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32 FEATURESwww.unsystem.org/scnduty had been paid. Kiwanis leaders met with leaders of the Russian Government and strongly advocatedthat a solution to the impasse be found. This created a strong movement within the Government to the pointthat the chief of the Customs Committee—a position comparable to that of a vice-prime minister—announcedthat the committee waived for one year all excise duties, providing time for UNICEF to negotiate a permanentsolution (Brockley 1999).In addition, in Kiwanis nations where IDD threatens, Kiwanis leaders have been strong advocates of universalsalt iodization. In the Philippines, for example, Kiwanians have taken an active hands-on role both at the localand national levels. Kiwanis leaders meet regularly with UNICEF and others to develop strategies that willresult in their people getting adequate iodine in their diets. Kiwanians have conducted meetings withGovernment leaders, and they continue to lobby for strong enforcement of a commitment for salt iodizationthroughout their country. Philippine clubs conduct health missions in rural villages, where their lessons onhealthy diets include distribution of iodized salt and IDD information (Carson 1996).Sustaining the successAs the Kiwanis organization reached and surpassed its $75 million goal, it began to turn its fundraising focuson securing the sustainability of the progress it helped achieve in the fight against iodine deficiency. TheKiwanis International Foundation established an IDD sustainability fund, which continues to receivecontributions from Kiwanians who want to ensure and bolster the gains made against iodine deficiency. As ofDecember 2007, Kiwanis International had raised a total of nearly $100 million to help fight IDD.At the August 2000 Kiwanis International Convention, UNICEF Executive Director Carol Bellamy deliveredencouraging news. In 1990, she reported, less than 20% of the people in IDD-affected areas had accessed toiodized salt. Ten years later, largely due to Kiwanis’ Worldwide Service Project, 70% of the households indeveloping countries had access to iodized salt. Every year, 85 million children were born free from the threatof IDD (Bellamy 2000).Charles J. Lyons, president of the US Fund for UNICEF summarized the success of Kiwanis’ IDD campaignin a June 2005 statement: “Kiwanis International’s determination to eliminate iodine deficiency is responsiblefor one of the greatest public health accomplishments of the last decade—a success that truly makes Kiwanisa member of the UNICEF family. The value of a gift to humanity such as this is, very simply,incalculable.” (Anonymous 2005)ReferencesAnonymous (1994a) Worldwide Service Project’s Goal: $75 Million. Kiwanis Magazine 8.Anonymous (1994b) Moore Enlists as Special IDD Agent. Kiwanis Magazine 9.Anonymous (1996) Global Cause Draws Attention to Salt Lake. Kiwanis Magazine 10.Anonymous (1997a) Hixsons, Tablet Honor Gift-Giving, Fight IDD. Kiwanis Magazine 42.Anonymous (1997b) Tennis Stars Court Fan Support. Kiwanis Magazine 6.Anonymous (2000) 20/20 TV Exposure Energizes IDD Campaign. Kiwanis Magazine 16.Anonymous (2005) Kiwanis International and UNICEF Change the World, One Child at a Time. (online)Bellamy C (2000) Powerful, Dedicated Partnership Aids World’s Children. Kiwanis Magazine 6.Blechman W (1994) The Role of Kiwanis International. In Hetzel BS and Panday CS (eds.) SOS for a Billion: TheConquest of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Oxford University Press:New Delhi.Brockley J (1999) To Russia with Salt. Kiwanis Magazine, 24-27.Carson J (1996) Salt Iodization, Education Key IDD Battle for Filipinos. Kiwanis Magazine, 32-33.Fuller J (2000) Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Joins UNICEF and Kiwanis International to Eliminate IDD. (online)Hapgood LA (1989) Dimensions of Service: The Kiwanis Story. Kiwanis International:Indianapolis, Indiana.Kiwanis (2007) Kiwanis International Fact Sheet (2007)Perry P (1997) The Battle to End Iodine Deficiency Disorders. The Saturday Evening Post 44-46.SCN NEWS # 35 back to contentsContact: rparker@kiwanis.org
