secondary data review on the food security situation in the kyrgyz ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

o The overall share of internal migrants in the total population was less than 7%, whichimposes careful consideration and use of the results;o this outcome can hide a possible under-coverage of households in new settlementscreated around Bishkek city after 1999, as the KIHS does not include these areas. The results also indicated that the migration flows in the country did not have dominantrural-urban character, as rural-urban and rural-rural directions existed concomitantly. Based on the 2003 <strong>data</strong>, access to any land and ownership of farm equipment did notguarantee higher consumption (wealth). Virtually all households now have land holdings.However, the 2005 poverty assessment indicated that the poor in rural areas have smallerland holdings than the non-poor. In the poorer southern regions, plots are smaller. The relation is not observed in urban areas. On average, poor households with access toown land have plots of less than 0.2 ha, while non-poor households have plots of about 0.3ha. Because the poor in urban areas are less likely to live in the most densely populatedcentral areas of cities, they have more access to land than the non-poor, but the area isvery small (about 20 x 20 meters). Having livestock increased household consumption for a considerable extent. In 2003, halfof rural households held cattle with an average herd of 2.6 heads. Only 1/3 rd of ruralhouseholds hold small ruminants, with a relatively low herd (12.5 heads per owner). Morehouseholds are engaged in raising animals in the southern oblasts due to the small size ofland plots (36% versus 25% in the north). According to a ranking exercise conducted in rural south of the country 44 , a poor householdhad the following characteristics:o no livestocko very limited, often not very productive land resources (non-irrigated, land on slopes etc.)o no other sources of revenue than agriculture and collection of forestry products;o adults unemployed;o vulnerable to externally-induced shocks, such as low agricultural yield following bad weatherconditions, due to a poorly diversified farming system;o many children;o depends on support from other households;o lives on a very basic diet, in difficult times mainly consisting of bread, tea and possibly potatoes;o chronically short of cash;o has difficulties to meet expected contributions to traditional social events, but often makes themdespite the expenses involved in order to remain in the local social network;o poor clothing and housing conditions: old small houses built of clay, without insulation, poorheating; often do not have house of their own and are forced to rent one.Labour markets Since the poor have few assets and safety net programmes are limited (see Section X), thelabour market is a key transmission mechanism for growth to affect poverty levels. In 2003-2005, trade and tourism, and construction – both sectors that employ low wagelabour – contributed the most to employment growth in the Kyrgyz Republic. Yet, it was onlythe trade and tourism sector and agriculture which saw productivity growth during thisperiod 45 . Labour income comprises more than 50% of total income for the households in the lowestwealth quintile. For the poorest quintile (20% of the population), all forms of income roseduring 2003-2005, with public transfers (such as pensions and social assistance) andprivate transfers (such as remittances) growing by about 80% (though from a small base),and labour income growing by over 50%. However, the second quintile (roughly equal to the moderately poor) benefited the mostfrom the labour market as their wage income rose by 80% and social benefits fellsignificantly by about 25% during the period 2003-2005.44 Poverty and Forestry: a Case Study of Kyrgyzstsn with Reference to Other Countries in West andCentral Asia – R.J. Fisher, K. Schmidt, B. Steenhof, N. Akenshaev - FAO, May 200445 Kyrgyz Republic Poverty Assessment. Volume I: Growth, Employment and Poverty – World BankReport No.40864, September 200723
Unemployment rose to 8% in 2005. However jobs were created, in sectors which tend toemploy unskilled, low-wage workers, thus benefiting the poor proportionately more. Theexpansion of employment of the poor went in hand with rising real wages. However, realwage growth exceeded productivity growth (11% versus 2%), a feature that ultimatelydiscourages the creation of jobs by employers. The results from the poverty profiling undertaken in 2003 indicated that households whosehead is unemployed are poorer than those with an employed head. Underemployment is an issue. Some 30% of workers work less than 30 hours. Thoseemployed in the agriculture sector, the self-employed, the poor and those with no education,work less hours. The Government