Role of Organic Matter in Mitigation of Pesticides on Cabbage ...

Asian Transactions on Basic and Applied Sciences (ATBAS ISSN: 2221-4291) Volume 02 Issue 05<strong>Role</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Organic</strong> <strong>Matter</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Mitigation</strong> <strong>of</strong><strong>Pesticides</strong> on Cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.)]Cropp<strong>in</strong>gSaartje Sompotan, Za<strong>in</strong>al Kusuma, Budi Prasetyo, and Jeany Polii-MandangAbstract—The use <strong>of</strong> pesticides to <strong>in</strong>crease agriculturalproductivity is very worry<strong>in</strong>g. Excessive application <strong>of</strong> pesticidewill leave residues <strong>in</strong> the soil giv<strong>in</strong>g a negative impact on theenvironment. So that mitigation measures to restore soilconditions are very important. Study on pesticide mitigation us<strong>in</strong>gchicken manure organic matter on cabbage crop has beenconducted with a randomized block design arranged <strong>in</strong> factorial.Factor A was an organic fertilizer with three doses and factor Bwas the use <strong>of</strong> pesticides Proclaim® 5 SG with five doses andspray<strong>in</strong>g variations <strong>of</strong> up to 20 times applications. The studyexam<strong>in</strong>ed the <strong>in</strong>teraction between pesticides with organic mattersby measur<strong>in</strong>g the levels <strong>of</strong> pesticides after treatments. Data wereanalyzed with analysis <strong>of</strong> variance and cont<strong>in</strong>ued with LSD 5%.The results showed a positive <strong>in</strong>teraction between organic matterand pesticide residues result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a reduction <strong>in</strong> the levels <strong>of</strong>residues <strong>in</strong> the soil. The low residue was obta<strong>in</strong>ed on treatment <strong>of</strong>8 tons <strong>of</strong> organic matter without spray<strong>in</strong>g pesticide, and thehighest residue was found <strong>in</strong> treatment comb<strong>in</strong>ation with noorganic matter and 2.0 g pesticide with 20 times spray<strong>in</strong>g, whichwas 27.59 mg/kg. Residue on cabbage plants measured between1.3 and 5.9 mg/kg.Index Terms— pesticides, mitigation, Proclaim® 5 SG, cabbageAI. INTRODUCTIONN <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g number <strong>of</strong> population <strong>in</strong> Indonesia fromyear to year leads to the need for more food. The grow<strong>in</strong>gneed for food such as vegetables not only is <strong>in</strong> every family,but also at homes and restaurants. A grow<strong>in</strong>g number <strong>of</strong>restaurants means the demand on vegetables, such as cabbage,also is <strong>in</strong>creased.Cabbage was orig<strong>in</strong>ally planted <strong>in</strong> gardens <strong>in</strong> Europe <strong>in</strong> the9th century and brought to America by European immigrantsand other parts <strong>of</strong> the world, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Indonesia, <strong>in</strong> 16th or17th century. In earlier days, the cabbage was grown for itsManuscript received October 9, 2012; accepted November 13, 2012.S. Sompotan is with the Postgraduate Program, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 2, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia; andFaculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Jl. Kampus Kleak, Manado95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (correspond<strong>in</strong>g author, phone +62-81244095007, e-mail: johntooy@yahoo.co.id).Z. Kusuma and B. Prasetya are with the Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, BrawijayaUniversity, Jl. Veteran 2, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia.J. Polii-Mandang is with the Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Sam RatulangiUniversity, Jl. Kampus Kleak, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.seeds. Later people began to consume the leaves. Cabbage(Brassica oleracea L.) is grouped <strong>in</strong> Capitata. The leaves arearranged very tightly to form crops.Cabbage can grow optimally