An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri GLOSSARY

AnIntroductiontoSpoken KashmiriGLOSSARYBraj B Kachru

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A Basic Course and Referene Manual forLearning and Teaching Kashmiri as a Second LanguagePART IIGLOSSARYBRAJ B. KACHRUDepartment of Linguistics, University of lllinoisUrban, lllinois 61810 U.S.AJune, 1973The research project herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of health, Education,and Welfare, Washington, D.C.Contract No. OEC-0-70-3981Project Director and Principal Investigator:Braj B. Kachru,Department of Linguistics,University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A.Disclaimer: We present this material as is, and assume no responsibility for its quality, any loss and/or damages.© 2006 Braj B. Kachru. All Rights Reserved.Kashmir News Networkhttp://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

Kashmir News Networkhttp://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachruTABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE ....................................................................................................1GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................2ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................31.0 KASHMIRI-ENGLISH ........................................................................ 1-42.0 ENGLISH-KASHMIRI ...................................................................... 2-323.0 A PARTIAL LIST OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS IN KASHMIRI ........... 3-524.0 GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS USED IN THIS MANUAL.............. 4-555.0 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING ........................................ 5-56Kashmir News Networkhttp://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachruKashmir News Networkhttp://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachruPREFACEThis is a companion volume (Part II) to An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. In this volume wehave included a glossary which is divided into three parts. The first part gives Englishequivalents for Kashmiri words. The second part gives Kashmiri equivalents for English words.The third part includes a partial list of English borrowings in Kashmiri. In addition, there is alsoincluded a glossary of select terms used in this manual, and suggestions for further readings onthe Kashmiri language, culture and history.BRAJ B. KACHRUUrbana, IllinoisJune 1973Kashmir News Network1http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachruGLOSSARYThe following golossary has been divided into three section. The first section gives Englishequivalents for Kashmiri words. The second section gives Kashmiri equivalents for Englishwords. The thirds section presents a partial list of the English loan words in Kashmiri.The Kashmiri words have been arranged to the order in traditional dictionaries of Hindi printedin the Devanagri script. Note also the following:1. A short vowel is written before a long vowel, e.g., asun 'to laugh' is listed before a:sun 'tobe'.2. A nasalized vowel is alphabetized before non-nasalized vowels, e.g., ?:th 'stone of a fruit'before ?:th 'eight'.3. The items in the English-Kashmiri section are alphabetized according to the order of theEnglish alphabet.4. As stated in the section on the sounds of Kashmiri, i and yi are in free-variation in theinitial position. We have listed all these items under i.Kashmir News Network2http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachruABBREVIATIONSadj.adjectiveadv.adverbconj.conjunctionemph.emphaticf. femininehon.honorificinf.infinitiveinter.interrogativem. masculinen. nounpart.participleplu.pluralpro.pronounsing.singularv. VerbKashmir News Network3http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrukata:r (f., sing.)kati kati p’ath0kat0r (f., sing.)katunkat’sathkath (f., sing.)kath kar0n’kathba:th (f.)kaniphol (m,, sing,)kand (m.)kad0r karunkan bar0n’kap (m.)kap?:r’kapur (m., sing.)kamkama:l ha:vunkam0ykamr0 (m.)karkarunkala:kandkavita: (f., sing.)kavita: kar0n’kas;unkas;t0va:r (m.)kahkahka:g0r (f., sing.)ka:kaz (m.)ka:ni (f. plu,)ka:pi: (f.)ka:mi lagunka:r (f., sing.)ka:r0ba:r (m.)ka:l(m.)kita:b (f. sing.)kith0kankith0p?:th’kin0kilo: (m.)k0nunk0s0mrowfrom all sorts of placesa piece of baked earthto spin (yarn)at which placestoryto talk, to speakconversationpebblecone-shaped sugar candyto valueto poison the ears (of someone), in the sense of ‘toprejudice’ )cupwhich way ? in which directionclothnot enough, littleto demonstrate one’s excellenceonly a littleroomwhen?to doan Indian sweet; Hindi-Urdu kala:kandpoem (poetry)to compose poetryto scratchKishtwar (place name)any, aeleventhe Kashmiri firepotpapercane used for basket worknotebookto be of usecartrade, businesstimebookhow, in waht wayhow, in what way, in what mannerorkilogram(s)to selltype, kindKashmir News Network1-7http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruk0sm0 k0sm0k’ (m. plu.)k0:tisk0:t’ (m., plu.)k0:math (m.)kun (m., sing.)kuni dohkunivizikun0t?:j;ihkun0tr0hkun0vanzahkun0vuhkun0s;i:thkun0satathkun0h?:thkunz (f., sing.)kulkul (m. sing.)kus (m., sing.)ku:t (m., sing.)ku:r (f., sing.)kehkotkoh (m.)kohas khasunko:c;0 (m.)ko:tah (m., sing.)ko:tah (m., sing.)kNkarna:gkNngkNndul (m., sing.)k’athk’amkha:b (m.)k’ahk’a:k’a:zik’ut’k’uthkra:l (m.)kl?:r0k (m.)of several typesfor how muchhow many?pricealoneone day, some daysome timethirty-ninetwenty-nineforty-ninenineteenseventy-ninesixty-ninefifty-ninekeyin all, totaltreewho, whichhow much?girl, daughterany, some, anything, somethingwhere?mountain(s)to climb a mountain, to hikelane(s), a narrow streethow much?pigeonkokarnag (Place name)saffronround earthen potin ( a receptacle)special material embroidered with gold threadwhatwhat?why?orwhat kind?potter (s)clerk (s)khkh?:tr0kh?:li:forempty, availableKashmir News Network1-8http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrukhaj;ar (m.)khatarna:khkhat0m gatshunkhabar (f,., sing.)khabar a:s0n’khabar gatsh0n’khaya:l (m.)khasunkhasa:n khasa:nkhasunkha:dar (m.)kha:dar karunkha:n0 (m.)kha:n0 barunkha:b (m.)kha:skha:skarkhir (m.)kh0r tra:v0n’kh0m0 (m.)khu:bsu:rathkhe:t (m.)khe:l (f., sing)khol (m., sing.)khos;i:kho:s (m., sing.)khNlah (m.)khNlah d’unkhNs;khNs; karunkh’an (m.)kh’an0vo:l ( m., sing. )kh’onkh’alan mar0gwidthdangerousto come to an endnewsto knowto come to knowthought(s)to climb, to mountwhile climbingto grow, to come up, to go upweddingto