launches temporary public works to assist the unemployed. In 2003, about24% of the unemployed had been covered by temporary public works, for an averageduration of 2.5 months. These values have been decreasing since 2000 (respectively 30%and 9.4 months) 46 . In addition, in 2003 the share of the micro-credit recipients was 32% for the poor andunemployed in small cities and towns, remote and mountainous areas, down from about40% in 2000. Labour markets in the Kyrgyz Republic are highly segmented. There is a divide betweenurban and rural markets, between formal and informal labour markets, and betweenopportunities available to women and men.o In rural areas, about 2/3 rd of all jobs are in the rural sector (2003 <strong>data</strong>) and themajority of these (63%) are in agriculture; some 20% of employment in urban areas isin the agricultural sector.o Rural non-farm activities include public services (e.g. education, health, publicadministration), followed by commercial services (especially the trade sector) whichprovide 12% of jobs, and industry (mostly mining) which provides the remaining 8%.o In urban areas, trade services, manufacturing and public sector services aredominating; in rural areas, services – predominantly the public sector- accounted foronly 28% of the jobs in 2003. Only 1/3 rd of employed persons are self-employed, another 1/3 rd are employees and 20%are unpaid family workers. Half of the jobs are in the informal sector 47 , with its many negative implications (jobinsecurity, low pay, irregularity of work). Informality is more prevalent in rural areas (54%versus 39% in urban areas). Women are also more prone to work in the informal sectorbecause they are more likely to work in the agricultural sector. As many as 86% of workerswith no education are employed in the informal sector, and even those with 9 years ofcompleted basic education are 76% informally employed. Wage earnings are the most important source of income among rural households. Morethan half of the rural households also rely on crop and livestock sales. The vast majority of the employed poor work in the farm sector (60% of all farmworkers) – consequently, agricultural growth plays an important role in poverty alleviation inthe country. The poor are under-employed and work 20% fewer hours than the non-poor. Of those working in non-farm sectors, 60% are non-poor. Rural residents employed in nonfarmactivities are better off than those working in farming.46 Kyrgyz Republic: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Progress Report – International Monetary FundCountry Report No.04/200, July 200447 The National Statistics Committee defines informal sector activities as those that take place inunregistered units as well as in units that have fewer than 5 employees. The results presented here(World Bank) consider as informally employed all those who run or work in an unregistered firm oractivity (employed in informal sector) AND all those who work with a verbal contract in registered firms(informally employed in the formal sector). All unpaid family workers as well as those working inhouseholds are also considered to be informal workers.24
Page 1 and 2: SECONDARY DATA REVIEW ON THE FOOD S
Page 3 and 4: Food consumption, nutritional statu
Page 5 and 6: II - Demography and societyDemograp
Page 7 and 8: The country has gone through a diff
Page 9 and 10: for services and 47% for industry).
Page 11 and 12: The national food balance situation
Page 13 and 14: Livestock The livestock sector suff
Page 15 and 16: Energy policies do not seem to cont
Page 17 and 18: For the 2007/08 agricultural campai
Page 19 and 20: VI - Economic situation and poverty
Page 21 and 22: of its TACIS programme), UNDP, Isla
Page 23 and 24: 4% to 5% were noted. Extreme povert
Page 25: the poor were twice higher than of
Page 29 and 30: Many young Kyrgyz workers find it m
Page 31 and 32: oRemittances contribute significant
Page 33 and 34: largest among the poor irrespective
Page 35 and 36: destination of products purchased i
Page 37 and 38: ooochildren under 16 years (and pup
Page 39 and 40: Nonetheless, the UMB programme rema
Page 41 and 42: The main difference between them ma
Page 43 and 44: At national level, per capita calor
Page 45 and 46: o19% of the population are both poo
Page 47 and 48: There is also a need to set up a re
Page 49 and 50: Initiation (anybreastfeeding)Exclus
Page 51 and 52: health insurance (in 2006) has enab
Page 53 and 54: low in Jalal-Abad, Naryn and Talas
Page 55 and 56: A continuing surge in consumer pric
Page 57 and 58: Overall producer price inflation wa
Page 59 and 60: However, faced with the risk of foo
Page 61 and 62: oofinancing a topping up of unit be
Page 63 and 64: Fuel imports could be reduced by mo

secondary data review on the food security situation in the kyrgyz ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?