at an altitude <strong>of</strong> 200–2000meters above sea level (masl). For upland varieties, cabbagegrows well at altitudes 1000–2000 masl. Although it isrelatively resistant to high temperatures, its production wouldbe maximum if the cabbage is grown <strong>in</strong> the tropical highlands,i.e. at an altitude <strong>of</strong> 400 masl and above with a large cropyield, while <strong>in</strong> lowland crop size is smaller.The diamondback moth (DBM) larvae [Plutella xylostella(L.)] are one <strong>of</strong> the major pests <strong>in</strong> cabbage crops. Thecaterpillars eat the bottom part <strong>of</strong> leaves and leave the upperepidermis. Various methods have been pursued to eradicatesuch pest, for example by plant<strong>in</strong>g pest-resistant varieties, croprotation, simultaneous plant<strong>in</strong>g, and use <strong>of</strong> pesticides [1, 2].The use <strong>of</strong> pesticides, especially <strong>of</strong> synthesis, is the mostwidespread as it is considered fast and powerful <strong>in</strong> tackl<strong>in</strong>g thepests. However, its use is result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> negative impacts, such aspest resistance, pest resurgence, kill<strong>in</strong>g natural enemies andenvironmental pollution problems and is very harmful tohumans [3-6].Pest attack usually comes dur<strong>in</strong>g high ra<strong>in</strong>fall season,because the water content <strong>in</strong> the leave attracts pests, such asPlutella caterpillars. Tomohon area is an excellent place forcabbage plantation, but ra<strong>in</strong>fall <strong>in</strong> the area is very high. Datafrom the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency at Tomohonshow the average ra<strong>in</strong>fall from 2007 to 2009 was 626.7 mL.This situation can lead cabbage conta<strong>in</strong> lots <strong>of</strong> fluids and beeasily attacked by pests; especially Plutella sp. Plutellacaterpillars eat cabbage leaves result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> holes on leaves andthus decrease quality and quantity <strong>of</strong> crop yields.S<strong>in</strong>ce late 80s when the rapid development <strong>of</strong> pesticides,pesticide use was also grow<strong>in</strong>g, either <strong>in</strong> type comb<strong>in</strong>ations or<strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> concentration/dose. Pesticide is used from wellbefore the attack up to the occurrence <strong>of</strong> pests. However, theuse <strong>of</strong> pesticides is like a double-edged sword, on the one handit <strong>in</strong>hibit plant pests thus <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g crop production, but onthe other side it can upset the balance and health <strong>of</strong> the soil.This is due to pesticide residues on plants and <strong>in</strong> the soil canlead to death <strong>of</strong> the non-target predators. One example <strong>of</strong> theconsequences <strong>of</strong> the effect <strong>of</strong> pesticides on <strong>in</strong>sects and birdsthat is caused by the toxic effects <strong>of</strong> pesticides, usually 2-3November 2012 ATBAS-50223051©Asian Transactions 50

Asian Transactions on Basic and Applied Sciences (ATBAS ISSN: 2221-4291) Volume 02 Issue 05days after plant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>sect <strong>of</strong> Gryllotalpidae who <strong>in</strong>tends to eatsprouts from the soil dead <strong>in</strong> mass and ly<strong>in</strong>g on the ground.Insect carcasses are <strong>of</strong> course an easy food for Anduhur Bolonbirds, but at the same it kills the natural controller bird species.Another impact is the contam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the river water whenpesticides used <strong>in</strong> the paddy fields flow with irrigation water<strong>in</strong>to the river. There are pesticides left to dissolve <strong>in</strong> thesurface water flow, conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> soil and dissolved along withthe groundwater flow. Water quality is <strong>in</strong>fluenced by thepesticide associated with its presence and level <strong>of</strong> toxicity,where