GEOGUIDE 1 GUIDE TO RETAINING WALL ... - HKU Libraries

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14are dealt with in Chapters 9, 10 and 11 respectively.Masonry retaining walls are not covered in this Geoguide.As with other forms of construction, adequate supervision should be provided duringconstruction of a retaining wall. Where necessary, the retaining wall should be monitoredduring and after construction. Retaining walls should be regularly maintained. Guidance onthese subjects is given in Chapters 12 and 13.There are a few terms used with specific meanings in this Geoguide or in Hong Kong.Their meanings are given in the Glossary of Terms at the end of this document.1.2 GENERAL GUIDANCE1.2.1 GeneralRecommendations on different aspects of design are given throughout this document,and frequent reference is made to relevant codes, textbooks and other published information.The reader should consult these original publications for more detailed coverage of particularaspects of the subject matter.Engineering judgement should always be exercised in applying the theories and designmethods presented. In particular, the practitioner should be aware of the limitations of thebasic assumptions employed in a particular theoretical or computational method.1.2.2- PersonnelThe various stages of planning, investigation, design and construction of a retainingwall demand a range of skills. It is essential that personnel involved in the design havegeotechnical knowledge appropriate to the project in hand. In particular, personnel involvedin ground investigation should have appropriate specialized knowledge and experience, seeGeoguide 2 (GCO, 1987).It is essential that the relevant information and design assumptions are communicatedclearly at all stages to safeguard against misunderstanding and the misuse of information.This is particularly important where the geotechnical and structural design are not carried outby the same person. The personnel responsible for supervision of site work must be awareof the critical design assumptions and check their validity on site.1.2.3 Local ExperienceIn geotechnical designs, previous experience of the construction and performance ofsimilar structures in similar conditions is often quoted. The term "local experience" refersto documented or other clearly-established information related to the ground conditions andtype of structure being considered in design, involving the same geological materials and forwhich similar geotechnical behaviour is expected. Knowledge of local experience can be
15invaluable in the design of retaining walls.1.2.4 GeologyThe geology of Hong Kong is very briefly summarised in Figure 1. Much of theaccumulated local experience in geology has been derived within a fairly restricted area ofthe territory, broadly the older developed areas of urban Hong Kong Island, KowloonPeninsula and Tsuen Wan. With spread of development into the Northwest New Territoriesand Lantau Island, areas with less familiar geology are being encountered. Due care mustbe exercised in carrying out geotechnical design in areas with less familiar geology andground conditions.
Page 2 and 3: THE OF KONGLIBRARIESHong Collection
Page 4 and 5: © Hong Kong GovernmentFirst publis
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSTITLE PAGE 1PageNo.FOREWORD
Page 9 and 10: 5. GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS 37PageNo
Page 11 and 12: PageNo.7.3 ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS OF
Page 13 and 14: 1111. CANTILEVERED RETAINING WALLS
Page 15: 131. INTRODUCTION1.1 PURPOSE AND SC
Page 20 and 21: 18(a) Ultimate limit state - a stat
Page 22 and 23: 20durability of the wall during its
Page 24 and 25: 22specified to check the design ass
Page 26: 24Where geotextile filters are inte
Page 29 and 30: 27deterioration. In such cases, sur
Page 31 and 32: 294. VERIFICATION OF SAFETY AND SER
Page 33 and 34: 314.3.2 Design Calculation ModelsA
Page 35 and 36: 33(d) inaccurate assessments of loa
Page 37 and 38: 35(b) The range of possible behavio
Page 39 and 40: 375. GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS5.1 GEN
Page 41 and 42: 39parameters and an explanation of
Page 43 and 44: 415.5 SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETER
Page 45 and 46: 435.5.4 Soils Derived from Insitu R
Page 47 and 48: 45strengths, laboratory tests are s
Page 49 and 50: 47tloading tests, pile tests and pu
Page 51 and 52: 490.64(y-/d) + 0.017forloosesand^ =
Page 54 and 55: 525.8.2 Shear Strength of Rock Join
Page 56 and 57: 54It should be noted that use of th
Page 58 and 59: 565.11.3 Wall Friction for Passive
Page 61 and 62: 596.6.1 GENERALThe lateral pressure
Page 63 and 64: 61without propping. The earth press
Page 65 and 66: 63where OCR = overconsolidation rat
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65impermeable, this water may not d
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67The trial wedge method is rather
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69The compaction-induced earth pres
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717. EFFECTS OF SURCHARGE AND SEISM
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73or the presence of lateral suppor
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75strength degrades under seismic e
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78requirement to achieve accurate p
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80inclined drain system, no positiv
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82These should be connected to suit
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84The purpose of the segregation cr
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86for loose sands. In order to cate
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which cover the various wall types.