marrydrawer, shelfto provide fordream(s)specialespecially in particularrice puddingto slide, to skatetent(s)beautifulfieldsportwidehappiness, pleasureKashmiri cupdivorceto divorcehappyto like, to pleasefoodone who enjoys good foodto eatKhilanmarg (place name)gg?mbi:r (adj.)g?mbi:r sapdung?ri:b (adj., n.)g?:d’ (f., sing.)gatsha:n gatsha:ngatshungaz (m.)seriousto become seriouspoor, poor personcart, vehiclewhile going, on the way (to)to goyard (s)Kashmir News Network1-9http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrugant0 (m.)gam (m.)gamgi:ngar0 (m.)gar0mgar0ma:vungarmi: (f., sing.)ga:darbal (m.)ga:d (f., sing.)ga:m(m.)gindungilas:s0 (m.)gila:s0 (m.)gi:t (m.)gur (m., sing.)guris khasungur’ sav?:r’ (f. , sing.)gula:bj;a:man (m.)gest hav0a (m.)ge:t (m.)gond (m., sing.)gob (adj., sing.)go:r (m., sing.)go:lph (m.)gNg0j; (f., sing.)gNd0gNd0 gNd0gNn0 ki:rtan kar0n’gNph (f.,sing)gNla:b (m.)gNs;ta:b0 (m.)g’?d (f. classifier)g’avung’a:n (m.)gr?hast (m.)gr0:s’ ku:rgru:s (m. sing.)hour (s)sorrowsadhome(s)warm, hotto heat, to warmheat, hot seasonGandarbal (place name)fishvillage (s)to playcherry, cherriesglass (es), tumbler(s)song(s)horseto ride a horsehorse ridingan Indian sweet; Hindi Urdu gula:bj;a:manguest houe (s)gate(s)bouquetheavywater chestnutgolfturnipfirstat firstto sing praises ofcaverose (s)a Kashmiri meat dishbundleto singknowledge, wisdomfamily, family lifepeasant girlpeasantc;c;amk0kunc;alunto sparkle, to glitterto moveKashmir News Network1-10http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruc;a:y (f., sing.)c;a:yiva:n (m.)c;a:yivo:l (m., sing.)c;a:la:kh (adj.)c;ith’ (f.sing.)c;i:z (m.)c;i:n (m.)c;u:k’dar (m.)c;u:k’ (f., sing.)c;e:l0c;onteatea stall (s)tea vendorcleverletterthing (s)Chinadoorman (men)low table’ Hindi Urdu chowkidisciple (s), studentto drinkc;hc;hapa:v0na:vunc;hapa:vunc;hapunc;ha:vunto cause to be printed,to cause to be publishedto print, to publishbe printed or publishedto hit (against a wall, stone, etc.)tsts?nd0rva:r (f.)ts?r (f., sing.)tsaripop (m., sing.)tsaripop karuntsat0j;ihtsar0van (m.)tsa:dar (f.,sing.)tsa:nuntsa:man (f., sing.)tsa:lunts0n ‘ (f., sing.)tsunmathtsuvanzahtsus;i:thtsusatathtsuh?:thtsu:th (m., sing.)tsu:rtsu:ri n’untsu:ri ro:zuntsot (f., sing.)Mondaysparrowhand-clapping ,applauseto clap one’s hands, to applaudfortyliverblanketto bring in, to insertcheese; Hindi-Urdu pani:rto bearcharcoalninety-fourfifty-foureighty-fourseventy-foursixty-fourapplethief, thievesto stealto hide oneselfbread, chapatiKashmir News Network1-11http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrutsovuhtso:rtsNdahtsNyit?:j;ihtsNyitr0htsNva:p?:r’twenty-fourfourfourteenforty-fourthirty-fouron all sides, all aroundtshtsha:duntsha:th (f.)tsha:th va:yin’tsha:y (f., sing.)tsh0nunto look forswimmingto swimshadow, shadeto wearj;j;angul (m. sing.)j;arn0 (m.)j;aljalj;aldi: (f.)j;aldi: kar0n’j;av?:n0 (f.)j;a:n (adj.)j;a:y (f., sing.)j;ina:bj;ild (m. sing.)j;i:p (f., sing.)j;i:l (m.)j;udah gatshunj;umah (m.)j;u:n (m.)j;u:r’ (f., sing.)j;o:r0 (m.)j;i:foreststream (s), brook (s)quicklyhurryto hurry, to rushyouthgoodplacesirvolume(s) (of a book)jeeplaketo be separatedFridayJunepairpair(s)honorific suffix; Hindi-Urduzz?ru:r (also, zoru:r)z?ru:rath (f.)(also, zoru:rath)z?hri:l0 (adj.)zana:n0 (f.)surely, certainly, definitelyneed, necessitypoisonous; viciouswoman, womenKashmir News Network1-12http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruzan0md’an (m.)birthday(s)zaba:n (f., sing.)languageza:gunto watch (with evil intent)za:nanvo:l (m., sing.)one who knowsza:nunto knowza:npehc;a:n (f.)acquaintance (abstract noun)za:npehc;a:n kar0n’to get acquaintedza:mut dNd (m.)yogurtza:lunto light, to burnzind0gi: (f.)lifez0twoz0to:vuhtwenty-twozu:n0 pac;h (m.)the bright half of the lunar monthze:c;har (m.)lengthzon (m., sing.)personzoru:r (also, z?ru:r)surely, certainly, definatelyzoru:rath (f.) (also , z?ru:rath) need, necessityzo:tunto glitterzo:rda:r (adj.)forceful, powerfulz’avunto be bornz’a:d0more, muchz’a:d0tarmainly, generallyz’un (m., sing.) firewoodz’u:th (m., sing.)longtt?:th (f. sing.)tang (m.)tang0mar0g (m.)ta:g0vo:l (m., sing.)tikath (f., sing.)ti:c;ar (m.)tu:k0r (f., sing.)tu:risttu:rist hav0s (m.)t?ksi: (f., sing.)teksi:vo:l (m., sing.)telivij;an (m.)te:b0l (m.)favourite, dearpear (s)Tangmarg (place name)tonga-driverstampteacherbaskettourist(s), visitor (s)tourist housetaxicab (s)taxi-drivertelevision (s)table(s)Kashmir News Network1-13http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrutot (m., sing.)to:th (adj., m., sing.)tNpht’ok karun (la:gun)trak (f., sing.)tro:th (ga:d) (f., sing.)ponyfavourite, dearsting (n.)to put caste mark (on)trucktrout (fish)ththi:khthu:l (m.)good, right, fair, correctegg (s)dd?:j; (f., sing.)de:s;u ndar’aktar (m.)dal (m.)dalge:t (m.)da:kh(m.)dakha:n0 (m.)da:kh bungl0 (m.)digri: (f.)dipa:tment (m.)du:g0 (m.)du:gri: (f.)d’ak0 (m.)stretcherto seedirector(s)Dal LakeDal Gate (place name)mail, postpost office (offices)dak bungalow(s)degree(s), diploma(s)department (s)a kind of large boat (s)the Dogri languageforheadtt?ri:k0 (m.)t?:j;ib gatshuntaguntan0khah (m.)tapas’a: (f.)tamah (m.)tay?:ri (f.)tay?:ri:kar0n’way, method, style, formto be astonishedto know how to, to be able tosalarymeditation, penancedesire (s)preparation (s)to get ready; to make preparationsKashmir News Network1-14http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrutaraph (m.,sing.)tara:n0 (m.)tarki: (f., sing.)tarj;am0 (m.)tarj;am0 karuntaltavayta:z0 (adj.)ta:n’ta:mtititik’a:zitith0 p?:th’timtir0th (m.)tih0j; (f., sing.)ti:ti:l (m.)t0 (conj.)t0:r (f.)tumb0 (m.)tul0katur (m.)tulunteyit?:j;ihteyitr0htelite:z (adj.)tomul (m.)tottot (adj., m., sing.)tot laguntoh’ (2 nd person pro., plu., hon.)to:th (f., sing.)to:tito:rto:lunt’u:t (m., sing.)t’Nngul (m., sing.)tra:m (m.)tra:vuntr0htrunamathtruvanzahtruvahdirection (s), side (s)songprogress, promotiontranslation (s)to translateunderfor that reasonfreshup toup tothattoo, alsobecausethat way, in that fashionthose (m.)Hindu shrine (s), temple(s), holy place (s)stigma (of a flower)that (emphatic), the sameoilandcold or cool weathersmall pot (s)frozen surface waterto liftforty-threethirty-threethenfast, sharpuncooked ricetherehotto get burntyoubeakin spite of thatthereto weighthat muchlive charcoalcopperto drop, to let fallthirtyninety-threefifty-threethirteenKashmir News Network1-15http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrutrus;i:thtrusatathtruh?:thtretre:l (f., sing.)trovuheighty-threeseventy-threesixty-threethreestunted appletwenty-threeththazar (m.)thavuntha:l(m.)thod (adj., m., sing.)thod vNthunth’akunda:lc;i:n (f., sing.)dil(m.Pdil(f.)dil b?hla:vundiv0da:r (m.)div(0) tah (m.)d0:th (m.)duka:n (m., sing.)duka:nda:r (m.)dunamathduniyah (m.)dupu:r(adj. m., sing.)duvanzahdus;i:thdusatathduh?:thdu:t’ (f. sing.)du:rde:v?:li (f.)d?:va:n0 (adj.)de:v0na:gri:dob (m., sing.)doh (m.)do:r (m.)do:stdNtsh (f., sing.)dNd(m.)dNd0vc:l (m., sing.)dNyit?:j;ihheight, altitudeto keep, to placeKashmiri eating platehigh, tallto get upto boastcinnamonheart(s)Delhi (place name)to amuse, to enterdeodardeity, god(s)demonshopshopkeeperninety-twoworldtwo storeyedfifty-twoeighty-twoseventy-twosixty-twosaree, dhotifarDiwali (Hindu festival of lights); Hindi di:va:li:mad (person)Devanagari scriptwashermanday(s)phase(s), era(a)friend(s)handfulmilkmilkmanforty-twoKashmir News Network1-16http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachrudNyitr0hdNs;iv0y (also.dNs;iv?y)d’ad (f. sing.)d’undr?:thundu:gri: (f.)d’ak0 (m.)thirty-twobothgrandmother,to giveto become stuntedthe Dogri languageforeheadnn?z’di:khnearbyn?mu:n0 (m.)specimen (s), sample(s)nanonaza:r0 (m.)scenery, viewnadur (m. sing.)lotus stem, Nyumph lotusnang0nakednamathninetynamaska:rgreetings, goodbye, hellonam0namathninety-ninenambar(m.)number (s)narko:n (m., sing.)reednavninena:g (m.)spring (of water)na:r0 ba:n0 (m.)fire container (s)na:rj;i:l (m.)coconut (s)na:l0 (m.)stream (s)na:v (f., sing.)boatna:v (m.)namena:vivo:l (m., sing.)boatmanna:v0s?:r (m.)sight-seeing by boatna:v p’onto come to be calledna:v bana:vun to make a namenigi:n (m.)Nigin Lakenis;nearnis;a:th (m.)Nishat Gardenn0notnum?:yis; (f.)exhibition, carnivalnu:n (m.)saltnec;uv (m. sing.)sonneni (f., plu)meatne:th0r karunto marryne:runto leave, to emergeno:v (m., sing.)newKashmir News Network1-17http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruno:kar (m.)no:thno:r (m., sing.)nNkhsa:n (n.)n’?b0r’kin’n’abarn’ama:z (f., sing.)n’ama:z par0n’n’unservant (s), cook (s)note(s), bill (s)pipelosson the outsideoutsidenimaz (Muslim prayer)to offer prayersto carry, to takepp?z’p?:th’p?t’kin’p?h?lga:m (m.)p?hr0da:r (m.)p?:ts0?:j;ihp?:ts0tr0hp?:ts0vanzahp?:ts0s;i:thp?:ts0satathp?:ts0h?:thp?:tshp?:s0 (m.)p?:j;a:m0 (m. sing.)p?:d0 sapdunpaka:n paka:npakunpagahpatsh (f.)pazipath0v?:r’ (m.)pat0panah (m.)panun (adj., m., sing.)pantsahpandahpampo:s; (m.)paydalpar0na:vunpar0va:y (m.)par0va:y a:sunparunreally, in factbehindPahalgam (place name)guard (s) (n..)forty-fivethirty-fivefifty-fiveeighty-fiveseventy-fivesixty-fivefivepaise, paise, money a unit of Indian currencytrousersto be born, to growon foot, while walkingto walktomorrowtrustought toHindi- Urdu patwa:ri:; subordinate revenue officerlater, afterwardswidthone’s ownfiftyfifteenlotus (es)on footto teach, to cause readcare, concernto matterto read, to studyKashmir News Network1-18http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrupare:s;a:n karunparbath (m.)palav(m.)palunpas;mi:n0 (m.)pasand karunpaha:d (m.)pa:ds;ah (m.)pa:n (m.)pa:r0k (m., sing.)pa:lakh (f.)pi:r (m.)pi:rpanc;a:l (m.)p0nts0hpuj; (m.)puli:s (m., sing.)pu:zah (f., sing.)pu:zah kar0n’pensal0 (m.)pes;a:ts (m.)pe:s;0gi(f.)po:parpo:n’ (m., sing.)po:s; (m.)po:s;ic;aman (m.)po:s;idu:r (m., sing.)po:s;inu:l (m.)pos;iphulay (f., sing.)po:s;iva:j;en’ f., sing.)po:s;iv?:r (f., sing.)pNla:v0 (m.)pNs;a:kh (m.)p’athp’ath0p’ath0kanip’ot (m., sing.)p’onpratsh (f.,s ing.)prathprath kahprath kehpr0tshunto perplex, to annoy, to botherHari Parbat (proper name)clothes, clothingto grow uppashmina (a kind of fine Kashmiri wool, superior toraphal)to like, to choosemountain (s)king (s)body (ies)parkspinachsaint (s)the Pirpanchal Range of mountainstwenty-fivebutcher (s)police(Hindu) worship; pu:j;a:to worshippencildemon (s)advance payment, depositPampur (place name)waterflowersflowerbed (s)flowerbedgolden oriole (s)blosoomsflower-sellerflower gardenpilau, pilaf; Hindi-Urdu pula:vdress clothingat, onfromabovetip, pointto have to, to fallriddleevery, eacheveryoneeverythingto askKashmir News Network1-19http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruprevam (m.)pro:n (m. sing.)love affectionoldphph?:yd0 (m.)ph?:yd0 (va:tun)ph?:sl0 (m.)ph?:sl0 (m.)ph?:sl0 karunphamva:r0 (m.)phar0kh (f.)pha:rsi: (m.)phikir bar0n’phut0j; (f., sing.)phuth (m.)phut0vo:t (m.)phursath (f.)phul (f.)phe:runpho:kstaylpho:ranph’aran (m.)ph’or (m., sing.)profit (s)to profitdecision (s)distance (s)to decidefountain (s)differencethe Persian languageto worrysmall bundlefoot (measure of unit)change (with reference to money)leisure, free timesoda bicarbonateto travel, to loitfolkstyleat onceKashmiri phiran (a loose garment)drop (of liquid)bb?kh0tb?ngl0 (also, bungl0)b?rith (adj.)b?:d’a:n0 (m.),(also, b?d’ya:n0)b?:skal (m.)ba:skal c;ala:vunbakunbakhs;is; (f., sing.)bag?:rbag0v?ti: (f.)bag0va:n (m.)bat0 (m.)bat0va:r (f.)bad0badundevoteebungalowfilled, fullfennel seedbicycle (s)to ride a bicycleto talk nonsensebakhshi:sh , tipwithout, other than, apart fromgoddess (es)GodKashmiri PanditSaturdayvery, muchto increase, to growKashmir News Network1-20http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrubat0 (m.)bad (adj.)bad0la:vunbana:vunbanunbanunband0pu:r (m.)band thavunbarthah (m.)barphi: (f.,s ing.)basbasbas (f., sing.)basunbahbahats (f., sing.)ba:kayba:g(m.)ba:gva:n (m.)ba:da:m (m.)ba:n0 (m.)ba:la:d?r (f.)ba:sunbij;li: (f.)bij;li: b?t’ (f., sing.)bill (f. sing.)bilkulbistar0 (m.)bihunb0 (1 st person pro.)bud0 (m.) also, b0d0)buthibur0 (adj.)bula:vunbu:zan (m.)bu:th (m.)bu:n’ (f., sing.)beni (f.)beyibeyibe:ta:b (adj.)bod (m.,sing.)bod doh (m.)cooked ricebadto changeto maketo be able to getto becomeBandipora (place name)to keep in confine, to holdhusband (s)an Indian sweet, Hindi- Urdu barphi:just (e.g., just, a:)that’s all,, that’busto livetwelvea barge-type boatthe other, the rest, the remaininggarden (s)gardener (s)almondutensil (s)balconyto seemelectricityelectric lampbillabsolutelybed-roll (s), beddingto sit downIold manin front , facingbadto call, to invitecooked, foodshoe(s)chinar treesisterotheralso, againimpatientbigfestival, holy dayKashmir News Network1-21http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruboth (m.)both (m., sing.)bod (m., classifier)bombur(m.,sing.)bomva:r (f.)bo:d (m.)bo:y (m., sing.)bo:r (m., sing.)bo:lunbo:zun0 yunbNc;hihot (adj., m., sing.)bNdima:n (adj.)bNdva:r (f.)bNvunb’a:khbr?hmun (m., sing.)