
five years on the job at the
law firm White & Case LLP,
James J. Shea JHU’02, B’04,
’05 left his position as director
of U.S. trade services to
join the foreign service with
the U.S. Department of State.
He was confirmed as an
economic officer in October
2010 and in January 2011
was posted in Monterrey,
Mexico, where he will be for
two years.
Michael Wright N’02, ’05
has been working as an
associate attorney since
March 2010 in the corporate
department at Baker
Hostetler LLP in Chicago.
2006
Ana Ariño ’06 has been living
in New York City since
July 2008 and working
for the Boston Consulting
Group since June.
After five years at the
World Bank in finance and
private sector development,
Doina Cebotari B’05, ’06
returned to her home country
of Moldova in March
to work as adviser to the
prime minister of Moldova
on attracting foreign investment.
She is growing professionally
and learning about
various sectors of the local
and global economies.

A chance SAIS reunion
took place in St. Petersburg,
Russia, in June where five
alumni just happened to be on
business. The gathering included
Phillip Cornell B’05,
’06, Jonathan Dunn B’05, ’06,
Miriam Elder B’05, ’06, Alice
Faibishenko B’05, ’06 and
Arminé Guledjian B’05, ’06.
Payton Deeks ’06 recently
caught up with fellow Southeast
Asia Studies graduates Vi
Than ’05 and Adam Welsh
’06 in Canberra, Australia.
Than and her family will
soon be relocating to Thailand
while Welsh is headed
to Mongolia for a short-term
assignment.
James Gibney ’06, his
wife, Anne, and their son live
in Reston, Va. Since February
2009, Gibney has been a
manager with Capgemini in
Washington, D.C., a global
company that specializes in
consulting, technology and
outsourcing.
Diana G. Iskelov JHU
’05, ’06 graduated from the
University of Pennsylvania’s
Law School in June 2009. She
now lives in New York City,
where she has worked as a
litigation associate at
Sullivan & Cromwell LLP
since November 2009.
Adam Mendelson ’06
recently moved from San
Francisco to New York and
is the director of development
at CleanPath Ventures,
a San Francisco-based solar
investment fund. Mendelson
left the SunPower Corporation
in May where he held
various positions related to
project finance and largescale
solar development. He
continues to spend time with
SAIS friends and colleagues
in New York and attended the
SAIS Energy Alumni happy
hour in April.
Since March 2010, Yugo
Nakamura ’06 has headed
Bloomberg’s Tokyo New
Energy Finance office, which
he personally set up upon
arriving at the job. He covers
energy and climate change
policy in Japan.
Eduard Pesendorfer
B’05, ’06 has been working
as chief of the Legislative
Review Section of the Organization
for Security and Cooperation
in Europe mission
in Kosovo since 2007. He
reports that fellow alumni in
Pristina helped to organize a
trip for SAIS Conflict Management
students to visit
Kosovo in 2010.
2007
Nurul Izzah Anwar ’07 is
a rising star in Malaysian
politics. Though she does
come from a distinguished
political family (her mother
is president of the People’s
Justice Party, PKR, and her
father was a former deputy
prime minister of Malaysia),
Anwar is blazing her own
trail within the party and
gaining recognition throughout
Asia. Since 2008, she has
served as the member of parliament
for Lembah Pantai.
In August 2010, Henry
Baker JHU’98, B’06, ’07
moved to Milan, his wife’s
home country, from Washington,
D.C. There, he works
as staff writer and managing
editor at TopLegal International,
a pan-European law
publication.
Since November 2010,
Kate Bateman ’07 had been
working at the U.S. Embassy
in Kabul on donor coordination
and international partnerships.
She has connected
with many other graduates:
Melissa Chadbourne ’09,
Goranka Henegar ’06,
Michelle Langdon B’07,
’08, Bianca Jinga B’05, ’06
and Rima Kohli B’03, ’04.
WHAT WE’VE HeARD
In January 2012, Bateman
and her husband moved to
southwest England for his
assignment with NATO.
Sarina Beges ’07 left the
Synergos Institute in New
York in October 2010, where
she was managing a program
supporting social entrepreneurs
in the Arab world,
to move with her husband
to the San Francisco Bay
Area. She became program
manager at Stanford University’s
Center on Democracy,
Development and Rule of
Law.
Ilya Bourtman JHU’06,
’07 was appointed as BP
Russia’s head of external
affairs in August 2010, based
in Moscow. As a side project,
he is working on developing
a social networking application
targeting people in the
former Soviet Union.
Matthew Cummins
B’05, ’07 assumed the post
of social policy specialist at
UNICEF in New York City
in July.
John Robert Force ’07
joined USAID-Serbia in
July as a senior rule of law
adviser in Belgrade. He was
previously with USAID-
Cambodia working on
democracy and governance
programs.
Eric Jaffe ’07 is living in
London and has been working
as a research manager in
the energy and industrials
practice at Gerson Lehrman
Group since October 2010.
Alex Pascal ’07 married
Amy Born in October 2010
in Washington, D.C. They
recently moved to New York
City, where Pascal is a policy
adviser to Susan Rice, U.S.
permanent representative to
the United Nations. They are
enjoying all that New York
has to offer and look forward
to the hospitality of SAIS
friends around the world in
the coming year.
Caroline Poeschl ’07
is pursuing a Ph.D. in
international development
at the London School of
Economics.
Jonathan P. Raviv JHU
’06, ’07 moved back to New
York City from Washington,
D.C., in March, and is now
covering aerospace and
defense stocks for Citi.
In October Caspar G.
Schauseil B’06, ’07 completed
his Ph.D. in Hamburg
at Bauhaus Research School,
in collaboration with Hamburg
Media School. He will
soon be moving to Berlin to
begin a new job. His professional
focus lies in mergers
and aquisitions, media economics,
and new business
models for digital media and
the printing industry.
Cenk Sidar B’06, ’07
resides in Fairfax, Va., with
his wife, Jessica. He has
managed a Washington,
D.C.-based strategic advisory
and research firm, Sidar
Global Advisors, since January
2009.
Kiran Nichani Srivastava
B’06, ’07 lives and works
in Washington, D.C., as an
associate with Booz Allen
Hamilton in the company’s
energy practice. She gave
birth to a baby boy in February
2011.
In October 2009, George
Turner B’06, ’07 became
the head of the Westminster
office of Simon Hughes MP,
in the House of Commons.
He lives in London.
2008
Gabo Arora B’07, ’08 works
for Thomas Stelzer B’83,
assistant secretary general
for the U.N. Department of
Economic and Social Affairs
and the U.N. Secretariat.
Arora returned to New York
2011–2012 105

from Haiti in February 2011,
where he was based with
UNICEF as deputy coordinator
of child protection working
on relief efforts related to
the earthquake and subsequent
cholera epidemic.
Cédric Crelo ’08 is based
in Manila, Philippines. In
July, he became an alternate
executive director at the
Asian Development Bank,
representing Austria, Germany,
Luxembourg, Turkey
and the United Kingdom on
the board of directors.
In January 2010, Astari
Mareska Daenuwy ’08
joined the Indonesian foreign
ministry, where she was
assigned to work for three
months at the Indonesian
Permanent Mission to the
U.N. and other international
organizations in Geneva.
She studied diplomacy at
the Clingendael Institute of
International Relations in
The Hague from February to
April and is now working at
the office of the special staff
of the president for international
affairs in Jakarta.
Neil Gibson ’08 relocated
to Taipei in July to serve
as a consular officer at the
American Institute in Taiwan.He
and his wife, Momo,
welcomed their second child
into the world in September
2010.
Marietta Grammenou ’08,
a believer in the “clean
energy revolution,” works in
Brussels managing the Business
Development Department
of the French firm
Ecotemis, which designs
solar systems that address
the needs of sustainable
architecture, premium urban
landscape and luxury markets.
She is organizing the
launch of a new product line
of luxury solar furniture in
Monaco; Prince Albert II is
expected to attend.
106 SAISPHERE
Daniel Kollman ’08
traveled to Lima, Peru, in
August to witness Florian
Theus B’06, ’08 getting married.
Kollman lives in Berlin
and is an entrepreneur.
Courtney Rickert
McCaffrey ’08 co-authored
an article in the January-
February 2011 issue of
Harvard Business Review
titled “Investing in the Post-
Recession World: Where
Companies Should Go for
Growth Amid Uncertainty.”
She was married in June
to Thomas McCaffrey and
relocated two months
later from New York to
Washington, D.C.
Kindra (Lakindra) Mohr
’08 of Arlington, Va., graduated
magna cum laude from
Boston College Law School
in December 2010. She
joined the Anti-Corruption
and Corporate Intelligence
Practice Group at PricewaterhouseCoopers
in July as
an associate. The Journal of
Haitian Studies has recently
published her article, “Lessons
Learned: An Analysis of
Recent Rule-of-Law Reform
Efforts in Haiti.”
Philip Reiner ’08 saw
some changes over 2011:
a new home on Capitol
Hill in Washington, D.C., a
new position as director for
Afghanistan and Pakistan at
the National Security Council
and a wedding celebration
to Annie Gottbehuet in
Santa Barbara, Calif. Reiner
recently hosted a brunch to
help build the SAIS Class
Gift of 2008 Scholarship
Fund.
Sriyanee Semasinghe ’08
was posted to the Permanent
Mission of Sri Lanka to the
U.N., effective in February
2011. She lives and works in
New York.
Sanjay Srikantiah ’08
returned from his work
as an Emerging Markets
Development Advisers
Program Fellow in Almaty,
Kazakhstan, and joined the
U.S. Department of State in
October 2009. Since June,
he has been a senior budget
analyst for the U.S. global
AIDS coordinator and lives
in Fairfax, Va.
During a three-week trip
to Argentina in February
2011, Warren E. Wilhide Jr.
’08 of West New York, N.J.,
successfully climbed Aconcagua,
which, at 22,841 feet,
is the highest mountain in
the Western Hemisphere.
It was an amazing trip, and
Wilhide reached the summit
on Valentine’s Day.
2009
Elizabeth Palchik Allen ’09
published an essay on Uganda’s
elections in The New
Republic in February 2011
titled “Rapped Up: How
Uganda’s Regime Harnessed
Social Media to Keep Itself
in Power.” Allen works at a
think-tank, Advocates Coalition
for Development and
Environment, in Kampala.
In March, Duza Baba ’09
returned to Africa after 11
years in the United States. He
is in Liberia working as the
health systems strengthening
manager for the Clinton
Health Access Initiative,
supporting the Ministry of
Health and Social Welfare’s
reconstruction efforts. Baba
enjoys engaging with current
SAIS students and
alumni interested in working
in Africa, and periodically
meets with alumni working
in the region.
Filippo Chiesa B’08, ’09
is working on solar photovoltaic
project development,
execution and construction
at AES Solar in Italy, a job he
accepted in February 2010.
Chiesa had previously consulted
for the World Conservation
Monitoring Center of
the United Nations Environment
Programme. He is also
pursuing an executive master’s
degree in finance from
the LUISS Business School
in Rome.
Ana Heeren B’08, ’09
and Christopher Cardaci
’09 were engaged in Rio de
Janeiro on January 6, 2011.
Heeren works at PA Consulting
Group in the global
energy practice, and Cardaci
works for control risks in the
global services practice. They
live in Washington, D.C.
Benjamin Krause ’09 is
working in Haiti as country
director for J/P Haitian
Relief Organization since
January 2011.
Angela R. Mazer B’08, ’09
and Ryan S. Marshall B’08,
’09, who met during Bologna
Center Pre-Term in September
2007 and have been
together since, were married
on April 16 in Switzerland.
Both graduated in May 2009
from the Conflict Management
Program and are based
in Khartoum, Sudan.
Daniel Morris B’08,
’09 wrote a piece titled
“Redrawing the Map of
Africa” for the The National
Post in July. In August,
Morris left the U.S. Department
of the Treasury to join
USAID as a foreign service
officer. He currently lives in
Washington, D.C.
2010
Rachel Beach B’09, ’10 is
living and working in Portau-Prince,
Haiti, for J/P
Haitian Relief Organization
as its returns and relocations
project manager for an
internally displaced persons
camp. She has been at this
position since June.

U.S. Army Majors Chad M. Pillai ’09 and James D. Cahill ’09,
pictured here next to the flag of the U.S. Army chief of staff at
the Pentagon, were appointed speechwriters to General Raymond
Odierno in August.
Aurora Carlson ’10 was
hired as head of strategic
research at Sino-Israel
Global Network and academic
Leadership in March.
She lives in Jerusalem.
Alexandra Fedorova
B’09, ’10 and Selsah Pasali
B’09, ’10 moved to Geneva
in august. Pasali started a
Ph.d. in development economics
at the Graduate
Institute in September.
after completing his
Ph.d. in International
development at SaIS in
June 2010, Saurabh Garg
Ph.D. ’10 returned to India
and is presently working
as the commissioner-cumsecretary
of the housing and
Urban development department
for the government
of Orissa in Bhubaneswar.
he handles issues related to
urban development.
Mahnaz Harrison ’10
moved to tbilisi, Georgia,
in September on a Fulbright
scholarship to develop cancer
program policy for the
state government. She is
there for 10 months, and her
work will eventually inform
cancer program policy for
the United States at large.
In august 2010, Romain
Rigby N’10 became an
investment analyst with
Lloyd George Management
in hong Kong, an emerging/
frontier markets-focused
equity management com-
pany. he is looking forward
to meeting any SaIS alumni
in hong Kong.
In May 2010, Stephanie
Sheridan ’10 of Washington,
d.C., founded the
Institute for Policy analysis
& Implementation, L3C
(IPaI), a for-profit company
that accepts philanthropic
grants. IPaI serves to enable
market integration in africa
by offering organizations
innovative partnerships and
projects to further develop
the concept of sustainability.
Brian Norris Ph.D. ’10
teaches comparative politics
at the George Washington
University in Washington,
d.C. he and his wife,
Jessica, welcomed their
second daughter in September
2010.
Niyati Shah ’10 was
awarded the randy
Goldman Scholarship
by Women in Film and
video in November 2010.
Shah has worked for the
World Bank since May as a
migration and remittances
media/field consultant in
Washington, d.C.
Jerrod Vaughan B’09, ’10
remains a senior economic
analyst and special assistant
to the president of the
Federal reserve Bank of
dallas. he and his wife,
Shana, welcomed their first
child, rowan elizabeth, on
October 29, 2010.
What We’ve heard
2011
Nick Borst N’09, ’11 started
as a research analyst at
the Peterson Institute for
International economics in
June. his research focuses
on China’s financial system
and trade policies, and he is
editing the institute’s China
Economic Watch blog. he is
happy to be living in Washington,
d.C.
In January 2011, Tammie
Harrison N’11 of Washington,
d.C., was recently
on the most popular dating
show in China: “Fei Cheng
Wu rao” (“If You are the
One”). after being asked
about her consumer habits
and cooking skills, she was
eventually paired with a
tall Chinese scientist and
afforded a dubious, if hilarious,
15 minutes of fame.
She published a piece on
the experience in The Wall
Street Journal titled “My Life
as a Chinese dating-Game
Star.”
Eric Lee ’11 works in
New York on Citi’s new
global commodities team,
where he researches oil markets
and geopolitics, the Chinese
economy and commodities
and cross-asset strategy.
he also moonlights as a
musician, plans to play gigs
around town over the next
year and hopes to see fellow
alumni out and about.
Miho Matsubara ’11
started a six month-
fellowship at the Pacific
Forum Center for Strategic
International Studies (CSIS)
in honolulu. her job brings
her to asian cities such as
Phnom Penh, Cambodia;
taipei, taiwan; and Seoul,
South Korea; almost every
month. In July, the Pacific
Forum CSIS allowed her
to present on the asian
economy at the annual asia
economic Forum.
In Memoriam
Jacques Claude Ades ’53
Janica Albers B’06, ’07
Mario F. Alfano B’81, ’82
James E. Ammerman B’61, ‘61
Ronald Asmus ’81, Ph.D. ’93
Gabriel Betancur-Mejia ’46
Barbara Bowersox, faculty
Fernando Cabezas ’69
Ahmed A. Edoo ’86
Kevin F. Fetherston ’75
Betty Lou Hummel ’46
George M. Humphrey ’61
Richard G. Johnson ’47
Milton Kovner ’52
John Mallett ’49
James D. McHale ’52
Tetsuji Mochinaga ’90
Joyce M. Munns ’64
A.K. Sandy-Atangana ’71
Hans W. Schoenberg
B’56, ’56, Ph.D. ’68
Joseph J. Sconce B’56, ’56
Robert F. Skillings ’47
Jack Steinger ’54
Thomas R. Sykes B’63, ’63
Micheline Toumayan,
faculty
Panayiotis J. Vatikiotis ’54
Robert A. Wilson B’60, ’61
Harold F. Radday ’75
2011–2012 107

