SPACECRAFT PROPULSION - KTH

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- 71 -Extensive research has been performed into nuclear-thermalrockets in USA in 1960 as part of the NERVA program.Status: Environmental and political concern about safe groundtest and launch of fueled reactor has reduced research in nucleartechnology.- Exotic propulsion methods, such as:Exotic Propulsion Systems are those “far out” ideas still understudy and are pure speculation so far. They will be required forthe ultimate dream of space exploration to travel to other starsystems, as depicted in TV shows like ‘Star Trek’. Two examplesof such exotic propulsion systems are outlined below. Antimatter Propulsion: Matter- antimatter annihilation offersthe highest possible physical energy density of any knownreaction substance. Since matter and antimatter annihilate eachother completely, it is an incredibly compact way of storingenergy. E.g. a round trip to Mars with a 100-ton payload mightrequire only 30 gram of antimatter. However, sufficientproduction and storage of antimatter (with potential complexand high storage system mass) is still very much in the future. Photon Propulsion: The generation of usable thrust by ejectionof photons is still very hypothetic. The generation of photonsby e.g. laser technology and their subsequent decay in space,involves the mass-energy transfer expressed by Einstein’sequation, E = mc 2 . Consequently, very large quantities ofenergy will be required even for nominal levels of thrust.Possibly, matter-antimatter annihilation can be harnessed forphoton propulsion in the futureFor a further reading about advanced propulsion systems, [21] isrecommended.
- 72 -7 GROUND TESTING OF <strong>PROPULSION</strong>SYSTEMSThe following parameters can be measured during system groundoperations:- pressure;- temperature;- electric current and voltage on e.g. solenoid valves.The following tests can be performed:- functional tests of electric actuated valves by measuringelectric current and voltages response time of valves;- measurement of leak tightness of components, parts ofsystems and overall systems by measurements oftemperatures and pressures at various points of time;- measurement of leak tightness of the integrated propulsionsystem with the help of a gas spectrometer, either by“sniffing” or during test operations of the spacecraft in avacuum chamber;- measurement of leak tightness of valves (thrusters) withthe help of 'glass pipettes'.
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-iv -Standard NotationsStandard not
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- 1 -1 INTRODUCTIONThis booklet sum
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- 3 -The main features of jet propu
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- 5 -This expresses that the spacec
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- 10 -3.2.3 Evaluation of Mass of P
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- 12 -With regard to the system-spe
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- 14 -According to Fig. 3 and with
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- 16 -Historically, chemical propul
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- 18 -gases leave the outlet of the
Page 27 and 28: - 20 -The vaporising liquid system
Page 30 and 31: - 23 -Further, for vaporising liqui
Page 32 and 33: - 25 -ConclusionAlthough of moderat
Page 34 and 35: G- 27 -4.2.3 MonopropellantMonoprop
Page 36 and 37: - 29 -System-specific Impulse, I ss
Page 38 and 39: - 31 -Table 4: Ranges of typical Pr
Page 40 and 41: - 33 -4.2.4 BipropellantBipropellan
Page 42 and 43: - 35 -management devices), propella
Page 44 and 45: - 37 -From Eq. (41) it is obvious t
Page 46 and 47: - 39 -4.2.5 General System Design C
Page 48 and 49: - 41 -System-specific Impulse, I ss
Page 50 and 51: - 43 -4.3 Electric Propulsion4.3.1
Page 52 and 53: - 45 -To the above described catego
Page 54 and 55: - 47 -4.3.2 Propulsion System Desig
Page 56 and 57: - 49 -Fig.17, has to be considered
Page 58 and 59: - 51 -The term of an optimal exhaus
Page 60 and 61: - 53 -resulting in a maximum value
Page 62 and 63: - 55 -Table 8 notes the differences
Page 64 and 65: - 57 -5 PROPULSION SYSTEMS SELECTIO
Page 66 and 67: - 59 -m PS/m S/C1,0I ssp=193 Ns/kg(
Page 68 and 69: - 61 -In considering the merits of
Page 70 and 71: - 63 -Table 11: Survey: Typical Can
Page 72 and 73: - 65 -6.1 Potential Improvement of
Page 74 and 75: - 67 -6.2 Potential Improvement of
Page 76 and 77: - 69 -6.3 New ApproachesNew approac
Page 80 and 81: - 73 -8 MISSION SURVEILLANCE OFPROP
Page 82 and 83: - 75 -[9 W. Inden; “Development R
Page 84: Notes
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SPACECRAFT PROPULSION - KTH

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