(also, brehmun)brasva:r (f.)bru:th’ ‘kin’bro:thbro:thkunbro:r (m., sing.)ble:kv?rs (m.)dried cowdungbank (of a river)bunchbumble beeTuesdayBudhist (s)brotherloadto speakto be able to seehungry, starvedwiseWednesdayto growanotherBrahminThursdayin frontbefore, aheadahead, in what followcatblank versemm?ts (f., sing.)m?j;lis (f. sing)m?th’ (f., sing.)m?dre:r (m.)m?s;i:d (f., sing.)m?hl0 (m.)m?hs;u:r (adj.)m?:j;(f., sing.)m?:da:n (m.)m?:mu:li: (adj.)m?:lis; (f., sing.)ma:ka:n0 (m.)magar (conj.)matsh (f.)maz0 (m.)mad woman, a mystiriousgatheringsalty Indian snacksugarmosquelocality, neighbourwell-known, famousmotherfield (s), meadow(s)ordinarymassagehouse (s)butground meatenjoyment, fun, pleasureKashmir News Network1-22http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrumaz0da:r (adj.)mazhab (m.)matan (m.)madath (m.)man (m.)manz (postposition )mana:vunmandar (m.)mar0d (m.)marunmarts0va:gun (m. sing.)marzi: (f.)mal?:y (f., sing.)malakh (f.)mal0 (m.)mas;var0 (m.)masta:n0ma:z (m., sing.)ma:n0n0 yunma:nunmahren’ (f. sing.)mith?:y (f.)mitha:yivo:l (m.sing.)minath (m.)mil0tsa:r (m.)mi:l (m.)m0sarma:n (m.)muj; (f., sing.)mutlakmumkinmul0kh (m.)mus;kilmus;kila:thmus;ikh (f.)mu:ju:d a:sunmu:rti (f.)me (pronoun)membarmev0 (m.), (also , me;vī)me:lunme:v0vo:l (m., sing,)mod (f., sing.)enjoyable, deliciuios, pleasantreligion (s)Mattan (place name)helpmaund (measure of weight)into celebratetempleman (men)to diered or green chillinclination, wish, desirecream crust (cream gathered from surface of scaldedmilk)waveboatman (men)advicemysticmeatto be consideredto listen, to agreebridesweetmeatsweetmeat-sellerminute(s)communal harmonymile (s)Muslim (s)mild horseradishconcerningpossiblecountry (ies)difficultdifficultiesscent, smell, aroto be presentidol (s)inflected from of person 1 st person sg. pro.memberfruit, dry fruit (s)to meet, to be availablefruit sellerkohlrabi, a type of cabbageKashmir News Network1-23http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrumohbath (m.)mohbath karunmo:c;i (m. sing.)mo:tar (m.)mo:d (m.)mo:l (m., sing.)mo:lu:m a:sunmo:lvi: (m.)mNk0la:vunmNrb0 mi:lm’?:n’ (f.)love, affectionto loveintestinal part of meatcar(s), motor vehicle(s)bendfatherto knowMuslim priestto finishsquare milemy (possessive)yy?nd0r (m.)y?mb0rzal (f., sing.)yak (h) damyakh0n’ (f., sing.)yatshunyazath (m.)yana:m0 (m.)ya:ya:tri (m.)yiyi:t’ (m.)yi:runyunyuniv?rsiti: (f.)yus kah (m.)yu:g (m.)yu:gi: (m.)yetiyeliyotyo:tspinning wheel(s)narcissussuddenlyA Kashmiri meat dish cooked with yogurtto desire, to wishrespect, esteem,prize, awardorpilgrim(s)thisso many, these manyto floatto comeuniversitywhosoeveryogayogi(s)herewhen, ifhere, whereveronlyrr?t0ndi:ph (m.)r?si:d(m.)rac;hunraj;astar (f. sing.)raj;astri: kar0n’suacer-shaped, earthen oil-lamp (s)receipt (s)to lovingly look afterregisterto send by registered postKashmir News Network1-24http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruratunrang (m.)rang0da:r (adj.)ranunraphal (m.)ramza:n (m.)rasgo:l0 (m.)raz0 (m.)ra:z0mah (f.)ra:thra:th (f., sing.)rings;a:l (m.)riseps;an (f.)rukunru:s (m.)re:t (m.) (also, re:th)re:l (f.)ro:ganj;o:s; (m.)ro:zunro:b (m.)rNkb0rNpay (f., sing.)rNp0varukh (m. sing.)r’at0ko:l (m.)r’at0va:rr’athr’ay(f., sing.)r’os; (m., sing.)to receive, to catchcolorcolored, colorfulto cooka woolen material inferior of pas;mi:n0Ramdan (Muslim festival)an Indain sweet; Hindi- Urdu rasgulla:king(s)bean (s)yesterdaynightringshawl (a type of Kashmiri shawl)receptionto stopRussiacharge, rate, pricetraina Kashmiri meat dishto live, to stay, to remainawearearupeesilver leafsummermonthlymonth(s)antseer, holy man (men)ll?ngu:t0 (m.)l?:r (m.)lagbaglac;h (m.)lac;hib?d’ (m.)lad?:kh’ (m.)lada:kh (m.)lab (f., sing.)la:yakhla:ri: (f.)lipi: (f.)liptan (c;a:y)loin-clothcucumber(s)about, approximatelylac (lakh) = one-tenth of millionlakhsLadakhi (language, people)Ladakhwallworth (See vuc;hun la:yakh)lorry(ies)scriptLipton (tea)Kashmir News Network1-25http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrulipha:ph0 (m.)list (m., sing.)luc;i (f.,plu.)luta:vunlu:kh (m., plu.)lu:tunle:khunle:ph (f., sing.)lo:l (m.)lNk0c;a:r (m.)lNkut (m., sing.)l’?d0r (f.)l’?d0r (f.)l’?dur (m., sing.)envelope (s), paper sack(s)lista kind of thin fried breadto rob, on lootpeopleto rob, to lootto writequilt, comforterlongingperiod of childhoodsmall, youngturmericthe Lidder Riveryellowvv?zi:r (m.)v?ri: (m.)v?:r’uv (m. sing.)vakh0t (m., sing.)vatsun (m., sing.)vath (f., sing.)vanunvan’vand0 (m. sing.)vasunvahra:vunva:gun (m. sing.)va:kh (m.)va:z0 (m.)va:tunva:n (m.)va:pas yunva:rayvar0yahva:r0 va:r0vizitarvi:r (m.)vuc;hunvuc;hun la:yakh (m., sing.)vuniyun’(cabinet ) minister(s)year(s)a girl’s husband’s parent’s housetimetraditional (Kashmiri song)road, pathto tell, to saynowwinterto come down ,to flowto spreadeggplant (brinjal)saying(s)cook(s)to reachshop(s)to come backwell, all rightmanyslowlytouristweir, but generally the Weir on the Vitasta Riverto seeworth seeingeven now, as yetjust now, presentlyKashmir News Network1-26http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruvus;0na:vunto warm, to heatvuhtwentyvo:n’ (m., sing.) grocervNzul (m., sing.)redvNlur (m.)the Wular LakevNs;lunto blushv’atsa:r karunto ponder over, to think overv’atsa:rna:g (m.)Vicharnag (place name)v’atasta: (f.)River Vitasta, Riverv’ath(f.)River Vitastav’as (f., sing.)girl friendv’oth (adj., m., sing.)fat (person or this)s;s;?:yirs;?:yri: (f.)s;?:yri: kar0n’s;aka:yath (f.,sing.)s;aka:yath kar0n’s;akh karuns;at0vuhs;aths;av0l’angs;a:m (m.)s;a:yads;a:rika: (f.)s;a:l (m.)s;a:l0vo:l (m.,sing.)s;a:htu:s (m.)s;a:har (m.)s;ik?:r’ (f.)s;ika:r ginduns;ilva:r k?mi:z (f.)s;i:ths;i:n(m.)s;ukriya:s;unamaths;ur (m., sing.)s;urahs;ur’b?:ts (m., plu.)s;urvanzahpoetpoetryto write poetrycomplaintto complainto susupecttwenty-sixhundredSiva linganeveningperhapsSharika (Hindi goddess)shawl (s)shawl merchanta super fine woolen materialcity(ies)the shikarato huntHindi-Urdu salwar kameezeightysnowthank youninety-sixchildsixteenfamilyfifty-sixKashmir News Network1-27http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrus;uma:l (m.)s;us;i:ths;usataths;huh?:ths;ec;h (f., sing.)s;eyit?:j;ihs;eyitr0hs;es;s;e:kra:c;a:r (m.)s;e:ths;e:r(m.)s;okr0va:r (f.)s;oru:karuns;o:th (f.)s;o:kh a:suns;Nnguns;ra:n (m.)s;ra:n karuns;ra:n0 kuth (m., sing.)northeighty-sixseventy-sixsixty-sixmessageforty-sixthirty-sixdisciple (s)the Shankracharya TemplesixtypoetryFridayto begin, to startdried gingerto be interested into sleep, to go to bedbathroomto take a bathbathroomss?di: (f., sing.)s?:s?:d’ (f., sing.)s?:r (m.)s?:r karuns?:ri: (m., plu.)saj;a:vath (f., sing.)saj;a:vath kar0nsadakh (f., sing.)sakhti: (f.)satathsat0t?:j;ihsat0tr0hsat0namathsat0vanzahsat0s;i:thsat0satathsat0h?:thsato:vuhcenturyhonorific