We extend our gratitude to each
donor who made a contribution or
commitment to the Paul H. Nitze School
of Advanced International Studies and its centers
during our fiscal year, July 1, 2010, through June
30, 2011. Gifts and pledges received during the fall
of 2011 will be acknowledged in the next issue of
SAISPHERE. The donor lists are checked carefully
each year; however, in the unfortunate event of an
error, please notify us at 202.663.5641.
Corporations, Foundations
and organizations
$1,000,000 and above
Anonymous
Freeman Foundation
Hassenfeld Family
Foundation
Hertog Foundation Inc.
Korea Institute for
International Economic
Policy
Samuel Pollard Foundation
$500,000 to $999,999
Smith Richardson Foundation
$250,000 to $499,999
Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation
William & Flora Hewlett
Foundation
The Merrill Family
Foundation
Stavros S. Niarchos
Foundation
Telefonica Moviles S.A.
UK Charitable Trust
Zemurray Foundation
$100,000 to $249,999
Austrian Marshall Plan
Foundation
Robert Bosch Stiftung GmbH
Lynde & Harry Bradley
Foundation
Community Foundation
for the National Capital
Region
Compagnia di San Paolo
ExxonMobil Corporation
Fidelity Charitable Gift Fund
Hildreth Stewart Fund
The Hurford Foundation
Korea Atomic Energy
Research Institute
Korea Institute of Finance
The Henry Luce Foundation
Inc.
Jill McGovern & Steven
Muller Fund
Microsoft Corporation
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Inc.
Rumsfeld Foundation
*Deceased ◊ Five-Year Consistent Donor
108 SAISPHERE
Sarah Scaife Foundation
J. T. Tai & Company
Foundation Inc.
Fritz Thyssen Stiftung
$50,000 to $99,999
American Chamber of
Commerce to the European
Union
Banca D’Italia
Blue Foundation
W. P. Carey Foundation Inc.
ENI S.p.A.
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Foundation
Freeport-McMoRan Copper
& Gold Inc.
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Calouste Gulbenkian
Foundation
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Homestead Foundation
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MacArthur Foundation
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Fund Inc.
Joseph Meyerhoff Fund Inc.
MOL Hungarian Oil & Gas
PLC
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Victor M. Parachini Family
Fund
Morris S. Smith Foundation
Vanguard Charitable
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Verein der Freunde und
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$25,000 to $49,999
Assicurazioni Generali
Bologna Fiere
Carnegie Corporation of New
York
ENEL S.p.A.
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Bologna e Ravenna
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Risparmio in Bologna
Gale Foundation
Philip L. Graham Fund
Japan Foundation
Lockheed Martin Corporation
Marposs S.p.A.
The Sunrise Foundation
United States Indonesia
Society
Westinghouse Electric
Company
$10,000 to $24,999
All Risks Limited
The Asia Foundation
Associazione Italo-Americana
Austrian National Bank
William R. & Wendyce H.
Brody Fund
Datalogic S.p.A.
European-American Business
Council
Fisher Family Fund
Lee & Juliet Folger Fund
Freeport-McMoRan Copper
& Gold Foundation
German Marshall Fund of the
United States
GS Gives Annual Giving
Fund
The Fritz & Adelaide
Kauffman Foundation Inc.
Lauer Philanthropic
Foundation
Jacqueline & Marc Leland
Foundation
Deborah J. & Peter A.
Magowan Foundation Inc.
Mead Johnson Nutritional
Group
Mercedes-Benz of North
America
Joseph & Harvey Meyerhoff
Family Charitable Funds
Noble Group Limited
Pacific Century Institute
Paul, Hastings, Janofsky &
Walker
The Peter G. Peterson Fund
Saudi Arabian Oil Company
Silicon Valley Community
Foundation
Southern Star Shipping
Company Inc.
Tanaka Memorial Foundation
Inc.
Unindustria Bologna
World Affairs Institute
$5,000 to $9,999
Almon Family Trust of 1994
Associated Jewish Charities of
Baltimore
Autocraft Industrial Shanghai
Ltd
Cape Flattery Foundation
Center for European Policy
Analysis
Chubb Group Insurance
Companies
William J. Clinton
Foundation
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Colleges
The Emily Davie & Joseph S.
Kornfeld Foundation
DirecTV Group Inc.
David Earling & Maria Nicolo
Family Fund
Edison Electric Institute
ExxonMobil Foundation
GE Foundation
Ginsburg-Stern Philanthropic
Fund
Intel Foundation
Morgan & Judith McGrath
Private Family Foundation
Mitsubishi International
Corp.
Tupperware, Inc.
S & K Vicinelli Charitable
Fund
$1,000 to $4,999
AAV Charitable Lead Trust
Accor Sa Support
Robert N. Alfandre
Foundation
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Foundation
Amway China Co. Ltd.
Associated Italian American
Charities of Maryland Inc.
Ayco Charitable Foundation
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Foundation
Bell Family 1988 Trust
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Fund
J.F. & S.S. Brown Family Fund
Calvert Asset Managment
Co. Inc.
Chevron Corporation
CM&F Group Inc.
Community Foundation of
Collier County
Constellation Energy Group
Foundation Inc.
Crosby Consolidated Fund
Deloitte & Touche Foundation
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Limited
Walt Disney Company
Foundation
Catherine Dolan & Richard
Bierregaard Fund
Ernst & Young Foundation
Ferrari Consultancy
FMC Corporation
Freeport-McMoRan
Foundation
George Family Foundation
The JJ Hamre Fund
Homeland Security
Endowment Inc.
HotelMark Corporation
E.B. Hubbard Fund
Intuit Foundation
The King Baudouin
Foundation United States
Long Island Community
Foundation
Helen C. Low Trust
Maine Community
Foundation
Ellen Wills Martin
Foundation
Morgan Stanley Smith Barney
National Health Resources
Inc.
NIS Financial LLC
Elizabeth & Frank Odell
Family Fund
Peters Creek Fund
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Schwab Charitable Fund
Richard W. & Mildred F.
Steves Family Foundation
Swiss Philanthropy
Foundation
Syngenta Crop Protection Inc.
Sysco Corporation
Translation Management Ltd.
Washington Foundation for
European Studies
Wells Fargo Community
Support Campaign
Wells Fargo Foundation
Dolores & Clifton Wharton
Foundation
Robert S. Willis Fund
Xenos Consulting Ltd.
Under $1,000
Abbott Laboratories Fund
America’s Charities
American Express Company
American Express PAC Match
American International Group
Inc. Matching Grants
Program
Aquila Fund
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Arcos Associates LLC
AT&T Foundation
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Hawaii
AXA Foundation
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Corp.
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
Ltd.
Barclays Capital
BlackRock Inc.
The Boston Foundation
Elenita E. Brodie Trust
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Joseph & Rita Cardillo
Revocable Trust
Elizabeth Carter Fund
The Chubb Corporation
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Foundation
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International Inc.
Copulsky Giving Account
Delta Squared Fund
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Educational Foundation Old
Safed Inc.
Law Office of Bart S. Fisher
GenCorp Foundation Inc.
Matthew Goodman Trust
Google Inc.
Tariq Husain Revocable Trust

IBM International Foundation
Invest In Others Charitable
Foundation
David L. Jegen & Cynthia L.
Greene Fund
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Fund
KC & JC Investment I LLC
Kraft Foods Foundation
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Fund
Lifson Law Offices
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LN Communications
Consultant
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Marsh & McLennan
Companies Inc.
Williams & Laurel Martin
Fund
The McGraw-Hill Companies
Inc.
MCI Management Center
Innsbruck
Morgan Stanley
Stewart R. Mott Charitable
Foundation
Claire & Jack Nath Company
Charitable Trust
Northern Trust Company
Charitable Trust
W.W. Norton & Company
Inc.
Novartis US Foundation
PNC Bank Foundation
T. Rowe Price Program for
Charitable Giving
Radday Family Trust
Raytheon Company
Clay Resnick Foundation
Rideout Family Trust
Routledge, Taylor & Francis
Group LLC
Scherr Family Trust
The Seattle Foundation
Shikishima Engineering
Corporation
Simpson Investment
Company
Spaulding Family Trust
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Northeastern Connecticut
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Foundation
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Advised Fund
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Friends and supporters
Ivan A. Adames
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Anonymous
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Nancy O. Maynard
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Julia A. Moore
Lily S. Moureaux ◊
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Jennifer Nath
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Tobias Neubacher
Roger N. Nucho ◊
Donald Oberdorfer ◊
Helen M. O’Brien
Margaret O’Connor
Sudawan O’Connor
THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
Student Matt Chitwood ’12 with Jeanne Barnett,
Erna Brown and fellow student Jia He ’12 at SAIS’s
annual Fellowship Reception in February 2011
Hannah J. Ong
Charles G. Owino
Malcolm E. Peabody
Pamela R. Peabody
Lauren Pechter
Christine M. Perry
Sasha S. Polakow-Suransky
Harry A. Poletes
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Ann K. Randolph
Elizabeth B. Rasmussen
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Scott P. Rembold
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Joseph Rosenblatt
Paula S. Rothenberg
Susan B. Rubin
Lovro Rudman
Peter C. Salvatore
Amiram Samin
Dabney W. Schmitt
Richard C. Schmitt
Edward Schroeter
Theresa G. Schwartzman
Vanessa Sellers
Larry Slesinger
Keith R. Spalding ◊
Yanti Spooner
Thomas M. Stadler
Kristen C. Stoever
Martha M. Storey
Wesley W. Stukenberg
Salman Suhail
Irene L. Szyliowicz
George Taft
Isabelle Talpain-Long
Jeffrey Tang
Susan P. Taylor
Anne Tent
Sally N. Thacher
Alan B. Theis
Jacqueline V. Thomas
Jeanie D. Thomas
James Townsend
Johanna Tuominen
Charles G. Twyman
Kaarina Valtasaari
Susan L. van Wagenberg
Sylvia J. Vatuk
David R. Veblen
Mrs. J. H. Walton Jr.
Grace Wang
Benjamin Weber
Catherine Weisbrod
Lucien Weisbrod
Jane E. Wells
David Werthan
Gisela Wild
Sarah A. Wildman
Rhoda M. Winkler
Robert C. Winkler
Joan D. Winship
William M. Wise III
Edward Wrong
Ann Yen
Anne B. Zill
Fernando E. Zumbado
Clarence Zuvekas Jr. ◊
2011–2012 109

Why I
Joined the
Christian
Herter
Society
SAIS—and especially
the Strategic Studies
Program—provided me
the knowledge, context
and essential contacts
that have enabled me to have a
successful career in and around
national security. Because I
received a generous scholarship,
my wife and I believe that investing
in the education of the next
generation of leaders is both a
duty and a privilege.”
$1,000,000 and above
Pamela P. Flaherty ’68 ◊
Peter A. Flaherty B’67 ’68 ◊
Alan G. Hassenfeld
Sylvia G. Hassenfeld
M. Gregg Smith ’67
Benjamin Yeung
Rhea Yeung
$500,000 to $999,999
Kevin J. Kinsella ’69
Arbon C. Lang
*Deceased ◊ Five-Year Consistent Donor
110 SAISPHERE
—J. Michael Barrett ’01
Principal, Diligent Innovations
Catherine and J. Michael Barrett '01
Christian Herter Society
The Christian Herter Society is composed of supporters who
contribute $1,000 or more to SAIS annually. The society is named
in honor of SAIS co-founder Christian A. Herter, a diplomat, U.S.
secretary of State and governor of Massachusetts. Members receive
special SAIS-related benefits throughout the year.
$250,000 to $499,999
James Anderson B’81
David H. Bernstein ◊
Patricia Bernstein ◊
John F. McGillian Jr. ◊
Catherine L. Merrill-Williams ◊
Douglas Merrill ◊
Eleanor Merrill ◊
Nancy Merrill ◊
$100,000 to $249,999
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Louis J. Forster ’83
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Jill E. McGovern ◊
Aria Mehrabi ’98
Steven Muller ◊
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Sarah B. O’Hagan ’86 ◊
Kathleen M. Pike B’81
$50,000 to $99,999
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Bonita B. Furner B’66 ’66 ◊
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Laurence E. Hirsch ’05
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Antoine van Agtmael
Enzo Viscusi ◊

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Lee M. Folger
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Paul Hastings
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Marc Leland
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Gary Lubben ◊
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Raffaello Marsili
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Naneen H. Neubohn B’63 ’64 ◊
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Romano Volta
Michael D. White ’76 ◊
Susan L. White ◊
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Hareb M. Al-Darmaki B’75 ’76
Grace M. Almon *
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Frederick Z. Brown
L. Headley Butler B’03 ’04 ◊
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David Dunleavy
David E. Earling B’90 ’91
Anne W. Erni B’85 ’90
Nicolas T. Erni
Elinor K. Farquhar ◊
Joachim Fels B’87
Kim Foster ’80
Judith W. Gilmore ’79 ◊
Richard Gilmore B’66 ’67 ◊
Robert S. Ginsburg B’59 ’60
Juergen Glueckert B’62
Patrick H. Harper B’68 ’69
Roy A. Harrell Jr. ’60
Peter Kessler B’71
Susan F. Kessler B’71
Jae Youl Kim ’93
David H. Klingensmith ’74 ◊
Joshua H. Landes
W. Jeffrey Lawrence ’78
Daniel S. Lipman B’78 ’79 ◊
Godelieve J. Lowet B’83 B’84
John B. Magee
Susan B. Magee
Eric D. Melby B’71 ’72 ’78 ◊
Hope S. Miller ’46 ◊
Maria Nicolo
David P. Nolan
Peter F. O’Brien B’03 ’04
David A. Olive B’73 ’74
Amy Rhodes
Margaret E. Rhodes
Daniel Rowland B’71 ’72
J. Stapleton Roy
Edmond B. Saran B’10
David G. Schacht B’01 ’02
Jay M. Schwamm ◊
Barbara Schwitzer
Allyson Slater ’08
Matthew C. Sola B’85 ’86
Clifford W. Stanley
Mary M. Stanley
Lily Y. Tanaka
Susanne M. Thore B’85
Homer Thrall Jr. ’50 ◊
Abby R. Turk B’93 ’93
David C. Unger
Kajy Vicinelli
Stephen Vicinelli
Alison M. Von Klemperer B’86 ’89
James A. Von Klemperer
Carol Wasserman ◊
Jack G. Wasserman B’64 ◊
Scott W. Weyman ’82 ◊
Kevin D. Widlansky ’05
Bonnie S. Wilson B’67 ’67 ’71 ◊
Edward T. Wilson ’68 ’72 ◊
Cunlu Yan N’93
Laurence G. Zuriff ’93
$1,000 to $4,999
Joseph Aiken
Robert N. Alfandre ’51 ◊
Dennis J. Amato B’68 ’68 ◊
Sally S. Anderson ’64 ◊
Anne E. Andreassen B’99 ’00
Ole E. Andreassen ’01 ’06
Armando Anfosso B’01 ’03
Anonymous
Joan M. Anway ’87
Cresencio S. Arcos ’73
Edward B. Baker Jr. ◊
Stephanie Levinson Baker ’70 ◊
Ulrich R. Baumgartner B’71
Sarina Beges ’07
Norton W. Bell
Richard Bierregaard ◊
Alexander A. Biner B’82 ’83
Robert O. Blake ’47 ◊
Sylvia W. Blake ◊
C. Thomas Bleha
Gary F. Blemaster ’73 ’99 ◊
Jane D. Blemaster ◊
Wolf I. Blitzer ’72
Peter C. Bloch B’68 ’69
Lee H. Bloom ◊
Leonor T. Blum ’83 ◊
William Bodde Jr. ’67 ◊
Charles P. Bolton
Gwen A. Bondi B’85 ’86 ◊
John O. Boochever ’04
Jacques Bouhet
Katharina Bouhet
Andrew R. Brackenbury B’71
Elizabeth B. Bradley N’00
Jacqueline V. Brady ’91
Bryna Brennan ’92 ◊
David L. Brinkley III ’83
Joseph F. Brown
James K. Bruton Jr. ’95 ◊
Mey Bulgurlu B’05 ’06
Irakli Burdiladze ’00
Nicholas R. Burnett ’75 ’77 ◊
Kay F. Butler
Cesare Calari B’78 ’79
Capucine Carrier B’89
Vincent Cipollone B’01 ’01
Anna R. Cochran ◊
Samuel J. Cohen ’76
Belle L. Cole ’56 ◊
Jeffrey D. Colman
John R. Cooper B’70 ’71
Christopher D. Costa ’92
Alastair Coutts B’03 B’04
Sheppard Craige B’68 ’68
Robert E. Cranley Jr.
Shelley W. Cranley
Wm. Patrick Cranley N’87
Oliver S. Crosby ’47 ◊
Simon Cruz ’82
Jane C. Delfendahl B’90 ’91
Warren J. Devalier B’68 ’69
Mark W. Dewing-Hommes ’83
Jessica A. Dodson B’01 ’02
Catherine E. Dolan ’82 ◊
THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
N. Cinnamon Dornsife ’77
Oliver K. Drews B’91 B’92
Kristen Durkin ’94
Patrick Durkin
R. Russell Dyk ’98
Christof Ebersberg B’77
Henner Ehringhaus B’63 ’64
David Ellwood B’71 ◊
Andris Emanis
Eme M. Essien ’99
Maria A. Evans
Tryfan Evans ’01
Bernard T. Ferrari
Abbe Fessenden ’64
Martin D. Finnegan ’82
John W. Franklin Jr. ’67 ◊
Stefano Frascani B’99 ’00
Wesley C. Fredericks Jr.
Carla P. Freeman ‘90 ’99
David M. Frey ’95 ◊
Margaret H. Frondorf ’00
Mark J. Frondorf
Sampriti J. Ganguli ’01
T.J. Gardeniers B’79 ’80
Mark Garlinghouse N’91
Jeffrey P. George ’01
Frederick Gibbs ’99
Bennet R. Goldberg B’77 ’78
Raf Goovaerts B’95 ’96
Cheryl C. Graczewski B’96 ’97
Timothy J. Graczewski ’98
Saverio Grazioli Venier B’03
Donald P. Gregg
Margaret C. Gregg
Robert T. Grieves
Olga Grkavac B’69 ’70 ◊
Kenneth A. Guenther ’59
Carine P. Gursky ’96
Jason Gursky ’96
Mark V. Hagerstrom ’80
Elizabeth I. Hallinan N’09 ’09
John J. Hamre ’76 ’78
Julie P. Hamre
Keith A. Hansen B’68 ’69
Roger K. Hardon B’81 ’82 ◊
Brooke J. Harris ’05
Benjamin E. Hein B’93 ’94
John C. Hellmann ’97
Amari Hemmings
Jacqueline L. Hengl B’68 ’69
Kurt O. Hengl B’68 ’69
Alan R. Henning B’85 ’86
Jolynne Henning
E. Hunterson Henrie II ’86 ◊
Heidrun-Ute Hesse-Tincani B’71
Carrie C. Hitt B’94 95
Elizabeth B. Hubbard ’56 ◊
Katherine S. Hunter ’88 ◊
Kenneth H. Jarrett N’89 ◊
Chunqing Jin N’88
Jerry W. Johnson ’83
Anne N. Jones-Dawson ’93 ◊
Sarah L. Kaplan B’89 ’90
Ali-Sevket Karaca B’91 ’92
Roy J. Katzovicz
Stephanie C. Katzovicz
Lawrence Y. Kay B’80 ’81 ◊
Geraldine P. Kelly B’80 ’81
Karl D. Klauck
John E. Kocjan ’78 ◊
Taesun Kocjan ◊
Tanya Konidaris ’11
Candice Koo ’04
Wilfred D. Koplowitz ’49 ◊
Edward N. Krapels ’92
Benjamin E. Krause ’09
David R. Kyle ’79
Lynne Foldessy Lambert B’67 ’67
Ronald T. Lambert ◊
Brian Landan ’00
Anne A. LeBourgeois ’80
Roger S. Leeds ’70 ’77 ◊
Jennifer B. Lemaigre ’83 ◊
Olivier E. Lemaigre ’91 ◊
Jeremy Levine B’01 ’02
John D. Lewis ’90
Michael R. Liberman
Michael B. Livanos ’74 ◊
Dennis P. Lockhart ’71 ◊
Nancy C. Loeb ’80
Reuben M. Loewen ’02
Rosalie P. Loewen ’02
D. Thomas Longo Jr. B’68 ’69
Helen Low
Roger Lowenstein B’65
Yunxia Ma N’87
Edouard Maciejewski B’73
Andrew MacKechnie B’63 ’63 ◊
Ellen W. Martin
Laurel K. Martin
Williams S. Martin IV ’91
Orlando D. Martino B’61 ’62
Michael K. Masterson ’82
Paul A. Matteucci ’80 ◊
Susan E. Matteucci B’89 ’92
Francis P. McGuire ’76
Margaret J. McKelvey ’77
John E. McLaughlin B’66 ’66
Robert K. Meahl B’63 ’63
Jennifer Meehan
Eva H. Meigher B’56 ’57 ◊
Mayagozel Meredova B’01 ’02
Ellen K. Moran B’71 ’72
Edward L. Morse B’66 ’66
Mary L. Mortensen B’80 ’81
Melissa G. Moye B’86 ’86
Tuyen D. Nguyen ’02
Elizabeth H. Odell
Marsha M. Olive B’78 ’79 ◊
Rozanne D. Oliver B’73 ’74
Mary C. O’Neil B’97 ’98
Jeffrey O’Rourke
Gretchen A. Osgood *
Nicholas C. Pano ’58
Peter R. Pearce B’64
Richard L. Peppers ’53 ◊
Marco Piccarolo B’57
Joanna M. Pineda ’91
Alan A. Platt B’67 ’67
Nicholas Platt ’59
Russell Porter ’98
Raymond Purcell B’71
Catherine C. Redpath ’90
John A. Redpath B’87 ’88
Jennifer L. Reingold B’91 ’93
Torun Reinhammar B’89
Elisabeth Resch B’10 ’11
Aldema Ridge
Tom Ro B’01 ’02
Joyce Robbins
2011–2012 111