its ability to be transported is a function <strong>of</strong> its solubilityand soil ability to absorb the particles. In Indonesia the case <strong>of</strong>contam<strong>in</strong>ation by pesticides causes many losses. In Lembangand Pangalengan the soil around the carrot, tomato, cabbageand bean gardens have been contam<strong>in</strong>ated by organochlor<strong>in</strong>eresidues. The Cimanuk river water is also polluted byagricultural chemicals. In agriculture, the emamect<strong>in</strong> benzoatepesticide is a semi-fermented and semi-synthesized and isenvironment-friendly pesticide classified as biologicalpesticides.Proclaim® 5 SG with active <strong>in</strong>gredient emamect<strong>in</strong> benzoateis a semi-fermented and semi-synthesized <strong>in</strong>secticide fromavermect<strong>in</strong> type [7, 8]. Emamect<strong>in</strong> is made up <strong>of</strong> emamect<strong>in</strong>B1A and emamect<strong>in</strong> B1b, and is produced <strong>in</strong> the form <strong>of</strong>emamect<strong>in</strong> benzoate, a mixture <strong>of</strong> benzoic acid salt <strong>of</strong> the twocomplex structures heterocyclic compounds. Benzoic acid salt<strong>of</strong> 4'-epi-methylam<strong>in</strong>o-4'-19 deoxyavermect<strong>in</strong> B1A and 4"-epimethylam<strong>in</strong>o-4'-deoxyavermect<strong>in</strong>B1b (Proclaim 5 SG) iswidely used <strong>in</strong> Tomohon to control Plutella pests on cabbageplants. However, the use <strong>of</strong> pesticides by farmers <strong>of</strong>ten doesnot comply with the recommendation. Dose and tim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>pesticides <strong>of</strong>ten exceed the recommended prescription so togive negative impacts on the environment such as residues <strong>in</strong>soil and plants.To address the pesticide contam<strong>in</strong>ation, organic matter canbe used as soil that conta<strong>in</strong>s a lot <strong>of</strong> organic matter has a lot <strong>of</strong>soil microbes to accelerate degradation <strong>of</strong> pesticide residues <strong>in</strong>soil [9]. This manuscript discusses the role <strong>of</strong> organic matter <strong>in</strong>mitigation <strong>of</strong> pesticide residues <strong>in</strong> the soil due to the excessiveuse <strong>of</strong> pesticide.II. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted <strong>in</strong> the village <strong>of</strong> Matani Tomohonwith<strong>in</strong> approximately 35 km from the City <strong>of</strong> Manado fromFebruary to December 2012.MaterialsThe materials used were the seeds <strong>of</strong> cabbage, organicchicken manure, and pesticides (<strong>in</strong>secticides) Proclaim® 5 SG(manufactured by PT Syngenta Indonesia).Field ExperimentsThe field experiments were conducted over four months.The study employed a factorial randomized groups design.The study consisted <strong>of</strong> two factors where the first factor wasthe dose <strong>of</strong> organic matter (A), which consisted <strong>of</strong> three doselevels:A0 = without chicken manure;A1 = 4 tons <strong>of</strong> chicken manure/ha;A2 = 8 tons <strong>of</strong> chicken manure/ha.The second factor was the dose and frequency <strong>of</strong> pesticidespray<strong>in</strong>g (with spray<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terval <strong>of</strong> three days) (B), whichconsisted <strong>of</strong> five levels:B0 = without pesticides;B1 = pesticide concentration <strong>of</strong> 0.5 g/liter <strong>of</strong> water with 5times spray<strong>in</strong>g;B2 = pesticide concentration <strong>of</strong> 1.0 g/liter <strong>of</strong> water with 10times spray<strong>in</strong>g;B3 = pesticide concentration <strong>of</strong> 1.5 g/liter <strong>of</strong> water with 15times spray<strong>in</strong>g;B4 = pesticide concentration <strong>of</strong> 2.0 g/liter <strong>of</strong> water with 20times spray<strong>in</strong>g.Each unit <strong>of</strong> experiment was repeated three times to obta<strong>in</strong>45 experimental lots.Observed Variables- Pesticide residues <strong>in</strong> soil, measured one week beforeharvest.