suffixsaree (sari)sightseeingto go sightseeing, to go for an outingeverybody, alldecorationto decorateroadhardshipseventyforty-seventhirty-sevenninety-sevenfifty-seveneighty-sevenseventy-sevensixty-eighttwenty-sevenKashmir News Network1-28http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrusathsadahsankath (m.)sankath d’unsapdunsaphar (m.)saphe:d (m.)sabza:r (m.)sabzi: (f.)samandar (m.)sama:j suda:r (m.)sama:va:r (m.)sam0j;da:r (adj.)samj;unsamkhunsamunsamo:s0 (m.)saynasda:n (m.)sarka:r (m.)sartal (f.)sarda:r (m.)sarphe:s me:l (m.)sala:m (f., sing.)sava:l (m.)sa:d0sa:dsa:nsa:ma:n0 (m.)sa:runsa:l (m.)sa:s Im.)sa:s0b?d’sa:hab (m.),(also, sa:hb or sa:b)sikh (m.)siya:sath (m.)siriphsiri:nagar (m.)s0ku:tar (m.)s0:t’su(m.)sub0hansu:phi:septambarsevenseventeensufferingto cause sufferingto happen ,to takejourneywhitegreeneryvegetable (s)sea(s), ocean (s)social reformsamovar (s)sensibleto understandto meet, to encounter, to run intoto assemblesamosa an Indian salty snackscientist (s)goverenmentbrassleader (s)surface mailgreetingsquestionhalf (used with numberals three onwards)sadhu (s), holyman (men)withluggageto carryfeastthousandthousandsSaheb (mode of address)SikhpoliticsonlySrinagar (place name)scooterwiththat or he (not within sight)in the morningsufiSeptemberKashmir News Network1-29http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruse:r (m.)se:r0va:dson (m., sing.)sondu:kh (m.)so:c;unso:th (m.)so:zunso:n (adj., m.m sing.)so:po:r (m.)so:ruy (m.)sNkh d’unsNgand (f.)sNndar (adj.)aNn0varukh (m., sing.)sNrgas gatshuns’atha: (also, s’athah)s’and (f.)s’un (m.)ste:s;an (m.)Seer (measure of quantity)by the seerdeepcases (s), box(es)to thinkspring (season)to sendour (s)Sopore (place name)everything, allto give joy and comfortfragrancebeautifulgold leafto dievery, many, a lotthe River Sindmeat, meat or vergetable dishstationhh?lv0 (m.)h?:z (m.)h?:r (f., sing.)h?:sil karunhazhazrathbal (m.)hat (f.)hat0b?d’hathhapht0 (m.)hab0k?dalhal0vo:y (m., sing.)hav?:yi: j;aha:z (0) (m.)havasbo:t (m.)havasbo:t0vo:l (m., sing)has; (f., sing)ha:kh(m.)ha:j;athmand (adj.)ha:lath (f., sing.)ha:vunhisa:b (m.)Hindi-Urdu halva:boatman (men)mynah (bird)to achieve, to obtainsirHazratbal ( a Muslim shrine)huthundredshundred(s)week(s)the Habba Kadal (bridge) (place name)sweetmeat seller, confectionerairplane(s)houseboat(s)houseboat ownermother-in-lawa kind of green vegetableneedy personcondition, stateto showaccountKashmir News Network1-30http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruhisa:b0his0 (m.)hu (demonstrative pro.)hukum (m.) (also, hokum)hund (m., sing.)hus;a:r gatshunh’uhur (m., sing.)hu:n (m., sing.)hu:l’ (f.)hec;hunhendi: (m.)he:r (f.,sing.)he:rath (f.)he:r0 po:v (m., sing.)hokum (m.)hokum kanunho:tal (m.)ho:talvo:l (m., sing.)h’?ndust?:n’(also, Hondust?:n’)h’?ndusta:n (m.)(also h’onusta:n)h’akunh’apha:zath kar0n’h’onh’ond (m. sing.)h’oraccording to, inpart(s)that or he (within sight)command, orderofto wake upfather-in-lawdogHoli (festival of color) Hindi holi:to learnthe Hindi languagestaircaseShivaratari (Hindu festival)step (of a ladder)command, orderto command, to orderhotel, restauranthotel-keeper or ownerIndian(s)Hindustan, Indiato be able toto protect, to lookedto buyHinduUp, upstairsKashmir News Network1-31http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachru2.0 ENGLISH-KASHMIRIAable (adj.)(be) able to (v.)aboveabsolutelyaccording toaccountAchabalacquaintance (abstract noun)(to make) acquaintanceadviceadviseafterwardsagainaheadairmailairplaneallin allalrightalmondalonealsoAmarnath (place name)AmirakadalAnantnag (place name)andanotheranyappleapproximatelyareaarrange (v.)Asiaask (v.)assemble (v.)assistantat oncek?:bilh’akunp’ath0kanibilkulkin’, hisa:b0hisa:b (m.)ac;hibal (m.), (also, ac;h0val)za:npehc;a:n (f.)za:npehc;a:n kar0nmas;var0 (m.)mas;var0 d’unpat0beyibro:thkuneyarme:lhav?:yi: j;aha:z (0) ple:n (m.)s?:ri: (m.), sa:rkulac;ha:, ad0k’ahba:da:m (m.)kun (m., sing.)tiamarna:th (m.)?mra:k?dal (m.)anathna:g (m.)t0b’a:khkahtsu:th (m.)lagbagrNkb0 (m.)intiza:m karunes;ya: (m.)pr0tshunsamun?sistantpho:ran, yakhdamKashmir News Network2-32http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachruBbadbandipora (place name)bank (of a river, etc.)basketbath(take a ) bath (v.)be (v.)beansbear (v.)beautifulbecausebecomebedding (bed-roll)beforebehindbend (n.)bicyclebigbill ( of money)bill(n.)birthdayblanketblossomsboast (v.)boatboatmanbodybookbothbouquetboxbrassbreadbridebring (v.)(cause to ) bring (v.)brook (n.)Budhistbadband0pu:r (m.)both (m.)tu:k0r (f.)s;ra:n (m.)s;ra:n karuna:sunra:z0mah (f.)tsa:lunsNndar, khu:bsu:rtik’a:zibanunbistar0 (m.)bro:thp?t’kin’mo:d (m.)b?:skal (m.)bod (m.), b?d (f.)no:th (m.)bil (f.)vohr0vo:d (m.) zan0md’an (m.)tsa:dar (f.) , kamal (f.)po:s;iphulay (f.)th’akunna:v (f.)h?:z (m.), mal0 (m.), na:vivol:l (m.)pa:n (m.), s;?ri:r (m.)kita:b (f.)dNs;iv0y, (also, dNs;ivay)gond (m.)sondu:kh (m.)sartal (f.)tsot (f.)mahren’ (f.)anunan0na:vunj;arn0bo:d (m.)Kashmir News Network2-33http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrubunch (n.)gond (m.) , bod (m.)bundleg’?d (f., classifier)bungalowb?ngl0 (m.), (also, bungl0)burn (v.) za:lunget burnt (v.)tot lagunbusbas (f.)businesska:r0ba:r (m.), bizines (f.)butmagarbutcher (n.)puj; (m.)buy (v.)h’onCcane (used for basket work) k?:n ‘ (f., sing.)carmo:tar (m.), ka:r(f.), mo:tar ka:r (f.)carnivalnum?:yis; (f.)carry (v.) sa:run, n’uncavegNph (f.)cardamon?:l (f., sing.)celebrate (v.)mana:vunchange (v.)bad0la:vunchange(with reference to money) phur0vo:t (m.)charcoalts0n’ (f., sing.)charcoal (live)t’ongul (m., sing.)cheesetsa:man (f.), Hind-Urdu pani:rcherrygila:s0 (m.)childs;ur (m.)chilli (red or green)marts0va;:gun (m.)chinar treebu:n’ (f.)cinnamonda:lc;i:n (f.)citys;a:har (m.)clerkkl?:r0kclimatea:b0havah (m.)climb (v.)khasunclothkapur (m.)clothespalav (m.) pNs;a:k (m.)club (n.)k0lab (m.)coconutna:rj;i:l (m.)cold (weather)t0:r (f.)colorrang (m.)colorfulrang0da:rcome (v.)yunKashmir News Network2-34http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrucome back (v.)come down (v.)come up (v.)command (n.)command (v.)comforterconcerningconversationcook (n.)cook (v.)coppercorrect (adj.)craftsmancream (crust)cucumbercup (n.)curryva:pas yun(bNn) vasun(h’or) khasunhokum (m.)hokum karun, hokum d’unle:ph (f.)mutlakkath ba:th (f.)va:z0 (m.)ranuntra:m (m.)thi:khk?:ri:gar (m.)mal?:y (f.)l?:r (m.)kho:s (m.), kap (m.)s’un (m.)Ddak- bungalowDal GateDal Lakedangerousdarkness(become ) dark (v.)daughterdaydeardecorate (v.)decoraiondeepDelhideodar (tree)desire (v.)Devanāgarī (script)dhotidie(v.)differencedifficultdifficultyDiwalida:kh bungl0 (m.)dalge:t (m.)dal (m.)khatarna:khanigat0 (f.), anigot (m.)anigat0 gatsh0n’,anigot gatshunku:r (f.)doh(m.)to:th (m., sing.), t?:th (f. sing.)saj;a:vun; saj;a:vat kar0n’saj;a:vath (f.)son (m.), s?n’ (f.)dil (f.)div0do:ryatshunde:v0na:gri: (m.)du:t’ (f.)marunphar0kh (f.)mus;kilmus;kili: (f.)de:v?:li: (f.)Kashmir News Network2-35http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrudo (v.)doctor (n.)dogDogri languagedoordozen(by the ) dozendrawerdress (n.)dress (v.)drink (v.)drop (of a liquid)karunda:khtar (m.)hu:n (m.), hu:n’ (f.)du:gri: (f.)bar (m.) darva:z0 (m.)darj;an (m.)darj;an (0) va:dkha:n0 (m.)pNs;a:kh (m.), palav (m.)palav tsh0n0n’c;onph’or (m.)Eeacheasyeat (v.)educationeggplanteighteighteeneightyeighty-eighteighty-fiveeighty- foureighty-nineeighty-oneeighty-seveneighty-sixeighty-threeeighty-twoelectricityelectric lampelevenembroideryempty (adj.)enjoyableenjoymentEnglish languageenoughenter (v.)pratha:sa:nkh’onej;uke:s;an (f.)va:gun (m.)?:thardahs;i:thar0s;i:thp?:ts0s;i:thtsus;i:thkun0namathak0s;i:thsatis;i:ths;us;i:thtrus;i:thdus;i:thbij;li (f.)bij;li: b?t’ (f.), tso:g (m.) tso:g (m.)kahk?:m (f.)kh?:li:maz0da:rmaz0 (m.)angri:zi: (m.)k?:phi: s’atha:atsunKashmir News Network2-36http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruenvelope (paper sack)eveningeveryoneeverythingexpensivelipha:ph0 (m.)s;a:m (m.)prath kahprath keh (m.)drog (m., sing.,), droj; (f., sing.)Ffamilyfamousfarfastfat (adj.)fatherfeast (n.)fennel seed.feastivalfieldfifteenfiftyfifty-eightfifty-fivefifty-fourfifty-ninefifty-onefifty-sevenfifty-sixfifty-threefifty-twofinish (v.)firewoodfirst (adv.)fish (n.)fivefloat (v.)flowerflowerbedfoodfoot (measure of length)foot (part of body)(on) footfors;ur’b?:ts (m. plu.)m?hs;u:rdu:rte:zv’oth (m.), v’?th (f.)mo:l (m.)sa:l (m.)b?:d’ a:n0 (m.) (also, b?:d’ya:n0)bod doh (m.)m?:da:n (m.), khe:t (m.)pandahpantsahar0vanzahp?:ts0vanzahtsuvanzahkunih?:thak0vanzahsat0vanzahs;uvanzahtruvanzahduvanzahmNk0la:vunz’un (m.)gNd0ga:d (f., sing.)p?:tshyi:runpo:s; (m.)po:s;idu:r (m.)kh’an (m.)phuth (m.)khNr (m.)paydalk’ut, kh?:tr0Kashmir News Network2-37http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruforestforeheadfortyforty-eightforty-fiveforty-fourforty-nineforty-oneforty-sevenforty-sixforty-threeforty-twofountainfourfourteenfragrancefreedomfreshFridayfriendfriendhipfromfruitfruit-sellerfullj;angul (m.)d’ak0 (m.)tsat0j;ihar0t?:j;ihp?:ts0t?:j;ihtsNyit?:j;ihkun0vanzahak0t?:j;ihsat0t?:j;ihs;eyit?:j;ihteyit?:j;ihdNyit?:j;ihphamva:r0 (m.)tso:rtsNdahsNgand (f.)a:z?:di: (f.)ta:z0s;ok0rva:r (f.), j;umah (m.)ya:r (m.), v’as (f.) do:stya:r0z (f.), do:sti: (f.)p’ath0mev0 (m.) (also, me:v0)mev0vo:l (m.), (also, me:v0vo:l)b?rithGGandarbal (place name)gardengateget up (v.)ginger (dried)ginger (green)girlgirl friendgive (v.)glitter (v.)go (v.)goddessgold-leafgolfgood (adj.)ga:darbal (m.)ba:g (m.)ge:t (m.)(thod) vNthuns;o:th (f.)adrakh (f.)ku:r (f.)v’as (f.)d’unzo:tungatshunbag0v?ti: (f.)sNn0varukh (m.)go:lph (m.)j;a:nKashmir News Network2-38http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrugovernmentgreenerygrocergrow ( in size, age, etc.) (v.)grow ( for plants, etc,) (v.)guest housesarka:r (m.)sab0za:r (m.)vo:n’ (m.)badunkhasun, bNvun, p?:d0 sapdungest hav0s (m.)HHabba kadal (place name)hairhalfhalvahandfulhandiworkhappen (v.)happyHari Parbat (place name)have (v.)have to (v.)heat (n.)heat (v.)heavyheighthelp (n.)help (v.)herehighhike (v.)Hindi languageHinduhomehorsehorseback ridinghothotelhotel-keeper (owner)hourhousehouseboathouseboat man (owner)howhab0 k?d0l (m.), (also, hab0 k?dal)va:l (m.) mas ( of the head) (m.)od (m.), ?d (f.)h?lv0 (m.)dNtsh (f.)k?:m (f.)sapdunkhNs;parbath (m.)a:sunp’ongermi: (f.), tatsar (m.)gar0m karun, gar0ma:vungNb (sing.)thazar (m.)madath (m.)madath karunyeti, yetath, yo:r, yotthod (m., sing.), th?z (f., sing.)kohas khasunhendi: (m.)h’ond (m.)gar0 (m.)gur (m.)gur’ sav?:r’ (m.)tot (m., sing.), gar0mho:tal(m.)ho:talvo:l (m.)gant0 (m.)maka:n0 (m.)havasbo:t (m.)havasbo:t0vo:l (m.)kith0kan, kith0p?:th’Kashmir News Network2-39http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruhow manyhow muchfor how muchhundredhundredshurry (n.)hurry (v.)hutHazratbalk0:t’ (m.), k0:ts0 (f.), k?tsku:t (m.), k0:ts (f.), ko:tah (m.), k?:tsah (f.)k0:tis. k?h’hath, s;athhat0b?d’j;aldi: (f.)j;aldi: kar0n’hat (f.)hazrathbal (m.)II (first person, pronoun)iceidolifininser (v.)insideintestineIndiaIndianb0yakh (m.)mu:rti: (f.)agarmanz, k’athtsa:nunandar?ndram (m.)h’?ndusta:n (m.) (also, h’ondusta:n)h’?ndust?:n’, (also, h’ondust?:n’)Jjeepjourneyjunej;i:p (f.)saphar (m.)j;u:n (m.)KKashmirthe Kashmir languageKashmiri (adj.)KashmirisKeep (v.)keykhilanmarg (place name)kilogramkingkishtwar (place name)knol-khol (kohlrabi)know ( a person) (v.)k?sī:r (f.)k?:s;ur (m.)k?:s;ur (m.), k?:s;0r (f.)k?:s;ir’ (m.)thavunkunzkh’alanmar0g (m.)kilo: (m.)ra:z0 (m.), pa:ds;ah (m.)kas;t0va:r (m.)mond (f., sing.)za:nunKashmir News Network2-40http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruknow ( a thing) (v.)kNkarnag (place name)Khabar a:s0n’, za:nunkNkarna:g (m.)Llac (lakh)lacs (lakhs)LadakhLadakhilakelanelanguageleave (v.)leisurelengthletterletterboxlift (up) (v.)Lidder (River)like (v.)Lipton (tea)list (n.)little (quantity)live (v.)load(n.)longlook after (v.)lorrylosslotuslotus stem, Nymphaea lotusluggagelac;h (m.)lac;hib?d’lada:kh (m.)lad?:kh’ (m.)sar (m.), j;i:l (m.)ko:c;i (m.)zaba:n (f.)ne:runphursath (f.)ze:c;har (m.)c;ith’ (f.)letarbNkstulunl’?d0r (f.)khNs; karun, pasand yunliptanlist (m.)kam, kam0ybasun, ro:zunbo:r (m.)z’u:th (m., sing.) zi:th (f., sing)rac;hun (m.), rac;hi (f.)la:ri: (f.)nNkhsa:n (m.)pampo:s; (m.)nadur (m.)sa:ma:n0 (m.)Mmail (n.)mainlymake (v.)manmanyMattan (place name)maundda:kh(m.)z’a:d0tarbana:vunmar0d (m.)va:r(0) yahmatan (m.)man(m.)Kashmir News Network2-41http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrumeatmeat (ground)medicinemeetmethodmessagemilemilkmilkmanminute (with reference to time)Mondaymoneymonthmonthlymoremorning(in the) morningmosquemothermountainmove (v.)Muslimmynah (bird)neni (f.), ma:z (m.)matsh (f.)davah (m.)sam (0)khun, me:lunt?ri:k0 (m.)s;ec;h (f.)mi:l (m.)o:m dNd (m.), dNd (m.)dNd0vo:l (m.), dNd0gu:r (m.)minath (m.)ts?nd0rva:r (f.)p?:s0 (m., plu.)r’ath (m.)r’at0va:rz’a:d0, beyisub0han (m.) subuh (m.)sub0has, sub0hanm?s;i:d (f.)m?:j; (f.)koh (m.), ba:l (m.), paha:d (m.)c;alun, pakunm0sarma:n (m.)h?:r (f.)Nname (n.)