Kenneth X. Robbins
Anne L. Rogers
Peter J. Rogers
Denise A. Rollins ’88 ◊
Thomas J. Row Jr. B’79 ’80
Nathalie M. Rubens ’93
Arthur M. Rubin ’92
Philip C. Rudder ’97
Amela Sapcanin ’99
Olivier N. Sarfati
Laurence Schloesing-
Colchester B’68
Gaillard L. Schmidt ’71
Claire Schneider
Jonathan L. Schneider B’76 ’77
Bruce D. Schulman ’99
Norman J.T. Scott ’72 ◊
Gianni W. Sellers B’81 ’82
Sally A. Shelton-Colby B’67 ’68 ◊
Drury R. Sherrod III B’66 ’67 ◊
Jonathan Showe ’72
Alicia Silva-Ritchie ’71 ◊
Natasha J. Simes
Christian B. Smekens B’91
Robert A. Sperl ’71 ◊
Harry C. Spies ’94 ◊
Erich Spitaeller B’65 ’66
Fiona E. Stewart B’03
Brewer S. Stone ’86 ◊
Ruth C. Swanson
Marite Talbergs ’79
William R. Tanzola ’95 ◊
Karen P. Tcheyan ’80
Nils O. Tcheyan ’80
Erika B. Teoman B’82 ’87
Hasan F. Teoman B’81
Kay E. Terkhorn ◊
Robert E. Terkhorn ’64 ◊
Christa L. Thomas B’80 ’81
James P. Thomas Jr. ’94
Malcolm Thomson
Amos Tincani B’72
Matthew E. Tocks ’05 ◊
Adrian D. Trevisan B’89 ’90 ◊
Anne Elizabeth L. Trevisan ’91 ◊
Elisabeth R. Turner ’94
John Ulrich Jr. B’11
Shin Umezu B’92 ’94
James A. Upton B’91 ’92 ◊
Robert F. Vandenplas B’64 ’65
Margaret E. Vanderhye ’72
Robert A. Vanderhye
Brian J. Vasek B’10 ’11
Gordon C. Vieth B’78 ’79
Cynthia Villani
Edmond D. Villani
Virginia S. Volpe B’95 ’96
James A. Von Klemperer
Hans W. Vriens B’85
Nicoletta Vuccino
Barclay Ward ’61 ◊
Joan S. Ward B’58 ’61 ◊
Christopher W. Webster ’77 ◊
Laura R. Weir B’92 ’93
Barbara Z. Wertheimer B’61 ’61
Clifton R. Wharton Jr. ’48
Dolores M. Wharton
Carmencita N.M. Whonder B’11
Warren E. Wilhide Jr. ’08 ◊
Rebecca S. Williams B’86 ’88 ◊
*Deceased ◊ Five-Year Consistent Donor ✦ Christian Herter Society Member
112 SAISPHERE
Rhys H. Williams B’86 ’87 ◊
J. Michael Willingham B’71 ’73 ’94
Robert S. Willis ’48 ◊
Gary M. Wilson ’98 ◊
Sherman B. Wilson B’71 ’72
Jan J. Wlodarkiewicz ’59 ◊
Chris Woolford
Melody O. Woolford B’01 ’03
Ann Wrampelmeier ’57 ◊
Brooks Wrampelmeier ’77 ◊
Rebecca L. Wright ’72
Robert C. Wright ’73 ◊
Penn Wyrough ’87
Wei Yan N’87
Pamela Yatsko ’88 N’89 ◊
SAIS Alumni by Class
We sincerely thank the SAIS alumni for
their generosity during the 2010–11
fiscal year. Participation rates are
listed for each class. Donors contributing to SAIS
consistently for the past five years are signified with
an open diamond, and members of the Christian
Herter Society are denoted with a black diamond.
sais Washington alumni
1945: 25%
Curt F. Beck
James W. Morley ◊
1946: 18%
Betty L. Hummel * ◊
Hope S. Miller ◊ ✦
1947: 40%
John E. Allen
Robert O. Blake ◊ ✦
Oliver S. Crosby ◊ ✦
Elwood G. Dreyer ◊
Earl M. Hyde Jr.
Ruth K. Hyde
Adaline R. Johnson
Gordon D. King
Clare E. Petty
Robert F. Skillings * ◊
William P. Stedman Jr. ◊ ✦
1948: 29%
Barbara Belle
Evan Fotos
Warren D. Hall Jr. ◊
Roy V. Palmer
Clifton R. Wharton Jr. ✦
Robert S. Willis ◊
J. Robert Wilson ◊
1949: 24%
Gordon H. Barrows ◊
W. Kennedy Cromwell
Peter W. Josten
Wilfred D. Koplowitz ◊ ✦
George F. Muller ◊
Nancy H. Scoutt
Marianne S. Simonoff ◊
1950: 21%
Kenneth H. Armstrong ◊
Elwyn F. Chase Jr. ◊
Lawrence G. Doty
Francois Negrier
Homer Thrall Jr. ◊ ✦
1951: 37%
Robert N. Alfandre ◊ ✦
Joseph E. Banta ◊
David Duberman ◊
John R. Mills
Dan J. Samuel
Donald L. Snook ◊
Wallace H. Spaulding ◊
1952: 15%
Robert L. Funseth ◊
Thomas J. Houser
Claude C. Noyes
Marijane E. Peplow ◊
1953: 33%
Eleanor Granoff
Frank J. Johnson ◊
Leonard C. Kampf
George B. Lambrakis ◊
George L. Marling
Richard L. Peppers ◊ ✦
Richard Rueda Jr. ◊
1954: 33%
Samuel W. Lewis ◊
Richard G. Long ◊
Joan R. MacDonald ◊
David G. Reese ◊
A. Irwin Rubenstein ◊
Khalida B. Showker
Mary C. Tensel ◊
1955: 22%
Dirk F. Bollenback ◊
Samuel C. Keiter
Wingate Lloyd ◊
Joseph S. Szyliowicz
Ralph R. Westfall ◊
1956: 25%
Belle L. Cole ◊ ✦
Elizabeth B. Hubbard ◊ ✦
William M. Rideout Jr.
Daniel P. Sullivan ◊
Neda Walpole
Donald E. Weatherbee ◊
1957: 36%
Edmund A. Bator ◊
Michael P. Boerner
William A. Douglas Jr.
Alton L. Jenkens
Oleg Jerschkowsky ◊
Allen S. Johnson
Mary Lee L. McIntyre
Wilfried Mehring ◊
Eva H. Meigher ◊ ✦
Abe J. Moses ◊
Robert M. Rodes ◊
Mildred C. Vreeland
Robert D. Ward
Ann Wrampelmeier ◊ ✦
1958: 31%
Carol S. Akiyama ◊
Joann M. Andrews
Paul J. Glasoe
David B. Hoffman
Mary K. Huntington ◊
Alfred M. Liveright ◊
Richard W. Murphy
Nicholas C. Pano ◊ ✦
Sarah K. Stromayer
Gaetano Zucconi ◊
1959: 48%
Anne M. Auchter
Edmund L. Auchter
John F. Emery
Peter F. Geithner ◊
Kenneth A. Guenther ✦
Richard H. Howarth
Marianne B. Kilby
Peter Kilby
Francis M. Kinnelly
John A. Lepper ◊
Marilyn J. Peterson
Nicholas Platt ✦
H. Lawrence Sandall ◊
Lucille A. Stephenson
Jan J. Wlodarkiewicz ◊ ✦
1960: 33%
Robert P. Armstrong ◊
Steven S. Conner ◊
William F. Eaton ◊
Robert S. Ginsburg ✦
Roy A. Harrell Jr. ◊ ✦
Robert G. Hoag
Kenneth A. Kurze ◊
Joel G. Montague
Robert Morrow
Claudia W. Moyne
John A. Rava
Barbara C. Santoro
Francis H. Thomas ◊
1961: 26%
Myra H. Barron ◊
Lincoln S. Beaumont Jr.
Donald F. Castor ◊
Robert L. Chamberlain
Robert J. Karrer Jr. ◊
Gary L. Lent ◊
Maury J. Lisann
Ludmilla Ksensenko Murphy
Thomas A. Schlenker ◊
Barclay Ward ◊ ✦
Joan S. Ward ◊ ✦
Barbara Z. Wertheimer ◊ ✦
1962: 30%
Paul P. Blackburn III ◊
Neboysha R. Brashich ◊
Alexander J. De Grand
Carmine Gorga ◊
Isebill V. Gruhn ◊
John D. Holm
William I. Jones ◊
Gibbs Macdaniel Jr.
Orlando D. Martino ✦
Nancy H. Paulson ◊
Sone Son ◊

Carl Taylor
Charles M. Vincent
1963: 32%
Madeleine K. Albright ◊
Peter W. Bailey ◊
Katherine S. Batts
Peter J. Bertocci
Charles A. Buchanan Jr.
Elizabeth A. Carter ◊
Lewis H. Diuguid
Marston D. Hodgin ◊
Brooke C. Holmes
Robert W. Hull
Stephen O. Lesser ◊ ✦
Andrew MacKechnie ◊ ✦
Robert K. Meahl ✦
Robert L. Mott ◊
Samuel S. Rea ◊
Marilou M. Righini
Leon M. Slawecki
Gordon A. Tubbs ◊
1964: 30%
Sally S. Anderson ◊ ✦
Richard J. Bentley
James A. Berezin
Robert C. Carr ✦
Ellen G. Cole ◊
Henner Ehringhaus ✦
Abbe Fessenden ✦
Gulcin B. Hamilton
Daniel R. Headrick
John J. Kadilis
David T. Kenney ◊ ✦
Marjorie W. Lundy
Gretchen S. Maynes
Howard Murad
Naneen H. Neubohn ◊
Russell E. Parta ◊
John H. Strasburger ◊
Robert E. Terkhorn ◊ ✦
Charles H. Twining
1965: 21%
Donald E. Black ◊
Elenita E. Brodie
Chester A. Crocker
Roger W. Fontaine
Sung H. Hahm
H. Richard Hurren
L. Brewster Jackson II
J. Hugh McFadden
Julie F. Melton ◊
Charles J. Micoleau
Albert G. Miller ◊
Richard C. Rogers ◊
Robert F. Vandenplas ✦
Anne C. Webb
1966: 25%
Andres Barreto ◊
Herb A. Behrstock
Dorothy J. Black
W. Scott Butcher ◊
Joan Ellen Corbett
Jerry M. de St. Paer ✦
Bonita B. Furner ◊ ✦
Janice L. Goertz
Allan M. Groves
Richard J. Jones
Sandy R. McKenzie ◊
John E. McLaughlin ◊ ✦
Jon B. McLin
Marilyn A. Meyers ◊
Edward L. Morse ✦
Arthur D. Neiman
Merle B. Opelz ◊
A. James Panos
Pedro N. Solares
Erich Spitaeller ✦
Samuel C. Townsend
1967: 36%
Charles S. Ahlgren
William Bodde Jr. ◊ ✦
Robert D. Botjer ✦
Jay S. Brickman ◊
Katharine Campbell
James P. Collins Jr. ◊
Theodore A. Delvoie
David A. Erbe ◊
John W. Franklin Jr. ◊ ✦
Richard Gilmore ◊ ✦
Dennis C. Goodman ◊
Jacques J. Gorlin
Richard E. Hecklinger
Barbara Herzog
Donald J. Huse ◊
Lynne Foldessy Lambert ✦
George E. Loudon
Phyllis C. Machledt
Wolfgang Mayer
Philip W. Moeller
Alain Y. Morvan
Robert L. Nussbaumer ◊
Alan A. Platt ✦
John C. Pollock III ◊
Stephen Rosenberg
Christopher W. Ross ◊
Drury R. Sherrod III ◊ ✦
M. Gregg Smith ✦
M. John Storey
Candace J. Sullivan
Sarah L. Timpson ◊
Ann M. Watkins ◊
James L. Whitely ◊
Virginia J. Willard
Bonnie S. Wilson ◊ ✦
1968: 33%
Dennis J. Amato ◊ ✦
David E. Baker
Bruce Benton
John A. Bleyle
Leslie W. Botjer ✦
James C. Cason
Richard E. Cohn
Sheppard Craige ✦
Morton R. Dworken Jr.
Pamela P. Flaherty ◊ ✦
Peter A. Flaherty ◊ ✦
Mark German
Grant T. Hammond ◊
Stephen F. Hopkins
Craig L. Hudson
George M. Ingram Jr.
Anne D. Jillson
Margaret C. Jones ◊
Ronald P. Loftus
Peter A. Magowan ✦
Joseph N. McBride
W. Alan Messer
Frank K. Mitchell
David W. Paul
Hans W. Schoenberg
Sally A. Shelton-Colby ◊ ✦
John G. Sommer ◊
M. Thomas Spalding ◊
Richard H. Stollenwerck ◊
Roberto Toscano
Michael H. Van Dusen
Edward T. Wilson ◊ ✦
Kathryn E. Young ◊
1969: 23%
Nancy Birdsall ◊
Peter C. Bloch ✦
Warren J. Devalier ✦
Pirie M. Gall ◊
Keith A. Hansen ✦
Patrick H. Harper✦
Jacqueline L. Hengl ✦
Kurt O. Hengl ✦
John D. Isaacs ◊
Kevin J. Kinsella ✦
Karin Lissakers
D. Thomas Longo Jr. ✦
Alfonso J. Lopez ◊
Gerald P. McMahon ◊
Frank J. Piason
James F. Rafferty
Clifford F. Ransom II ◊
Erik M. Rasmussen
Eric H. Smith
Marcellus S. Snow
Stephen H. Stull
Lazare Tannenbaum
Roxann A. Van Dusen
1970: 19%
Stephanie Levinson Baker ◊ ✦
Dorie G. Behrstock
Harry C. Blaney III
Jessica P. Einhorn ◊ ✦
Richard W. Erdman
Olga Grkavac ◊ ✦
Constance M. Hope
Alice G. Kelley
Michael H. Krepon
Roger S. Leeds ◊ ✦
Douglas W. Lister
Jose M. Llados
Robert F. Maloney ◊ ✦
Shlomo Marom
William J. Seigler III ◊
Cynthia P. Sonstelie ◊
Rufus T. Stevenson
Maynard J. Toll Jr. ◊
Carlo Trezza
Charles G. Twyman
Susan M. Vonsild
James A. Winship
1971: 22%
Raymond V. Arnaudo
Andy Batmanghelidj ◊
Phylicia F. Bowman
Vincent J. Broze ◊ ✦
Mary W. Chaves
THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
CNN’s Anderson Cooper fielded questions in a
students-only session in March about his experiences
covering the Arab Spring of 2011.
Judith A. Chubb
John R. Cooper ◊ ✦
Gussie L. Daniels III
George L. Deyman
Monica Gruder Drake
Bart S. Fisher
Christine B. Giangreco
Philip J. Griffin
Robert S. Hyams
Jeffrey A. Katz
Allen L. Keiswetter
William N. Krauss
Mark R. Kushner
Dennis P. Lockhart ◊ ✦
Lynn K. Mytelka
Bruce S. Post
Gaillard L. Schmidt ✦
Emily R. Seigler
Alicia Silva-Ritchie ◊ ✦
Alan B. Smith
Robert A. Sperl ◊ ✦
Robert C. Tetro
Jonathan G. Truslow
John W. Varley
1972: 25%
Iain S. Baird ◊
Franklin M. Berger ✦
Ralph W. Bild
Wolf I. Blitzer ✦
William B. Broydick
Richard P. Burns
Linda S. Hearne
Elaine A. Hubert ◊
L. Oakley Johnson
Eric J. Lapp
James A. Larocco
Charla McCracken ◊
Elizabeth D. McKune
Eric D. Melby ◊ ✦
Ellen K. Moran ◊ ✦
Arturo M. Ottolenghi
Carol M. Reynolds ◊
Teddy W. Roe
Daniel Rowland ✦
Malcolm B. Russell
Norman J.T. Scott ◊ ✦
Jonathan Showe ✦
Jeffrey W. Stallings ◊
Arthur Stein III
Eve D. Trezza
Margaret E. Vanderhye ✦
Kusol Varophas
David G. Wagner ◊
James G. Wallar
Sherman B. Wilson ✦
Rebecca L. Wright ✦
1973: 20%
Raymond J. Ahearn
Cresencio S. Arcos ✦
John W. Bagnole
Richard W. Bole
Daria M. dePierre-Hollowell
Mark C. Dorin
T. Stephen Downes ◊
Robert E. Gribbin III ◊
Dalton A. Griffith
Alexandra J. Grochol
Lawrence M. Hannah
P. Roff Johannson ◊
Kenneth R. Johnston
Corinne Lyman ◊
Joan B. Mower ◊
Douglas R. Norell
Jack H. Nunn
William P. Owen
Patricia A. Revey
Karl W. Robinson ◊
Lynn B. Russo
Thomas J. Russo
Jeffrey J. Schott ◊
Brooks E. Shelton ◊
Martin F. Smith ◊
Robert C. Wright ◊ ✦
James V. Zimmerman ◊
1974: 23%
Ruben M. Barth
Henry R. Berghoef ✦
Aklog Birara
John V. Brewer
Karen S. Brown ◊
Richard J. Caples ◊
Theresa M. Chen ◊
Tom Cramer
Alan A. Foley ◊
Donald J. Hasfurther
2011–2012 113