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909.2.4 Design Against Serviceabili
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92fill to insitu ground.BS 8007 (BS
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94considered as gravity retaining w
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969.4.6 AestheticsThe guidance on a
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989.5.3 Materials(1) Gabion Materia
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100mesh is sufficiently rigid to su
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102The wall stem and base slab of a
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10511. CANTILEVERED RETAINING WALLS
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107should be considered in the desi
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109which case the requirement to li
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Illof classical theories for calcul
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113behind caissons to reduce the ef
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11511.3.6 AestheticsA retaining wal
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118(e) assessing the safety of temp
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12012.4 MONITORING12.4.1 Assessment
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122conditions. Changes in values be
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124record sheet is given in Figure
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126Broms, B.B. & Ingleson, I. (1971
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128Fredlund, D.G. & Khran, J. (1977
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130pp 265-283.Ingold, T.S. (19795).
Page 134 and 135:
132Potts, D.M. & Burland, J.B. (198
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135TABLES
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138TableNo.PageNo.14 Suggested Maxi
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140Table 2 - Recommended Minimum Fr
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142Table 4 - Grading and Plasticity
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144Table 6 - Minimum Partial Load F
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146Table 9 - Typical Ranges of Valu
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148Table 13 - Typical Ranges of Val
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150Table 15 - Suggested Maximum Val
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152TTable 17 - Design Criteria for
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154Table 19 - Geotextile Filter Cri
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Table 21 - Classes of Geotechnical
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158Table 23 - Typical Working Accur
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160Table 25 - Suggested Frequencies
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163LIST OF FIGURESFigureNo.p ageNo.
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165No.p ageNo.30 Evaluation of Wate
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I 113*50'EGUANGDONG SHENGKat O Chau
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1690)(ftCD u.-4-jCOo(DJICOFailure e
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171T t Largest relevant stress rang
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1735045353025,20 40D r60 80 100t f=
Page 178 and 179:
176100S 80enC.f\jams § Sis §J1I1
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178O.OI 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
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180* IIII• IISoil Zones Near a Ca
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182Surcharge, quumimmmi uO o'j}) NH
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184Of3Ul01COfOOOFailure surfaceLoga
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186o£CODTJ15U13121110l~ r PCurves
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188Plane on whichactive force iscal
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1902HC.G. of wedge ABAFailure plane
Page 194 and 195:
192Locus of P pa] Resultant Force L
Page 196 and 197:
194Uniformly-distributed surcharge-
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196r— Potential failure surfaceDr
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198(a) Gravity Retaining WallNote :
Page 202 and 203:
200Infiltration \ \ \ \ \ \(a) Homo
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202CL-Legend :Loose sandDense sandF
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204a) Loss of Overall Stability(b)
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206(a) Active Earth Pressure for Pa
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208(a) Mechanism 1 : Sliding AlongH
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210Concrete baseConcrete base(a) Ty
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212(a) L-shaped CantileverRetaining
Page 216 and 217:
214\ \\\\1 \ \\j 0(a) Deflected Sha
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216(a) Idealised PressureDistributi
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218OLegend :MinimumF t valuesCdaDip
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220Continuous rock joint atthe base
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222Location of Retaining Wall :Reta
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225CONTENTSPageNo.TITLE PAGE 223CON
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228should be satisfied for all ulti
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230For intermediate groundwater lev
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232advantages and economy can resul
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234wall. Limit equilibrium methods
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237LIST OF FIGURESFigureNo.PageNo.A
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240* - -T7 = c'N.s e U«c + 0.5 Y '
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242(a) Foundation at a Distance of
Page 247 and 248:
245GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLSAA 1cross-sec
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247ff mG sa coefficient used in cal
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249m ia coefficient used in calcula
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251q cqdqfq n 'q uq u ituniaxial co
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253 a ai> etc. angles at which pote
Page 257:
255GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Page 260 and 261:
258Residual soil. Soil derived from
Page 262 and 263:
260(Superseded by GEO Report No. 9)
Page 264 and 265:
262Report on the Rainstorm of Augus
Page 266 and 267:
264Sheung Shui : Solid and Superfic
Page 268 and 269:
266Muk Kiu Tau : Solid Geology (1:5
Page 270 and 271:
. u
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