www.unsystem.org/scn FEATURES 33Achieving and Sustaining USI:Effective programme development and management. Lessons Learned from USI in ChinaZupei Chen (Regional Coordinator, ICCIDD), Zhihua Dong (Board Chairman, China Salt Association), Jiahua Lin (Standing ViceChairman, China Salt Association)Abstract: Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is a very severe public health problem with a wide spectrum of impact, inwhich mental retardation is the major factor that threatens the quality of life and human potential in China. USI has beenaccepted as a major intervention in the whole country since 1995. China had already reached the goal of virtualelimination of IDD by the year 2000 and has maintained the sustainability of IDD elimination since then. Several factorshave contributed to this success, such as a political commitment by the Chinese government, legislation on USI, amonopoly on iodized salt production and distribution, as well as a strict, effective and cooperative national monitoringsystem and quality control performed by concerned partners. The alliance between the Ministry of Health (MOH) and thesalt industry plays a key role in the implementation of the USI programme in China.Key words: China, IDD, iodine deficiency disorders, iodization, monitoring, monopoly, quality control, salt, USIIntroductionIodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) were recorded, as goitre in ancient Chinese medical literature as early as3,000 BC, and were recognized as a very significant public health problem. Since this time they havecontinued to threaten the quality of life, human potential and social-economic-cultural development In China.It was estimated that 720 million people were at risk for severe or moderate iodine deficiency prior to theinitiation of the National IDD Control Program. Epidemiological surveys revealed that there were 35 millionpatients with visible endemic goitre and 250,000 subjects with typical cretinism. In many IDD endemic areas,5-15% of children suffered from mild mental retardation (IQ 50-69) (Chen 2006). A meta-analysis of 36studies from these areas showed that IQ distribution curves of children tended to shift to the left, with an IQdeficit of 11 points (Qian et al 2005). In China, as most cases of mild mental retardation is found in iodinedeficient areas, this type of impairment is mainly caused by iodine deficiency.Iodized salt intervention was first implemented in Chengde, Hebei Province and then expanded to all ofNorthern China after an important epidemiological survey, clinical investigation and intervention studyundertaken in 1960, led by Prof Xianyi Zhu (H.I.Chu) and his endocrine research group from Tianjin MedicalUniversity (Yip et al 2004). This study demonstrated that iodine deficiency is the main etiology for endemicgoitre and endemic cretinism and that iodized salt is the most effective intervention for correction of iodinedeficiency for the whole population. The programme was later expanded to Southern China in the 1980swhere IDD was also discovered. Subsequently the central government adopted the iodized salt programmeas the main strategy in IDD endemic areas for the whole of China. Although the goitre rate had decreasedand very few cretins were being born, IDD was not completely under control due to the lack of strong politicalwill, irregular salt iodization and ineffective monitoring systems. In addition, the iodized salt programme wasimplemented only in moderate and severe iodine deficiency areas thus; mild IDD areas were not included(Chen 2006, Yip et al 2004).Government decision, political will and the 1993 National Advocacy MeetingAt the historical World Summit for Children in 1990, Premier Li Peng signed the Summit declaration on behalfof the Chinese Government. Subsequently a National Advocacy Meeting was held by State Council in Beijingin 1993. Representatives of governors and different sectors from both national and provincial levels, as wellas from International Organizations (WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, ICCIDD, World Bank) attended this historicalmeeting, which was a milestone for the elimination of IDD in China. The Chinese Government has made apolitical commitment for the elimination of IDD by the year 2000, followed by the same commitment fromeach province. In addition, the meeting resulted in the establishment of Leading Group for IDD Eliminationheaded by State Councilor Madam Peng Peiyun for multi-sectoral coordination at the central level (Yip et al2004). Therefore, the Chinese Government as well as its political will and commitment have always playedthe key role in the National IDD Control Program. The State Council approved a new National IDD ControlProgram and a Regulation on mandatory salt iodization. Universal salt iodization (USI) was accepted as aback to contents SCN NEWS # 35
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