Paul M. Holmes ◊
Repps B. Hudson III
Lee A. Kimball ◊
David H. Klingensmith ◊ ✦
Laurence J. Lasoff
John Lenczowski ◊
Michael B. Livanos ◊ ✦
Donald E. Mathes
J. Scott McCallum ◊
David A. Olive ◊ ✦
Rozanne D. Oliver ✦
Francis F. Ruzicka
John D. Semida
Alan B. Sielen
Richard J.J. Sullivan Jr. ✦
Geert E. Van Brandt
Lee Walker
Kirk W. Watson
Earl W. Yates
1975: 20%
William L. Barkas ◊
Nicholas R. Burnett ◊ ✦
Ira N. Glauber
Andrew L. Goodman
Robert J. Hildreth ◊ ✦
David I. Hitchcock Jr. ◊
Vicki J. Huddleston ◊
Robert W. Jenkins
Lloyd S. Kaufman ◊
Alan Konefsky ◊
Ana Maria T. Lomperis
Timothy J. Lomperis
Marion L. Mann
Dane S. McGuire
Douglas W. McMinn
Robert A. Mertz
Leo G. Michel
Peggy J. Nelson ◊
Carl A. Pryor
Harold F. Radday
Francis C. Record ✦
Benjamin M. Rowland
Charles Rubel
Melhem D. Salman
Maria Sanchez-Carlo
Elizabeth C. Seastrum ◊
Charles P. Spalding
Bruce E. Stokes
James E. Sulton Jr. ◊
Peter L. Tropper
Sandra J. Tropper
Candace C. Weeks
Richard S. Weeks
1976: 16%
Hareb M. Al-Darmaki ✦
George R. Allin
Katharine C. Brengle
Martin G. Brennan
Christopher W. Burdick ◊
Samuel J. Cohen ✦
Elizabeth I. Combier
Stephen E. Eisenbraun ◊
Gerald K. Fisher
Pamela B. Gavin ◊
Brian C. Gendreau
John J. Hamre ✦
Lisa A. Head ◊
John D. Hoppe ◊
*Deceased ◊ Five-Year Consistent Donor ✦ Christian Herter Society Member
114 SAISPHERE
John F. Kordek ◊
Paul M. Liebenson ◊
Francis P. McGuire ✦
Lane F. Miller
Richard G. Payne
Bennett Ramberg
Marsha R. Runningen
Robert C. Shufeldt
Katherine M. Valyi
Michael D. White ◊ ✦
Robert D. Wurwarg ◊
1977: 17%
Joyce Bratich-Cherif
Woodward G. Brenton
Steven A. Dimoff
N. Cinnamon Dornsife ✦
Mark J. Fidelman
Daniel Goure
Katharine M. Hartley
John K. Holmgren
Michael B. Jones
Timothy D. Kilbourn
Deborah A. Lamb ◊
Charles R. Lewis III
Katherine L. Lupo
Barry J. MacDonald ◊
Margaret J. McKelvey ✦
Anne E. McLaughlin-Gore
Keith L. Oberg
Srilal M. Perera
James W. Peterson ◊
Judith B. Prowda
Jeffrey M. Ranney
William F. Rodgers
James A. Schear ◊
Jonathan L. Schneider ✦
Joanna R. Shelton ◊
Robin J. Silver
Philip N. Steffen
James J. Tarrant III
Christopher W. Webster ◊ ✦
Brooks Wrampelmeier ◊ ✦
1978: 12%
Meenakshi N. Ahamed
Christopher M. Bates ◊
Janet L. Boudris ◊
Linda H. Collins
Gail L. Doeberl
Melinda B. Fox
Brenda J. Gannam
Bennet R. Goldberg ✦
David L. Haettenschwiller
John E. Kocjan ◊ ✦
Ellen B. Laipson ◊
W. Jeffrey Lawrence ✦
Cynthia M. Lifson
Curtis N. Meeder ◊
Renzo M. Morresi
Clare M. Munana ✦
Tawhid Nawaz
Christopher S. Pfaff ◊
Gregory V. Powell ◊
Monique G. Van Nispen
Marie C. Zehngebot ◊
1979: 14%
Cesare Calari ✦
Barbara J. Calvert ◊
Martha J. Dudenhoeffer ◊
Douglas L. Faulkner
Judith W. Gilmore ◊ ✦
John C. Graham ◊ ✦
John B. Greenman ◊
Alain L. Grisay
Bert D. Hammond
David R. Kyle ✦
Daniel S. Lipman ◊ ✦
Ronald K. Lorentzen ◊
Nancy J. McGaw
Linda V. Moodie
Jessica Mott
Marsha M. Olive ◊ ✦
Patrick B. Pexton
Edmund F. Scherr
R. Buford Sears ◊
Stephen E. Stambaugh
Marite Talbergs ✦
Kate S. Tomlinson ◊ ✦
Hilda H. Tsang
Gordon C. Vieth ✦
Orme Wilson III ◊
1980: 16%
Indira J. Crum
Huong T. DiRocco
Mark F. Eaton
Kim Foster ✦
T.J. Gardeniers ✦
Todd R. Greentree
Carol A. Grigsby ◊
Mark V. Hagerstrom ✦
Maria C. Ferran Jadick
Seward L. Jones ◊
Anne A. LeBourgeois ✦
William J. Lessard Jr.
Noah R. Levy ◊
Eleanor Lew
Nancy C. Loeb ✦
Stephen R. Markscheid
Paul A. Matteucci ◊ ✦
Linda M. Mayer
Claire R. Palmer
Alissa O. Roston ◊
Thomas J. Row Jr. ✦
Therese E. Schoen
David L. Shambaugh
Cynthia Steele
Cathryn T. Surgenor
Karen P. Tcheyan ✦
Nils O. Tcheyan ✦
Dwight T. Wilson
Stephen D. Wrage
Dorthy J. Yang ◊
Kyung B. Yoon
1981: 16%
James K. Bishop
Peggy A. Clarke
Anne K. Cusick
Janet G. Francisco ◊
James B. Gardiner III
William S. Grueskin
Thomas K. Hanshaw ◊
J. Michael Houlahan ◊
Dale E. Hughes ◊
Cedric L. Joubert
Lawrence Y. Kay ◊ ✦
Geraldine P. Kelly ✦
Anne T. Landman ◊
Madge McKeithen
Monique E. Merriam
Elisabeth I. Millard
Marcia E. Miller ◊
Mary L. Mortensen ✦
Wendy L. Roehrich-Hall
Lars C. Rosdahl
John K. Sakoh ◊
Anthony T. Salvia
Kathryn W. Sax
Francesca P. Slesinger ◊
Christine A. Stover-Romero
Mary K. Sturvevant
Christa L. Thomas ✦
Victor A. Vockerodt
Jacob Walles ◊
William F. Wulsin
1982: 18%
David M. Arase
Nancy Audain-Allen
Alexei R. Bayer
Simon Cruz ✦
Catherine E. Dolan ◊ ✦
Michael L. Ellis ◊
Paul J. Fekete ◊
Martin D. Finnegan ✦
Rebecca P. Frailey
David T. Fuhrmann ◊ ✦
Mark E. Goebel
Andrew N. Goldberg
Robert O. Gurman ✦
Roger K. Hardon ◊ ✦
Leslie C. Hunter
John E. Jankowski Jr.
Carol Ann M. Kenny
Patricia Krackov
Jean R. Lange ◊
Michael K. Masterson ✦
Beatrice B. Meyerson
Dominic K. Ntube
Leslie S. Nucho ◊
Lisette Nuñez
Karin S. Rindal
Gianni W. Sellers ◊ ✦
Brent E. Shay
Barbara M. Spalding ◊
Martha Stein-Sochas
Bart Stevens
Taraneh Tavana
Thomas B. Tesluk ◊ ✦
Paul Valdetaro
Hannes F. van Wagenberg
Scott W. Weyman ◊ ✦
Angelyn L. Whitehurst
Kay A. Wilkie
1983: 17%
Ben W. Armfield
Ann M. Beckman
Alexander A. Biner ✦
Leonor T. Blum ◊ ✦
Marie-Claire J. Brien ◊
David L. Brinkley III ✦
John S. Butterworth
Susan E. Carter ◊ ✦
David L. Crum ◊
Craig Daugherty
Mark W. Dewing-Hommes ✦
James W. Ellinthorpe ◊
Jonathan W. Evans ◊
Linda W. Filardi ✦
Barbara A. Fliess
Louis J. Forster ✦
Jennifer Z. Galt
Frances Gawel ◊
Arlene E. Glotzer
Gabriela Gold
Ann S. Goldman
John B. Ivie
Jerry W. Johnson ✦
Jean A. Kelly
Andrew B. Koslow
Desiree B. Leigh
Jennifer B. Lemaigre ◊ ✦
Celso E. Lopez ◊
Eric W. Luftman ◊
Jean S. Luning-Johnson
Morgan T. McGrath ✦
Jeffrey W. Mullaney
Dean E. Murphy
Brenda W. Newmann
Chieko K. Otsuru
Robert S. Palmer ◊
Ann F. Pean
David C. Richardson
Jean M. Ricketts ◊
John D. Rosin ◊
Jerome V. Sauvage
Ellen F. Stolfa
Gary M. Talarico ✦
Kathleen H. Tesluk ◊ ✦
Brian C. Tobin
Donald N. Van Duyn
Young-Kwan Yoon
1984: 13%
Gregory S. Betsinger
Patricia C. Carey
Bernard T. Carreau
Arnold E. DiLaura II
Peter M. Drittel ✦
James T. Dunne
Mark J. Ellyne ◊
Gregory G. Fergin ◊
William R. Ford
Martin E. Fraenkel ✦
John P. Giacomini
John P. Gildea
Brad F. Glosserman
Joseph Guadagno
R. L. P. Johnson
Cory T. Lefkowitz
Letitia L. Michotte ◊
Patricia J. Morris
David W. Oliver
Charlie Rast
David B. Ray ◊
Carolyn A. Sauvage-Mar
Richard S. Shepard ◊
Peter M. Sherwood
Catherine L. Shimony
David G. Staples
Arthur N. Stern ◊
Lisa R. Sytsma ◊

1985: 7%
Eleanore K. Boyse
Eugenio A. Diaz-Bonilla
Hilary F. Esmonde-White
Lawrence R. Fioretta
Timothy F. Geithner
Laura L. Guimond
Rosalind Hamar
Steven R. Kantor
Elizabeth E. Keck ◊
Hiroko O. Kulason
Charlotte Leighton
Bruce A. Lowry
Babette Sonnenfeldt Lubben ◊ ✦
Francis J. McHugh
Bruce W. Morrison ◊
Mary S. Pederson
Shelley H. Richardson
Harold J. Rose ◊
James K. Walton
Elizabeth K. Werner ◊
Judith W. Wolfe ◊
1986: 14%
David N. Biette ◊
Gwen A. Bondi ◊ ✦
Christine B. Braun
Jens J. Braun
Marilyn A. Cangro-Belo
Mary-Jane Deeb
Marco Dell’Aquila ◊ ✦
Carol E. Fiertz
Randall S. Fiertz
Leslie M. Fox
James E. Gale
Amjad A. Ghori ✦
Victoria M. Griffith
Alan R. Henning ✦
E. Hunterson Henrie II ◊ ✦
Craig S. Hevey
Alan R. Hoffman
Mary M. Dickens Johnson ◊
Nils Johnson
Lisa A. Keathley ◊
Kurt J. Klingenberger ◊
Jesper J. Koll ✦
Janet E. Kyle ◊
Paul A. Liu ✦
Kanako Toda McPhail
Melissa G. Moye ✦
Sarah B. O’Hagan ◊
Maureen E. Pettis
Stephen L. Pignatiello ◊
Kathleen P. Rahal
Rhys W. Robinson
Matthew W. Ryan ◊
Barbara A. Salvatore
Matthew C. Sola ✦
Thomas W. Stoever Jr. ◊
Brewer S. Stone ◊ ✦
Sarah E. Veale
Jennifer A. Woods
1987: 11%
Joan M. Anway ✦
Jean E. Benedict ◊
Mitchell P. Benedict ◊
Amy M. Bliss
Michael Braswell
Kathleen A. Brion
Dennis M. Britt
Peter A. Burbank
Craig I. Celniker ◊
Janet L. Craswell
Joanne H. Dann
Sally Dore
David R. Feltman
Maurice A. Johnson
Suzanne Justus
Donna R. Kaplowitz
Lisa A. Mammel
L. Peter O'Hagan ◊ ✦
Amir Pasic ◊
Richard K. Perkins
John A. Redpath ✦
Dennis L. Richards ◊
Glenwood Ross II
Charlotte A. Ruhe
Kristina Segulja
Erika B. Teoman ✦
Gale E. Thompson ◊
Harrison M. Wadsworth III
Rhys H. Williams ◊ ✦
Penn Wyrough ✦
1988: 13%
William B. App
Lynda K. Barrow
George C. Biddle ✦
Theresa S. Blandon
Bernard P. Blouin
Carla J. Chissell
Craig A. Deare
Rachel A. de la Vega
Kim E. DiDonato-Murrell
Eirik A. Evenhouse
Brian Z. Gelfand
Andrew S. Gilmour
Matthew P. Goodman
David L. Guthrie
Timothy D. Hoyt
Katherine S. Hunter ◊ ✦
Carollyne Hutter
Rosa Kim
Elena Lazar ◊
Philip C. Marchal
Maureen H. Norton
Sachiko Ohi
Fernando E. Petrella
Denise A. Rollins ◊ ✦
Kathleen N. Schalch
Taclan Suerdem
Rebecca S. Williams ◊ ✦
Lawrence J. Wippman ◊
Eleanor L. Wright
Pamela Yatsko ◊ ✦
1989: 11%
Robert G. Barnett ◊
Keir B. Bonine
Arthur D. Boyd Jr.
Janet R. Chandler ◊
Margaretha A.
Dehandschutter
Alan H. Fleischmann ◊ ✦
Thomas A. Goffinet
Helen C. Hammerschmidt
Paul R. Hennemeyer
Jeannine E. Johnson-Maia
Louis H. Joseph
Vinca S. LaFleur ◊
Michelle D. Lore
Bruce J. MacDonald
Thomas G. Mahnken
Alice M. Miller
Ann R. Pifer
Kathleen A. Poer
Woodward C. Price
Helene J. Rekkers
Steven D. Shalowitz
Sarah A. Stevens
Christel Van den Eynden
Alison M. Von Klemperer ✦
Stephen V. Winthrop ◊
Anthony M. Zamparutti
1990: 11%
Kelle A. Bevine
Eugene D. Beye
Susan H. Boyette
Matthew I. Chanoff ◊
Pietro del Bono
Anne W. Erni ✦
Leanne D. Galati
Matthew R. Grund
Margaret E. Hardon ◊
Lynne L. Harris
Sarah L. Kaplan ✦
Karin L. Kizer
Kathy Matsui Koll ✦
John D. Lewis ✦
Andrew A. Mack ◊
Mark S. Mahaney
Jeffery A. Malick ◊
Donald H. McAllister Jr. ◊
John V. Parachini ✦
Lesley A. Parachini ✦
Nicholas S. Pifer
Yvette R. Pintar
Catherine C. Redpath ✦
K. Siobhan Reilly
David Richter
Francis M. Smyth
Elizabeth E. Tolley ◊
Adrian D. Trevisan ◊ ✦
Henric J. Van Weelden ✦
William D. Weeks Jr. ◊
Timothy C. Yarling ◊
1991: 15%
Ellen L. Alderton
Douglas C. Bayley ◊
Jacqueline V. Brady ✦
Kyle L. Brandon
Marijan Cvjeticanin
Leslie A. Delagran
Jane C. Delfendahl ✦
David A. Duckenfield
David E. Earling ✦
Mark G. Engman ◊
Steven A. Fillipow
Todd A. Fisher ◊ ✦
Kathryn L. Gauthier ◊
Eric L. Johnson
Freeman E. Jones ◊
Thomas M. Kearney ◊ ✦
Lee S. Kempler ◊ ✦
Feroz H. Khan
Keith D. Klein ◊
Nathaniel I. Land
THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
The 2011 Rostov Lecture in International Affairs
featured then-chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Admiral Mike Mullen, who spoke on “Perspective on
the Global Security Environment” in March.
Victoria K. Larson
Olivier E. Lemaigre ◊ ✦
Jeffrey B. Lilley
Joseph E. Lipscomb ◊ ✦
Williams S. Martin IV ◊ ✦
Tanya Mazin
Kristin O. McKissick ◊
Kimberly M. Murphy ◊
Warren P. Murphy ◊
Ann P. O'Keeffe
Beth M. O'Laughlin ◊
David L. Peterson
Patricia L. Petty ◊
Joanna M. Pineda ✦
Melanie A. Posey ◊
Edith P. Quintrell
Neal R. Rudge
Ryoji Shiina ◊
David C. Stifel
Motoki Takahashi
Landon Thomas Jr.
Anne Elizabeth L. Trevisan ✦
Mary L. Williamson ◊
1992: 16%
Miguel A. Barron
Lane H. Blumenfeld ◊
Bryna Brennan ◊ ✦
Ann E. Bueche
Amy L. Cantilina
Christopher D. Costa ✦
Laurence L. Delcoigne
Peter A. Donat ◊
Lawrence W. Dwight
Jonathan T. Dworken
Kim L. Erle
Nina M. Gafni ◊
Carl W. Gardiner III
Barbara A. Glassman
Bernard D. Gold
James B. Hickey Jr.
Daniel W. Hildreth ◊
Idil H. Incekara
Marijke M. Jurgens-Dupree ◊ ✦
Michael D. Kaplowitz
Ali-Sevket Karaca ✦
Edward N. Krapels ✦
Isabelle Krauss
Matthew S. Levitties
Thornton Matheson
Susan E. Matteucci ◊ ✦
Andrew W. Mayer ◊
Kathleen M. Norman ◊
Marcelle F. O’Connell
David P. O’Keeffe
Paul V. Oliva
John E. Osborn
Consuelo A. Ricart ✦
Maryam S. Roberts
James A. Rosen
Arthur M. Rubin ◊ ✦
David A. Schatsky
Steven E. Sokol
Dafna R. Tapiero ◊ ✦
James A. Upton ◊ ✦
Kurt G. Vandenberghe
Milya Vered
James C. Voorhees ◊
1993: 17%
David K. Adelman ◊
Ladan Archin
Gudmundur Audunsson
Janet D. Balakian
Eduardo B. Barbosa
Raul A. Barrios
Carla L. Boeckman
Benoit J. Bosquet ◊
Rachel Cardelle
Elizabeth A. Corrigan
Joseph M. Dukert ◊ ✦
James A. Egan ◊
Liliosa M. Evangelista ◊
Claudia Fumo ◊
Esteban Garcia de Motiloa
Charles O. Gnaedinger
Elizabeth J. Goldstein ◊
Christopher J. Goncalves
Witold J. Henisz ◊
Catherine C. Jarmain
Anne N. Jones-Dawson ◊ ✦
Sumiko C. Kamiya ◊
Michele L. Kelemen ◊
Scott S. Kennedy
2011–2012 115