(make a) name (v.)narcissusnearneed (n.)neighborhoodnewnewsnewspapernightNigin Lakeninenineteenninetyninety-eightninety-fiveninety-fourna:vna:v bana:vuny?mb0rzal (f.)n?z’di:kh , nis;zoru:rathm?hl0 (m.)nov (m.) n?v (f.)khabar (f., sing.), nivz (f., sing.)akhba:r (m.)ra:th (f.)nigi:n (m.)navkun0vuhnamathar0namathp?:ts0namathtsunamathKashmir News Network2-42http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruninety-nineninety-oneninety-sevenninety-sixninety-threeninety-twoNishat Gardennonorthnotnotebooknownam0namthak0namathsat0namaths;unamathtrunamathdunamathnis;a:th ba:g (m.)nas;uma:l (m.) vNtunn0ka:pi: (f.)van’Ooceanofold manononeone-by-oneonlyoperaorordinaryour(s)outsidesamandar(m.)sund, hundbud0 (m.)p’athakhaki-akisiripho:pra:(m.)kin0, ya:mo:mu:li:so:n (m.), s?:n (f.)n’abar, n’?br0kaniPPaddyPahalgam (place name)pairpaisePampur(place name)Paperpaper sackparkpart (adj.)pashminapass away (v.)pearpencilda:ni (m.)p?h?lga:m (m.)j;u:r’ (f.) j;o:r0 (m.)p?:s0 (m.)po:par (m.)ka:kaz (m.) pe:par (m.)lipha:ph0 (m.)pa:r(0)k (m., f.)his0 (m.)pas;mi:n0 (m.)sNrg0va:s gatshun, janath gatshun, maruntang (m.)pensal0 (m.)Kashmir News Network2-43http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrupeopleperhapspermission(give) permission (v.)the Persian Languagepersonpigeonpilav, pilafpilgrimPirpanchalplace (n.)play (v.)poempoetpoetry(compose) poetry (v.)policeponypoor (man)porterpossiblepost officepotatopotterpreparationpriceprint (v.)provisionlu:kh (m. plu.)s;a:yadij;a:zaj (m.)ij;a:zath d’unpha:rsi (m.)zon(m.)ko:tur (m.) ko:t0r (f.)pNla:v0 (m.)ya:tri (m.)pi:rpanc;a:lj;a:y (f.)gindunkavita: (f.), naz0m (f.)s;?:yir (m.)s;?:yiri: (f.), kavita: (f.)kavita: kar0n’, s;?yri: kar0n’puls0 (m.), puli:s (m.)tot (m.)g?ri:bc;u:k’dar (m.) c;u:ki:dar (m.)mumkinda:kha:n0 (m.)o:luv (m.)kra:l (m.) kr?:j; (f.)tay?:ri: (f.)k0:math (m.)c;hapa:vun, c;ha:punintiza:mQquestion (n.)quicklyquiltsava:lj;al, j;alj;alle:ph (f.)RradishRamdan (Muslim festival)rate (n.)reach (v.)read (v.)readymuj; (f.)ramza:h (m.)re:t (m.); (also,)va:tunparuntaya:rKashmir News Network2-44http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrureallyreceiptreceive (v.)receptionredregionregister (n.)register (by mail) (v.)religionremainingrest (n.)rest (v.)rice (uncooked)rice (cooked)roadroomroserupeeRussiap?z’ p?:th’r?si:d (m.)ratunrisens;an (f.)vNzul (m.), vNz0j;ala:k0 (m.)raj;astar (f.)raj;astri:kar0n’mazhab (m.)ba:kaya:ra:m (m.)a:ra:m karuntomul (m.)bat0 (m.)sadalj (f.), vathkamr0 (m.)gula:b (m.),gNla:irNpay (f.)ru:s (m.)Ssacred placesadhusaffronsecondseeseemseer (holy, man)seer (measure of wight)by the seersell (v.)send (v.)separate (dj.)sepetembarservantseventeenseventy-eightseventy-fiveseventy-fourseventy-nienseventty-oneseventy-sevenastha:n (m.) tirsa:d (m.)kNngdoyum (m.) doyimvuc;hunba:sunros;s?:rse:r0va:dakinunso:zunalagn,algar lagaseptambar (m.)no:kar (m)gadahar0sath.p?:ts0satathtsusatathkun0s;i:thak0satathsat0satathKashmir News Network2-45http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruseventy-nineseventy-oneseventy-sevenseventy-sixseventy-threeseventy-twoShankracharyashawlshawl merchantshelfshikaraship (n.)shirtshivaratrishoeshop (n.)shopkeepershow (v.)sidesightseeinggo sightseeing (v.)Sikhsilver leafSind (River)sing (v.)sirsistersit down (v.)sixtysixty-eightsixty-fivesixty-foursixty-ninesixty-onesixty-sevensixty-sixsixty-threesixty-twoskysleep (v.)slide (v.)kun0s;i:thak0satathsat0sattahs;utsattathtrusatathdusataths;e:kra:c;a;r (m.)s;a:l (m.)s;a:l0vo:l (m.)kha:n0 (m.)s;ik?:r’ (f.)samand?ri: j;aha:z0 (m.) s;ip (m.)k?mi:z (f.)he:rath (f.)khNrba:n0 (m.) buduka:n (m.), va:nduka:nda:r (m.), duka:nda:ren’ (f.), va:n0vo:lha:vuntaraph (m.)s?:r (m.)s?:r karunsikhrNp0varukh (m.)s’and (f.)g’avunj;ina:b. mahra: hazbeni (f.)bihuns;e:thar0h?:thp?:tsh0h?:thtsuh?:thkun0satathak0h?:thsat0h?:ths;uh?:thtruh?:thduh?:thasma:n (m.)s;Nngunkh0r tra:v0n’Kashmir News Network2-46http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruslowelyva:r0 va:r0smalllNkut (m.) lNk0tsmell (n.)mus;ikh (f.)snows;i:n (m.)soda bicarbonatephul (f.)somekehsomeday kuni doh (0)somethingke:tsha:sometimekunivizi, kunisa:t0sonnec;uv (m.)sopore (place name)so:po:r (m.)sparkle (v.)c;am0kunspeak (v.)bo:lunspecialkha:sspeciallykha:skarspecimennomu:n0 (m.)spicemasa:l0 (m.)spinachpa:lakh (f.)sport (n.)khe:l (f.)spring (of water)na:g (m.), c;es;m0 (m.)spring (season)so:th (m.), baha:r (m.)Srinagar (place name)siri:nagar (m.)staircasehe:r (f.)stamp (n.)tikath (f.)station (n.)ste:s;an (m.)stigma (of a flower)t0h0j; (f.)stonek?n’ (f.)stop (v.)rukunstorykath (f.)stream (n.)na:l0 (m.), kNl (f.), j;arn0 (m.)stretcherd?:j; (f.)study (v.)parunsuddenlyyakhdamsufficients’atha:, k?:phi:sugarm?dre:r (m.)summarr’at0ko:l (m.)Sundaya:thva:r (f.)surelyzoru:r (also, z?ru:r)surface (n.)sarphe:s (f.)sweetmeatmith?:y (f.)sweetmeat sellerhal0vo:y (m.), mitha:yivo:l (m.)swim (v.)tsha:th va:yin’Kashmir News Network2-47http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruswimmingtsha:th (f.)Ttabletake (away)talk (v.)talk nonsense (v.)tallTangmarg (place name)taxitaxi driverteateach (v.)teachertea-stalltea vendortelevisiontell (v.)templetenthanthank youthatthentherethese daysthingthinkthirteenthirtythirty-eightthirty-fivethirty-fourthirty-ninethirty-onethirty-seventhirty-sixthirty-threethirty-twothosethiste:b0l (m.) me:zn’unkath kar0n’bakunthod (m., sing.,), th?z (f., sing.)tang0mar0g (m.)teksi: (f.)teksi:vo;l (m.)c;a:y (f.)parna:vun, hec;h0na:vunti:c;arc;a:yiva:n (m.)c;a:yivo:l (m.)telivij;an (m.)vanun, dapunmandar (m.)d?hkh0:m0 (m.)s;ukriya:su, hu (m.), sN, hN (f.)telitot, to:r, ot, tatiazkalc;i:z (m.)so:c;untruvahtr0har0tr0hp?:ts0tr0htsNyitr0hkun0t?:j;ihak0tr0hsat0tr0hs;eyitr0hteyitr0hdNyitr0htim (m.), tim0 (f.)yiKashmir News Network2-48http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachruthreethousandthousandsThursdaytime (n.)tip (n.)todaytogethertomorrowtongawallahtouristtourist housetrade (n.)train (n.)translate (v.)translationtreetrout (fish)truckTuesdaytumblerturmericturniptwentytwenty-eighttwenty-fivetwenty-fourtwenty-ninetwenty-onetwenty-seventwenty-sixtwenty-threetwenty-twotwotresa:s (m.)sa:s0b?d’brasva:r (f.)ka:l (m.), vakh0t (m.)bakhs;is; (f.)azyagj;ahpagahta:g0vo:l (m.)vizitar, tu:risttu:rist hav(0)s (m.)ka:r0ba:r (m.)re:l (f.)tarj;am0 karuntarj;am0 (m.)kul (m.)tro:th (m.)track (f.)bomva:r (f.)gila:s0 (m.)l’?d0r (f.)gNg0j; (f.)vuhatho:vuhp0nts0htsovuhkun0tr0hak0vuhsato:vuhs;at0vuhtrovuhz0to:vuhz0UUnderUnited States of Americauniversityupup totalamri:kah (m.)yuniv?rsiti:h’orta:n’, ta:mKashmir News Network2-49http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. KachruUrdu languagebe of use (v.)utensilordu: (m.)ka:mi yun, ka:mi lagunba:n0 (m.)Vvaluevegetablevegetable-sellervehicleveryVicharnag (place name)villageVitasta Rivervolume (of a book)kad0r karunsabzi: (f.)da:dur (m.) da:dren (f.)g?:d (f.)bad0, s’atha:v’atsa:rna:g (m.)ga:m(m.)v’atasta: (f.), v’ath (f.)j;ild (m.)Wwalk (v.)wallwarm (adj.)warm (v.)washermanwaterwaterfallwater chestnutwave (n.)wewear (v.)weddingWednesdayweekweigh (v.)weirwellwhatwhenwherewhere (to)whichwhitewhowhosoeverwhypakunlab (f.)gar0mvus;0na:vundob (m.)po:n’ (m.), a:b (m.)a:bs;a:r (f.)go:r (m., sing.)malakh (f.)