118/119 Biodiversity and Tropical Forest Assessment for Angola

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Of note is the lack of follow-through by the Angolan government towards theratification and adherence to regional (SADC) agreements. In particular, the country hasfailed to ratify the SADC protocol on shared water resources.B3d. Cross-Cutting Legal InstrumentsAngola is currently drafting a new constitution to replace its 1992 constitution;therefore, the legal instruments referred to in this report may be modified to align withthe provisions in this new carta magna. Nonetheless, many of the articles in the currentconstitution will likely be carried over into Angola’s new constitution.Article 12 of the current constitution vests the property and responsibility over allnatural resources to the state:“All natural resources existing in the soil and subsoil, in internal and territorial waters,on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone shall be the property of theState, which shall determine under what terms they are used, developed, and exploited.“The State shall promote the protection and conservation of natural resources byguiding the exploitation and use thereof for the benefit of the community as a whole.“Land, which is by origin the property of the State, may be transferred to individuals orcorporate bodies, with a view to sound and full use thereof, in accordance with thelaw.”Article 24 stipulates the rights of Angolan’s citizens to a healthy environment andascribes the responsibility of ensuring these rights to the state:“All citizens shall have the right to live in a healthy and unpolluted environment.“The State shall take the requisite measures to protect the environment and nationalspecies of flora and fauna throughout the national territory and maintain ecologicalbalance.“Acts that damage or directly or indirectly jeopardise conservation of the environmentshall be punishable by law.”The Angolan Environmental Framework Law (EFL) of 1998 is the overarchinginstrument for the implementation of the constitutional provisions. Article 13(1)prohibits “all activities that threaten the biodiversity, conservation, reproduction,quality, and quantity of biological resources … especially those threatened withextinction.” Article 13(2) states that the government must ensure that adequate measuresare taken to “maintain and regenerate animal species, recover damage habitat, andcontrol, especially, the activities or substances likely to be harmful to animal speciesand their habitat.” Article 14(1) creates the legal basis for the establishment andmaintenance of a network of protected areas and specifies that these may have a“national, regional, local, or international scope.” Finally, Article 12 bestows on thegovernment the responsibility to “defend” the environmental patrimony through theinvolvement of communities and environmental defense associations among others. TheEFL also establishes the need to conduct environmental impact assessments of activities16 118/119 BIODIVERSITY AND TROPICAL FOREST ASSESSMENT FOR ANGOLA
likely to negatively impact the environment, and gives any citizen that is negativelyaffected by environmental damage the right to take legal action against the perpetrator.Ministerial Decree No. 51/04 on Environmental Impact Assessment regulates thestipulations of the EFL with respect to environmental impact assessments. It referencesbut is vague about what public participation means. The process for validation andapproval of the EIA is also unclear.B3e. WaterThe Biological Aquatic Resources Act of 2004 is perhaps the most important piece oflegislation relating to water resources. Some of its objectives are: to establish principlesand rules for the protection of biological water resources and marine ecosystems; topromote the protection of the marine environment and coastal areas; and to establishprinciples and rules for responsible fishing. The act makes provisions for the protectionof endangered aquatic species, the creation of marine and fluvial protected areas, settingfishing quotas, regulating fishing, and prohibiting damaging fishing methods, amongothers.The Water Law, enacted in 2002, focuses on regulating the management anddistribution of water resources. It establishes priorities and recognizes the responsibilityof polluters to bear the costs of pollution.B3f. ForestsAngola’s legal framework on forest resources is being developed with the assistance ofthe FAO. A forestry law has been drafted but has yet to be approved, and laws andregulations applicable to the forestry sector currently in use date back to colonial times.These are complemented by recent stop-gap measures, such as ministerial “orders.”As things stand, the Forest Regulation Decree No. 44.531 issued by the colonialgovernment in 1962 is still the regulating document for the forestry sector. The decree isprescriptive and heavily weighed toward command and control measures. It createdforest reserves with the objectives of conserving forests, regulating the hydrographicand climatic regimes, conserving flora with special scientific value or prone toextinction, and conserving and rehabilitating eroded soils.Ministerial Order 149/00 issued by the MINADER in 2000 pertains to the licensingrequirements and procedures for forest exploitation. It outlines the requirements andprocedures for obtaining forest exploitation permits and attributes the responsibility forestablishing the amount of timber to be extracted under permits to MINADER’sInstitute for Forestry Development Institute.B3g. Protected AreasThe establishment of protected areas (national parks, nature and forest reserves) wasfirst mentioned in a colonial “regulation” in 1936, and the first protected area, ParqueNacional de Caça do Iona, was established in 1937. The first statute on natureconservation and on the establishment of protected areas — initially for huntingpurposes and later for nature conservation — was issued on January 20, 1955 throughColonial Decree No. 40.040 (published in the Portuguese Official Bulletin on 9118/119 BIODIVERSITY AND TROPICAL FOREST ASSESSMENT FOR ANGOLA 17
Page 7: ACRONYMSCITESConvention on Internat
Page 10 and 11: The country is divided into 18 prov
Page 12 and 13: A number of sector-specific legal i
Page 14 and 15: The Status and Trends of Tropical F
Page 16 and 17: exploitation of these resources and
Page 18 and 19: environmental consciousness of the
Page 21 and 22: SECTION A. INTRODUCTIONA1. Legal Re
Page 23: He has a master’s degree in envir
Page 26 and 27: stabilizing effect on the lower atm
Page 28 and 29: forests considered to be centers of
Page 30 and 31: A glance at Exhibit 5 reveals two i
Page 32 and 33: Exhibit 7. Simplified potential veg
Page 34 and 35: Exhibit 8. Angola’s population de
Page 38 and 39: February 1955). This decree covered
Page 40 and 41: • Angola’s legal environmental
Page 42 and 43: • Angola’s institutional framew
Page 45 and 46: SECTION C. THE STATUS AND ECOLOGICA
Page 47 and 48: It is important to note that Angola
Page 49 and 50: C3. Coastal and Marine SystemsC3a.
Page 51: indiscriminate hunting. Other negat
Page 54: Common Name Scientific Name StatusW
Page 57 and 58: D2c. Degradation of Coastal Ecosyst
Page 59 and 60: SECTION E. ACTIONS NECESSARY TO DEC
Page 61 and 62: areas or conservation, ownership st
Page 63: conservation activities in Angola:
Page 67: APPENDIX A. INDIVIDUALS INTERVIEWED
Page 70 and 71: significant discrepancies among the
Page 72 and 73: . An overview of the social, econom
Page 74 and 75: have knowledge of and be responsibl

118/119 Biodiversity and Tropical Forest Assessment for Angola

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