Jae Youl Kim ✦
J. Morgan Landy
Christopher W. Loewald
Ian S. MacNairn
Kimberly D. Mahling-Clark
Cynthia Marshall ◊
Carlos M. Maxwell ◊
Amy H. Medearis
Victoria K. Mills
Benjamin F. Nelson
Ned S. Offit ◊ ✦
Theresa A. Persico
Terry A. Pratt
Mark A. Quinn
Laura B. Rawlings ◊
Jennifer L. Reingold ✦
Nathalie M. Rubens ✦
Gwen M. Shtuhl
Scott T. Stevens
Dean C. Stodter
Abby R. Turk ✦
David B. Van Oppen
Laura R. Weir ✦
William D. Woolf
Sindy Yeh
Laurence G. Zuriff ✦
1994: 15%
Sara U. Aramendia
Julia G. Baumgarten-Rozek
David F. Bean
Henry W. Bennett
Stephanie Bertozzi
Amanda C. Blakeley
Pamela S. Chasek ◊
Nomi J. Colton-Max ◊
John V. Corona
Kristen Durkin ✦
Abigail Golden-Vazquez ◊
Javier Gonzalez-Gancedo
Benjamin E. Hein ✦
Andrea B. Klein ◊
Cynthia Lopez
Elizabeth T. MacNairn
William F. Markey III ◊
Peter R. McCormick
Eric O. Meyer
Jeffrey T. Muller ◊
Christian Nadeau
Jan H. Panek
Richard P. Price
Theresa J. Rice
Juliet M. Sampson
Steven G. Shafer ◊
Paul E. Smyke
Harry C. Spies ◊ ✦
Merril A. Springer
James P. Thomas Jr. ✦
Peter A. Thornton ◊
Elisabeth R. Turner ✦
Shin Umezu ✦
Gero Verheyen
Cynthia J. Wellington
J. Michael Willingham ◊ ✦
George T. Wood
*Deceased ◊ Five-Year Consistent Donor ✦ Christian Herter Society Member
116 SAISPHERE
1995: 11%
William J. Aheron ◊
Andrew D. Balfour
James K. Bruton Jr. ◊ ✦
John P. Chesen ◊
Thomas P. Conroy ◊
Eileen M. Fargis
Steven B. Fine
D. Cole Frates ✦
David M. Frey ◊ ✦
John Gaffney
Amy L. Glover
Susan B. Glucksman ◊
Susannah L. Gold
Carrie C. Hitt ✦
Robert S. Kim
Lars V. Larson
Ellery S. Malkin
Eric T. Mao
Theresa Menders
Julia H. Messitte
Nicola Morris
Daniel W. Offit ◊ ✦
Don L. Pepper Jr.
Bernardo J. Rico
Alison T. Schafer ◊
Matthew A. Scott-Hansen
William R. Tanzola ◊ ✦
Sheila J. Ward
Scott W. Wilkerson
Mary P. Yntema
Alan J. Young
1996: 11%
Eden Abrahams
James C. Berner
Alvin D. Blake
Katherine F. Buckley
Charles W. Fowler III ◊
Monica Garaitonandia
Carl E. Garrett ◊
Coralie Gevers ◊
Sheri A. Goldenberg
Raf Goovaerts ✦
Virginia B. Gorsevski
Carine P. Gursky ✦
Jason Gursky ✦
Robert J. Hawkins
Jenny Hodgson
Elisabeth J. King
Olivier P. Knox
Violane Konar-Leacy
Stephen T. Loynd
Mark T. Magee
Terrence C. Markin ◊
Dennis J. McAuliffe Jr.
Maria E. Melendez
Francesca Mercier
Steven P. Michel
Bruce S. Schlein
Benjamin P. Sessions
Martin C. Spicer
Yuki Tatsumi
Lynn M. Thomas ◊
Virginia S. Volpe ✦
Gizem Ozkulahci Weggemans
Laura K. Williams
Frederick Zilian Jr. ◊
1997: 13%
K. Kay Abe-Nagata
Christine L. Abrams
Christopher Barkidjija ◊
Brian M. Bell
Stanley J. Beltramea
Michele C. Born ◊
Heidi M. Brooks
Andrew C. Browning
Gabriel Cardona-Fox
Ruslan V. Chilov
William B. Comer III
A. Heather Coyne
Russell C. Crandall
Cory V. Gnazzo
Lara M. Goldmark
Cheryl C. Graczewski ◊ ✦
Fulton M. Gregg ◊
Laurie M. Guzzinati
John C. Hellmann ✦
Rattany Hort
Tim Huson
Jennifer L. Kaukus
Karissa T. Kovner ◊
Deborah A. Medenica ✦
Stephane B. Mercier
Stephen A. Myrow ◊
Carmen Niethammer
Thomas R. Palumbo
Turriago Perez
William F. Pore
Philip C. Rudder ◊ ✦
Joseph C. Sharpe Jr.
Chone Sophonpanich
Alison A. Yonas
1998: 12%
Caitlin D. Bergin
Tara Billingsley
Gary Bland
Scott S. Bloom
Erin E. Braden ◊
Paul Butler
Benjamin C. Canavan
Britta H. Crandall
David G. Dayhoff
R. Russel Dyk ✦
Frederick H. Ehrenreich
Timothy Graczewski ◊
Jennifer A. Haefeli
Denzel J. Hankinson
Elizabeth Madigan Jost ◊ ✦
Andrew Kales ◊
Keith A. Krulak ◊
Aria Mehrabi ✦
Mary C. O’Neil ✦
Susan S. Owen
Charles L. Park ✦
Traci A. Phillips
Roderick Phimister
Russell Porter ✦
Diana H. Reilly
Thomas Rodgers
Clayton S. Rogers
Edmund M. Ruffin
Jozlyn Schroeder
Jeffrey D. Sigal
Jennifer L. Silberman
Juergen P. Stein
Michael Svetlik ◊
Wendy J. Teleki
Lynn M. Wagner
Gary M. Wilson ◊ ✦
1999: 12%
Yoichiro Akabane
Maria I. Barboza
George Bindley-Taylor
Gary F. Blemaster ◊ ✦
Wynne Brown
Bruce E. Campbell III ◊
Ian A. Clements ◊
John Denemark
Stephen M. Dorst
Eme M. Essien ✦
Carla P. Freeman ✦
Kelly A. George
Frederick Gibbs ✦
Cynthia L. Greene ◊
Leslie M. Hand ◊
Laurie G. Hopkins
William H. Houston
Emily Jeffers
Michelle M. Jeong
Aleksandar D. Jovovic ◊
Ross S. Kaplan
Jon Y. Lee
Paul Linehan
Roy B. Norton
Michelle N. Patron
Esben Pedersen
Adrian B. Pidlusky
Paul E. Poletes
Michelle F. Quadt
David Rovinsky
Yvette Saint-Andre
Amela Sapcanin ✦
Margaret F. Schmitz
Bruce D. Schulman ✦
Marie-Line Sephocle
Peter F. Taylor
John F. Tent ◊
Oksana L. Tiedt
Justin C. Tyson
2000: 9%
Anne P. Alikonis
Anne E. Andreassen ✦
Irakli Burdiladze ✦
Sarah P. Colon ◊
Lorenzo Costantino
Robert Creveling
Eric Doviak
Antoine R. Duvauchelle
Stefano Frascani ✦
Margaret H. Frondorf ✦
Rachele Gianfranchi
Anne Hassberger
Kimberly R. Hill ◊
Tariq Husain ◊
Alexander C. Ruck Keene ◊
Molly A. Kress
Brian Landan ✦
Lei Liu ◊
John M. McInnis
Eric T. Morhenn
Mary R. Nash ◊
Clay B. Resnick
Catherine A. Tilford
Olga L. Weber
Andrew T. Wendling
Henrik L. Weng
Jennifer L. Weng
2001: 9%
Beverly F. Barrett
J. Michael Barrett ✦
Jasmin Chakeri
Vincent Cipollone ✦
Tryfan Evans ✦
Claudio H. Felix
Vanessa Friedman
Sampriti J. Ganguli ✦
Jeffrey P. George ✦
Jennifer E. Hart
Jostein Hoel
Thea Jokhadze
Christina Leb
Nishaya Mangklapruk ✦
Zeynep Kudatgobilik
Meilman
Khanh N. Phan ✦
William F. Pompa Jr.
Danica R. Starks
Janice M. Starzyk
Jonathan Starzyk
Richard P. Stetson
Blake Thorkelson
Carina K. Van Vliet ◊
Timothy M. Wickham
2002: 17%
Andre Aasrud ◊
Patrick W. Bernstein
Michael F. Brennan
Jane M. Buchanan
Caroline M. Burgess
Karin J. Churchey
Christa Clapp ◊
William A. Clifford
Hans R. Davies
Josafat De Luna-Martinez
Jessica A. Dodson ✦
Paul R. Dozier
Niclas During
Gianluca Esposito
Joy L. Frey
Jesse Friedlander
Samantha P. Davis Goldstone
Kristin Greene
Danya Greenfield
Joanne Grossi
Pepijn M. Helgers
Daniel E. Ingber ◊
Rachel Jarpe ◊
Natasha Kapil
George Kikvadze ✦
Yoonhee Kim
Shari L. Knoerzer
Gregory S. Leong
Jeremy Levine ✦
Reuben M. Loewen ✦
Rosalie P. Loewen ✦
Johanna Lundberg
Katherine Maloney ✦
Mariana Manus
Mayagozel Meredova ✦
William S. Moore
Christine A. Morfit ◊
Victoria A. Nestor

Tuyen D. Nguyen ✦
James D. O’Connor
Luisa Palacios
Kirsten M. Park
David Peters
Scott J. Pietan
Fernando Ramirez
Verena Ringler
Tom Ro ✦
Mimi Rumpeltin
Ana Carolina San Martin
David G. Schacht ✦
Eminee E. Serter
Asmaa Shalabi
William Shield
Kyle B. Stelma
Adrienne M. Stone
Jennifer P. Stork
Elyse K. Stratton
Eric Sundstrom
David Vannier
Martin G. Von Jungenfeld
Christopher J. Wild
Matthew P. Windrum
2003: 9%
Dagvin R. Anderson
Armando Anfosso ✦
Amelia F. Branczik
Stephen R. Citarella
Amanda L. Douglas
Amanda Galton
Laurie R. Goodman
Ariel F. Ivanier
Amber Rutland Jangha
Robert F. Jenney
Andrew W. Jones ◊
Ah-Young Kim
Deborah R. King
Charalambos Konstantinidis
Alla Kruglyak
Afsheen Lebastchi
Kristen M. Malinconico ◊
Bruce Marsh
Akiko P. Oncken ◊
Evelyn W. Rumpeltin
Seth M. Seifman
John A. Somers
Kevin Z. Thurston
Makiko Toyoda
Ye Min Tun
Stefanie Weitz
Melody O. Woolford ✦
Jennifer Yang
Matthew A. Zalosh ◊
2004: 15%
Ani M. Ahn
Jennifer C. Arnold
William O. Austin
Marion P. Barker
John O. Boochever ✦
Edward W. Burnett
L. Headley Butler ◊ ✦
Carrie E. Callaghan
Douglas H. Campbell ◊
Alvin A. Carlos
Charles C. Carter
Elizabeth Case
Sander K. Cohan
Michelle L. Cohen
Katherine S. Coleman
Roman Didenko
Jacquelyn M. Dille
Gregor C. Feige
Todd W. Fields
Pichaya Fitts
Thomas C. Flynn
Blair Glencorse
Johan Gott
Julie D. Hackett
Taskeen Hamidullah-Bahl
Katherine Hill
Michael E. Holscher
Jessica M. Holzer
Anqian Huang
Caitlin Hughes
Catherine P. Jones
Eleanor T. Keppelman
Mary E. Kissel
Yoko Kitano
Robert Murray
Andrew T. Natenshon
Thomas B. Nath ◊
Caryn A. Nesmith
Peter F. O’Brien ✦
Benjamin Orbach
Laura M. Peterson
Grant E. Rissler
Rachel Rochat ◊
Nathan O. Simon ◊
Jeremy B. Thompson
Pier D. Tortola
Sheila R. Ward
Florence H. Wilson
Jeffrey A. Zahka
2005: 11%
Greg Anderson
Christina V. Balis
Taryn B. Barkman
Leo P. Buzzerio
Pavlo Chernyshenko
Alice B. Cheung
Sin-Chang Chiu
Myung H. Chung
David R. Ciulla
Lawrence Connell
Azish Filabi
Joost Gorter
Lily L. Han
Brooke J. Harris ✦
Laurence E. Hirsch ◊ ✦
Joshua L. Hirschel
John E. Howbert
Matthew D. Hughart
Malaika M. Jeter
Eirin Kallestad
Sylvia S. Kane
Mara E. Karlin
Moritz Koch
Maia K. Linask
Alexandra C. Lonergan
Matthew W. Maloney ✦
David M. Moore
Sarah Murphy
Victor M. Oviedo
Marc A. Parich
Pornprom Petklai
Manolis R. Priniotakis
Benjamin L. Randol
Alfred B. Ruel
Jesse S. Sanders
Ravi A. Satkalmi
Marc Schleifer
Elizabeth D. Shortino
Richard Sloane
Holly M. Smith
Matthew E. Tocks ◊ ✦
Richard L. Voliva III
Erika S. Weisbrod
Kevin D. Widlansky ✦
Suzanne K. Wong
Thomas T. Wong
2006: 11%
Natalie G. Ahn
Ole E. Andreassen ✦
Geoffrey A. August
Anirbinna T. Bagchi
Martin Bes
Jane E. Bloom
Bettina Boekle-Giuffrida
Marta Bruska
Mey Bulgurlu ✦
Bryan K. Chapman
Sladjana Cosic
John F. Crawford
Tam T. Dang
Hester M. DeCasper
John M. Denton III
Jennifer J. Derstine
Jonathan S. Dunn
Joanna H. Ganson
Stephen Grenier ◊
Armine Guledjian
Steven W. Kerrigan
Caitlyn H. Kim
Christopher M. Kuzmuk
Kenneth M. Lam
Kahlil Lozoraitis
Christopher W. Maletz
Cynthia A. Marks
Daniel J. McCartney
Adam N. Mendelson
Ryan B. Ong ◊
Linhua Pan
Pablo Pardo
Anna W. Ravvin
Steven M. Riccardi
Raquel R. Silva
Michael D. Waldron
Briana N. Wilson
Joanna L. Wintrol
2007: 13%
Mirentxu V. Arrivillaga
Catherine E. Bateman
Sarina Beges ✦
Daniel E. Birns
Donna M. Brutkoski
Alejandra Cervantes-Paras
Jeffrey Chiang
Amy E. Cloud ◊
Matthew W. Cummins
Karsten F. Daponte ◊
Anthony J. Diaz
Elizabeth C. Edmondson
Acquania V. Escarne
Adriana R. Fotino
THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
Hildy Simmons of the Freeman Foundation talked
about the $1 million gift the foundation made in
honor of SAIS alumnus R. Kendall Nottingham ’65 at
the annual Fellowship Reception in February 2011.
Sarah Glendon
Peter G. Hart
Paul Hastert
Diana Hristova
Eric S. Jaffe
Andrew L. Kamons
Fatima B. Kassam
Erica L. Kaster ◊
Jonathan G. Ketzner
Christoph Koettl
Daniel J. Lecce ◊
Morgan B. Lewis
Jay B. Lurie
Joshua A. Marks
Lauren S. McIntyre
Grace P. Morgan
Ivan E. Nuñez
Hiroaki Oe
Ian N. Parker
Josselin Phan ◊
Katherine J. Phillips
Andrew T. Plieninger
Jonathan P. Raviv
Mark Reeve
Melissa A. Rekas
Kevin J. Riley
Jennifer R. Rosenthal
Junko Saito
Erin E. Schenck
Oriana R. Scherr
Sarah E. Shapiro
Shivangi Shrivastava ◊
Cenk Sidar
Casey C. Silva
Liam L. Sullivan
Jennifer G. Tranter
Matteo Vaccani
Partha Vasudev
David M. Whitelaw ◊
Holger P. Wilms ◊
2008: 19%
Lisa Sofia Alf
Christine M. Arriola
Tania Askins
Rachel A. Bahn
Jessica D. Baker
Alec D. Barker
Michelle L. Battat
David Beffert
Pierre Berard
David Bowers
Mark C. Brininstool
Frances Z. Brown
Alton V. Buland
Scott M. Cantor
Maria C. Carter
Wendy L. Chan
Sue Y. Chi
Joseph F. Connelly III
Nicholas D. Cortezi ✦
Nadav Davidai
George De La Roche
Laura Demetris
Andrew W. Duff
Christopher J. Forster
Holly M. Freedman
Laura E. Freschi
Cynthia Gears
Patrick C. Gilman
Karen M. Goldfarb
Timothy M. Hess
Michael Heydt
Marcus E. Holmlund
Emily S. Howells
Yongyong Ji
Plamen R. Kaloyanchev
John D. Kenkel
Kevin Kiernan
Stephen M. Kiingi
Murali M. Krishnan
Dana Kupersmith
Abigail C. Lackman
Magda Lakhani
Sheng Li
2011–2012 117

Gary Loberg
Alex M. Lok
Arthur R. Lord
Janine Mans
Arash A. Massoudi
Janak Mayer
Kimberly McClain
Boris Melnikov
Christopher W. Meyer
David G. Michaels
Laura K. Muller
Asako Nakao
Elizabeth A. Nicoletti
Lillian Norton
Jang Ho Park
Alexander J. Pascal
Gabriel Pierard
Philip J. Reiner
Courtney M. Rickert
Nathanial L. Rosenblatt
Aaron Roth
Sarah C. Rotman
Alexander T. Ryan
Aaron Sadusky
Benjamin E. Schwartz
Shin S. Shoji
Jeanne C. Simon
Allyson Slater ✦
Elanor M. Sohnen
Jonathan F. Taylor
Kyle Teamey
Nancy N. Tran
Michael J. Tubman
Sarah B. Underwood
Anna Wallace
Avital Wenger
Warren E. Wilhide Jr. ✦
Sergio D. Zabala
2009: 14%
Daisuke Abe
Nathaniel P. Adams
Pinsuda Alexander
Kenneth N. Anye
Scott M. Asack
Inga H. Beie
Umberto Boeri
Michael A. Bogdan
Sarah A. Bolka
Ross S. Campbell
Michael W. Casey Jr.
Filippo Chiesa
Jason S. Cohen
Gary Conlon
Robert H. Creason
Reneta M. Dimitrova
Anton Dolgopolov
Rachel E. Dunsmoor
Fadi Elsalameen
Katherine M. Forsyth
Ryan Gage
Aart J. Geens
Pablo A. Gonzalez
Elizabeth I. Hallinan ✦
Emily Harter
Ana C. Heeren
Roger D. Heinken
Peter C. Hennessy
Dara J. Iserson
Todd M. Johnson
*Deceased ◊ Five-Year Consistent Donor ✦ Christian Herter Society Member
118 SAISPHERE
Adam K. Kettler
Benjamin E. Krause ✦
Chris J. Kucharski
Sumir Lal
Richard Lechowick
Jeanny L. Lee
Caroline R. Levington
Victor D. Malca
Michael Marriott
Robert A. Miller
Chad G. Miner
Daniel A. Morris
Jessica R. Morrison
Henry G. Nuzum
Adam M. Pechter
Ronald Roach
Carla Rojas
Enrico Saltarelli
Vera M. Sevrouk
Anjali Sharan
Pablo Thaler
John F. Thorne
Terence M. Toland
Daniel E. Vecchi
Ariella R. Viehe
Kimberly R. Wattrick
Alan R. Williford
Victoria W. Wilson
Jason H. Ye
Benjamin D. Zinner
Irene Zissimos
Matthew Zlatnick
2010: 11%
Paul F. Alois
Christopher E. Angell
Daniel Balson
Rachel W. Beach
Richard E. Braakenburg
Edward F. Branagan
Jonathan W. Burks
George R. Cahlik
Elizabeth S. Cairns
Kevin W. Carr
Katherine A. Carson
David R. Coffin
Kevin W. Cross
Lorenz Gollwitzer
Paul Gomez
Astrid R. Haas
Halliday E. Hart
Philipp E. Hochreiter
Jamie W. Huckabay
Suna Karakas
Edward M. Kenney
Susan P. Keppelman
Dave Kidney
Mark Konold
Adam C. Kotkin
Branislav Kralik
Harrison T. Kurtz
Herbert E. LePlatt
Jill Macari
Michael W. Manetta
Merrill W. McDermott
James H. McInerney
Meghan E. Mercier
Tracy Meyer
Sebastian Muehlbauer
Michael J. Murphy ✦
Shannon L. O’Pray
Anayo Osueke
Koustubh Parulekar
Daniel J. Pescatore
Brian J. Prior
David J. Rose
Jean Rose
Sarah E. Rowland
Momoko Sato
Gabriel A. Serrato
Nadine K. Szablya
Taylor C. Tinney
Susann Tischendorf
Kathleen Tse
William P. Upshur
Joshua Yau
2011: 44%
Scott Abrahams
Spencer A. Abruzzese ◊
Caroline Adenberger
Alicia E. Adkins
Maysam Ali
Clare Allenson
Sarah Austrin-Willis
Caldwell Bailey
Analisa R. Bala
Jessica L. Bartos
Alexis Below
Kristin G. Beyard
Thomas V. Bowen
Ryan Brier
Benjamin Bryan
Travis Bryan
Meghan Burland
Stephen A. Byeff
Geoffroy Cailloux
Cordelia A. Chestnutt
Bhavana Chilukuri
Tiffany Chow
Beau Cleland
Lauren G. Cohen
Whitney C. Cox
Emilee M. Deutchman
Izumi Devalier
Brandon R. Dorman
Stephen Doyle
Kami Dozier
Stephanie Eder
Elizabeth Eiseman
Hayat Essakkati
Sarah Farnham
Iris A. Ferguson
Nikolay Filchev
Nicole Firment
Patrick W. Flanagan
George S. Fleeson
Meredith M. Gaffney
Benjamin Gedan
Yinuo Geng
Karin Grabner
Jarret Guajardo
Nathan Hansen
Mark Hanson
Elizabeth T. Harrington
Allison R. Hart
Sean Healey
Sarah E. Hexter
Liesl K. Himmelberger
Travis Hobbs
Evan Hume
Seiya Ishikawa
Vassilena P. Ivanova
John W. Jacobsen
Kari L. Jaksa
Cara Jones
Theodore Kahn
George P. Kalantzakis
Joan Kato
Daniel Z. Katz
Mary R. Keller
Jehan Khaleeli
Tanya Konidaris ✦
Kinga Krisko
Lindsay A. La Forge
Alexander J. Lanfried
Tatia Lemondzhava
James J. Lerch
Rebekah E. Lipsky
Nicolas Lizop
Cara L. LoFaro
Arif S. Lokhandwala
Sophie Lu
Philipp D. Lustenberger
Robyn Wai Lim Mak
Anthony Mansell
Lani L. Marsden
Antonio Martinez
Peter G. McConaghy
Emily McLeod
Emily Rose McRae
Andrew F. Meaux
Emily Mendrala
Maximilian L. Meran
Karen K. Miller
John Moran
Christopher Morrill
Catherine E. Morris
Sebastian Morvan
Maiko Nakagaki
Dina Nawas
Joshua R. Nickell
Yuki Nishida
Monika Noniewicz
Marguerite A. Nowak
Margaret O’Connor
Daniel Palazov
Kristen Pappas
Kirsten Pfeiffer
Steven A. Phillips
Janelle Poldy
Mridula S. Ramdarshan
Elisabeth Resch ✦
Jeremy Reyes
Marcel V. Ricou
Ashley Rogers
Alicia M. Romano
Theodros S. Roux
Valentina Savioli
Julia R. Schiff
Daniel M. Schneiderman
Vincent E. Schoeck Jr.
Thilo M. Schroeter
Davide Scigliuzzo
Monica Sendor
Jamie Shellenberger
Ravi Singh
Alexander J. Skinner
Edward Slavis
Raghavan Srinivasan
Boyan Stanoev
Michael Stanton-Geddes
Moran Stern
Meredith S. Street
Raquel O. Tagarro
Ehab Tawfik
Antonio Timoner-Salvá
William R. Torrey
Mikela N.F. Trigilio
Vinay S. Tripathi
Robert van Eerd
Angela R. Vannucci
Brain J. Vasek ✦
Karina Veras
Stephan Vitvitsky
Jonathan C. Vogan
Timo von Koeningsmarck
Abby E. Wakefield
Mia Warner
Andrew A. Whitworth
Carmencita N.M. Whonder ✦
Tina Wong
Aaron A. Young
Selma Zahirovic
Kenneth D. Zoeller
Bologna alumni
Bologna Class of 1956
Françoise Desmasures-Monat
Joseph M. Dukert ◊ ✦
Alton L. Jenkens
Gianguido Lanzoni
Mary Lee L. McIntyre
Eva Haas Meigher ◊ ✦
Hans W. Schoenberg *
Robert D. Ward
Bologna Class of 1957
Reinhold H. Geimer ✦
Anton Konrad
Howard H. Muson
Claude C. Noyes
Marco Piccarolo ✦
Gaetano Zucconi ◊
Bologna Class of 1958
Paul J. Glasoe
David B. Hoffman
Marianne B. Kilby
Eugene J. Rosi
Lucille A. Stephenson
Joan S. Ward ◊ ✦
Bologna Class of 1959
Peter F. Geithner ◊
Robert S. Ginsburg ✦
Francis M. Kinnelly
John A. Rava
Marilou M. Righini
Bologna Class of 1960
Marc Bayot
Robert L. Chamberlain
Ludmilla K. Murphy
Barbara C. Santoro
Raffaele Santoro
Robert van Straaten
Robert S. Wood

