The Japanese Approach to Environmental Issues - World Affairs ...

Energy imports, net (% of energy use) 81.2 30.3Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 8233 13648Electricity production from coal sources (% of total) 28.3 50.5CO2 emissions (kg per 2005 PPP $ of GDP) 4 0.3 0.5CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) 9.8 20.6PM10, country level (micrograms per cubic meter) 5 31 22Passenger cars (per 1,000 people) 441 461Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita3365 9443(cubic meters)Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal21 17resources)Annual freshwater withdrawals, agriculture (% of62 41total freshwater withdrawal)Improved water source (% of population with access) 100 100Improved water source, rural (% of rural population100 100with access)Improved water source, urban (% of urban100 100population with access)Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with100 100access)Improved sanitation facilities, rural (% of rural100 100population with access)Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban100 100population with access)Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) 4 8Adjusted savings: gross savings (% of GNI) 6 26.4 12.6Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (% of14.0 12.3GNI) 7Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI) 8 12.4 0.3Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI) 9 3.1 4.8Adjusted savings: energy depletion (% of GNI) 10 0.0 1.4Adjusted savings: mineral depletion (% of GNI) 11 0.0 0.1Adjusted savings: carbon dioxide damage (% of0.2 0.3GNI) 12Adjusted savings: particulate emission damage (% of0.5 0.3GNI) 13Adjusted net savings, including particulate emission14.9 2.9damage (% of GNI) 14 Source: The World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/*Notes1. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows formowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation isexcluded.2. GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in eachcountry, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversitypotential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential).3. GDP per unit of energy use is the PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 2000constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollarhas in the United States.4. Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxideproduced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.5. Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deepinto the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-populationweighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of theaverage urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country’s technology and pollution controls is an important determinant ofparticulate matter concentrations.6. Gross savings are the difference between gross national income and public and private consumption, plus net current transfers. World Bank nationalaccounts data files.7. Consumption of fixed capital represents the replacement value of capital used up in the process of production.8. Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital.9. Education expenditure refers to the current operating expenditures in education, including wages and salaries and excluding capital investments inbuildings and equipment.10. Energy depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of energy extracted. It covers crude oil, natural gas, andcoal.11. Mineral depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of minerals extracted.12. Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 U.S. dollars) times the number of tons of carbonemitted.13. Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.14. Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forestdepletion, and carbon dioxide and particulate emissions damage.4