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326 Chapter Four. DeterminantsIIILaplace’s ExpansionDeterminants are a font of interesting and amusing formulas. Here is one that isoften used to compute determinants by hand.III.1Laplace’s Expansion Formula1.1 Example In this permutation expansion∣ ∣ ∣ t 1,1 t 1,2 t ∣∣∣∣∣∣ ∣∣∣∣∣∣1,31 0 0∣∣∣∣∣∣ 1 0 0t 2,1 t 2,2 t 2,3 = t 1,1 t 2,2 t 3,3 0 1 0+ t 1,1 t 2,3 t 3,2 0 0 1∣t 3,1 t 3,2 t 3,3 0 0 1∣0 1 0∣∣ ∣ ∣∣∣∣∣∣0 1 0∣∣∣∣∣∣ 0 1 0+ t 1,2 t 2,1 t 3,3 1 0 0+ t 1,2 t 2,3 t 3,1 0 0 10 0 1∣1 0 0∣∣ ∣ ∣∣∣∣∣∣0 0 1∣∣∣∣∣∣ 0 0 1+ t 1,3 t 2,1 t 3,2 1 0 0+ t 1,3 t 2,2 t 3,1 0 1 00 1 0∣1 0 0∣we can factor out the entries from the first row t 1,1 , t 1,2 , t 1,3⎡ ∣ ∣ ⎤∣∣∣∣∣∣1 0 0∣∣∣∣∣∣ 1 0 0⎢⎥= t 1,1 · ⎣t 2,2 t 3,3 0 1 0+ t 2,3 t 3,2 0 0 1⎦0 0 1∣0 1 0∣⎡ ∣ ∣ ⎤∣∣∣∣∣∣0 1 0∣∣∣∣∣∣ 0 1 0⎢⎥+ t 1,2 · ⎣t 2,1 t 3,3 1 0 0+ t 2,3 t 3,1 0 0 1⎦0 0 1∣1 0 0∣⎡ ∣ ∣ ⎤∣∣∣∣∣∣0 0 1∣∣∣∣∣∣ 0 0 1⎢⎥+ t 1,3 · ⎣t 2,1 t 3,2 1 0 0+ t 2,2 t 3,1 0 1 0⎦0 1 0∣1 0 0∣and in the permutation matrices swap to get the first rows into place.⎡ ∣ ∣ ⎤∣∣∣∣∣∣1 0 0∣∣∣∣∣∣ 1 0 0⎢⎥= t 1,1 · ⎣t 2,2 t 3,3 0 1 0+ t 2,3 t 3,2 0 0 1⎦0 0 1∣0 1 0∣⎡ ∣ ∣ ⎤∣∣∣∣∣∣1 0 0∣∣∣∣∣∣ 1 0 0⎢⎥− t 1,2 · ⎣t 2,1 t 3,3 0 1 0+ t 2,3 t 3,1 0 0 1⎦0 0 1∣0 1 0∣⎡ ∣ ∣ ⎤∣∣∣∣∣∣1 0 0∣∣∣∣∣∣ 1 0 0⎢⎥+ t 1,3 · ⎣t 2,1 t 3,2 0 1 0+ t 2,2 t 3,1 0 0 1⎦0 0 1∣0 1 0∣

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