Bologna Class of 1961
Alexander J. De Grand
T. Richard Fishbein
Carmine Gorga ◊
Orlando D. Martino ✦
Hans Reichelt
Barbara Z. Wertheimer ◊ ✦
Bologna Class of 1962
Katherine S. Batts
Clarke N. Ellis ◊
Juergen Glueckert ✦
Brooke C. Holmes
Klaus-Peter Wild
Bologna Class of 1963
Evert A. Alkema
James A. Berezin
Ellen G. Cole ◊
Henner Ehringhaus ✦
Daniel R. Headrick
Stephen O. Lesser ◊ ✦
Andrew MacKechnie ◊ ✦
Robert K. Meahl ✦
Axel M. Neubohn ◊ ✦
Naneen H. Neubohn ◊ ✦
William P. Owen
Anna L. Pellanda
Bologna Class of 1964
Richard J. Bentley
Robert C. Carr ✦
Bart S. Fisher
Robert W. Hull
L. Brewster Jackson II
Don K. Jones
John J. Kadilis
Marjorie W. Lundy ◊
Robert L. Mott ◊
Peter R. Pearce ✦
Francesco Pettini
Robert F. Vandenplas ✦
Herman Warnier
Jack G. Wasserman ◊ ✦
Anne C. Webb
Bologna Class of 1965
Dorothy J. Black
Joan Ellen Corbett
Herwig J. Cornelis
Herbert Geissler
Sung H. Hahm
Klaus Leven
Roger Lowenstein
J. Hugh McFadden
Francois L. Meinier
Heinz Opelz
Merle B. Opelz ◊
Erich Spitaeller ✦
Herbert Traxl
Denise Van Hentenrijik
Bologna Class of 1966
Bonita B. Furner ◊ ✦
Richard Gilmore ◊ ✦
Janice L. Goertz
Allan M. Groves
Craig L. Hudson
H. Richard Hurren
Richard J. Jones
Bastiaan R. Korner
Wolfgang Mayer
John E. McLaughlin ◊ ✦
Christopher Meyer
Marilyn A. Meyers ◊
Edward L. Morse ✦
Arthur D. Neiman
Stephen Rosenberg
Peter P. Schwarz
Drury R. Sherrod III ◊ ✦
Pedro N. Solares
M. John Storey
Candace J. Sullivan
Samuel C. Townsend
Henricus Van der Vlugt ◊
Ann M. Watkins ◊
Bologna Class of 1967
Charles S. Ahlgren
Paul J. Avontroodt
Willem A. Castelyns
Richard E. Cohn
Theodore A. Delvoie
Peter A. Flaherty ◊ ✦
George M. Ingram Jr.
Anne D. Jillson
Margaret C. Jones ◊
Allen L. Keiswetter
John F. Kordek ◊
Bruno Lafuma
Lynne F. Lambert ✦
W. Alan Messer
Alan A. Platt ✦
Sally A. Shelton-Colby ◊ ✦
Richard H. Stollenwerck ◊
Roberto Toscano
Bonnie S. Wilson ◊ ✦
Bologna Class of 1968
Dennis J. Amato ◊ ✦
Peter C. Bloch ✦
Sheppard Craige ✦
Warren J. Devalier ✦
Gunter Erker
Keith A. Hansen ✦
Patrick H. Harper ✦
Jacqueline L. Hengl ✦
Kurt O. Hengl ✦
Stephen F. Hopkins
John D. Isaacs ◊
Karin Lissakers
D. Thomas Longo Jr. ✦
Frank J. Piason
James F. Rafferty
Andres Rigo-Sureda
Laurence Schloesing-
Colchester ✦
Eric H. Smith
Marcellus S. Snow
Lazare Tannenbaum
Bologna Class of 1969
Leonardo Baroncelli
Georgia S. Derrico ✦
Olga Grkavac ◊ ✦
Constance M. Hope
Judith A. Ripps
Herbert Traxler
Carlo Trezza
Bologna Class of 1970
Raymond V. Arnaudo
Dorie G. Behrstock
Mary W. Chaves
Barry Cohen
John R. Cooper ◊ ✦
George L. Deyman
Monica Gruder Drake
Christine B. Giangreco
Paul-Marie Jacques
Alice G. Kelley
Mark R. Kushner
Douglas W. Lister
Jurgen H. Ranzmayer
Aldo Siragusa
Cynthia P. Sonstelie ◊
Bologna Class of 1971
Samir R. Abiad
Ulrich R. Baumgartner ✦
Andrew R. Brackenbury ✦
William B. Broydick
Judith A. Chubb
David Ellwood ◊ ✦
Richard W. Erdman
Henriette C. Feltham ✦
Heidrun-Ute Hesse-Tincani ✦
Robert S. Hyams
Peter Kessler ✦
Susan F. Kessler ✦
Eric J. Lapp
Charla McCracken ◊
Elizabeth D. McKune
Eric D. Melby ◊ ✦
Ellen K. Moran ◊ ✦
Raymond Purcell ✦
Daniel Rowland ✦
Eve D. Trezza
J. Michael Willingham ◊ ✦
Sherman B. Wilson ✦
Bologna Class of 1972
Franklin M. Berger ✦
Richard J. Caples ◊
Daria M. dePierre-Hollowell
Linda S. Hearne
Douglas R. Norell
Arturo M. Ottolenghi
Charles C. Parlin
Bonnie Potter
Amos Tincani ✦
Geert E. Van Brandt
James V. Zimmerman ◊
Hanns Zoellner
Bologna Class of 1973
Henry R. Berghoef ✦
David J. Brooke
Karen S. Brown ◊
Theresa M. Chen ◊
Donald J. Hasfurther
Bianca Lattuada
Edouard Maciejewski ✦
David A. Olive ◊ ✦
Rozanne D. Oliver ✦
Francis F. Ruzicka
John D. Semida
Alan B. Sielen
Bruce E. Stokes
Joseph Vogten
THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
Professor Michael Mandelbaum and New York Times
columnist Thomas L. Friedman, co-authors of That
Used to Be Us, signed copies of their book after an
event in September.
Bologna Class of 1974
William L. Barkas ◊
Ruben M. Barth
Robert S. Dean
Alan A. Foley ◊
John D. Hoppe ◊
Michael B. Jones
Valentina Jones-Wagner
Lloyd S. Kaufman ◊
Alan Konefsky ◊
Marsha R. Runningen
Elizabeth C. Seastrum ◊
Peter L. Tropper
Sandra J. Tropper
Lee Walker
Bologna Class of 1975
Veronica Baruffati
Joyce Bratich-Cherif
Elizabeth I. Combier
Hareb M. Al-Darmaki ✦
Steven A. Dimoff
Pamela B. Gavin ◊
Robert W. Jenkins
Bologna Class of 1976
Katharine M. Hartley
Deborah A. Lamb ◊
Anne E. McLaughlin-Gore
Renzo M. Morresi
Christopher S. Pfaff ◊
Judith B. Prowda
Jeffrey M. Ranney
Jonathan L. Schneider ✦
Bologna Class of 1977
Constantijn Bakker
Linda H. Collins
Christof Ebersberg ✦
Javier Ergueta
Mark J. Fidelman
Bennet R. Goldberg ✦
David L. Haettenschwiller
Clare M. Munana ✦
Gregory V. Powell ◊
Bologna Class of 1978
Cesare Calari ✦
Alain L. Grisay
Jennifer Innes
Daniel S. Lipman ◊ ✦
Ronald K. Lorentzen ◊
Marsha M. Olive ◊ ✦
Patrick B. Pexton
John B. Rand
Stephen E. Stambaugh
Gordon C. Vieth ✦
Bologna Class of 1979
Barbara J. Calvert ◊
T.J. Gardeniers ✦
Noah R. Levy ◊
Claire R. Palmer
Thomas J. Row Jr. ✦
Rosina Salerno
Harlan M. Sender
Hilda H. Tsang
Bologna Class of 1980
Leonard F. Besselink
Peggy A. Clarke
Anne K. Cusick
Janet G. Francisco ◊
William S. Grueskin
Thomas K. Hanshaw ◊
Lawrence Y. Kay ◊ ✦
Geraldine P. Kelly ✦
Mary L. Mortensen ✦
Karin S. Rindal
Wendy L. Roehrich-Hall
Lars C. Rosdahl
Hans-Markus Von Schnurbein
Christa L. Thomas ✦
Martin Westlake
Bologna Class of 1981
James Anderson ✦
Alexei R. Bayer
Bernard T. Carreau
Michael L. Ellis ◊
Mark E. Goebel
Robert O. Gurman ✦
Roger K. Hardon ◊ ✦
2011–2012 119

John B. Ivie
Carol Ann M. Kenny
Dean E. Murphy
Kathleen M. Pike
Gianni W. Sellers ◊ ✦
Louis C. Solimine
Bart Stevens
Hasan F. Teoman ✦
Thomas B. Tesluk ◊ ✦
Kay A. Wilkie
Bologna Class of 1982
Ann M. Beckman
Michael C. Bergmeijer
Alexander A. Biner ✦
James T. Dunne
Frances Gawel ◊
Arlene E. Glotzer
Jean A. Kelly
Jean S. Luning-Johnson
Morgan T. McGrath ✦
Jeffrey W. Mullaney
Brenda W. Newmann
Ann F. Pean
Harold J. Rose ◊
John D. Rosin ◊
Lisa R. Sytsma ◊
Erika B. Teoman ✦
Brian C. Tobin
Bologna Class of 1983
Gregory S. Betsinger
Patricia C. Carey
Martin E. Fraenkel ✦
Richard P. Gildea
Brad F. Glosserman
Joseph Guadagno
Thomas Jetter ✦
Cory T. Lefkowitz
Charlie Rast
Catherine L. Shimony
Arthur N. Stern ◊
Ingrid Valentini-Wanka
Christopher Yurkovsky ◊
Bologna Class of 1984
Lawrence R. Fioretta
Laura L. Guimond
Jesper J. Koll ✦
Yoon-Young Lee
Godelieve J. Lowet ✦
Bruce A. Lowry
Bruce W. Morrison
Shelley H. Richardson
Bologna Class of 1985
Sandra L. Babcock
Gwen A. Bondi ◊ ✦
Michael Braswell
Marco Dell’Aquila ◊ ✦
Anne W. Erni ✦
Victoria M. Griffith
Craig S. Hevey
Alan R. Henning ✦
Alan R. Hoffman
Nils Johnson
Michelle D. Onello
Rhys W. Robinson
Barbara A. Salvatore
Francis M. Smyth
*Deceased ◊ Five-Year Consistent Donor ✦ Christian Herter Society Member
120 SAISPHERE
Matthew C. Sola ✦
Susanne M. Thore ✦
Sarah E. Veale
Hans W. Vriens ✦
Bologna Class of 1986
Amy M. Bliss
Peter A. Burbank
Sally Dore
Carollyne Hutter
Suzanne Justus
Melissa G. Moye ✦
Dennis L. Richards ◊
Charlotte A. Ruhe
Kristina Segulja
Alison M. Von Klemperer ✦
Harrison M. Wadsworth III
Rebecca S. Williams ◊ ✦
Rhys H. Williams ◊ ✦
Bologna Class of 1987
Lynda K. Barrow
Michael S. Bosco ✦
Nicholas D. Cortezi ✦
Rachel A. de la Vega
Kim E. DiDonato-Murrell
Joachim Fels ✦
Brian Z. Gelfand
Jan H. Keppler
Rosa Kim
Philip C. Marchal
Alice M. Miller
John V. Parachini ✦
Edmund M. Ruffin
Miroslaw Stachowicz
Richard M. Strean
Emese Szontagh
Lawrence J. Wippman ◊
Bologna Class of 1988
Karl-Olof Anderson
Keir B. Bonine
Arthur D. Boyd Jr.
Margaretha A.Dehandschutter
Thomas A. Goffinet
Helen C. Hammerschmidt
Jeannine E. Johnson-Maia
Vinca S. LaFleur ◊
Ann R. Pifer
Helene J. Rekkers
John A. Redpath ✦
Christel Van den Eynden
Henric J. Van Weelden ✦
Anthony M. Zamparutti
Bologna Class of 1989
Kelle A. Bevine
Susan H. Boyette
Capucine Carrier ✦
Pietro del Bono
Leanne D. Galati
Matthew R. Grund
Ajay Kaisth
Daniela Z. Kaisth
Sarah L. Kaplan ✦
Susan E. Matteucci ◊ ✦
Georg Oberreiter
Lesley A. Parachini ✦
Yvette R. Pintar
Torun Reinhammar ✦
Adrian D. Trevisan ◊ ✦
Judith M. van Walsum Panzar
Timothy C. Yarling ◊
Marta Costanzo Youth
Bologna Class of 1990
Ellen L. Alderton
John B. Coates IV
Marijan Cvjeticanin
Laurence L. Delcoigne
Jane C. Delfendahl ✦
David E. Earling ✦
Nina M. Gafni ◊
Eric L. Johnson
Asiye D. Jones
Nathaniel I. Land
Anne Martinez
Tanya Mazin
Kristin O. McKissick ◊
Kimberly M. Murphy ◊
Beth M. O'Laughlin ◊
Andrea R. Petznek
Sara K. Pinto
Jens. A Ruyter
Michaela Sulke-Trezak ✦
Lynn M. Wagner
Bologna Class of 1991
Max S. Atanassov
Miguel A. Barron
Ann E. Bueche
Carl W. Gardiner III
Bernard D. Gold
Idil H. Incekara
Ali-Sevket Karaca ✦
Isabelle Krauss
Matthew S. Levitties
Simone Mesner
Marcelle F. O’Connell
Paul V. Olivia
Melanie A. Posey ◊
Jennifer L. Reingold ✦
David A. Schatsky
Christian B. Smekens ✦
Scott T. Stevens
James A. Upton ◊ ✦
Kurt G. Vandenberghe
Milya Vered
Bologna Class of 1992
Gudmundur Audunsson
Janet D. Balakian
Julia G. Baumgarten-Rozek
Oliver K. Drews ✦
James A. Egan ◊
Claudia Fumo ◊
Esteban Garcia de Motiloa
Charles O. Gnaedinger
Elizabeth J. Goldstein ◊
Christopher J. Goncalves
Fatima D. Goncalves
Anthony J. Harper
Catherine C. Jarmain
Lars V. Larson
Christopher W. Loewald
Kimberly D. Mahling-Clark
Cynthia Marshall ◊
Amy H. Medearis ◊
Victoria K. Mills
Terry A. Pratt
Mark A. Quinn
Annabel T. Sels
Peter A. Thornton ◊
Turgot A. Tokgoz
Shin Umezu ✦
Laura R. Weir ✦
Bologna Class of 1993
Andreas Altmann
Andrew D. Balfour
Stefano Bertozzi
Amanda C. Blakeley
Abigail Golden-Vazquez
Benjamin E. Hein ✦
Jan H. Panek
Richard P. Price
Theresa J. Rice
Juliet M. Sampson
Steven G. Shafer ◊
Merril A. Springer
Abby R. Turk ✦
David B. Van Oppen
Cynthia J. Wellington
Bologna Class of 1994
Calvin E. Blount Jr.
D. Cole Frates ✦
Carl E. Garrett ◊
Susannah L. Gold
Nathalie Goujon
Andriana C. Gradea
Monica N. Hertzman
Carrie C. Hitt ✦
Julia H. Messitte
Matthew A. Scott-Hansen
Martin C. Spicer
Bologna Class of 1995
Eden Abrahams
Katherine F. Buckley
Monica Garaitonandia
Sheri A. Goldenberg
Raf Goovaerts ✦
Virginia B. Gorsevski
Jenny Hodgson
Bernd-Roland Killmann
Elisabeth J. King
Olivier P. Knox
Stephen T. Loynd
Dennis J. McAuliffe Jr.
Francesca Mercier
Andrei Popov
Benjamin P. Sessions
Virginia S. Volpe ✦
Bologna Class of 1996
Christine L. Abrams
Benjamin C. Canavan
Gabriel Cardona-Fox
Cory V. Gnazzo
Cheryl C. Graczewski ✦
Laurie M. Guzzinati
Karissa T. Kovner ◊
Thomas R. Palumbo
Charles L. Park ✦
Turriago Perez
Jeffrey D. Sigal
Bologna Class of 1997
Caitlin D. Bergin
Tara Billingsley
Scott S. Bloom
David G. Dayhoff
Cynthia L. Greene ◊
Denzel J. Hankinson
William H. Houston
Elizabeth Madigan Jost ◊ ✦
Mary C. O’Neil ✦
Juergen P. Stein
Alison A. Yonas
Bologna Class of 1998
Guusje K. Altes
Ross Ciesla
Stephen M. Dorst
Eric Doviak
Leslie M. Hand ◊
Leslie G. Hopkins
Michelle N. Patron
Yvette Saint-Andre
Robert A. Stowe
Justin C. Tyson
Arlinda Ymeraj
Bologna Class of 1999
Anne P. Alikonis
Anne E. Andreassen ✦
Christina V. Balis
Lorenzo Costantino
Antoine R. Duvauchelle
Stefano Frascani ✦
Rachele Gianfranchi
Anne Hassberger
Alexander C. Ruck Keene
Carlotta Zucchini Leonardi
Eric T. Morhenn
Peter F. Taylor
Nadege Volcy
Olga L. Weber
Henrik L. Weng
Jennifer L. Weng
Bologna Class of 2000
Beverly F. Barrett
Laura E. Forlano
Vanessa Friedman
Kristin Greene
Emily Horgan
Thea Jokhadze
Zeynap Kudatgobilik
Meilman
Christina Leb
William F. Pompa Jr.
Danica R. Starks
Janice M. Starzyk
Jonathan Starzyk
Carina K. Van Vliet ◊
Christopher J. Wild
Bologna Class of 2001
Andre Aasrud ◊
Armando Anfosso ✦
Amelisa F. Branczik
Jane M. Buchanan
Karin J. Churchey
Vincent Cipollone ✦
Christa Clapp ◊
Josafat De Luna-Martinez

Jessica A. Dodson ✦
Niclas During
Mathias Eikseth
Gianluca Esposito
Joy L. Frey
Cynthia Gears
Jenny Glueckert
Samantha Davis Goldstone
Jostein Hoel
Daniel E. Ingber ◊
Natasha Kapil
Yoonhee Kim
Jeremy Levine ✦
Johanna Lundberg
Anne Mardiste
Mayagozel Meredova ✦
Victoria A. Nestor
Yuki J. Osuga
Scott J. Pietan
Fernando Ramirez
Verena Ringler
Tom Ro ✦
Matthew J. Roberts
Evelyn W. Rumpeltin
Ana Carolina San Martin
David G. Schacht ✦
Emine E. Serter
Asmaa Shalabi
William Shield
Elyse K. Stratton
Eric Sundstrom
David Vannier
Martin G. Von Jungenfeld
Matthew P. Windrum
Melody O. Woolford ✦
Bologna Class of 2002
Roman Didenko
Laurie R. Goodman
Ariel F. Ivanier
Robert F. Jenney
Andrew W. Jones ◊
Charalambos Konstantinidis
Afsheen Lebastchi
Kristen M. Malinconico ◊
Mimi Rumpeltin
Kevin Z. Thurston
Stefanie Weitz
Bologna Class of 2003
Jennifer C. Arnold
L. Headley Butler ◊ ✦
Douglas H. Campbell ◊
Charles C. Carter
Pavlo Chernyshenko
Sander K. Cohan
Jacquelyn M. Dille
Gregor C. Feige
Blair Glencourse
Johan Gott
Julie D. Hackett
Jessica M. Holzer
Caitlin Hughes
Catherine P. Jones
Eleanor T. Keppelman
Mary E. Kissel
Andrew T. Natenshon
Caryn A. Nesmith
Peter F. O’Brien ✦
Fiona E. Stewart ✦
Pier D. Tortola
Grant E. Rissler
Sheila R. Ward
Bologna Class of 2004
Kristof A. Abbeloos ◊
Miladin Bogetic
David R. Ciulla
Alastair Coutts ✦
Joost Gorter
Saverio Grazioli Venier ✦
Joshua L. Hirschel
John E. Howbert
Matthew D. Hughart
Eirin Kallestad
Sylvia S. Kane
Caitlyn H. Kim
Moritz Koch
Candice Koo ✦
Kahlil Lozoraitis
David M. Moore
Victor M. Oviedo
Alfred B. Ruel
Marc Schleifer
Bologna Class of 2005
Geoffrey A. August
Bettina Boekle-Giuffrida
Marta Bruska
Mey Bulgurlu ✦
Sladjana Cosic
Matthew W. Cummins
Hester M. DeCasper
Laura Demetris
Jennifer J. Derstine
Jonathan S. Dunn
Azish Filabi
Adriana R. Fotino
Joanna H. Ganson
Armine Guledjian
Steven W. Kerrigan
Christopher M. Kuzmuk
Kenneth M. Lam
Daniel J. McCartney
Anna W. Ravvin
Jennifer G. Tranter
Partha Vasudev
Michael D. Waldron
Joanna L. Wintrol
Bologna Class of 2006
Alec D. Barker
Daniel E. Birns
Jane E. Bloom
Donna M. Brutkoski
Alejandra Cervantes-Paras
Sue Y. Chi
Amy E. Cloud ◊
Andrew W. Duff
Elizabeth C. Edmondson
Acquania V. Escarne
Reza Haidari
Diana Hristova
Fatima B. Kassam
Susan Kaur
Christoph Koettl
Morgan B. Lewis
Jay B. Lurie
Sarah E. Shapiro
Cenk Sidar
Casey C. Silva
Liam L. Sullivan
Matteo Vaccani
Holger P. Wilms
Bologna Class of 2007
Lisa Sofia Alf
Rachel A. Bahn
Jessica D. Baker
Michelle L. Battat
Alton V. Buland
Scott M. Cantor
Rachel E. Dunsmoor
Holly M. Freedman
Laura E. Freschi
Karen M. Goldfarb
Timothy M. Hess
Michael Heydt
Marcus E. Holmlund
Emily S. Howells
Plamen R. Kaloyanchev
Kevin Kiernan
Murali M. Krishnan
Abigail C. Lackman
Alex M. Lok
Janine Mans
Boris Melnikov
Jonathan F. Taylor
Michael J. Tubman
Sarah B. Underwood
Sergio D. Zabala
Bologna Class of 2008
Nathanial P. Adams
Kenneth N. Anye
Inga H. Beie
Umberto Boeri
Edward Branagan
Michael W. Casey Jr.
Ross S. Campbell
Filippo Chiesa
Michael Darling
Reneta M. Dimitrova
Aart J. Geens
Emily Harter
Ana C. Heeren
Dara J. Iserson
John W. Jacobsen
Harald Langer
Jeanny L. Lee
Arash A. Massoudi
Robert A. Miller
Chad G. Miner
Patricia Morales
Daniel A. Morris
Jessica R. Morrison
Dawn Ortiz-Legg
Carla Rojas
Enrico Saltarelli
Pablo Thaler
Terence M. Toland
Alan R. Williford
Irene Zissimos
Bologna Class of 2009
Rachel W. Beach
George R. Cahlik
Elizabeth S. Cairns
Lorenz Gollwitzer
Morgan Fiumi
THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
Timothy Geithner ’85, U.S. secretary of the Treasury,
spoke on "The Path Ahead for the U.S.-China
Economic Relationship" in January 2011.
Astrid R. Haas
Halliday E. Hart
Philipp E. Hochreiter
Suna Karakas
Edward M. Kenney
Mark Konold
Branislav Kralik
Richard Lechowick
Michael W. Manetta
Merrill W. McDermott
James H. McInerney
Tracy Meyer
Sebastian Muehlbauer
Michael J. Murphy ✦
Daniel J. Pescatore
Jean Rose
Susann Tischendorf
Jonathan Vogan
Bologna Class of 2010
Alicia E. Adkins
Adrienne R. Atkinson
Analisa R. Bala
Jessica L. Bartos
Alexis Below
Kristin G. Beyard
Tom V. Bowen
Travis Bryan
Meghan Burland
Stephen A. Byeff
Geoffroy Cailloux
Cordelia A. Chestnut
Bhavana Chilukuri
Whitney C. Cox
Brandon R. Dorman
Stephanie Eder
Hayat Essakkati
Iris A. Ferguson
Patrick W. Flanagan
George S. Fleeson
Meredith M. Gaffney
Yinuo Geng
Robbert B. Gerardus van Eerd
Karin Grabner
Elizabeth T. Harrington
Allison R. Hart
Sarah E. Hexter
Liesl K. Himmelberger
Seiya Ishikawa
Vassilena P. Ivanova
George P. Kalantzakis
Joan Kato
Mary R. Keller
Tatia Lemondzhava
Rebekah E. Lipsky
Cara L. LoFaro
Arif S. Lokhandwala
Philipp D. Lustenberger
Anthony Mansell
Peter G. McConaghy
Emily R. McRae
Andrew F. Meaux
Maximilian L. Meran
Karen K. Miller
Christopher Morrill
Catherine E. Morris
Sebastian Morvan
Maiko Nakagaki
Joshua R. Nickell
Yuki Nishida
Monika Noniewicz
Marguerite A. Nowak
Daniel Palazov
Steven A. Phillips
Mridula S. Ramdarshan
Elisabeth Resch ✦
Marcel V. Ricou
Alicia M. Romano
Theodros S. Roux
Edmond B. Saran ✦
Valentina Savioli
Daniel M. Schneiderman
Vincent E. Schoeck Jr.
Thilo M. Schroeter
Davide Scigliuzzo
Monica Sendor
Jamie Shellenberger
Ravi Singh
Alexander J. Skinner
Moran Stern
Meredith S. Street
Raquel O. Tagarro
Antonio Timoner-Salva
Bryan J. Vasek ✦
Timo von Koeningsmarck
Mia Warner
2011–2012 121

Elizabeth C. Wente
Andrew A. Whitworth
Aaron A. Young
Selma Zahirovic
Kenneth D. Zoeller
Bologna Class of 2011
John Ulrich Jr. ✦
nanjing alumni
Nanjing Class of 1987
Linda K. Austen
Wm. Patrick Cranley ✦
Pamela Y. Hill
Yunxia Ma ✦
George Rosen
Wei Yan ✦
Nanjing Class of 1988
Loren E. Fauchier
Mary L. Fay
Louisa C. Greve
Chunqing Jin ✦
Michelle D. LeSourd
Eric Politzer
Leon M. Slawecki
Mark R. Wallace
Nanjing Class of 1989
James A. Anderson
George Crane
Kenneth H. Jarrett ◊ ✦
Pamela Yatsko ◊
Nanjing Class of 1990
Dennis Hickey
James A. Winship
Nanjing Class of 1991
Mark Garlinghouse ◊ ✦
Nanjing Class of 1992
Donald F. Broda ◊
Amy L. Cantilina
Scott S. Kennedy
Xiaofang E. Zhu
Nanjing Class of 1993
Mei Kong
Shari E. Litow
Tracy Y. Manty
Helen McCabe ◊
Cunlu Yan ✦
Nanjing Class of 1994
Jennifer Brooks
Pierre F. Landry
Andrew Ranson
Helen Schneider
Nanjing Class of 1995
Anne H. Gotwals
Daniel W. Offit ◊ ✦
Emmie Taing
Nanjing Class of 1996
Karen Missaghian
*Deceased ◊ Five-Year Consistent Donor ✦ Christian Herter Society Member
122 SAISPHERE
Nanjing Class of 1997
Malia K. Du Mont
Steve Rozner
Nanjing Class of 1998
Marcie W. Ashford
Wynne Brown
Andrew L. Campbell
Margaret K. Lewis
Karen Richardson
Nanjing Class of 1999
Amanda L. Douglas
Ann-Marie N. Padgett
Nanjing Class of 2000
Elizabeth B. Bradley ✦
Nicole I. Genberg
Alison D. Jones
Andrew S. Kingsdale
Laura M. Peterson
Nanjing Class of 2001
Thomas C. Flynn
Andrew J. Green
Ah-Young Kim
Tong Li
Nanjing Class of 2002
Peter T. Bazos
Peggy T. Lim
Nanjing Class of 2004
Joseph Casey
Edward A. Dunn
Mayuko Yoshida
Nanjing Class of 2005
Sara Gavryck-Ji
Yongyong Ji
Rooti Lewis
Ryan B. Ong ◊
Daniel J. Pescatore
Thomas T. Wong
Tiffany Zalis
Nanjing Class of 2006
James DeSantis
Theodore Novak
Troy Plaza
Leslie Shieh
Wai Yeung
Nanjing Class of 2007
Bennett Gillmar
Nanjing Class of 2008
Hee-Chan Kang
Habin Zhou
Nanjing Class of 2009
Elizabeth I. Hallinan ✦
Nanjing Class of 2010
Jeffrey S. Chen
Roy H. Eriksen
Dana K. Fassler
Taking Initiative for
We thank you, our alumni and friends, who
generously gave your time and energy to SAIS
events, to regional and international activities,
to academic programs, and to our students during the
last year. We deeply appreciate all you do in helping bring
our global SAIS community together.
Mary V. Abad B’04 ’04
Robert J. Abernethy
Eden Abrahams B’95 ’96
Sam Abrams
Paul F. Alois ’10
Ryan Anderson ’10
Andrew Y. Anderson-Sprecher
N’06 ’08
Armando Anfosso B’01 ’03
Anita M. Antenucci B’93 ’94
Arthur Araujo ’09
James Armington ’96
Raymond V. Arnaudo B’70 ’71
Ethan R. Arnheim ’08
Neus Arqués B’90 B’91
Mirentxu V. Arrivillaga ’07
Caroline Ashley ’89
Efsane D. Askin ’93
Tania Askins ’08
Norbert Baas B’76
Aaron M. Back N’06
Rachel A. Bahn B’07 ’08
Francesc Balcells-Forrellad
B’95 ’96
Alec D. Barker B’06 ’08
Jeanne B. Barnett
Shani Bar-or B’07 ’08
J. Michael Barrett ’01
Tiffany Basciano
Francis Bassolino N’93
Peter Bauman
Jon S. Becker B’78 ’79
Nina Beizai B’07 ’08
Veronika Belenkaya B’10 ’11
Bradford J. Bell ’99
Blaine David Benedict
David H. Bernstein
Liana L. Bianchi ’06
George Craig Biddle ’89
Hans P. Black
Daniel W. Bloemers B’09 ’10
Jane E. Bloom B’06 ’06
Susanna V. Blume ’10
David Blumental
Kwami N. Boadi ’09
Nelli Bodrenko B’09 ’10
Elizabeth Boughrum ’10
Richard Braakenburg ’10
Sara Bracceschi B’04 ’05
E. Brantley Turner Bradley
N’00
Jennifer Brann B’02 ’03
Joshua E. Brann B’02 ’03
Jennifer Braswell B’98 ’03
William R. Brody
Anita F. Brownstein B’70 ’72
John H. Brubaker B’05 ’06
Richard Brubaker
William I. Brustein B’70 ’71
Ewen Buchanan ’95
Edward Buckingham N’97
Alton V. Buland B’07 ’08
John S. Butterworth JHU’82 ’83
Jase J.M. Cabrera B’09 ’10
Nina Cai N’10
Richard A. Cambridge B’72
’72 ’79
Angelo Capozzi B’86 ’87
Wm. Polk Carey
Douglas Carlston ’71
Jonathan Cartu N’07
John Cerone
Sewell Chan
Charles C. Chang ’96
Darryl Chappell ’09
Tzruya Chebach ’08
Helen Cheng
Tai-Heng Cheng
Yekaterina Chertova B’09 ’10
Filippo Chiesa B’08 ’09
Bhavana Chilukuri B’10 ’11
Daniel Y. Chiu ’90 ’00
Christopher S. Chivvis ’97 ’04
Akiko Cho B’99 ’00
Mariola Chrostowska
Priscilla A. Clapp
Patricia A. Haas Cleveland
B’78 ’78
William A. Clifford ’91
Amy E. Cloud B’06 ’07
Seth Colby B’06 ’07
Neil Conklin
Doral S. Cooper B’71 ’72
Rafael A. Cornejo ’04
Christopher Costa ’92
Douglas C. Coutts ’81
John W. Creighton III ’88
Devon Cross ’83
Will Cudney
Tiankai Cui ’87
Susan R. Cullman
Matthew W. Cummins B’05 ’07
Astari Daenuwy ’08
Federica Dal Bono B’97 ’98
Paul J. Dalle-Molle ’81
Melissa G. Dalton ’07
Darlene M. Damm ’05
Brittany Danisch B’01 ’02
Nadav Davidai ’08
David J. Davies N’98
Phillip A. Davis B’88 ’89
Jerry M. de St. Paer ’66
Judith M. Dean
Payton W. Deeks B’05 ’06
Michael A. DeLucia Jr. B’94 ’95
Laura Demetris B’05 ’08
Jennifer J. Derstine B’05 ’06
Anne F. Devero ’09
Liliana Diaz ’09
Ruben-Erik Diaz-Plaja B’05 ’06
Joseph DiCenso
Xinghao Ding
Joshua H. Dominick N’04
Giovanna Dore ’98
David Dorson N’04
Joseph W. Dougherty ’95
Amanda L. Douglas N’99 ’03
Peter M. Drittel ’84
Wenjun Du N’10
Nikki L. Duncan B’06 ’07
Marc Dupont ’05
Niclas During B’01 ’02
Matthew Durnin
David B. Ehrenthal ’88
Donald W. Eiss B’75 ’75
Danielle L. Ellingston ’03
Claudia B. Engelman-Flisi
B’71 ’72
Asli C. Erdogan B’05 ’06
Dave Erikson N’08
Dennis I. Eucogco N’00 ’05
Jenny Everett
Todd S. Ewing ’92
Alice B. Faibishenko B’05 ’06
Tanja G. Faller B’06 ’07
Desmond Fang N’06 ’08
Andras Fehervary
Claudio H.B. Felix ’01
Ludovico Feoli
Maria Fihl Vetting
Linda W. Filardi ’83
Emily Fintel B’01 ’02
Nicole Firment ’11
Todd A. Fisher ’91
Pichaya Fitts ’04
Pamela P. Flaherty ’68
Peter A. Flaherty B’67 ’68
Alan H. Fleischmann ’89
Louis J. Forster ’83
Vahid Fotuhi ’02
Carla P. Freeman ’90 ’99
Chas W. Freeman
Joseph F. Freeman IV B’95 ’03
Marcus V. Freitas ’98
David M. Frey ’95
Sven Friebe B’07 ’08
William Frymoyer ’98
David Fuhrmann ’82
Paul G. Fuller B’03 ’04
Frank J. Fusco B’07 ’08
Meredith M. Gaffney B’10 ’11
Rosemary D. Gallant N’87
Erin K. Ganju ’92
John A. Gans Jr. B’08 ’09

SAIS
Liqun Gao N’99
Art Garby
T.J. Gardeniers B’79 ’80
Saul E. Garlick ’07
Mark Garlinghouse N’91
Felicity Gates
Maria S. Gatta B’91 ’92
Sara Gavryck-Ji N’05
Matthew R. Genasci B’06 ’07
Stacia D. George B’00 ’01
Polina V. Gerasimova B’04 ’05
Tracy H. Gerstle ’05
Christine B. Giangreco B’70 ’71
Richard Gilmore B’66 ’67
Daniel R. Glickman
Juergen Glueckert B’62
Susannah L. Gold B’94 ’95
Andrew N. Goldberg ’82
Ira N. Goldman B’79 ’80
Jonathan Gosier
Johann Gott B’03 ’04
Daniel Gould B’03
Timothy J. Graczewski ’98
J. Michael Graglia B’02 ’03
John C. Graham ’79
Scott Graham
Kevin Gray
Nelson M. Graves III B’82 ’83
Cynthia L. Greene B’99 ’99
Stephen Grenier ’06
Seth Gurgel
Robert O. Gurman B’81 ’82
Carine P. Gursky ’96
Min Tha Gyaw N’06
Astrid R.N. Haas B’09 ’10
Suzana Haddad B’02 ’03
Julien Halfon B’03 ’03
Elizabeth I. Hallinan N’09 ’09
Cambria G. Hamburg ’09
Tania N. Hamod ’08
Christina L. Hannum ’04
Deborah L. Harmon B’80
Cynthia Hartley
Nicholas Haslam B’06 ’07
Malin N. Haugwitz ’97
Kristzina Helg B’02 ’03
Nathaniel M. Heller ’05
Adam R. Hemphill B’05 ’06
Zachary S. Henry ’02
William J. Herter B’08 ’09
Leslie A. Hess B’02 ’03
Ludwig Heuse B’81 ’82
Matthew L. Hildebrandt ’05
Robert J. Hildreth ’75
Laurence E. Hirsch ’05
Quentin E. Hodgson ’01
She Hongyu
Meghan S. Houlihan N’06 ’10
Donika Hristova ’09
Kun Hsu N’06
Tao Hsu N’97
Annian Huang
Gary Huang N’03
Yanzhong Huang N’93
Mark Huberty B’06 ’07
Evan Hume ’11
Tim Huson ’97
Desiree H.P. Hwang ’07
Joyce A. Ibrahim ’08
Eric S. Jaffe ’07
Robert F. Jenney B’02 ’03
Rian Jensen ’09
Anneke Jessen ’91
Reuben T.C. Jessop ’90
Yongyong Ji N’05 ’08
Zhaojin Ji
Min Jia N’06
Linqi L. Jiang N’98
Hui Jiang
Chunqing Jin N’88
Gordon E. Johnson
Lindsey Johnson
Peter E. Johnson B’06 ’07
Ira B. Joseph ’89
Aleksander D. Jovovic ’99
Marijke Jurgens-Dupree ’92
Aki Kachi ’09
Matthew D. Kaczmarek ’09
Ajay Kaisth B’89
Thomas S. Kang B’07 ’08
Noah C. Kanter ’10
Hannah R. Kaplan B’07 ’08
Suna Karakas B’09 ’10
Mara Karlin ’05
Gaafar Karrar Ahmed
Heather R. Kauffman B’09 ’10
Jennifer L. Kaukas ’97
Krystle V. Kaul B’08 ’09
Peter F. Kaznacheev B’01 ’02
Thomas Keaney
Kevin M. Keating ’02
Elizabeth E. Keck ’85
Douglas Keh B’90 ’91
Erin M. Kelley ’10
Geraldine P. Kelly B’80 ’81
Lee S. Kempler ’91
Dany Khy ’09
Jin-Goon Kim N’93
Kevin J. Kinsella ’69
Felix Knidlberger B’05 ’06
Shari L. Knoerzer ’02
Elizabeth D. Knup
Daniel Kollmann B’07 ’08
Kelly Kong N’01
Kelley Kornell
Bastiaan R. Korner ’66
Adam C. Kotkin ’10
Jeffrey A. Kozlowicki B’05 ’06
Holly Krueger
Alla Kruglyak ’03
Jan Krzewinski B’06 ’07
David Kyle ’79
George B. Lambrakis ’53
Edith Laszlo B’96 ’97
Kyle D. Latimer
David Lea
Anne Armour LeBourgeois ’80
Susanna Lee
Roger S. Leeds ’70 ’77
Ralf J. Leiteritz-Sanin B’98 ’99
Marc E. Leland
Laurence Lemay ’08
Josette Lewis
Margaret K. Lewis N’98
Baodong Li ’89
Shou Li N’10
Tong Li N’01
Toby Lincoln
Jan Lindemann ’88
Joseph E. Lipscomb ’91
A. Landon Loomis B’07 ’08
Andrew C. Luedders B’90 ’91
Johanna Lundberg B’01 ’02
Jay B. Lurie B’06 ’07
Dana M. Lutenegger N’11
Natalie M. Lyon ’10
Kurt A. Macleod ’96
Rahul Madhavan
Elizabeth Madigan Jost B’97 ’98
Abby Davidson Maffei ’09
Raimund Magis B’96 ’97
Thomas Mahnken ‘89 ’97
Christopher W. Maletz ’06
Tabitha Mallory N’06 ’08
Katherine Maloney ’02
Evan Mangino ’07
Cynthia A. Marks ’06
Michael Marriott ’09
Andreas Marschner B’00 ’01
Daniel E. Mason-D’Croz ’10
Maxwell O. Massa N’11
Arash A. Massoudi B’08 ’09
Alan Biorn Maybury-Lewis ’84
Jacqueline Mazza B’83 ’84 ’98
Joanne Caddy Mazza B’90
Ian McAfee
Terri L. McBride ’99
Daniel J. McCartney B’05 ’06
Kimberly McClain ’08
Jonathan McClelland ’06
Marla McClure
John F. McGillian Jr.
Jill E. McGovern
Lauren McIntyre ’07
John E. McLaughlin B’66 ’66
Mandy J. McMahon ’08
Robert C. McNally Jr. B’91 ’92
James McNicholas
Julie Mcpherson ’99
Aria Mehrabi ’98
Camilo Mendez ’00
Edgar Luna Mendoza B’02 ’03
Nicole E. Mendoza ’84
Monique E. Merriam ’81
Victor Mesalles B’65 ’66
Bsrat Mezghebe ’08
David G. Michaels ’08
Kirsten A. Michener B’90 ’92
Ranko Milic ’05
Gloria Micklin
Paul R. Miller III
Robert A. Miller B’08 ’09
Tom Milliken
Chad G. Miner B’08 ’09
Kenneth R. Monahan B’03 ’04
Kathleen Monticello ’10
David M. Moore B’04 ’05
John Moran ’11
Matthias C. Mordi ’10
Megan K. Morris ’09
Edward L. Morse B’66 ’66
Melissa G. Moye B’86 ’86
Anit Mukherjee ’05
Steven Muller
Richard Murphy ’58
Patricia Mussi B’05 ’06
Yugo Nakamura ’06
Gisela Nauk B’00
J. Michael Nehrbass ’96
Thy M. Nguyen ’05
THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
Elizabeth Nicoletti ’08
Juan Nuñez-Gallego B’05 ’05
Henry Nuzum ’08
Shoichiro Odagaki ’69
Peter O’Driscoll
Daniel W. Offit N’95 ’95
Ned S. Offit ’93
Erick S. Oh B’04 ’05
L. Peter O’Hagan ’87
Sarah B. O’Hagan ’86
Beth M. O’Laughlin B’90 ’91
Paul V. Oliva B’91 ’92
Julia Oliver B’11
Martin O’Malley
Sandor Orban B’90
Kristina Ortiz B’09 ’10
Theodore G. Osius III ’89
Anayo I. Osueke ’10
Stefano Palombo B’07 ’08
Vasiliki Paloympis N’10
Elena Panaritis B’90 ’91
Demetrio Papadimitriu B’00 ’01
Marc A. Parich ’05
Jason Park ’10
Michelle N. Patron B’98 ’99
Alexandra Patsi B’01 ’04
David M. Perkal B’94 ’95
Joshua Perlman N’95
Michalis Persianis ’05
Erik R. Peterson ’81
Stefano Pettinato B’98 ’99
Jeffrey K. Phillips B’08 ’09
Katherine J. Phillips ’07
Randal Phillips ’93
R.M. Phimister ’98
Domenica Piantedosi B’79 ’80
Eric L. Picard B’93 ’94
Kathleen M. Pike B’81
Antonio Pineda-Ronzon
B’98 ’99
Andrew T. Plieninger ’07
Shiva Polefka ’11
J. Thitinan Pongsudhirak ’92
Jason R. Potell B’10 ’11
Robert F. Price ’94
Charlotte Putney N’09
Fang Qi N’08
Li Qian N’08 ’08
David Quayat ’03
Juan C. Quiroz Penaloza
B’03 ’04
Paula Rabinowitz
Francine Radler ’78
Richard H.S. Raiford ’89
Leela R. Ramnath ’08
Anna W. Ravvin B’05 ’06
Tonya M. Rawe ’08
Francis C. Record S’76
James D. Regan B’75 ’76
Jean-Arthur Régibeau B’86
Diana H. Reilly ’98
Vincenzo Resta ’99
Lenea M. Reuvers B’09 ’10
Catherine Reynolds B’06 ’07
Consuelo Ricart ’92
Karen M. Richardson N’98
Courtney M. Rickert ’08
Philip S. Robertson Jr. ’97
Rachel Rochat ’04
Sara E. Rogge ’00
Sara Elizabeth Rowland ’09
Arthur Rubin ’92
Justine Rubira B’03 ’04
Axel Ruyter B’90
Evan Ryan ’06
Matthew W. Ryan ’86
Mikhail V. Ryzhkov ’97
Diana Salvemini B’07 ’08
Eulalia Sanin ’00
Edward J. Sappin ’05
Arturo Sarukhán ’91
Zara Sarzin B’03 ’04
Frank Savage ’64
Micah M. Savidge B’06 ’07
Nina S. Sawyer ’08
Jay Scanlan
Nadia Schadlow-Murphy B’88
’89 ’05
Erin Schenck ’07
Oriana Scherr ’07
Marc Schleifer B’04 ’05
Bruce S. Schlein ’96
Daniel M. Schneiderman
B’10 ’11
Alexander Schratz B’07 ’08
Barry J. Schumacher ’73
Benjamin E. Schwartz ’08
Bernard L. Schwartz
Laura Seay
Karen E. Seiger B’89 ’90
Monica Sendor B’10 ’11
Natalia D. Senmartin ’03
Sarah E. Shapiro B’06 ’07
Reginald S. Shaver ’00
James J. Shea B’04 ’05
David Bruce Shear ’82 N’87
Nicholas S.F. Sheets N’03 ’05
Sally A. Shelton-Colby B’67 ’68
Jia Sheng
Shi Yinhong
Jonathan Showe ’72
Edison U. Sian ’04
Cenk Sidar B’06 ’07
T. Hardy Simes N’06 ’07
Hildy Simmons
Jeanne C. Simon ’08
David Skidmore
Allyson Slater ’08
Justin M. Sloan B’07 ’08
Marylene L. Smeets ’93
Nicholas Smith
John A. Somers ’03
Abraham Sorock N’10
Christopher W. Southwick
B’10 ’11
Herman M.H. Speyart B’91 ’92
Henry Spurling
Kiran Srivastava
Matt Stafford ’10
Carlos Stagliano B’98 ’99
Melanie R. Standish B’06 ’07
Jeffrey R. Steele ’94
Edward G. Steiner ’99
Thomas Stelzer B’83
Rachael Strieter ’07
Ming Sun N’09
Carmen C. Suro-Bredie B’72 ’72
Widya Sutiyo ’04
Thorunn Sveinbjarnardottir ’90
Alison S. Symons ’01
2011–2012 123

THANK YoU ... THANK YoU
SAIS Volunteers (continued)
Gary M. Talarico ’83
Priscilla Tan N’10
Jeffery Tang N’09 ’10
Wynn Tanner N’08
Nathaniel Taplin ’10
Yoshio Tateyama ’85
Sue A. Tay ’09
David E. Taylor N’92
Michelle Taylor B’05 ’06
Peter F. Taylor B’99 ’99
Thomas B. Tesluk B’81 ’82
Christopher Testa B’08 ’09
James D. Thom B’05 ’07
James Thomas ’01
Jennelle A. Thompson ’94
Kevin Z. Thurston B’02 ’03
Thomas Thurston
Yves Tiberghian
Patricia E. Tierney ’96
Amos Tincani B’72
Malini Tolat ’04
Luke A. Tougas B’99 ’00
Chuong Si Tran ’86
Nancy N. Tran ’08
Nikolaos E. Tsafos ’07
Frank Tsai N’03
Frederick H. Tsai ’07 ’08
Joseph Tse
Jonathan C. Tsentas N’07
Michael J. Tubman B’07 ’08
John B. Tucker ’89
Mariano Turzi ’07 ’10
Ryan S. Ulrich N’08 N’10
Sarah B. Underwood B’07 ’08
James A. Upton B’91 ’92
Amit J. Urban N’10
Catherine M. Valega B’95 ’96
Antoine W. van Agtmael
Lousewies van der Laan B’91
Hans Van Geloven B’96 ’97
Ted Varani
Jeremy M. Ventuso B’08 ’09
Gordon C. Vieth B’78 ’79
Johanna T. Von Der Weppen
B’09 ’10
Sebastian F.A. Vos ’03
Hans W. Vriens B’85
Aleem Walji
Boyong Wang B’01 ’02
Grace Wang
Barclay Ward ’61
Leora S. Ward
Amy S. Weiner N’08
Atticus Weller ’98
Avital Wenger ’08
Bernard J. West ’04
Thomas W. West B’04 ’05
Shay H. Wester B’06 ’07
Joseph E. Whalen B’07 ’08
Jeremy C. Whipp B’08 ’09
Joy M. Wiersum B’07 ’08
Brittany E. Williams B’08 ’09
Dawson Williams
Alan R. Williford B’08 ’09
Bryan Withall N’04
Linda R. Wolin B’92 ’93
Ting Hway Wong
Douglas Woodring ’96
Brooks Wrampelmeier ’77
Daniel B. Wright N’94 ’95 ’05
124 SAISPHERE
Michael P. Wright N’02 ’05
Wu Ying
Chen Xu
Sahin Yaman B’96 ’97
Cunlu Yan N’93
Zhendai Yang N’99
Yuan Yao B’07 ’08
Jason Hee Ye ’09
Christina M. Yeung B’00
Jack Y. Yeung B’06 ’07
Paul M. Yeung B’01 ’02
Clayton Yeutter
Jacob T. Young ’05
Nathaniel H. Young B’05 ’06
Gene Yu N’11
Tiecheng Yuan 04
Noah Zaring B’97 ’98
Zhihai Zhai ’87
Joan Zhang N’01
Xiaoming Zhang
Xiaoping Zhao N’02
Zijuan Zhong N’09
Lei Zhou N’03
Alejandre Zamora
Laurence Zuriff ’93
Alfonso Zurita y de Borbón
B’97 ’98
We have attempted to
include all volunteers. If we
inadvertently omitted anyone,
contact us at 202.663.5641,
and we will include those
individuals in the next issue.
Voices of SAIS
Alumni
Oral
History
Program
Since 2008, the SAIS Oral History Program
is continuing to rediscover bygone stories of
alumni experiences, accomplishments and
shared traditions through individual interviews
that began with alumni from the earliest
graduating classes.
The handing down of history, class by class, strengthens the ties
that bind the SAIS community. In London, George Lambrakis ’53
was interviewed and subsequently gave a lecture at an alumni gathering
in March. In April, many members of the SAIS class of 1961
graciously agreed to have their stories recorded while visiting the
Washington, D.C., campus for their 50th reunion.
Oral history interviews are recorded and archived in digital audio
and video formats. Please contact Jordi Izzard, alumni relations
officer, at jizzard1@jhu.edu for an interview, or visit our Web page
at www.sais-jhu.edu/oralhistory.

ALUMNI NEWS & NoTES
2011–2012 125

“We are deeply grateful for
what SAIS gave to us. We are
giving back with a planned
gift to do the same for some
of today’s SAIS students—who
most certainly will become
tomorrow’s leaders. Our
planned gift provides us with
a continuing income stream.
It’s a win-win situation for
SAIS and for us.”
——Richard Murphy ’58 and Ludmilla K. Murphy B’60, ’61
Have your cake...
Make a gift to SAIS now.
Live well and give back to the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced
International Studies with a Charitable Gift Annuity.
Fund a Charitable Gift Annuity with a minimum gift of $10,000 (cash or
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• Partially tax-free income
• Immediate charitable deduction for a portion of the gift
• Favorable treatment of capital gains, if donated asset is
appreciated securities
• Satisfaction of making a lasting contribution to the mission of SAIS
SAVE THE DATE
for the SAIS Legacy Lunch: April 12, 2012

The SAIS Legacy Circle
the sais legaCy CirCle
Patricia J. Allred
William B. Allred*
David C. Almon ’53*
Grace M. Almon*
Anonymous
C. Michael Armstrong
Gordon H. Barrows ’49
Mark C. Bauer ’79
Herbert A. Behrstock ’66
David H. Bernstein
Roger C. Brewin III ’50*
David L. Brinkley III ’83
Frederick Z. Brown
Jan Bryn ’52
Sharon L. Camp ’69
Timothy W. Childs ’61*
Richard E. Cohn ’68
Kay Diuguid
Lewis H. Diuguid ’63
Cynthia Paddock Doroghazi ’94
George E. Dube B’56 ’56*
Betty A. Dukert
Joseph M. Dukert B’56 ’93 ’05
William F. Eaton ’60
Abbe Fessenden ’64
Steven A. Fillipow ’91
Frederick W. Flott ’47*
Lila May Walkden Flounders ’47
Evan Fotos ’48
John W. Franklin Jr. ’67
Bonita B. Furner B’66 ’66
James W. Furner
Robert S. Ginsburg B’59 ’60
Jeremy D. Gorelick B’01 ’02
Roy A. Harrell Jr. ’60
Benjamin E. Hein B’93 ’94
Christian A. Herter Jr.*
Margel L. Highet B’85 ’86
Frederick L. Holborn*
*We honor the members of the Legacy Circle whose bequests have been realized.
Elizabeth B. Hubbard ’56
Betty Lou Hummel ’46*
Earl E. Huyck ’48*
Earl M. Hyde Jr. ’47
Ruth K. Hyde ’47
Henry P. Johnson B’57 ’57
Margaret C. Jones B’67 ’68
Robert H. Kleeb Jr. ’63*
Gwyn E. Koepke ’99
Mitchell L. Kornblit ’73
Michael W. Kubiak ’80
Lynne Foldessy Lambert B’67 ’67
Manfred Landecker ’53 B’56 ’65*
Arbon C. Lang
Elise M. Lease*
Roger S. Leeds ’70 ’77
Stephen O. Lesser B’63 ’63
Joann Lewinsohn ’54
Stephen Low*
Sue Low
Harvey G. Marcy ’51*
Priscilla Mason
John F. McGillian Jr.
Jill E. McGovern
Morgan Thomas McGrath
B’82 ’83
Charles J. Micoleau ’65
Charlotte M. Morehouse ’48*
Jessica Mott ’79
Steven Muller
Dorothy P. Murphy
Ludmilla Ksensenko Murphy
B’60 ’61
Miles W. Murphy*
Richard W. Murphy ’58
Paul H. Nitze*
R. Kendall Nottingham ’65*
Morris W. Offit
John E. Osborn ’92
Gretchen A. Osgood*
David W. Paul ’68
Michael W. Percopo*
Miles M. Prescott ’51
Erik M. Rasmussen ’69
William A. Reinsch ’69
Gloria A. Remy ’48
Richard C. Rogers ’65
John B. Root ’48*
Donald S. Rothchild*
William T. Salisbury ’67 ’72
Mohinder P. Sambhi
Fred H. Sanderson*
Frank Savage ’64
Thomas A. Schlenker ’61
Jonathan L. Schneider B’76 ’77
Jay M. Schwamm
Sally A. Shelton-Colby B’67 ’68
M. Gregg Smith ’67
Robb E. Smith B’64 ’64*
Helmut Sonnenfeldt
Timothy E. Spence ’03
William P. Stedman Jr. ’47
Richard J.J. Sullivan Jr. ’74
Elisabeth H. Whited ’49*
Robert A. Wilson B’60 ’61*
Jack J. Woods ’66
The Legacy Circle is an honorary society of supporters who have named SAIS in Washington, D.C., the Bologna Center or the Hopkins-Nanjing
Center in their estate plans. Legacy Circle members are securing SAIS’s continued standing as a premier institution of study in international
relations by making a commitment of a bequest intention, funding a charitable gift annuity, designating a life insurance policy or Individual
Retirement Account, or taking advantage of other planned-giving vehicles. Their gifts will have long-lasting impact and will be used to:
n Provide excellent students with necessary financial aid
n Attract and retain outstanding faculty
n Expand and adapt program offerings to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing international environment
For information about the Legacy Circle or to discuss a planned gift, please contact Spencer Abruzzese, associate director of development,
at 202.663.5646 or spencera@jhu.edu.
Receive income for life.
Learn more
John C. Jeppi
The Johns Hopkins University
Office of Gift Planning
410-516-7954 or 800-548-1268
giftplanning@jhu.edu
Calculate your benefits
Please visit giving.jhu.edu/giftplanning
One-Life Charitable Gift Annuity Rates
Age
90
85
80
75
70
65
...and eat it too.
Through
12/31/11
9.8%
8.4%
7.5%
6.5%
5.8%
5.3%
As of
1/1/12
9.0%
7.8%
6.8%
5.8%
5.1%
4.7%
Seek advice from a tax professional before entering into a gift annuity
agreement. Johns Hopkins gift annuities are not available in all states.
2011–2012 127

Show Your SAIS Pride
Choose from a sais
t-shirt, sweatshirt,
ball cap, umbrella,
coffee mug and
many more items.
to order, go to
www.sais-jhu.edu/saisware

The Young and The old
Demography anD generations in international relations
winter-spring 2011 • Volume XXXi, number two
Essays of Interest:
Snowbirds and Water Coolers: How Aging Populations Can
Drive Economic Growth
Michael W. Hodin and Mark Hoffmann
How Changes in Age Structure Can Impact Policy Making
E. Hazel Denton
Family Planning as an Economic Investment
John Bongaarts and Steven W. Sinding
Children at Risk: Family Planning and Human Trafficking
in Northwest Cameroon
Meg Dallet
China’s New Talent Strategy: Impact on China’s
Development and its Global Exchanges
Huiyao Wang
Looking Toward the Future in the Taiwan Strait:
Generational Politics in Taiwan
Shelley Rigger
Statistics and International Relations: Why Data Collection
Matters
Aanchal Anand
The Politics of Youth Bulge: From Islamic Activism to Democratic
Reform in the Middle East and North Africa
Leila Austin
Youth in Africa: Rebels Without a Cause but Not Without Effect
Stephen W. Smith
Recent Issues of Interest
generations • Conservatism • new international players
Cities • reengagement?
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