- Pesticide residues on cabbage plants, measured at harvest.Residue Analysis The first phase <strong>of</strong> the studyThe first phase <strong>of</strong> the study was sampl<strong>in</strong>g the soil one weekbefore plant<strong>in</strong>g cabbage seeds to obta<strong>in</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g data onpesticide residues on the soil prior to plantation. Soil sampleswere taken randomly to a depth <strong>of</strong> 30 cm, then wrapped <strong>in</strong>plastic bags and labeled. Analysis <strong>of</strong> pesticide residues <strong>in</strong> soiland plant residue was performed at the Laboratory <strong>of</strong>Agrochemical Material Residue, Research Center forAgricultural Environment at Bogor.Analysis Procedure <strong>of</strong> Emamect<strong>in</strong> Benzoate InsecticideResidues <strong>in</strong> Soil and Cabbage SamplesResidue exam<strong>in</strong>ation procedures <strong>in</strong> soil and plants were asfollows: soil/cabbage samples as much as 25 grams were put<strong>in</strong>to 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask and dissolved <strong>in</strong> 100 mL <strong>of</strong>acetone and water <strong>in</strong> the ratio (70:30). Later, the solution wasshaken with an electric shaker for 2 hours and then filteredwith a 500 mL separat<strong>in</strong>g funnel. The collected extracts werepartitioned with 50 mL <strong>of</strong> dichloromethane (DCM) and shakenaga<strong>in</strong> for 2 m<strong>in</strong>utes. To funnel conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g aqueous layer (uppersample) was added 50 mL <strong>of</strong> dichloromethane (DCM) andthen shaken for another 2 m<strong>in</strong>utes. The lower layer (lowerdichloromethane) was transferred to a 300 mL round flask.Purification was undertaken via a column chromatographyconta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g two grams <strong>of</strong> florisil and two grams <strong>of</strong> anhydroussodium sulfate (anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 ). The mixedNovember 2012 ATBAS-50223051©Asian Transactions 51

Asian Transactions on Basic and Applied Sciences (ATBAS ISSN: 2221-4291) Volume 02 Issue 05dichloromethane extracts were evaporated once aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> arotary evaporator at 50 ºC to collect the dried powder. Therema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g extract was then r<strong>in</strong>sed with methanol <strong>in</strong> gradual by10 mL and poured <strong>in</strong>to test tubes while be<strong>in</strong>g filtered. Thesolution was ready to be <strong>in</strong>jected to the HPLC (VP-ODS 250LX 4.6) with a flow rate <strong>of</strong> 0.5 mL/m<strong>in</strong> and 10 mL samplevolume, a procedure accord<strong>in</strong>g to Amechi et al. (1996). The Second Phase <strong>of</strong> the StudyIn the second part <strong>of</strong> the study, soil samples were collectedfrom each experimental lot one week prior to harvest time. Thework<strong>in</strong>g procedures <strong>of</strong> the second stage were similar to thefirst stage, which measures the level <strong>of</strong> pesticide residues <strong>in</strong>soil.Data AnalysisThe data obta<strong>in</strong>ed from the pesticide residue exam<strong>in</strong>ations(pesticide levels <strong>in</strong> soil) were analyzed by analysis <strong>of</strong> variance(ANOVA) at a level <strong>of</strong> 5%. An LSD 5% test followed whenthe ANOVA results show any effects <strong>of</strong> treatment.III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONPesticide Residues <strong>in</strong> Soil Prior to Seed Plant<strong>in</strong>gPesticide residues <strong>in</strong> soil before the study were measuredone week before seed plant<strong>in</strong>g. These observations were madeto obta<strong>in</strong> the figures <strong>of</strong> left over pesticide residues that mayrema<strong>in</strong> from the previous plant<strong>in</strong>g cycle. The exam<strong>in</strong>ationshowed that pesticide residues were detected and were fromthe avermect<strong>in</strong> group (emamect<strong>in</strong> benzoate) at 55.972 mg/kg.Proclaim 5 SG Residues <strong>in</strong> SoilEffects <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>teraction between organic and Proclaim 5 SGProclaim were significant <strong>in</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> 5 SG residues <strong>in</strong> soil.Sole <strong>in</strong>fluences <strong>of</strong> organic matter and Proclaim 5 SG are alsosignificantly. The LSD 5% test results are listed <strong>in</strong> Table I.TABLE IINFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER AND PROCLAIM 5 SG AGAINST RESIDUES INSOIL (MG/KG)Treatment B0 B1 B2 B3 B4A0 5.49 ab 10.75 de 13.98 fgh 16.47 hi 27.59 kA1 4.84 ab 8.35 cd 13.36 fg 15.53 ghi 22.19 jA2 3.55 a 7.08 bc 11.83 ef 14.34 fgh 18.07 iBNT 5% = 2.58Remark: values followed by different letter are significantly different (p

Asian Transactions on Basic and Applied Sciences (ATBAS ISSN: 2221-4291) Volume 02 Issue 05matter will decrease the concentration <strong>of</strong> residue <strong>in</strong> soil.Proclaim 5 SG pesticide residues were also found <strong>in</strong> cabbage<strong>in</strong> all treatment comb<strong>in</strong>ations.REFERENCES[1] A. C. Chukwudebe, W. F. Feely, T. J. Burnett, L. S. Crouch, andP. G. Wislocki, "Uptake <strong>of</strong> Emamect<strong>in</strong> Benzoate Residues fromSoil by Rotational Crops," J Agric Food Chem, vol. 44, pp. 4015-4021, 1996.[2] I. Macharia, B. LÃhr, and H. De Groote, "Assess<strong>in</strong>g the potentialimpact <strong>of</strong> biological control <strong>of</strong> Plutella xylostella (diamondbackmoth) <strong>in</strong> cabbage production <strong>in</strong> Kenya," Crop Prot, vol. 24, pp.981-989, 2005.[3] E. Y. Cheng, "Problems <strong>of</strong> control <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>secticide-resistant Plutellaxylostella," Pestic Sci, vol. 23, pp. 177-188, 1988.[4] A. M. Shelton, F. V. Sances, J. Hawley, J. D. Tang, M. Boune, D.Jungers, H. L. Coll<strong>in</strong>s, and J. Farias, "Assessment <strong>of</strong> InsecticideResistance After the Outbreak <strong>of</strong> Diamondback Moth(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) <strong>in</strong> California <strong>in</strong> 1997," J Econ Entomol,vol. 93, pp. 931-936, 2000.[5] J. Z. Zhao, H. L. Coll<strong>in</strong>s, Y. X. Li, R. F. L. Mau, G. D. Thompson,M. Hertle<strong>in</strong>, J. T. Andaloro, R. Boyk<strong>in</strong>, and A. M. Shelton,"Monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)Resistance to Sp<strong>in</strong>osad, Indoxacarb, and Emamect<strong>in</strong> Benzoate," JEcon Entomol, vol. 99, pp. 176-181, 2006.[6] J. Z. Zhao, Y. X. Li, H. L. Coll<strong>in</strong>s, L. Gusukuma-M<strong>in</strong>uto, R. F. L.Mau, G. D. Thompson, and A. M. Shelton, "Monitor<strong>in</strong>g andCharacterization <strong>of</strong> Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)Resistance to Sp<strong>in</strong>osad," J Econ Entomol, vol. 95, pp. 430-436,2002.[7] R. Liguori, R. Correia, C. Thomas, B. Decaud<strong>in</strong>, J. Cisneros, andA. Lopez, "Emamect<strong>in</strong> benzoate (Affirm). a modern <strong>in</strong>secticide forthe control <strong>of</strong> lepidoptera larvae on fruits, grapes and vegetablescrops.," Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci, vol. 75, pp. 247-253, 2010.[8] T. Pitterna, J. Cassayre, O. F. Hunter, P. M. J. Jung, P. Maienfisch,F. M. Kessabi, L. Quaranta, and H. Tobler, "New ventures <strong>in</strong> thechemistry <strong>of</strong> avermect<strong>in</strong>s," Bioorgan Med Chem, vol. 17, pp.4085-4095, 2009.[9] S. Fardiaz, Water and Air Pollution. Bogor: Penerbit Kanisius,1992.[10] L. Wang, P. Zhao, F. Zhang, Y. Li, F. Du, and C. Pan,"Dissipation and residue behavior <strong>of</strong> emamect<strong>in</strong> benzoate on appleand cabbage field application," Ecotox Environ Safe, vol. 78, pp.260-264, 2012.[11] R. C. Tarum<strong>in</strong>gkeng, Pesticide and its Use. Bogor: RUT-LIPI,2010.[12] P. Thomas, Public Release Summary: Emamect<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the product:Proclaim Insecticide. Canberra: National Registration Authorityfor Agricultural & Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Chemicals, 1999.November 2012 ATBAS-50223051©Asian Transactions 53