?s’tsh0nunkha:dar (m.)bNdva:r (f.)hapht0 (m.)to:lunvi:r (m.)va:rayk’ah, k’a:karkati, kot,yotkotkus (m.), kNs0 (f.)saphe:dkus (m., sing.),kNs0 (f., sing.)yus kah (m.), yNs0 kah (f.)k’a:ziKashmir News Network2-50http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachruwidewidthwinterwithwithoutwomanwork (n.)worldworship (n.)worship (v.)worthworth seeingwrite (v.)Wular Lakekhol (m., sing.)khaj;ar (m.)vand0 (m.)s0:t’, sa:nbag?:rzana:n (0) (f.)k?:m (f.)duniyah (m.), samsa:r (m.)pu:zah, Hindi pu:j;a:pu:zah kar0nla:yakhvuc;hun la:yakhla:khunvNlur (m.)Yyard (measure of length)gaz (m.)yearv?ri: (m.)yellowl’odur (m.), l’?d0r (f.)yes a:yesterdayra:thyogurtza:mut dNdyoutoh’ (honorific), ts0 (familiar)your (s)tuhund (m, sing.),(honorific)tuh0nz (f., sing.) (honorific)c;o:n (m., sing.) (familiar)c;?:n’ (f., sing.) (familiar)Kashmir News Network2-51http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachru3.0 A PARTIAL LIST OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS IN KASHMIRIairmailairplaneAmericaAsiaassistantbicyclebillblank versebusbusinesscarclerkclubdegreedepartmentDecemberdirectordoctoreducationfolkstylefoot (measure of length)gategolfguest househotelhouseboathutjeepkilogramLipton (tea)listlorrymembermileminute (with reference to time)newseyarme:lple:n (m.)amri:kah (m.)es;ya: (m.)?sistantb?:skal (m.)bil (f.)ble:kv?rs (m.)bas (f.)bizines (f.)ka:r (f.), mo:tar (m.)kl?r0k (m.)klab (m.)digri: (f.)dipa:tment (m.)desambar (m.)dar’aktarda:khtaraj;uke:s;an (f.) (also, ej;uke:s;an)pho:kstayl (m.)phuth (m.)ge:t (m.)go:lph (m.)gest hav (0) s (m.)ho:tal (m.)havasbo:t (m.)hat (f.)j;i:p (f.)kilo:(m.)liptanlist (m.)la:ri: (f.)membarmi:l (m.)minath (m.)nivz (f., sing.)Kashmir News Network3-52http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachrupaperparkpencilpolicerate (n.)receptionregister (n.)scooterSeptembership (m.)station (n.)surface (n.)tabletaxiteachertelevisiontouristtourist housetrout (fish)truckUnited States of Americauniversityweirpe:par (m.)pa:r(0)k (m.f.)pensal0 (m.)puli:s (m.), puls0 (m.)re:t(h) (m.)reiseps;an (f.)raj;astar (f.)s0ku:tar (f.)septembar (m.)s;ip (m.)ste:s;an(m.)sarphe:s (f.)te:b0l (m.)teksi: (f.)ti:c;artelivij;an (m.)tu:rist (m.)tu:rist hav (0)s (m.)tro:th (ga:d) (f.)trak (f.)amri:kah (m.)yuniv?rsti: (f.)vi:r (m.)Kashmir News Network3-53http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachru4.0 GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS USED IN THIS MANUALCOLLOCATION is the term used for the co-occurrence of items which tend to habituallyassociate with each other, and which have mutual expectancy, e.g. English silly ass,Kashmiri sNn0gobur. In these examples silly COLLOCATES with ass and sNn0 COLLOCATESwith gobur.CONTEXT (CONTEXTUAL) refers to the situation in the external world in which a linguisticitem has a meaning. In linguistic literature the term context of situation has also been used in thissense.LEXICAL ITEM is a grammatically and sematically definable unit of language. It is generally aword.LEXICAL SET is a set of lexical items which are relevant in a particular context, such as itemsof food or items used in a register. A lexical set may also be described as a group of words whichhave an identical range of collocation.REGISTER refers to a restricted language defined in terms of its specific function. It is restrictedby the nature of its subject matter (e.g. legal register, scientific register) and also in terms of itsformal characteristics.Kashmir News Network4-55http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARYby Braj B. Kachru5.0 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGThe following list includes some basic books on Kashmiri language, culture, literature, andhistory. Those who are primarily interested in th Kashmiri language will find detailedbibliographies in Kachru (1969a and 1969b).Bamzai, P.N.K. 1962. A History of Kashmir. DelhiGrierson, George A. 1899. Essays on Kacmiri Grammar. London and Calcutta.Grierson, George A. 1911. A Manual of Kashmiri Language, Comprising Grammar, PhraseBook, and Vocabularies. Oxford.Grierson, George A. 1916. On the Sarada alphabet. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of GreatBritain and Ireland. Pp. 677-708.Grierson, George A. 1932. A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language, compiled partly frommaterials left by the late Pandit Isvara Koula. Calcutta.Kachru, Braj B. 1968. Some notes on the copulative sentences in Kashmiri. Foundations ofLanguage, Supplementary Series, Part 3, Vol. VIII. Dordrecht-Holland.Kachru, Braj B. 1969a. Kashmiri and other Dardic languages. Current Trends in Linguistics,Vol. 5, ed. by T.A. Sebeok. The Hague.Kachru, Braj B. 1969b. A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri (preliminary version). Urbana.Koul, Anand. 1933. The wise sayings of Nand Rishi. Indian Antiquary, Vol. LXII.Koul, Anand. 1933. Kashmiri riddles. Indian Antiquary, Vol. LXII. Pp. 108-11.Koul, Anand. 1933. Kashmiri proverbs. Indian Antiquary, Vol. LXII. Pp. 71-198.Koul, Anand. 1933. Lalla-vakyani: the wise sayings of Lal Ded. Indian Antiquary, Vol. LXII.Pp. 108-11.Koul, J.L. 1948. Kashmiri Lyrics. Srinagar.Koul, J.L. 1960. Kashmiri Poetry. Jammu and Kashmir University Review, Vol. III, No. 1. Pp.52-71.Koul, J.L. 1969. Studies in Kashmiri. Srinagar.Parmu, R.K. 1969. A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir 1320-1819. Delhi.Pushp, P.N. 1958. Kashmiri. The Language of India: A Kaleidoscopic Survey, ed. by V.K.Narasimhan et. al. Pp. 45-7. Madras.Pushp, P.N. 1959. Kashmiri Literature. Contemporary Indian Literature. Pp. 122-32. New Delhi.Raina, Trilokinath. 1972. An Anthology of Modern Kashmiri Verse (1930- 1960). Poona.Ray, Sunil Chandra. 1969. Early History and Culture of Kashmir. Delhi.Sufi. G.M.D. 1948, 1949. Kashir, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to OurOwn, 2 vols. Lahore.Wislon, H.H. 1960. The Hindu History of Kashmir. Calcutta.Kashmir News Network5-56http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri