Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 01 Socio economic contextMayor of London 167TA 1Socio-economiccontext

168 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkThe OA covers a large area, which is bisectedby the borough boundary between theLondon Borough of Lambeth and LondonBorough of Wandsworth.Whilst some data is available which showsrelative levels of socio-economic indicators,most of the base data is sourced fromborough level information.This chapter of the OAPF will thereforereview the data available by borough, prior todrawing some conclusions regarding relativelevels of housing and deprivation indicators.North0 0.5km1kmWard Population estimates for 2008Opportunity Area13,001-15,00015,00110,001 - 13,000© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA1.1 GLA ward population estimate for 2008

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 01 Socio economic contextMayor of London 169London Boroughof LambethLambeth has a very high population densityof 99 people per hectare which is thefifth highest in the country. The Index ofMultiple Deprivation (IMD) shows that 17of Lambeth’s 21 wards are in the 20% mostdeprived wards in England. Lambeth scorespoorly on housing and employment. In 2000,all the wards except Thurlow Park were inthe lowest 10% for housing conditions,and the borough was ranked 17th lowest inEngland and Wales on employment rates.Lambeth’s unemployment rate is high at4.6%, compared to 3.2% in London and2.5% in GB.The borough is more ethnically diverse thanthe rest of London and has a growing Africanand Portuguese speaking population. It hasa young population with nearly half of itsresidents aged between 20 and 39. There area very high proportion of single parents withdependent children.Lambeth is a densely populated borough,with 38% of residents coming from black andminority ethnic (BME) communities.North0 0.5km1kmWard Population estimates for 2018Opportunity Area13,001-15,00015,00110,001 - 13,000© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA1.2 GLA ward population estimate for 2018

170 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkLambeth has achieved sustained growth injobs in recent years but still suffers from ahigh rate of economic inactivity. Conversely,its residents are some of the most highlyqualified and well paid in London. 39% ofthe population have qualifications of NVQ4and above.White residents and some minority groupshave high employment rates, while BlackCaribbean and African groups are less likelyto be in work. There are particularly poorlevels of basic skills in the borough andadults with low basic skills are far morelikely to be unemployed.Lambeth has a lower rate of homeownership than the rest of London, with36% of residents owning their own homein comparison to 55% in London and 68%in England. There are high levels of bothcouncil and social housing and privaterented accommodation.Lambeth has experienced strong economicgrowth in recent years, with the largeremployers concentrated in the north of theborough. The majority of small and mediumenterprises (SMEs) are concentrated inthe centre and north of the boroughincluding Vauxhall.North0 1 km2 kmsRank of Index of Multiple Deprivation [IMD]Opportunity Area10,001-15,00025,001 [least deprived]© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Source: Department of Communities and Local Government,Indices of Deprivation 2007Figure TA1.3 Index of multiple deprivation

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 01 Socio economic contextMayor of London 171The economy is dominated by three broadgrowth sectors, including:• Public sector (36% of totalemployment compared to 20%across inner London)• Banking, finance and insurance(26% of total employment)• Distribution, hotels and restaurants(17% of total employment; thisincludes retail)• Creative and cultural industries areanother significant sector in Lambethand are one of London’s key growthsectors, targeted for support bythe LDA.North0 1 km2 kmsRank of Income DeprivationOpportunity Area24,001 [least deprived]© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Source: Department of Communities and Local Government,Indices of Deprivation 2007Figure TA1.4 Rank of income deprivation

172 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkLondon Boroughof WandsworthThe Tooting, Battersea and Roehamptonareas of Wandsworth currently show somelevel of deprivation on some, if not all of thekey indicators.Common characteristics in theseareas include:• A much higher percentage ofolder people• A larger percentage of younger families• Proportionately more young people(0 – 24 years) and people aged 45+years than the rest of the borough• Double the average percentage oflone parents with dependent children• Over twice the percentage of peoplewith a long term illness (not employedand with dependent children)• A third more people who are unpaidcarers providing over 50 hours ofsupport a week• Concentrated pockets of particularethnic groups with particular needs• Higher unemployment rates• Lower academic attainment• Higher crime rates for certain offencesNorth0 1 km2 kmsRank of Employment DeprivationOpportunity Area12,001-18,00024,001 [least deprived]© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Source: Department of Communities and Local Government,Indices of Deprivation 2007Figure TA1.5 Rank of employment deprivation

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 01 Socio economic contextMayor of London 173The population includes a diverse rangeof ethnic minority communities and faithgroups. 22% of residents come fromnon-white groups, whilst 65% are WhiteBritish, 10% are Black or Black British, and7% are Asian or Asian British with relativelysmall Indian, Bangladeshi and Chinesepeople living within the borough.Wandsworth is largely residential, with somesubstantial areas of employment. Mostof the borough is densely populated,including a number of housing estates innorth Battersea.Wandsworth’s town centres provide a focusfor employment, shopping and leisureactivities, although a substantial proportionof the population travels to jobs elsewhere,particularly in central London.Small firms (employing less than 11employees) make up 90% of the businessesin the borough, with steady growth inthis area.North0 1 km2 kmsRank of Health Deprivation & DisabilityOpportunity Area12,001-18,00024,001 [least deprived]© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Source: Department of Communities and Local Government,Indices of Deprivation 2007Figure TA1.6 Rank of health deprivation and disability

174 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkComparative analysisHousingFigure TA1.1 shows that in 2008 theQueenstown ward in Wandsworth and Ovalward in Lambeth already have significantresidential communities, with populationdensity dropping northward through thePrince’s and Bishop’s wards in the Lambethpart of the OA. Figure TA1.2 shows projectedpopulation growth for 2018 and indicatesthat the population in the Lambeth partof the OA is set to substantially increase.The Queenstown ward in Wandsworthalready shows the highest residential bandin 2008 and it is therefore unclear from thedemographic mapping whether there will alsobe a substantial increase in the residentialpopulation in this area. On the basis that anumber of significant development sites arecoming forward in the Nine Elms area, it islikely that the residential population of theQueenstown ward in Wandsworth is also setto increase significantly in the next 10 years.North0 1 km2 kmsRank of Education, Skills & TrainingOpportunity Area12,001-18,00024,001 [least deprived]© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Source: Department of Communities and Local Government,Indices of Deprivation 2007Figure TA1.7 Rank of education skills and training deprivation

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 01 Socio economic contextMayor of London 175DeprivationFigure TA1.3 underlines the borough levelanalysis, which indicates that the northLambeth wards are in comparison moreacutely deprived than north Wandsworthwards, although the Queenstown warddemonstrates certain aspects of deprivation.Figure TA1.4, TA1.5, TA1.6 emphasise thesame issue, which is that in relative terms theLambeth wards of Oval, Prince’s and Bishop’shave severe levels of income, employmentand health deprivation in comparison to theQueenstown ward, although there are someissues in relation to these indicators in northWandsworth.Figure TA1.7 and TA1.8 show that bothLambeth and Wandsworth fall in the lowerranks of educational skills and trainingdeprivation, with severe problems in termsof crime and disorder.North0 1 km2 kmsRank of Crime and DisorderOpportunity Area24,001 [least deprived]© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Source: Department of Communities and Local Government,Indices of Deprivation 2007Figure TA1.8 Rank of crime and disorder

(Source: Treasury Holdings)

TA 2Built andheritage context

178 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 2.1 Overview of historicdevelopmentThis section presents an overview of thehistoric development of the study area,drawing out key aspects of its growthand how it has influenced its present-dayqualities, appearance and character.This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’sStationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproductioninfringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminalproceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2008Figure TA2.1 Medieval Vauxhall(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 179Early historic developmentPost-medievalPrehistoryA prehistoric foreshore survey has beencarried out at Southwark, but it has yet toextend to Lambeth and Wandsworth. Themajor discovery to date has been a BronzeAge structure found at the junction of NineElms Lane and Wandsworth Road. It is likelythat this supported a jetty leading from theforeshore into the Thames. There is little firmevidence so far of prehistoric settlement inthe area although the ritualistic deposition ofobjects in the river was prevalent.Roman (AD43 - 410)There is evidence of Roman occupation inthe grounds of Lambeth Palace, fuellingspeculation about a projected Roman rivercrossing in the vicinity. Another area ofactivity appears to have been along thesouth bank of the Thames. The quantityof Roman finds recovered during theconstruction of Chelsea Bridge suggests thatthere could be considerable Roman remainsalong the Thames foreshore within the studyarea. Alternatively, these finds may haveresulted from a continuing propensity forthe ritual deposition of weapons and otherprestige items in the river.Saxon (AD 410-1066)The name of Battersea is derived from theAnglo-Saxon Beaduric, meaning Baduric’sisland or marshy island. Battersea was partof a large multiple estate that ran fromPutney to Nine Elms and was later held byWestminster Abbey. Continuous efforts weremade to drain marshland in the area butthere is little indication of Saxon occupation.The north part of the study area fell withinthe manor of Lambeth.Medieval (AD 1066-1500)At the time of the Domesday Survey in1086 Vauxhall was part of the Manor ofKennington but was later created a manorin its own right. Its name derives from theowner of the Manor between 1216 and1226: Falkes de Breauté. The manor house isthought to have been sited at the junction ofAlbert Embankment and Vauxhall Bridge butthis was demolished by 1649.In 1197 the manor of Lambeth was given tothe Archbishop of Canterbury and thereafterLambeth Palace was established as hisprincipal residence.The eastern part of Battersea parishprobably remained largely uninhabited inthe medieval period and Vauxhall was only asmall settlement clustered around the roadjunction of Kennington Lane, Lambeth HighStreet/Albert Embankment, WandsworthRoad and South Lambeth Road. There issome archaeological evidence of a smallhamlet to the south of Lambeth Palaceand Church.There were early embankments at Batterseaand Vauxhall, with reclaimed marshlandbehind. A wharf was established on Vauxhallmanor property to transport Reigate stonefor the building of Westminster Abbey andmaintained until at least 1490s. The historicHeathwall sewer (Battersea ditch), whichdrained the area eastward to Heathwall Sluiceat Nine Elms, perhaps since Saxon times, isstill the boundary between the Boroughs ofWandsworth and Lambeth.New roads were established during thistime, including Kennington Lane, BlackPrince Road and Lambeth Road. In easternBattersea it is unlikely that there wereany roads except paths along the riverembankment and through the meadows thatcovered much of the area. There was a bridgeover the River Effra at Vauxhall by 1279 butno other medieval bridges are known. Therewas, however, a ferry across the Thames atLambeth, which ran until Westminster Bridge,was constructed in the mid-18th century.Most of the fields in the area were largelymeadowland but several were put toagricultural use. Records indicate that barley,oats, wheat and rye were grown throughoutthe area. This is strengthened through thelocal archaeological evidence of ploughingand ditches running at right angles tothe riverfront.Vauxhall and Nine Elms grew significantlyduring the post-medieval period. Thisgrowth is outlined thematically in section4.3. Developments unique to this periodincluded the construction of a fort duringthe English Civil War (1642-3) on the fieldsto the north of Vauxhall as part of the ringof Parliamentarian defences around Londoncalled the Lines of Communications. Almostall the remains have been destroyed by clayquarries and railway construction, but a fewfragments may survive.They also include the establishment inaround 1660 of the Vauxhall Gardens whichbecame one the most important leisureand entertainment venues in London. Theywere subject to elaborate reconstruction byJonathan Tyers in the mid-18th century butdeclined with the arrival of the railways in the19th century and closed in 1859.

180 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkIndustrial growthand urbanisation - key themesThe growth of settlements in the areaintensified during the post-medieval period.There was a farmhouse at Nine Elms in 1646and a substantial hamlet there by 1729,probably of an industrial character. Thesettlement at Vauxhall remained as a smallhamlet around a road junction until the18th century. At this time the residentialarea of Bondway, Miles Street, Parry Streetand Wyvil Road was laid out as an extensionof the existing hamlet from 1778 onwards.Most of Battersea was retained for marketgardening as late as 1800, taking advantageof the fertile marshland.Vauxhall was obviously an attractive place tolive in the 16th-18th centuries and severallarge houses were built in the area. Mostnotably, as a survivor of this time, BrunswickHouse, a grade II* listed building, was builtrelatively close to the river at the northernend of Nine Elms Lane. Other large housesin the area included Copt Hall on theriverside to the north of Vauxhall Stairs andCaron House, on the east side of SouthLambeth Road.Development in Lambeth and Vauxhall hadincreased rapidly after the constructionof the bridges at Westminster (1750) andVauxhall (1816). The coming of the railwaysin the late 1830s to the 1860s stimulatedfurther development, but also cut throughthe unity of the Vauxhall and Lambethdistricts, permanently transforming thecharacter of these finely grained areas. Trainservices had a relatively limited effect onhousing development in Battersea until the1880s, although there was a need to housethe growing numbers of railway workersin the Nine Elms district. These workerslived in streets such as Sussex Street (nowWadhurst Road), begun in the 1850s withan entrance to the Nine Elms works at theend. Tightly packed terraces around NineElms and Vauxhall consolidated the workingclass character of the area, which has beenretained in inter-war and post-war slumclearance projects. In Vauxhall and Lambeththere is little evidence of the gentrificationfound around the Victorian squaresof Kennington.Slum clearance and post-war redevelopmentsaw the construction of new residentialestates across the study area.(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Figure TA2.2 Map 1729 Figure TA2.3 Map 1746(Source: English Heritage HAA report)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Figure TA2.4 Map 1813 Figure TA2.5 Map 1823(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 181River ThamesWith sea levels rising steadily over thecenturies, the stretch of the Thames betweenVauxhall and Battersea was prone to floodinguntil the 19th century. Flood defenceshad been necessary for the inhabitants ofBattersea since the 16th century with threatsto Vauxhall only finally addressed with theconstruction of the Albert Embankment in1866-70. Built along the line of VauxhallStreet between Vauxhall and WestminsterBridges, the widened roadway obliteratedmany of the old street frontages, destroyingFore Street and the buildings and alleys onits western side. This clearance permanentlyaltered the appearance of Vauxhall, butended the periodic flooding of the HighStreet and Fore Street area.Today the concrete and stone walls mean anunchanging frontage to the river, althoughthe mud banks and tidal reach hint at thechallenge faced by previous generations.The river has long served as a conduit fortrade and transport. The Palace of Lambethwas established in order that the Archbishopcould reach Westminster across the Thamesby ferry.The river continued to be a significant arteryof trade and activity until the arrival of therailways; at Nine Elms, docks were dug atNine Elms in 1733 to transport timber, therewas ship, boat and barge building in the1850s and 1860s and the three barge housesof the city livery companies were located atVauxhall from the 17th to the 19th century.Two steamboat piers were built after thecoming of the railway in 1838 and by 1851there were regular services along the Thamesfrom Nine Elms to Westminster and London.These ran until the 1880s.Nine Elms Station (source: Loobey 2002)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Lambeth foreshore, 1860s (source: Lambeth Local Studies Library)

182 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkBridgesThe bridges across the river to the north ofthe study area are an important townscapefeature of the area. They have historic andarchitectural value, but they also spurred thegrowth of the area. Lambeth and ChelseaBridges are listed grade II, while VauxhallBridge is listed grade II*.This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’sStationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproductioninfringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminalproceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2008Chelsea suspension bridge was built in1858 as an approach route to the newBattersea Park, with toll houses at eachend. The bridge was demolished in 1935and replaced in 1937. The later bridge wasbuilt by London County Council Engineersusing materials from only the UK andCommonwealth Countries. This was a selfstabilisingsuspension bridge, its designborrowed from the most advanced Americanand Continental engineering techniques ofthe time. Vauxhall Bridge, known originallyas Regent’s Bridge, was constructed on ninearches across the Thames in 1816, linkingan important road junction to the northbank. It was rebuilt on five arches in 1898-1906 by Sir Alexander Binnie, incorporatinga sculpture by Frederick Pomeroy RA. Thenew bridge had widened approach roads toaccommodate increasing volumes of traffic.After many proposals, Lambeth Bridgewas built as a suspension bridge betweenLambeth and Westminster in 1862, inassociation with Albert Embankment. It wasreplaced by a five-arch bridge in 1929-32,built by Sir George Humphreys.Figure TA2.6 Tallis 1851(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 183This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’sStationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproductioninfringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminalproceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2008Market gardeningMarket gardening began in Battersea in thelate 16th or early 17th century. By the end ofthe 18th century, much of eastern Batterseawas taken up with market gardens supplyingthe London market. There were about 300acres of market gardens in Battersea parishin the 1790s, and 250 acres in Lambethparish. Property deeds indicate that someof the land in the northern part of the studyarea, around Fore Street and Ferry Street inLambeth was open ground up to the 18thcenturies. Much of the remaining open landin Vauxhall and Lambeth in 1800 was stillused for market gardening.Vauxhall Gardens andother places of entertainmentSpring Gardens (later called VauxhallGardens) was established in about 1660,around the time of the restoration of theMonarchy. They were one of the mainplaces of entertainment for Londoners forthe following two centuries. The Gardenssuffered a series of financial difficulties inthe 1840s and finally closed in 1859.The Gardens lay between Goding Street tothe west, Vauxhall Walk and Leopold Walkon the north, St Oswald’s Place on the eastand Kennington Lane on the south. A fewyears after its sale by auction in 1859, thewhole site was built over. The manager’sresidence on Kennington Lane later becamethe vicarage of St Peter’s church.There were other places of entertainment.The Red House Tavern was established onthe river embankment between the sites ofChelsea and Grosvenor Bridges by 1772.Nearby in eastern Battersea in the late 18thand 19th centuries were the Regency TeaGardens, the Flora Tea Gardens and the TivoliGardens. Cumberland Tavern and Tea Gardenslay on the riverfront south of the site ofVauxhall Bridge. The tavern burnt downin 1825.Figure TA2.7 Stanford 1862(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

184 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkEarly industrial developmentLambeth potteriesPottery manufacture started on the Lambethwaterside in the late 16th century. ThreeDelftware potteries started around 1680-1700 with another three by 1730. Pottingclay and fuel was imported to the factoriesby barge, which also transported the finishedproducts. These potteries required sufficientspace for clay puddling pits and settlingtanks, working rooms, and kilns measuringabout 3m square.This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’sStationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproductioninfringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminalproceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2008Rocque’s map of 1746 shows a Pot House onthe north side of the line of Glasshouse Walk.This was probably the Delftware potteryfounded by Jan Ariens van Hamme in c1676,although it may originally have operated atCopt Hall and moved to the east of the mainroad after 1727. The factory experimentedwith the manufacture of porcelain in the1750s and 1760s. It continued in thelate 18th century making stoneware andoperated until 1846 when the site was soldto build the railway viaduct. The site of thepottery has largely been obliterated by theconstruction of the railway viaduct on its eastside and Albert Embankment on its west side.Figure TA2.8 OS 1874(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 185Glass manufacturingOther industriesA Delftware factory was working on thesite of Norfolk House, a large 16th centuryhouse, from c1680 to c1737. Further southwest,Henry Hodgson’s pottery was foundedin 1732 on the site of a starch yard betweenBack Lane and Fore Street. The factorymade both salt-glazed ware and Delftware. Itcontinued as Griffith and Morgan in 1774-1797, later passing to James Stiff and Sons.During the first half of the 19th centuryStiff’s premises expanded from High Streetacross Fore Street to the waterfront. It wassold in 1855 and was absorbed by Doultons.In 1786 there were five potteries makingDelftware in Lambeth parish, one forstoneware and one for redware.A glasshouse for the manufacture of plateglass was established in Vauxhall in the17th century on Kennington manor land.Production ceased in 1780 and the premiseswere replaced by the houses of VauxhallSquare. Much of the glasshouse site wasdestroyed by the construction of the railwayviaduct in the 19th century. The eastern partwas occupied by the flats of the GuinnessTrust Dwellings in the 20th century.Another glasshouse was founded by JohnBellingham on the Vauxhall waterfront to thesouth of Vauxhall Stairs by 1681.Early industries at Nine Elms included abrewhouse by 1645, a wood-yard by 1686and a lime kiln on the river embankment by1688. There was a copper works by 1724.In the 19th century Thorne’s Brewery (laterMeux’s) occupied much land.The Vauxhall waterfront became a centreof industry from the 17th century onwards,the river providing the principal means oftransport for raw materials and finishedproducts. Industries included candle andsoap manufacture, starch-making, sugarbaking,distilling, vinegar making andbrewing. Gerard Weymans built mills forcutting and polishing marble to the south ofVauxhall Stairs at Marble Hall Lane in c1675.In the early 19th century vinegar and picklemaking were established between VauxhallStairs and Vauxhall Bridge. Burnett’s vinegarfactory eventually expanded to cover most ofthis area.The Vauxhall waterfront developed furtheralong the Thames shore in the 17th century,spreading northwards from the manor housesite. In 1629 Charles I purchased Copt Hallto use as the site of a foundry for makingordnance. Guns, carbines and muskets weremade and stored on part of the site, whichwas known as the Gun House. The buildingslater became a distillery and were demolishedin the early 19th century. There was access tothe river by Gunhouse Stairs to the north ofthis property, and Vauxhall Stairs to its south.Several industries were established inLambeth. From the 17th century onwardstimber yards and boat-builders’ yards linedthe waterfront; soap and candles weremade from the 18th century onwards. Theimportation of Baltic timber was a sourceof great wealth to the parish in the 18thcentury. In the 18th century there weretwo malt distilleries and three starch yards.By the early 19th century there were alsoiron foundries and steam engine factories,saltpetre, whiting and varnish factories.(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Old Chelsea Bridge, c.1915 (source: Loobey 2002)

186 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTide mills and windmillsThere were three windmills along the riverembankments of eastern Battersea in 1649;one for grinding corn to the east of the RedHouse, and two at Nine Elms for millinglead for whiting and grinding colours forpotters. In 1760 the mill near the Red Housewas Addison’s colour mill, while JosephFreeman’s mill lay further to the east. Boththe western and eastern mills survived intothe 19th century. Randall’s windmill stillstood on the waterfront at Nine Elms in 1830and 1845.A tide mill for grinding corn was operatingat Nine Elms by 1787. The mill continuedworking throughout the 19th century. Theislands which appear in the mill-pond arelikely to have been used as osier beds in the18th and 19th centuries. Their products wereused for basket weaving and mat making.There was a steam flour mill on the Vauxhallwaterfront in the late 19th century.Figure TA2.9 Vauxhall Gardens 1813(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Figure TA2.10 Nine Elms 1845(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 187The development of the railwaysFigure TA2.11 Stiff’s Drain Pipe Factory(Source: English Heritage HAA report)The London and Southampton Railway wasopened across the western part of the studyarea in 1838, crossing Battersea Fields on along embankment and running to a terminusstation at Nine Elms. Passengers continuedto London by boat or cab. The name waschanged to the London and South WesternRailway (LSWR) in 1839. Locomotive worksand engine sheds were established at NineElms in 1843. The line was extended to anew terminus at Waterloo Station in 1848,with a through station at Vauxhall, and NineElms became a goods depot. It handledparticularly building materials and coal, andwas extended eastwards to fill the spaceup to Wandsworth Road. The station wasdamaged by bombing in 1941 and finallydemolished in the 1960s.The London and Crystal Palace Railway wasbuilt as far as a terminus station betweenBattersea Park and Chelsea Bridge in 1858.The London Chatham and Dover Railwayopened a line running from south to northacross the western end of the study area in1862. Further linking lines, locomotive sheds,goods facilities and workshops were built onthe empty flat lands of Battersea Fields inthe 1860s, completing the complex networkwhich became known as the ‘BatterseaTangle’. The LSWR built locomotives at NineElms from 1843 to 1909, and became animportant local employer. The works movedto a larger site south of the main line in1861-5. The motive power depot continuedto occupy the site until 1967; it is now partof the New Covent Garden Market, built in1971-4. The London Brighton and SouthCoast Railway and the LCDR also had railwayworks in this area; some sheds of the lattersurvive at the Stewarts Lane Depot.The Grosvenor Bridge was constructed in1859-60 to carry the lines of the LondonBrighton and South Coast Railway, theLondon Chatham and Dover Railway and theGreat Western Railway across the Thamesfrom eastern Battersea to Victoria Station.It originally had only two tracks, but it waswidened to accommodate another five tracksin 1866 and a further two in 1901. It wasrebuilt as a steel bridge in 1963-8, withten tracks.The line from Vauxhall to Waterloo waswidened in 1904 on its eastern side, takingin most of the site of the Lambeth RaggedSchools on the west side of Newport Street.The Nine Elms Railway Yard closed in 1967.Figure TA2.12 Lambeth foreshore 1860s(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

188 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkLater industrial developmentDoultonsTaking its place among the industry ofLambeth in the early 19th century was thepottery of John Doulton. Doulton and JohnWatts joined the pottery of Martha Jones inVauxhall Walk in 1815. As Doulton and Wattsthe firm moved to Lambeth High Street in1826. John Doulton’s son Henry openedan independent factory making sanitaryware and stoneware pipes in 1846. The twocompanies united as Doulton and Companyin 1853.Over the course of the second half ofthe 19th century the Doultons graduallyexpanded their premises to fill all the spacebetween Lambeth High Street, Ferry Streetand Fore Street. There were a total oftwelve Doulton kilns in the block by 1889and another was added by 1899. In 1872 abarge dock was constructed into the Doultonworks, accessed from the river by a passagepassing under the Albert Embankment. RoyalDoulton’s Lambeth works closed in 1956,although the firm’s headquarters remainedthere until 1971. Of these, only SouthbankHouse remains.Gas and water worksThe London Gas Light Company beganmanufacturing gas on a 17 acre site at NineElms Lane in 1858. Coal was supplied bybarge via the Thames, and coke exported byrail at the LSWR works behind the site. Thegasworks closed in 1970.The London Gasworks was established on thewaterfront in Vauxhall by 1862. It comprisedthree gasometers, a retort house andancillary structures. By the early 20th centurythey were replaced by light industry.There are also four gasholders remainingto the north of Battersea Park Road at thewestern edge of the study area.The Southwark and Vauxhall WaterCompany’s premises to the east of therailway line at the north-west end of thestudy area covered almost 50 acres. Therewere six filtering beds and two reservoirs ofabout ten acres each. In 1850 the water wasstill drawn from the Thames at Battersea, butin 1855 after health legislation it was drawnfrom the river at Hampton and pumped tothe works. The works were closed inthe 1920s.(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Battersea Waterworks 1884 (source: Loobey 2002)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)The scrubbers at Nine Elms Gas Works 1887 (source: Loobey 2002)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 189This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’sStationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproductioninfringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminalproceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2008Battersea Power StationLocated at the south western end of thestudy area, Battersea Power Station is a keyheritage asset and one of London’s mostfamiliar landmarks.The power station was built for the LondonPower Company on the site of the Batterseawaterworks to the design of Giles GilbertScott in 1929-35. At first there was onlyone turbine hall with two chimneys, withthe second hall and remaining two chimneysfollowing in 1955. The whole stationoccupied a site of 15 acres. It was fed by coalbrought by barges from north-east England,unloaded at a coaling jetty on cast concreteframes. Its cranes hoisted the coal andtransferred it by conveyers to the wharf sidecoal store, where a stock of 85,000 tons ofcoal was stored, or fed directly to the internalbunkers of the boiler house.In 1983 the Power Station wasdecommissioned and the generatingmachinery was removed. The main turbinehall is now a roofless shell, although thecontrol room, steel frame and masonry arewell preserved. Battersea Power Station islisted grade II* (upgraded from grade II toII* in 2007) and the adjacent Victorian waterpumping station is separately listed grade ll.Figure TA2.13 OS 1896(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

190 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkThis map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with thepermission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controllerof Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright.Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright andmay lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. EnglishHeritage 100019088. 2008This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with thepermission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controllerof Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright.Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright andmay lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. EnglishHeritage 100019088. 2008(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Figure TA2.14 OS 1914 Figure TA2.15 OS 1938(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 191This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with thepermission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controllerof Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright.Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright andmay lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. EnglishHeritage 100019088. 2008This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with thepermission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controllerof Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright.Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright andmay lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. EnglishHeritage 100019088. 2008(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Figure TA2.16 OS 1955 Figure TA2.17 OS 1975(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

192 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkBattersea Power Station (cont)The comprehensive redevelopment of theBattersea waterworks as a power stationconstituted a major change to the Nine Elmslandscape in the 1930s, and permanentlychanged the landscape of this stretch ofthe River.Today the power station is the most enduringlandmark of the area and dramaticallyevokes its former industrial character. Thebuilding has long been a subject for art andpopular culture, making appearances in 1965film ‘Help’ and the cover of Pink Floyd’s1977album Animals, amongst many others.War damageThe adjacent plans illustrate WWII bombdamage in the Vauxhall area. The colouredareas and buildings indicate preciselywhere damage was sustained. A numberof buildings were affected in the area,and where residential streets were hit,bomb damage encouraged extensive slumclearance. For further information, refer toLondon County Council bomb damage plans.Figure TA2.18 Vauxhall 1945(Source: English Heritage HAA report)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 193(Source: English Heritage HAA report)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)

194 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 2.2 Heritage assetsThere are relatively few listed buildingswithin the OA with a scattering at thenorthern end of the OA including buildingson Albert Embankment and around LambethHigh Street. There are a small number inVauxhall, with a cluster outside the OAaround the Oval. To the southwest BatterseaPower Station is listed Grade II* with a smallnumber of other listed buildings aroundBattersea Park Road.To the north, Lambeth Council hasdesignated Albert Embankment and VauxhallGardens conservation areas within the OA,with Lambeth Palace, Vauxhall and LambethWalk and China Walk conservation areaslocated around the periphery to the north.The Palace of Westminster is located directlyto the north of the OA, with Lambeth PalaceGardens to the immediate north of the site.Royal Chelsea Hospital is located to thenorth west of the OA.NorthOpportunity AreaConservation Areas0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.19 Conservation areas in and around the OA

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 195NorthOpportunity AreaPalace of Westminster World Heritage Site!!!Grade IGrade II*Grade IIGrade IGrade II*Grade II0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.20 Listed buildings and parks in relation to the Westminster World Heritage Site

196 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 2.3 Built formand urban grainThe built form of the OA whilst mixed interms of age and type is characteristicallydifferent to the surrounding areas.The figure ground map for this area clearlyshows large and individual building footprintsacross the OA in distinct contrast to thefiner grain of Pimlico, Lambeth, Kennington,South Lambeth and Battersea.The larger building typologies are alsosurrounded by a significant scale andquantum of transport infrastructure, whichgives the area its loose fitting urban grainand contributes to an overall lack of legibilityin the built form.NorthFigure TA2.21 Built form and urban grain0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 197TA 2.4 Building heights –existing & consentedBuilding heights in the OA are generallyrelatively low rise i.e. below 25m or5 – 8 storeys in height depending onbuilding typology.There are a few medium rise buildingsi.e. below 50m or 10 – 15 storeys in heightdepending on building typology. These arelocated along the riverside, QueenstownRoad opposite Battersea Park, within NineElms and along Albert Embankment.There are also a number of high densitybuildings i.e. above 50m or taller than11 - 16 storeys depending on buildingtypology. These are located at BatterseaPower Station, Vauxhall and AlbertEmbankment.Vauxhall Tower is a recently consented50 storey residential tower located to thewest of St George’s Wharf at Vauxhall.Hampton House is another recentlyconsented scheme on Albert Embankmentcomprising 3 buildings the tallest of whichis 26 storeys comprising both residentialand apart-hotel.NorthBuilding heights0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Consented tall building schemesOpportunity Areaabove 15 storeys [>50m]8-15 storeys [25m- 50m]4-7 storeys [12m-25m]upto 3 storeys [

198 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 2.5 Key local viewsThe public realm and tall buildings strategyin the main body of the report combine toproduce a legible townscape that is easy toread and navigate. This is achieved throughthe relationship of key open spaces to tallerand landmark buildings, arranged to enhancethe accessibility of the public transportnetwork.Key views within the OA are identifiedas follows:• Views from Vauxhall interchange intoNine Elms. This helps establish a visuallink between Vauxhall interchange andthe heart of Nine Elms, which will be thefocus for intensification of the OA.• Views from the north bank into NineElms. This creates visual permeability intothe scheme from the north bank avoidinga wall of redevelopment against the river.• View from Nine Elms towards BatterseaPower Station• View from the crest of the road bridgeinto Battersea and Nine Elms when approachingfrom Battersea Park Station.• View from Battersea Park Station towardsBattersea Park.• Views into the site from the residentialhinterland to the south of the OA acrossthe currently impermeable New CoventGarden Market – Main Market site.• Views along the waterfront from theriver walkway.XNorthOpportunity AreaKey local views0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.23 Key local views in the OA

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 199TA 2.6 Land useEmploymentThe most dominant land use in the OA isemployment, including industry, office andretail uses.Albert Embankment to the north is home toa range of office and warehouse uses, manycoming to the end of their operationallyuseful life.Vauxhall has a number of institutionaloffice occupiers and smaller retail uses, butthe area is largely dominated by transportinfrastructure including major roads, bus, railand tube stations.A number of logistical and distribution usesare located in central Nine Elms with the NewCovent Garden Market situated on two keysites; the Main Market site and the FlowerMarket site.North0 0.5km1kmOpportunity AreaRetailOfficeIndustryStorage & warehousingUtilitiesDocksResidentialInstitutionalEducational© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)ReligiousOpen SpaceAllotmentsFigure TA2.24 Land use in the OA

200 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTo the north of Nine Elms lane there arethree operational and protected wharves anda fully occupied industrial estate locatedat Tideway.Stewarts Road is characterised by anextensive and well established industrial arealocated to the east and west of the railwaylines, with the Battersea train depot locatedon Dickens Street.The gas holder site to the west of BatterseaPower Station is operational, whilst thePower Station itself, although an importantpart of the area’s industrial heritage is in anadvanced state of dereliction.NorthOpportunity AreaRetailOfficeIndustryStorage & warehousing0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.25 Employment

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 201ResidentialThe OA is largely surrounded by residentialuses to the north east, east, south east andsouth west.The housing within the OA is characterisedby a group of housing estates between NineElms Lane and Wandsworth Road to thewestern end of the OA.NorthOpportunity AreaResidentialInstitutionalEducationalReligious0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.26 Residential

202 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkOpen spaceThe OA is bounded to the west by BatterseaPark, an 83 hectare Victorian park ofmetropolitan significance. Archbishop’s Parkis located at the northern tip of the OA atLambeth Palace.With the exception of Spring Gardens,Pedlars Park and Whitgift Park at thenorthern end of the OA, the area is largelydevoid of open green space, although thereare a number of parks within the vicinitysuch as Vauxhall Park, Larkhall Park andHeathbrook Park.NorthOpportunity AreaOpen Space0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.27 Open space

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 203InfrastructureThe VNEB OA is dominated by heavyinfrastructure including roads and rail. Map6.5 clearly shows the impact of these barriersin land-use terms with Battersea Park Road,Nine Elms Lane, Vauxhall Cross and AlbertEmbankment running south west to northeast, the mainline to Waterloo includingVauxhall rail station also running south westto north east and the mainline into Victoriarunning north to south at the western end ofthe OA. The interwoven and multitudinousrailway lines at the western end of theOA combined with the changes in levelssupported by the railway arches causes astrong segregation effect between BatterseaPark to the west and Nine Elms to the east.NorthOpportunity AreaFigure TA2.28 InfrastructureRailwayRoads0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

204 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 2.7 Land ownershipLand ownership in the OA can be defined intwo distinct geographical areas.To the north including Albert Embankmentand Vauxhall, land ownership is fragmentedand associated with existing sites, whichare in terms of individual site arearelatively small.To the south west through Nine Elms andBattersea land ownership is controlled bya smaller number of land owners, who ownlarger tracts of land which is coming forwardfor development.Potential development sites within the OA1. MPS Office Building2. Costa Brewing House3. Fire Station4. Warehouse5. Former London Research Centre6. Pedlers Leftover Space7. Hampton House8. Albert Embankment (Peninsulat Heights,Tintagel House & Camelford House)9. Texaco Garage10. 2-14 Tinworth Street, 108-110 Vauxhall Walk& 5 and rear of 5 Glasshouse Walk11. Albert Embankment Railway Arch Unitsand Open Space12. Spring Gardens Railway Arches No. 113. Spring Gardens Railway Arches No. 214. Lord Cycle15. 1 Glyn Street16. Vauxhall Tavern17. Vauxhall Station Arches18. South Lambeth Place Bondway19. Vauxhall Island Site20. 1 Wandsworth Road21. Bondway22. Billboard Site, South Lambeth Road23. BT Offices- Keybridge House24. 10-22 Wyvill Road25. Miles Street and corner of Wandsworth Road26. Markey Towers, Pacific Group27. Covent Garden Market Authority28. Sainsbury’s29. Ballymore30. CI Propoerty Limited31. BNY Trust32. RPM Ltd33. Post Office34. Investate35. Battersea power Station, Treasury Holdings35. National GridNorthFigure TA2.29 Land ownership0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 205TA 2.8 InfrastructureconstraintsThere are a number of major infrastructureconstraints affecting the developmentcapacity of the OA including:• HSE exclusion zones• National Grid gas holders• The railway lines and arches• Strategic highways network• NCGM Main Market building• Safeguarded wharves• Battersea Power StationThere are limitations to the type and densityof uses that the HSE will support within theirdefined exclusion zones.The decommissioning of the gas holderswould not only free the site up fordevelopment, but allow greater flexibilityon the development of neighbouring sites.The decommissioning of the gas holders istherefore supported in this framework.North0 0.5km1kmOpportunity AreaProtected wharvesCGMA fruit and vegetable market© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Borough boundariesBattersea Power StationRailway constraintHSE exclusion zonesNational Grid gas holdersStrategic highway capacity constraintsFigure TA2.30 Infrastructure constraints

206 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA2.10 ConnectivityThe OA is characterised by physical barriersto movement in the form of railway linesand arches, and boundary walls, and theseverance effects of strategic roads andindustrial land-use patterns. In terms ofimproving the public realm within the OAovercoming these existing conditions is adifficult challenge in terms of land ownershipand funding constraints.Redevelopment in the OA presents asignificant opportunity for creating newphysical links and pedestrian crossings toovercome existing physical barriers andseverance effects. These proposals will beexplored later in this chapter.North0 0.5km1kmOpportunity AreaExisting connectionsIndustrial landuseProtected WharvesHeavily trafficked routesInaccessible riverfrontRailway barrierNCGM boundary wall© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.31 Barriers and constraints

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 207NorthOpportunity Area800m walknetsNursery/pre & after school care0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)TA 2.11 Social andcommunityinfrastructurePrimary schools and nurseriesThe majority of primary schools and nurseriesare located outside the OA boundary, with asmall cluster of primary schools in the southwest of the OA where existing housing islocated. There is relatively dense coverage ofprimary schools and nurseries to the southand east of the OA in the existing residentialhinterland.The walk nets shown in figure TA2.30 andTA2.31 clearly show that there are threeareas, which are outside the 800m walk netfrom existing primary schools and nurseries,which are Battersea Power Station, Nine Elmsand Stewarts Road industrial area. With theexception of Stewarts Road, it is likely thatnew provision will be required in these areaswhere residential intensification is planned.Whilst there may be capacity at primaryschools and nurseries that fall within the800m walk net of the OA, which couldaccommodate some population growth fromthe OA, the quality of north west to southeast pedestrian, cycle and public transportlinks are very poor and would requiresignificant improvements to connect existingsocial infrastructure to new housing.Figure TA2.32 Walk zones to nurseries, pre and after school care

208 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkNorthOpportunity Area800m walknetsFirst, Primary and Infant Schools0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.33 Walk zones to first, primary & infant schools

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 209Secondary schoolsThere are no secondary schools within theOA although there are a number withinclose proximity in Lambeth, Wandsworthand Westminster, which could potentiallyaccommodate population growth from withinthe OA. Improved pedestrian, cycle andpublic transport links would also need to beaddressed in order to connect existing socialinfrastructure to new housing.North0 0.5km1kmOpportunity Area800m walknetsHigher & Further Education Establishments© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.34 Walk zones to higher and further education establishments

210 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkHospitals, GP surgeriesand pharmaciesThe OA is located near to St Thomas’Hospital in Lambeth, which forms part of theGuys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust.The Trust provides a wide range of clinicalservices at both hospitals, which are in closeproximity to the OA.There are two GP surgeries within the OAwith a number located around the edge ofthe OA in the existing residential districts.Figure TA2.33 shows that there are threeareas, which are outside the 800m walknet from existing GP surgeries, which areBattersea Power Station, Nine Elms andStewarts Road industrial area. With theexception of Stewarts Road, it is likely thatnew provision will be required in these areaswhere residential intensification is planned.Whilst there may be capacity at GP surgeriesthat fall within the 800m walk net of the OA,which could accommodate some populationgrowth from the OA, the quality of northwest to south east pedestrian, cycle andpublic transport links are very poor andwould require significant improvements toconnect existing social infrastructure tonew housing.There is only one pharmacy within the OAwith a number located around the edge ofthe OA in the existing residential districts.NorthOpportunity Area800m walknetsClinics & health centres, doctors surgeries and hospitals0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.35 Walk zones to clinics, health centres, doctors surgeries and hospitals

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 211Figure TA2.34 shows that there are threeareas, which are outside the 800m walknet from existing pharmacies, which areBattersea Power Station, Nine Elms andStewarts Road industrial area. It is interestingto note that there is not a pharmacy withinthe Patmore Estates existing residential area.It is likely that new provision will be requiredin the areas where residential intensificationis planned.Whilst there are a number of pharmaciesthat fall within the 800m walk net of theOA, which could serve new housing in theOA, the quality of north west to south eastpedestrian, cycle and public transport linksare very poor and would require significantimprovements.NorthOpportunity Area800m walknetsChemists and Pharmacies0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.36 Walk zones to chemists and pharmacies

212 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkLibraries and community centresFigure TA2.35 shows that there are nolibraries in the OA and the majority of the OAfalls outside the 800m walk net to existinglibraries at Battersea Park, South Lambeth,Kennington and Waterloo. It is likely thatnew provision will be required in the OAwhere residential intensification is planned.In terms of community centres there areclusters in Battersea, Stockwell/ SouthLambeth and Vauxhall/ Oval with lessprovision to the north in Waterloo.Figure TA2.36 shows that there are threeareas, which are outside the 800m walk netfrom existing community centres, whichare Battersea Power Station, Nine Elmsand Stewarts Road industrial area. With theexception of Stewarts Road, it is likely thatnew provision will be required in these areaswhere residential intensification is planned..NorthOpportunity Area0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)800m walknetsCommunity networks, counselling & advice services, community centres and social service activitiesFigure TA2.37 Walk zones to community networks, counselling and advice centres, community centres and social service activities

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 213SummaryThe walk net maps demonstrate in spatialterms where existing social infrastructurefacilities are located and where there is a lackof provision. They do not indicate the qualityof existing routes to these facilities anddo not consider capacity issues. Proposalsfor residential intensification in the OA willrequire a significant uplift in the provisionof social infrastructure. The quantity, rangeand location of these facilities will be agreedwith the Boroughs who are responsible fordelivery of these services at a local level.The level of provision requires furtherinvestigation with the Boroughs and will beexplored further in chapter 13 housing andsocial infrastructure strategy.NorthOpportunity AreaFigure TA2.38 Walk zones to libraries800m walknetsLibraries0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

214 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 2.9 Character areasThe overall character of the OA ispredominantly industrial to the south andcommercial to the north, bisected byheavily trafficked routes and elevatedrail infrastructure.NorthFigure TA2.39 Character areas0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 215Albert EmbankmentSpring GardensVauxhallAlbert Embankment is home to large scale,civic buildings which are known for theircharacterless appearance, located withina sterile public realm, both of which aredivorced from their riverfront location andthe residential hinterland to the east.Spring Gardens to the east of the railway linehas a historic association with community,cultural and leisure activities and is the focusfor neighbourhood regeneration initiatives inthe area. Vauxhall City Farm is located at theeastern edge of Spring Gardens.Vauxhall is a notorious traffic island;dominated by strategic traffic, a startingpoint for the congestion charge with arelatively new bus station which serves therail/ tube interchange for local and suburbancommuters.Market Towers, on the corner of Nine ElmsLane/ Wandsworth Road and KeybridgeHouse on the corner of South LambethRoad and Wyvil Street are both modern tallbuildings, which are in keeping with the scaleand character of Vauxhall.Small pockets of commercial activity haveacted as a catalyst for neighbourhoodregeneration, including shops, restaurantsand nightclubs located within the railwayarches. The success of the small businessesand associated environmental improvementsalong Albert Embankment are a goodindicator of how transformation in the OA isalready take place.There is a distinct change in character andscale to the east of the elevated railwayviaduct, where both commercial premisesand residential buildings whilst large-scalein some cases are not as civic in scale as thebuildings along Albert Embankment tothe west.Some distinct contemporary architecturedefines Vauxhall’s gateway characteristicswithin a city context including Farrell’spostmodern MI5 building to the north ofVauxhall Bridge and the monumental StGeorge’s Wharf to the south. The scale ofbuildings around Vauxhall is mixed witha predominance of large, bulky buildingsjuxtaposed with the finer grain of Bondwayto the north of Parry Street and a smallterrace of Grade II listed Georgian residentialproperties on Wandsworth Road to the northof Miles Street.Figure TA2.41 Vauxhall StationFigure TA2.40 View from Albert Embankment

216 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkNine ElmsNine Elms Lane is a wide, heavily trafficengineered road that connects Battersea toVauxhall. Nine Elms itself is characterisedby a number of non descript business parkson the north and south side of Nine ElmsLane, with some isolated residential blocksalong the river frontage. Whilst some of thecommercial premises along Nine Elms Laneare good quality buildings, the key issuein terms of built form, is a lack of activefrontage to the road. This is emphasised byunattractive planting along the pavementand an overly engineered road, which doesnot encourage pedestrians and cycles to usethe route.In addition to the Flower Market site in theVauxhall area, New Covent Garden Market’s(NCGM’s) Main Market site is located inthe heart of Nine Elms to the south ofthe elevated railway line. The wholesalefruit and vegetable market and associatedspin-off businesses occupy a large, 1970’sH block building, and ancillary buildings onthe Main Market site and is surrounded byexpansive areas of tarmac which are in use bythe traders and suppliers. National Expresscoaches also use the site for overspill coachparking from Victoria coach station.The Main Market site is accessed from theEntrance site, large and underused piece ofland to the north of the railway line providingdirect vehicular access from Nine Elms Lane,opposite Kirtling Street which is the mainaccess to Battersea Power Station.To the east of the Main Market site is theexisting Sainsbury’s site, another large, singlebuilding occupier, which is accessed fromWandsworth Road.In terms of scale the existing built form isgenerally medium rise with a dominance oflarge big box building formats in commercialuses. The residential development along theriver frontage rises to 8 – 10 storeysin height.A lack of green space, tree planting andgood quality public realm contribute to theindustrial character of this area.Battersea Power StationThe area around Battersea Power Stationis very mixed, including the National Gridoperational site with landmark blue gasholder on Battersea Park Road, the derelictand iconic Battersea Power Station siteitself and operational waste and aggregateswharves to the east. Battersea Dogs andCats Home, a culturally iconic institutionwithin the London context contributes to thediverse range of occupiers in this location.The Tideway Industrial Estate occupies theonly other riverside site in the OA with theexception of Battersea Power Station to thewest of Vauxhall, and is located betweenthree protected wharves, two to the west andone to the east. In addition a well establishedresidential boating community occupies aneclectic mix of vessels at Nine Elms Pierdirectly in front of the industrial estate onthe river.Figure TA2.42 Nine Elms LaneFigure TA2.43 Battersea Power Station(Source: Treasury Holdings)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 217Chelsea Bridge WharfThe sliver of land between Victoria railwaybridge and Chelsea Bridge to the west ofBattersea Power Station is home to therecently completed high density housingscheme at Chelsea Bridge Wharf, Marco PoloHouse a modern office block and a furtherhigh density housing block, Bridge House.Queenstown RoadTo the south of Battersea Park Road a seriesof small industrial premises at PatchmoreTerrace, a parade of small retail and caféuses along the main road and two primaryschools form a finer grain neighbourhoodlinking Battersea Park and Queenstown Roadstations.Stewarts RoadStewarts Road is bisected by major elevatedrail infrastructure running north – south andlargely forming its northern boundary withthe exception of a business park at HavelockTerrace off Battersea Park Road. Immediatelysurrounding the rail infrastructure is anindustrial area located in a range of premisesfrom old warehouses, to small units beneaththe railway arches, to factories and businessparks along Stewarts Road itself. This areaincludes the Gatwick Express rail depot onNetwork Rail land at Silverthorne Road anda bus garage with consent for expansion alsoon Silverthorne Road.Stewarts Road forms a mixed use boundarywith industrial uses along its western sideand residential housing estates and a primaryschool along its eastern side.Patmore EstatesThere are four local authority housing estateslocated between Stewarts Road to the westand Thessaly Road to the east including,Savona, Patmore West, Patmore East andCarey Gardens. The form of these estates islargely four – six storey housing blocks withgenerous open space provision at grade.They are well maintained, in good conditionand are excellent examples of high densityflatted accommodation working well at theedge of the OA. The Sir James Barrie primaryschool located on Stewarts Road betweenthe Patmore Estates is also a well maintainedand well designed building.The Patmore Estates residential area isisolated from its neighbours to the northand east. It is well integrated with theStewarts Road industrial area to the westand Wandsworth Road to the south, but issegregated from New Covent Garden Marketby a large and unattractive wall runningalong the length of Thessaly Road, and isdivorced from Battersea Power Station andNine Elms Lane by a change in levels, poorquality linkages and a hostile environmentdominated by traffic.Figure TA2.44 Stewarts Road industrial area

218 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA2.10 Other initiativesAs part of the review of baseline informationfor the built context in the OA it is useful torefer to previous studies in order to identifybarriers to delivery in terms of regenerationinitiatives.Vision & Strategy Review for VauxhallBattersea, Cross River Partnership, 2003Cross River Partnership undertook adevelopment framework for the area in2003. The two reports, which comprise onesingle study, identify the redevelopmentpotential, opportunities and constraints toachieving environmental improvements andregeneration benefits across the area.The study recommends three potentialscenarios including a do nothing scenario.The second scenario is based on a morelimited intervention of activating Nine ElmsLane and connecting the Wandsworth Roadto Nine Elms Lane via New Covent GardenMarket – Main Market site. The third andmore radical spatial intervention proposes tomove Nine Elms Lane through the heart ofNine Elms.Primary FrontageSecondary FrontageTransport InterchangeOpen SpaceVictoria Line Underground© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2008) GLA © Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2008) GLAPrimary FrontageSecondary FrontageTransport InterchangeOpen SpaceVictoria Line UndergroundFigure TA2.45 Urban Initiatives – strategy 2 limited interventionFigure TA2.46 Urban Initiatives – strategy 3 co-ordinated intervention

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 219Option 1 - relocation of Nine Elms LaneOption 2 - new strategic green link from Lambeth Palace toBattersea Park via Battersea Power StationTA2.11 Alternativestrategic optionsThe OAPF has considered the strategicproposal of moving Nine Elms Lane as partof assessing the spatial interventions that arerequired to regenerate the OA.© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009) © Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA2.47 Option 1 – moving Nine Elms LaneFigure TA2.48 Option 2 - new strategic green link from Lambeth Palace toBattersea Park via Battersea Power StationPositive features:• Good size urban blocks on both sides• Improved and increased access to riverfront• Linear open space along the river• Straightforward access to the market siteDrawbacks• No phasing possible for shifting Nine Elms Lane• Significant impact on transport/highways network• Difficulty to resolve land ownership issuePositive features:• Good size urban blocks on both sides• No major infrastructure cost• Less significant impact on transport/highways network• Flexibility in phasing and can be delivered over time• Can accommodate ownership boundaries• Connects Albert embankment, Vauxhall, Nine Elms and Batterseawith a green linkDrawbacks• Difficult to integrate the developments with protected wharves andBattersea Power StationWhilst moving Nine Elms Lane could deliverwell proportioned development blocksserved by an urban distributor road in theheart of Nine Elms, there would be littlebenefit in terms of releasing riverside landfor development. This is due to the majorityof the riverside sites in the OA havingalready been developed for residentialunits. There are significant implementationissues associated with relocating theroad, not least operation, financial andadministrative constraints, which underminethe attractiveness of this option. Thealternative option, as tested in the OAPF, isthe upgrading of Nine Elms Lane, changingits character and utilising the depth of landin the heart of Nine Elms to deliver a newlinear park. This option is considered to bemore commercially attractive in that it woulddeliver new housing overlooking a parklandsetting, and more deliverable in a strategicsense, in that it could be implementedby individual landowners and separatedevelopment plots come forward.

(Source: TfL)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 221TA 3Views assessment

222 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 3.1 TopographyThe OA is a largely flat expanse of land lyingon the south bank of the River Thames.Figure TA3.1 shows that the entire OA is onor below the 5m land contour. This map doesnot consider site specific height or landformissues but demonstrates the relatively flatnature of the site as a whole. The onlyexception to this is the Nine Elms road bridgethat crosses the Victoria railway line andgives elevated views of the wider area.The area’s topography influences the viewsinto and out of the area, clearly its positionon the floodplain of the Thames gives longviews upstream from central London, whichform the basis of the strategic views, whilstthe ridges to the south and west providelocal views back into London.The generally flat topography and locationof the OA within the London context allowsfor long distance views from Hyde Park tothe north and east and west along the RiverThames. The relationship of the OA to theWestminster World Heritage site from longdistance views along the river is a particularlysensitive issue, which is considered further inthe following section.There are also long distance river views fromthe west along Chelsea Embankment andLots Road. To the more immediate north,there are limited views from within Pimlico,where the dense network of residentialstreets precludes long distance views of theOA with the exception of Grosvenor Roadalong the riverfront itself.15NorthVauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity AreaContour linesBorough boundariesFigure TA3.1 Topography0 1 km2 kms© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 223TA 3.2 Designated viewsThe VNEB OA is potentially affectedby a number of strategically and locallydesignated views. Figure TA3.2 showsthe designated strategic and local viewsboth within and outside the OA, which aremost likely to be affected by significantdevelopment proposals coming forward.BRIDGE VIEWS1. LVMF View 15A.22. LVMF View 15A.33. Westminster View 164. LVMF View 17A.25. Westminster View 43B6. LVMF View 17A.17. LVMF View 18A.28. LVMF View 18A.19. Lambeth SPD View10. OA View11. OA View12. OA View13. OA View14. Westminster View 24B15. OA ViewSTRATEGIC ROUTE VIEWS1. Westminster View 31B2. Lambeth SPD View3. Lambeth SPD+Wandsworth View4. Westminster View 24A5. OA ViewHERITAGE VIEWSNorthVauxhall Nine ElmsBattersea OpportunityAreaProtected VistasPrimrose Hill to thePalace of WestminsterParliament Hill to thePalace of WestminsterFigure TA3.2 Designated strategic and local viewsBridge ViewsStrategic Route ViewsHeritage Views0 0.5 km1 km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)1. Lambeth SPD View2. OA View3. Lambeth SPD View4. Lambeth SPD View5. Lambeth SPD View6. OA View7. OA View8. OA View9. OA View10. OA View11. OA View

224 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 3.3 A new plan forLondon – Proposalsfor the Mayor’sLondon Plan, AprilTA 3.4 London Views Management Framework (LVMF),Draft Revised Supplementary Planning Guidance(SPG), May 2009 – published for public consultationA new plan for London sets out the Mayor’snew approach to planning for tall buildings inLondon, recognising that tall buildings havetheir place – particularly where they alreadyexist and states that where they are proposedthey should relate to context. As part of theLondon Plan review appropriate locations fortall buildings will be undertaken.In order to protect London’s heritage theconsistent implementation of the LondonViews Management Framework (LVMF) isrequired. The new London Plan will reestablishthe LVMF for the protection ofviews of strategically important landmarksincluding the World Heritage Sites (WHS)and also ensure that spatial planningtakes into account the contribution ofconservation areas and listed buildings thatare fundamental to creating a sense of placeat a local level.This document reviews a number ofstrategically important views, whichaffect development potential in the OA,as follows:• London Panorama 2A.2 –Parliament Hill looking towards thePalace of Westminster• London Panorama 4A.2 –Primrose Hill looking towards thePalace of Westminster• River Prospect 15A –Waterloo Bridge: upstream• River Prospect 17A –Golden Jubilee/HungerfordFootbridges: upstream• River Prospect 18A –Westminster Bridge: upstream• River Prospect 22A –Albert EmbankmentLondon panoramasLand to the north of the OA lies in thebackdrop of the panoramas from ParliamentHill and Primrose Hill when looking atthe Palace of Westminster, a strategicallyimportant landmark and World HeritageSite (WHS). Some or all of the three towersof the Palace of Westminster are visible.Development in the background should notcompromise the viewer’s ability to see thetowers against the sky. Consideration shouldalso be given to the Westminster WorldHeritage Site Management Plan (WWHSMP)when assessing the impact of developmentthat will be visible in the setting ofthese views.River ProspectsLand in Vauxhall, Nine Elms and Batterseaforms part of the context and backgroundto the Palace of Westminster when viewingthe strategically important landmark fromthe Waterloo, Hungerford and WestminsterBridges. Development in the OA is alsolikely to be visible from Albert Embankmentwhen viewing the Palace of Westminster.The silhouette of the Palace of Westminsteragainst the skyline, the three principaltowers, the lesser roof top elements andthe towers of Westminster Abbey, also astrategically important landmark, are allimportant elements to be protected inthe view.There are existing and consented tallbuildings at Vauxhall/ Nine Elms and itis important that further proposals aredesigned to relate to and strengthen thecomposition of the emerging cluster there.New buildings to the right of the MillbankTower in the view should not detract fromthe dominance of the Palace of Westminsterin the view.The full length of the Palace of Westminsteris afforded a Protected Silhouette whenviewed from the Bridges.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 225Figure TA3.3 – View from Assessment Point 4A.2 Primrose Hill: the summit –looking toward the Palace of WestminsterFigure TA3.4 – Annotated map of Protected Vista from Assessment Point 4A.2 to Palace of WestminsterFigure TA3.5 – Telephoto view of Protected Vista from Assessment Point 2B.1to Palace of WestminsterFigure TA3.6 – Annotated map of Protected Vista from Assessment Point 2B.1 to Palace of Westminster

226 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 3.5 London Views Management Framework (LVMF),The London Plan Supplementary PlanningGuidance (SPG), July 2007The northern end of Albert Embankmentsits within the backdrop of the protectedvista from Primrose Hill to the Palace ofWestminster (Assessment Point 4A.2 inthe LVMF). This is a geometrically definedlandmark viewing corridor. Figure TA3.3shows the foreground and background view,whilst figure TA3.4 shows the telephoto view.Figure TA3.7 LVMF Vista 4A.2 – BackdropFigure TA3.8 LVMF Vista 4A.2 - Telephoto

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 227The northern end of Albert Embankmentalso sits within the backdrop of the protectedvista from Parliament Hill to the Palace ofWestminster (Assessment Point 2B.1 inthe LVMF). This is a geometrically definedlandmark viewing corridor. Figure TA3.5shows the foreground and background view,whilst figure TA3.6 shows the telephoto view.Figure TA3.9 LVMF Vista 2B.1 - BackdropFigure TA3.10 LVMF Vista 2B.1 - Telephoto

228 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkThe strategically important landmark in boththese views is the Palace of Westminster.The LVMF states that in regard to furtherdevelopment in the protected vista, theMayor will assess each referred applicationagainst the requirement to preserve orenhance the current ability to recogniseand appreciate the landmark. This is partlydefined by the silhouette of the towersagainst the skyline and the airspace betweenthe towers that should be respected. TheLVMF also states that reference should bemade to the Westminster World Heritage SiteManagement Plan (WWHSMP).The LVMF views that are most likely to beaffected by development in the OA are theriver prospect views from Waterloo Bridge,Golden Jubilee/ Hungerford Footbridges andWestminster Bridge.Figure TA3.11 LVMF View 15A.1 – Waterloo BridgeViews 15A.1 and 15A.2 are identified viewingplaces and assessment points on WaterlooBridge looking south west. These views arenot geometrically defined. Tall buildings atVauxhall, Nine Elms and Battersea in the OAcould potentially affect this view and impacton the setting of the Westminster WorldHeritage Site (WWHS).Figure TA3.12 LVMF View 15A.2 – Waterloo Bridge

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 229Figure TA3.13 LVMF View 17A.1 – Hungerford FootbridgeViews 17A.1 and 17A.2 are identified viewingplaces and assessment points on GoldenJubilee/ Hungerford Footbridges, whichflank the Hungerford railway bridge, lookingsouth. These views are not geometricallydefined. Tall buildings at Vauxhall, Nine Elmsand Battersea in the OA could potentiallyaffect this view and impact on the settingof the Westminster World HeritageSite (WWHS).In View 17A.2 the emerging tall buildingscluster at Vauxhall is visible to the west ofMillbank Tower. This view shows the potentialfor a mass of development in the distancewhere a series of individual tall buildingscould converge to appear as a solid wall ofdevelopment to the west of the WestminsterWorld Heritage Site (WWHS). There is alsothe potential for tall buildings to emergebetween Millbank Tower and Victoria Tower.Figure TA3.14 LVMF View 17A.2 – Hungerford Footbridge

230 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkViews 18A.1 and 18A.2 are identified viewingplaces and assessment points on WestminsterBridge. These views are not geometricallydefined. Tall buildings at Vauxhall, Nine Elmsand Battersea in the OA could potentiallyaffect this view and impact on the settingof the Westminster World HeritageSite (WWHS).In View 18A.1 the emerging tall buildingscluster at Vauxhall is visible to the west ofMillbank Tower. This view shows the potentialfor a mass of development in the distancewhere a series of individual tall buildingscould converge to appear as a solid wall ofdevelopment to the west of the WestminsterWorld Heritage Site (WWHS). There is alsothe potential for tall buildings to emergebetween Millbank Tower and Victoria Tower.Figure TA3.15 LVMF View 18A.1 – Westminster BridgeQualitative Visual Assessment (QVA) willbe used to assess the visual impact ofdevelopment on the river prospects fromthese assessment points.Figure TA3.16 LVMF View 18A.2 – Westminster Bridge

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 231TA 3.6 Wandsworth unitarydevelopment planNon-statutory supplementary planningguidance (SPG) – Important local views(Dec 2003)Wandsworth Council’s SPG identifiesimportant local views. The views that aremost likely to be affected by development inthe OA are identified in figure TA3.2.The local views that could potentially beaffected in local views map 1 are:1. Tibbet’s Corner2. Keevil Drive3. Wandsworth Town Station4. Clapham Junction Station5. Marryat Road6. Church RoadThese are views towards centralLondon landmarks.Figure TA3.17 Wandsworth SPG – Map 1 Local Views plan(Source: London Borough of Wandsworth)

232 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkThe local views that could potentially be affected in local views map 2 are:Downstream from Wandsworth Bridge5. Downstream from Wandsworth Bridge7. Downstream from Battersea BridgeFigure TA3.18 Wandsworth SPG – Map 1 View 1Courtesy: London borough of Wandsworth9. Battersea Power Station downstream from Albert Bridge11. East from Chelsea Bridge towards Battersea Power StationThese are views downstream from bridges over the River Thames.Figure TA3.19 Wandsworth SPG – Map 1 View 6Courtesy: London borough of WandsworthFigure TA3.20 Wandsworth SPG – Map 1 View 8Courtesy: London borough of WandsworthFigure TA3.21 Wandsworth SPG – Map 2(Source: London Borough of Wandsworth)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 233The local views that could potentially beaffected in local views map 3 are:• The view east from Battersea Park• View east from the riverside walk atNine Elms Lane/Ponton Road• There are a number of views of listedbuildings, other buildings of local interestand landmarks, which are not mapped inthe SPG. The views that are likely to beaffected in this category are:• View of Battersea Power Station northalong Queenstown Road• View of gas holder along QueenstownRoad• Wandsworth Council’s UDP was adoptedin 2003. A number of policies have beenretained under the Secretary of State’sdirection, including UDP policy TBE 8which seeks to protect important viewswithin the Borough.Figure TA3.22 Wandsworth SPG – Map 3(Source: London Borough of Wandsworth)

234 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 3.7 London Borough ofLambeth, VauxhallArea, ConsultationDraft SPG,September 2008Lambeth Council’s draft SPG for Vauxhallidentifies a number of key views of/ tothe site in addition to the strategic viewsidentified in the LVMF.These key views are shown on diagram6.59 and include:• View south from the western end ofLambeth Bridge• View across Vauxhall Bridge from thenorth bank• View south from Albert Embankment• View south west from Springfield Gardens• View west along Kennington Lane• View north west from Kennington Oval• View west along Fentiman Road• View north east from Nine Elms Lanenear the Flower MarketFigure TA3.23 Lambeth’s Vauxhall SPG – strategic viewing corridors(Source: London Borough of Lambeth)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 235(Source: London Borough of Westminster)Figure TA3.24 Metropolitan views draft SPD (Oct 2007)

236 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 3.8 City of WestminsterMetropolitan ViewsDraft SupplementaryPlanning Document(SPD), October 2007City of Westminster has defined a number ofmetropolitan views in its SPD. The views thatcould potentially be affected by developmentin the OA are as follows:• View 16 – Palace of Westminster fromGolden Jubilee Bridge• View 24 A&B – Battersea Power Stationfrom Grosvenor Road and Chelsea Bridge• View 31B – Whitehall View south• View 43B – Golden Jubilee Bridge lookingupstreamFigure TA3.25 Westminster SPD Views 24A and 24B(Source: London Borough of Westminster)(Source: London Borough of Westminster)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 237Figure TA3.26 Westminster SPD View 16(Source: London Borough of Westminster) (Source: London Borough of Westminster) (Source: London Borough of Westminster)Figure TA3.27 Westminster SPD View 31BFigure TA3.28 Westminster SPD View 43B

238 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 3.9 City of Westminsterconservation areadirectory (CAD),Westminster Abbey& Parliament Square,consultation draftMarch 2008City of Westminster’s CAA for WestminsterAbbey & Parliament Square also identifies anumber of local views. Map 12.26 shows theCAD metropolitan and local views. The viewthat could potentially be affected bydevelopment in the OA is local view 6 –World Heritage Site from Parliament Square.Westminster World Heritage Site ManagementPlan, English Heritage, May 2007The Westminster World Heritage SiteManagement Plan (WWHSMP) recognisesthat there are a number of fine views fromwithin as well as outside of the World HeritageSite (WHS), which enable appreciation of itsarchitectural significance. These views are notmapped within the WWHSMP.The WWHSMP also recognises that a bufferzone has not been defined for the WHS andthat identification of such a zone would bea challenge, and that due to London’s worldcity status, that its skyline and panoramas willchange in response to social and economicneeds. It goes onto state that it is importantthat the universal value of the WHS isprotected from beyond its boundaries.Figure TA3.29 Westminster CAA Westminster Abbey and Parliament Square(Source: London Borough of Westminster)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 239TA 3.10 Strategic Views AnalysisOpportunity AreaViewpointTA 3.30 Detailed views analysisBridge viewsStrategic route viewsHeritage views(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)

240 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkStrategic Bridge ViewsFigure TA 3.31 LVMF View 15A.1 Waterloo Bridge upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.33 Westminster View 16 Westminster Bridge upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.32 LVMF View 15A.1 Waterloo Bridge upstream – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.34 Westminster View 16 Westminster Bridge upstream – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 241Strategic Bridge ViewsFigure TA 3.35 Westmisnter View 43B Hungerford Bridge upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.37 LVMF View 17A.1 Hungerford Bridge upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.36 Westmisnter View 43B Hungerford Bridge upstream – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.38 LVMF View 17A.1 Hungerford Bridge upstream – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)

242 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkStrategic Bridge ViewsFigure TA 3.39 LVMF View 18A.1 Westminster Bridge upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.41 Lambeth SPD View - Lambeth Bridge North upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.40 LVMF View 18A.1 Westminster Bridge upstream – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.42 Lambeth SPD View - Lambeth Bridge North upstream – form of emerging cluster

Strategic Bridge ViewsVauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 243(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.43 Opportunity Area View - Lambeth Bridge Middle upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.45 Opportunity Area View - Lambeth Bridge South upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.44 Opportunity Area View - Lambeth Bridge Middle upstream – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.46 Opportunity Area View - Lambeth Bridge South upstream – form of emerging cluster

244 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkStrategic Bridge Views(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.47 Opportunity Area View - Vauxhall Bridge North upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.49 Opportunity Area View - Vauxhall Bridge South upstream – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.48 Opportunity Area View - Vauxhall Bridge North upstream – form of emerging cluster

Strategic Bridge ViewsVauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentStrategic Road ViewsMayor of London 245(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.50 Opportunity Area View - Chelsea Bridge South upstream – existing and consentedFigure TA 3.52 Westminster View 31B – Whitehall - existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.51 Opportunity Area View - Chelsea Bridge South upstream – form of emerging clusterFigure TA 3.53 Westminster View 31B – Whitehall – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)

246 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkStrategic Road ViewsFigure TA 3.54 Lambeth SPD View - Albert Embankment – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.55 Lambeth SPD and Wandsworth View - Nine Elms Lane – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.55 Lambeth SPD View - Albert Embankment – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.56 Lambeth SPD and Wandsworth View - Nine Elms Lane – form of emerging cluster

Strategic Road ViewsVauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 247Figure TA 3.57 Westminster View 24A - Grosvenor Road – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.59 Opportunity Area View – Near Grosvenor Railway Bridge - existing and consentedFigure TA 3.58 Westminster View 24A - Grosvenor Road – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.60 Opportunity Area View – Near Grosvenor Railway Bridge – form of emerging cluster

248 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkHeritage Views (Conservation Areas)Figure TA 3.61 Lambeth SPD View - Spring Gardens East – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.63 Lambeth SPD View - Spring Gardens West – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.62 Lambeth SPD View - Spring Gardens East – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.64 Lambeth SPD View - Spring Gardens West – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)

Heritage Views (Conservation Areas)Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 249Figure TA 3.65 Opportunity Area View - Kennington Lane – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.67 Opportunity Area View -The Oval – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.66 Opportunity Area View - Kennington Lane – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.68 Opportunity Area View - The Oval – form of emerging cluster(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)

250 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkHeritage Views (Conservation Areas)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.69 Opportunity Area View - Albert Square – existing and consentedFigure TA 3.71 Opportunity Area View - South Lambeth Road – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.70 Opportunity Area View - Albert Square – form of emerging clusterFigure TA 3.72 Opportunity Area View - South Lambeth Road – form of emerging cluster

Heritage Views (Conservation Areas)Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 251(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.73 Opportunity Area View - Lansdowne Gardens – existing and consentedFigure TA 3.75 Opportunity Area View – Wandsworth Road - existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.74 Opportunity Area View - Lansdowne Gardens – form of emerging clusterFigure TA 3.76 Opportunity Area View – Wandsworth Road – form of emerging cluster

252 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkHeritage Views (Conservation Areas)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.77 Opportunity Area View - Battersea Park – existing and consentedFigure TA 3.79 Opportunity Area View - Royal Hospital Chelsea – existing and consented(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)(Source 3D model: Z Mapping)Figure TA 3.78 Opportunity Area View - Battersea Park – form of emerging clusterFigure TA 3.80 Opportunity Area View - Royal Hospital Chelsea – form of emerging cluster

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 03 Views assessmentMayor of London 253

(Source: TfL)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 255TA 4Transport andmovement context

256 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 4.1 Transport overviewThe OA has a mix of transport infrastructure,including parts of the Transport for LondonRoad Network (TLRN), local borough roads,commuter rail lines and stations leadingto two central London termini, LondonUnderground, Victoria Line services atVauxhall and bus routes throughout the OAwith services focused at Vauxhall bus station.Designated walking and cycling routes alsoexist, although they vary in terms of qualityand coverage.As illustrated in figure TA4.2 accessibility tothe public transport network varies withinthe OA. The public transport accessibilitylevel range from excellent (PTAL 6) in andaround Vauxhall to poor (PTAL 0-2) in thesouth and west end of the OA.NorthNorth0 0.5km 0.5km1km1kmOpportunity AreaCongestion Charging ZoneTLRNRailwayVictoria LineNorthern LineRailway StationUnderground StationBus StationC© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Coach StationFigure TA4.1 Transport Context within the OA

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 257(Source: VNEB OA Transport Study, TfL (2009))Figure TA4.2 PTAL comparison map 2006 - 2026The PTAL map, although illustrating theaccessibility to the public transport networkdoes not show the existing levels of publictransport capacity or capacity constraintswithin the OA.All transport modes in the OA, includinghighways, are subject to varying levels ofcrowding and congestion. It is forecastthat travel conditions will continue todeteriorate, particularly in the peak periodsas population and employment continueto grow. If no transport improvements orinterventions are made, then the lack ofkey transport links and capacity constraintsbecome a key barrier to the future growthof the area.In order to quantify the existing transportsituation and investigate a range oftransport interventions that may be requiredto support significant development in theOA, TfL commissioned a major transportstudy. The approach to the transportstudy and its key findings are outlined inChapter 8.

258 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 4.2 Walking & cyclingThe pedestrian network within the OAis generally of low quality and does notpromote walking. Existing land use patternsand the fragmented land ownership alsoserve to reduce connectivity and legibilitythroughout the OA.The Thames Path, which runs through the OAfrom Battersea Park to Vauxhall and alongAlbert Embankment, is part of the strategicThames Path National Trail. At points withinthe OA the river path is disconnected fromthe river and varies in quality along the route.At many points within the OA the pedestrianenvironment is dominated by traffic,pedestrian routes are interrupted by highwayand rail infrastructure and the conditionof the footways and street clutter is alsoa problem particularly along Nine ElmsLane, Wandsworth Road and Battersea ParkRoad. Pedestrian way finding and signagethroughout the OA is poor in qualityand uncoordinated.Image TA4.3 Current walking environment along Nine Elms(Source: TfL)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 259Figure TA4.4 illustrates pedestrian accidentanalysis for the OA over the last 5 years.The highest concentration of serious orfatal accidents occurred in and aroundthe Vauxhall Gyratory, with a smallerconcentration at the junction of QueenstownRoad and Battersea Park Road.North0 0.5km1kmOpportunity AreaAccident sensitivityFatalSeriousSlight© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA4.4 Collisions involving injury to a Pedestrian – 5 Years to end February 2009

260 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkCyclingThe main cycle link through the OA isLondon Cycle Network (LCN) Route 37or National Cycle Network 4, which runsalong Nine Elms Lane, Battersea Park Road,Wandsworth Road (Vauxhall Gyratory), andAlbert Embankment (northern section). Inaddition LCN Route 5 runs along the westernedge of the OA boundary. There is a notablelack of north-south and north-west tosouth-east connectivity through the OA. Therailway lines are a key constraint restrictingcyclist movement.Conditions for cyclists in and around Vauxhallgyratory, although improved in recent yearscontinue to be challenging.Nine Elms Lane and Battersea Park Roadhave sections of dedicated cycle lane,however as illustrated in Figure TA4.6 thelink is of low quality and is affected bystreet clutter.Albert Embankment has wide bus lanes,good for cyclists good quality cycle lanes.At Vauxhall Interchange, some existingcovered, un-staffed cycle parking isprovided close to the station (Figure TA4.7).These spaces are not being fully utilised,particularly at the eastern end of thearchway. Many bicycles are also still beingsecured to railings within the vicinity. Thisindicates a shortage of high quality, secure,covered cycle parking spaces.NorthNorth0 0.5km0 0.5km1km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Opportunity AreaLondon Cycle Network (LCN)LCN PlusNational Cycle Network (NCN)Figure TA4.5 Walk and Cycle routes within the OA

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 261Cycle parking provision at Battersea ParkStation and Queenstown Road is inadequate.TA4.8 indicates a concentration of cycleaccidents in and around the VauxhallGyratory and at Queens Circus.There are a number of bus lanes within theOA, which can provide for cyclists, howeverin some locations bus lane widths do notallow for safe and unhindered overtaking ofcyclists by buses.Image TA4.6 Cycle Lane along Nine Elms with signs/poor quality(Source: TfL)Image TA4.7 Existing Cycle Parking at Vauxhall Interchange(Source: TfL)

262 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkNorth0 0.5km1kmOpportunity AreaAccident sensitivityFatalSeriousSlight© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA4.8 Collisions involving injury to a Pedal Cycle – 5 Years to end February 2009

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 263TA 4.3 Public transportVauxhall interchangeVauxhall is a key interchange betweennational rail, bus and London Undergroundservices, however it is severely capacityconstrained at peak times in both the rail andUnderground stations.The National Rail station is one stop fromWaterloo on suburban services operatedby South West Trains, with some longerdistance trains also stopping. The LondonUnderground station is on the Victoria line,offering connections to the West End andseveral mainline stations.Vauxhall Cross bus station opened in 2005and is served by eleven daytime servicesincluding three 24-hour services, alongwith three night bus services, mostly todestinations in west, south west and southeastLondon and the West End.The Vauxhall gyratory plays an importantfunction in strategic highway terms howeverat points this can impede access to thestation and throughout the wider Vauxhallarea, particularly for pedestrians and cyclists.All but one of the roads leading into thegyratory are on the TLRN.The Congestion Charge Zone lies to thenorth of the Vauxhall Interchange andincludes Albert Embankment.Image TA4.9 Vauxhall Interchange Photo(Source: TfL)

264 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkFigure TA4.10 2008 Modelled PT Flows, Morning Peak 3 Hours (7-9am)(Source: VNEB OA Transport Study, TfL (2009)) (Source: VNEB OA Transport Study, TfL (2009))Figure TA4.11 2008 Morning Peak Highway Volume/Capacity Ratios

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 265BusThe OA is currently well served by buses.The key bus routes, which serve the OA,include the 344, 156, 77, 360, 87, 88 andP5. A number of these routes operate atcapacity in the Vauxhall area during peaktimes. The focus of bus activity is VauxhallBus station, which opened in 2005 and isthe second busiest bus station in Londonafter Victoria. The station provides accessto a wide range of routes as well as servingan important function in terms of passengerinterchange between bus routes, bus andunderground services and bus and NationalRail services. The bus station although verybusy has some spare capacity.Beyond the bus station there is a shortage ofpotential bus stopping and standing facilitiesfor existing and potentially new bus routes.Bus priority measures exist along many ofthe key routes in the OA, however thereis potential for further improvement. Theexisting bus priority measures in and aroundVauxhall gyratory are important in enablingbuses to access and egress from thebus station.There is a lack of north west to south eastbus route connectivity across the OA,particularly in the Nine Elms area east ofQueenstown Road.NorthOpportunity AreaBuses from Vauxhall & BatterseaDay busesNight busesKey transport interchangeOther transport nodes0 1km2km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA 4.12 Buses from Vauxhall and Battersea

266 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkUndergroundThe Victoria line is the only undergroundline currently serving the OA. Vauxhallunderground station is the only point ofaccess. It experiences significant amountsof crowding with around 44,000 passengerspassing through on an average weekday.Vauxhall Underground station currentlyexperiences a number of problems:• Peak and off-peak congestion in theticket hall, especially at the gateline.This is caused by heavy two-way traffic.Demand has increased by more than400% since the station opened in 1971,half the growth within the last 10 years,this is a trend that is forecast to continue;• Congestion is exacerbated by the currentconfiguration of the tickethall layout;• There is no step-free access for mobilityimpaired passengers to the LU platforms;• Full benefits of the recently providedthird escalator have been not realised asgate-line constraints make it difficult tosafely operate two escalators in the updirection at peak times;Opportunity AreaNorthRailwayOpportunity Congestion Area Charging ZoneRailwayVictoria LineCongestion TLRNCharging Zone Victoria Northern Line LineRailway StationRailway Underground Station StationCUnderground Bus Station StationTLRNNorthern LineBus StationMap TA4.13 Rail and underground connectionsC Coach StationCoach Station0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 267Figure TA4.14 Underground crowding ratios, 2008 morning peak(Source: VNEB OA Transport Study, TfL (2009)) (Source: VNEB OA Transport Study, TfL (2009))Figure TA 4.15 Rail crowding ratios, 2008 morning peakAs a result of continued growth, includingthat generated by new developments in theOA it is anticipated that within the next fiveyears Vauxhall Underground station is likelyto require active management to cope withincreasing demand. It is envisaged thatduring the peak periods regular restrictionsto station access/egress may be required,eventually leading to temporary stationclosures.Physical land constraints and capacity issuesfurther up the Victoria Line are likely tomake major station capacity enhancementsat Vauxhall, e.g. an additional escalator, verydifficult to deliver.The Victoria Line currently runs at afrequency of 28 trains per hour peak and20tph in the inter-peak. Although thiswill increase to 33 trains per hour in 2013crowding will continue to be an issueparticularly during the morning and eveningpeak periods. Other parts of the Victoria lineexperience even greater crowding/capacityissues.

268 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkRailThere are three national rail stations inthe OA; Vauxhall, Queenstown Road andBattersea Park. Wandsworth Road Station isjust outside the OA to the south.Vauxhall National Rail Station is on themain line to Waterloo and operates nearto capacity at peak times, both in termsof number of services and the level ofpassenger crowding. The station itselfhas capacity limitations, particularly onthe staircases between platforms and themain subway. The interchange with LondonUnderground (Victoria Line) and bus servicesare also overcrowded in the peaks.In the morning peak, the OA is served by thefollowing services:• 21 trains an hour inbound (and eighteenoutbound) between Clapham Junctionand Waterloo calling at Vauxhall only;• 8 trains an hour each way betweenClapham Junction and Waterloo, callingat both Queenstown Road and Vauxhall;• 8 trains an hour each way betweenClapham Junction and Victoria calling atBattersea Park station; and• 2 trains an hour each way betweenLondon Bridge and Victoria calling atWandsworth Road and Battersea Park.(N.B. From 2012 the stop at Battersea Parkwould be lost from these services due to theextension of other platforms at the station)Image TA4.16 Vauxhall Station(Source: TfL)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 269From 2012, the East London Line Extensionwill provide 4 tph at Wandsworth Road.Although outside the OA, the orbital natureof the services at Wandsworth Road maymean the station develops as an access pointto the south eastern parts of the OA.Image TA4.17 Battersea Park Station(Source: Google Street View)Image TA4.18 Queenstown Road Station(Source: Google Street View)Capacity constraints cause service problemson National Rail services. There is some,limited scope to increase the number oftrains operating to and from Waterloo andVictoria in the peaks, though the additionalservices may not serve the OA directly.Airtrack is proposing an additional 2 tph intoWaterloo (previous stop, Clapham Junction)and TfL London Rail is considering optionsfor ameliorating the loss of the SouthLondon Line service into Victoria. This couldinclude an additional 2 tph stopping atWandsworth Road.Battersea Park, Queenstown Road andWandsworth Road stations all requiremodernisation and improvements to provideincreased capacity to accommodate futuredevelopment and improve interchange forpedestrians, cyclists and bus passengers.Battersea Park station in particular needsimprovements where significant bottlenecksexist, creating potentially dangerous conflictsbetween boarding and alighting passengers.Image TA4.19 Wandsworth Road Station(Source: Google Street View)

270 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkRiver servicesRiver services do not currently directlyserve the OA. The nearest available servicesare at Millbank on the north bank of theThames and at Waterloo on the southbank. In addition Commuter River Servicesrun between Blackfriars and Putney Pierthroughout the day, these do not servethe OA.There are opportunities to develop piersat St George’s Wharf and Battersea PowerStation as part of future development whichcould be used to enable an extension of riverservices to serve the OA.The Mayor’s River Services Concordat Grouphas produced a pier plan which includes thepotential for a new passenger pier in thearea.North0 1km2kmOpportunity AreaRiverbus PiersNational RailUndergroundBusesDocklands Light Rail© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA4.20 Existing river services

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 271TA 4.4 HighwaysA number of primary routes serve the OA(Figure X) including:• Vauxhall Bridge (TLRN);• Albert Embankment A3036 (TLRN);• Nine Elms Lane A3205 (TLRN);• Battersea Park Road A3205 (TLRN);• Queenstown Road A3216 (SRN); and• Wandsworth Road (Principal route)These main roads converge at ChelseaBridge, Vauxhall Bridge and Lambeth Bridgewhich link the OA to the north bank of theRiver Thames and central London VauxhallGyratory is the key junction within the OA,where a large number of strategically andlocally important roads all converge. It iscurrently close to capacity and requirescareful management to ensure the smoothmovement of traffic.The boundary of the Central LondonCongestion Charging Zone (CCZ) crossesthe OA at Vauxhall. This runs along VauxhallBridge, through Vauxhall Cross and upKennington Lane. The areas to the north ofthis route (principally Albert Embankment)are within the CCZ, whilst the areas to thesouth are outside.The Western Extension Zone (WEZ) runsalong the north bank of the river oppositethe OA, but none of the OA itself iscontained within this zone. Vauxhall Bridgeis on the charge-free north-south throughroute between the CCZ and the WEZ, addingto its importance as a strategic traffic route.Other routes serving the OA include:• Lambeth Road;• South Lambeth Road;• Kennington Oval ; and• Kennington Lane.All access within the central part of the NineElms and Battersea area of the OA is viathe triangle of roads made up of Nine ElmsLane, Wandsworth Road and QueenstownRoad. Consequently these roads experiencehigh levels of congestion and local journeyscan involve relatively long detours. TA4.18illustrates levels of congestion within the OA.Figure TA4.21 2008 Morning peak highway volume/capacity ratios(Source: VNEB OA Transport Study, TfL (2009))

272 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 4.5 Taxis and coachesTaxisCoachesWithin the OA there are three TfL PublicCarriage Office appointed Taxi Ranks all ofwhich are located in the northern sectionof the OA, and serve Vauxhall and AlbertEmbankment, these are located at:• South Lambeth Road, VauxhallInterchange (2 rank spaces)• South Lambeth Place, VauxhallInterchange (4 rank spaces)• Albert Embankment, Riverbank PlazaHotel (2 rank spaces)Existing provision is adequate for meetingcurrent demand in the northern part of theOA. The lack of taxi rank facilities in thesouthern end of the OA is likely to be anissue however the development of key sitesmay provide an opportunity to address this.Image TA4.22 Taxi rank at Vauxhall(Source: TfL)In addition to providing commuterservices, coaches serve an important roleproviding access to the tourist, leisure andentertainment industries throughout Londonand in particular central London.Coach parking within the OA serves akey function in providing for the demandfor coach parking and layover. There arecurrently three coach parking areas.New Covent Garden Coach Park, Nine ElmsLane – privately owned and operated(25 Bays, overnight available)National Express coach park, Nine ElmsLane – shared facility, privately ownedand operated provides layover for NationalExpress Coaches (approximately 20 bays )Albert Embankment, operated by TfL asresting point for tour coaches (7 baysmaximum stay 20 minutes Off peak only)Demand for these types of facilities close tocentral London remains high.In terms of scheduled coaches NationalExpress services pass through the area. Thelack of a coach stop in the Vauxhall areahas been identified as a key issue althoughcurrent space constraints prevent this.Image TA4.23 Coach parking on Albert Embankment(Source: TfL)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 273TA 4.6 FreightA cluster of industrial, distribution andservice industries currently exists within theOA. The safeguarded wharves at CringleDock/RMC Battersea (Metro Greenham)handle significant quantities of waste andaggregates respectively. The proximity tothe river Thames presents opportunitiesfor achieving improved sustainable freightmovement. It is anticipated that the plannedgrowth of London, including that withinthe OA will lead to a 15 per cent increase indemand for freight and servicing by 2025.It will be important to maintain logisticspremises within the OA that are closeto central London and help ensure thesustainability of supply chains.It is recognised that the River Thames iscurrently underused for freight transportand that the OA is the area closest to centralLondon which is best placed to increaseriver freight to CAZ. However, this must bereconciled with the prime concern of thisframework which is to realise the potentialof the OA as part of CAZ. This planningframework considers both issues andproposes to retain the safeguarded wharvesand to intensify CAZ uses in the OA.New Covent Garden Market Area has veryhigh levels of overnight activity, which maycause disturbance to current and futureresidents. Careful planning and managementof operations will be required particularly asadjacent sites are redeveloped.Image TA4.24 Freight(Source: TfL)

274 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 4.7 Summary of transportin the OAVauxhall interchange is the major strategictransport hub within the OA. Station andservice capacity on all public transport modesis an issue.Accessibility to public transport serviceswithin the OA varies from ‘very-good toexcellent’ in and around Vauxhall and AlbertEmbankment to between ‘moderate andvery poor’ in the Nine Elms and Batterseaareas. However this takes no account of thehigh levels of crowding that are currentlyexperienced within the OA.The lack of adequate transport infrastructurein the Nine Elms and Battersea areascoupled with the growing capacity problemson existing services and stations in theVauxhall area present a potential barrier todevelopment and sustainable growth withinthe OA.The quality and coverage of routes tosupport and encourage walking andcycling through the OA needs significantimprovement.The river Thames is neither fully utilised interms of passenger transport or movement offreight and goods.Taxi rank facilities are sufficient to servecurrent demand while demand for coachparking and layover facilities within the OAcontinues to rise. Coach facilities within theOA are at risk and could potentially be lostthrough redevelopment of key sites.A number of strategic roads run throughthe OA, congestion is currently a problemduring peak periods. Impact of busy roadson quality of environment and public realm isa key concern, particularly Vauxhall Gyratory,Nine Elms lane and Battersea Park Road.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 04 Transport and movement contextMayor of London 275

(Source: Google Street View)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 277TA 5Energy master plan

278 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 279ContentsExecutive summary1 Introduction2 Consultation strategy3 OA energy characteristics3.1 Overview3.2 Development phasing3.3 Energy demand andconsumption estimates3.4 Existing buildings4 Major sites4.1 Battersea Power Station (BPS)4.2 Ballymore4.3 American Embassy4.4 New Covent Garden Market (NCGM)4.5 Battersea gasometers4.6 Pimlico district heating undertaking(PDHU)4.7 Lambeth and Wandsworth communalheating schemes5 Existing gas and electricity infrastructure5.1 Electricity5.2 Gas6 Policy context6.1 National6.2 Regional6.3 Local7 Area wide district heating scheme7.1 Introduction7.2 VNEB scheme overview7.3 Low/zero carbon plant7.4 Role of existing buildings7.5 District heating network7.6 Links with other networks8 Commercial issues8.1 Economics8.2 Implementation/delivery9 Technical standards9.1 Design parameters and operationprinciple9.2 Space requirement9.3 Consumer connections10 Recommendations

280 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkExecutive summaryThis report finds that the density anddiversity of development in the VauxhallNine Elms Battersea (VNEB) OpportunityArea (OA) supports a strong case for thedevelopment of a low carbon district heatingnetwork (DHN). The scheme would supplylow carbon heat to developments in theheart of Nine Elms, Battersea Power Station(BPS) and the New Covent Garden Market(NCGM) initially, with the potential toexpand north into Albert Embankment andto the more industrial areas of the OA to thewest in the future.It is estimated that such a scheme couldsave in the order of 18,000 tonnes CO2per annum, with heat being derived froma combination of low/zero carbon sources,including combined heat and power (CHP)plant burning a blend of natural andrenewable biogas and heat from a biomasshot water boiler.High-level economic analysis suggests thatthe scheme could provide a rate of return ofaround 5-10%, if 90% market penetration inthe OA were achieved. However, there aresignificant commercial risks associated withthe development of such schemes, arisingmainly from the high initial capital costs ofthe network, coupled with a lack of certaintyaround the actual level of market penetrationand resulting future revenue streams thatmight be realised.As a result of these commercial risks,the GLA, LDA and the Boroughs are insome cases taking a leading role in thedevelopment of low carbon district heatingnetworks through the provision of capitalsupport, strong regional and planning policyand/or as shareholders in a special purposevehicles. The London Plan already requiresdevelopers of new buildings to considerconnections to DHNs as a matter of courseand the Boroughs are strengthening policyin this area. In addition, the LDA hassignificant capital budget over the next 4years to support the early deployment ofcertain strategic schemes and to identifyfurther opportunities across London.One further possibility available to VNEB isto make connections to a DHN mandatorywithin the Opportunity Area (OA). Thiswould provide a greater degree of certainty,significantly reducing the commercial riskand cost of capital for potential investors.One example of a project where thisapproach has been used is the Elephant &Castle Regeneration scheme, where specificplanning policies are in place to requiredevelopments to connect to the local DHN.Key developers should work closely withthe Boroughs, supported by the GLA andLDA, through a project specific VNEBDistrict Heating Steering Group, to lead thedevelopment of the scheme and to providethe necessary focus to develop a moredetailed implementation plan.Turning now to the scheme itself, it isrecommended that the number of pointsof low-carbon heat supply to the DHN isminimised and ideally two key sites shouldbe secured within the OA for energygeneration assets. There is a case for top-upand back-up gas boiler plant to be locatedwithin some of the larger developmentsites, but generally speaking the majorityof developments should only take a districtheating connection i.e. with no heating plantof their own, resulting in considerable spaceand cost savings.The most appropriate locations identifiedfor the energy centre(s) are NCGM and BPS.Covent Garden Market Authority (CGMA)has identified land to the southwest cornerof the site, which could house an anaerobicdigestion (AD) facility, CHP plant and gasboilers. Treasury Holdings (TH) are planningto incorporate a central energy centre tosupply the early phases of their developmentat BPS. The location of the BPS energycentre, close to the river, provides anopportunity to deliver renewable biomassfuel into the area and it is recommended thatthe opportunity to locate a biomass boilerand gas fired boiler plant in this location isfully explored, subject to air quality impactbeing fully considered. Plant in both ofthese locations should be sized to meet thedemands of the wider DHN and sites withinthese developments should be secured forthis strategic central plant.These assets would ideally be owned by asingle energy company (ESCO), a specialpurpose vehicle (SPV), with responsibilityfor designing, building and operating thescheme and supplying heat throughoutthe area. The ownership of the SPV couldinclude the developers themselves as well asthe Boroughs and other project sponsors.Technical standards are required for theOA to provide a consistent approach to thedesign and operation of district heatingnetworks across London. This will enableinterconnection of schemes in the future,bringing greater economies of scale andenabling heat from very low carbon sourcessuch as power stations and energy fromwaste plant to be distributed more widely.Further advice will be necessary fordevelopers within the OA concerningthe design of secondary networks withinbuildings, e.g. types of compatible system,location of plant rooms, space requirementsfor heat exchangers, operating temperaturesand controls. This information will also berelevant for developments which are builtbefore the DHN is available and which willtherefore need to future proof internalsystems to enable straightforward and lowcost connection in the future. The LDA iscurrently developing DHN standards forLondon. Some initial advice is also providedin Section 7 of this report.It is recommended that other standardframework documents should also bedeveloped to cover issues of customerservice, pricing, and performance monitoringand although these are not dealt with here,the LDA is currently developing some ofthese documents.Connections to existing buildings and otherDHNs in the immediate vicinity of the OAshould be strongly encouraged and theBoroughs should pledge to connect buildingswithin their ownership or control to the DHNwherever possible. These connections willprovide valuable additional diversity to thedemand profile, particularly in the short term,as well as increasing the overall scale of thescheme, enabling additional low carbon plantto be introduced, further reducing the CO2footprint of the OA.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 281The existing pipe subway link under theThames to Pimlico and Westminster shouldbe retained and space should be secured onthe BPS site for heat exchangers and pumps,in order facilitate the transfer of heat acrossthe river.The existing electrical distribution systemwithin the OA is owned by EDF, theincumbent distribution network operatorin this area. EDF Energy have advised thatsignificant network reinforcement worksare needed in order to supply the increaseddemands for electricity which will arise fromnew developments in the OA. This includesthe requirement for a new primary substation(132/11kV) somewhere in the OA.A suitable location will need to be identifiedthis (footprint circa 50 x 50m). This is inaddition to the CHP generation assets notedabove, which would not replace a connectionto a local electricity distribution network.It is recommended that a co-ordinatedapproach to delivering this additionalcapacity is taken such that developer riskis minimised and maximum value is realisedfrom the new distribution network assets.This would involve developers workingtogether, potentially with the GLA/LDA, toplan for and deliver this capacity at an earlystage.The primary sub-station and associateddistribution cabling could be delivered byEDF as the incumbent DNO, but equally thisequipment could be provided by any licencedindependent distribution network operator(IDNO). Competition in the provision of thiscapacity and of other utilities e.g. water, isrecommended and indeed, joint procurementof utilities and of the DHN and energygeneration plant, as part of a single process,is likely to reduce the capital contributionrequired and transaction cost associated withthe procurement process.In terms of cooling, an area wide districtcooling scheme is not considered viable,however, localised district cooling networksmay be appropriate in some parts of the OA,particularly BPS and Vauxhall. Thereforeit is recommended that new buildings,particularly commercial offices and retailareas, install chilled water distributionsystems, which will be compatible withdistrict cooling networks in the future.In summary the report makes the followingkey recommendations:1. Key stakeholders to work with GLA,LDA and Boroughs as part of a VNEBDistrict Heating Steering Group, toestablish a district heating network inthe core areas of Nine Elms, Battersea,Vauxhall, to supply low carbon heat toall new developments in this area.2. Ensure developments connect to theVNEB district heating network. Wherea development is completed beforethe VNEB network is completed, thedevelopment should be designed usingtechnical standards established by theVNEB District Heating Steering Groupto ensure it can connect to the VNEBnetwork with the minimum delay andmodifications. Planning obligations willbe used to ensure connection occurs.3. Ensure that Council owned buildings inthe OA connect and benefit from thelow carbon DHN.4. Ensure that the strategic connectionbetween the Pimlico District HeatingScheme and VNEB via the existingpipework beneath the Thamesis secured, including any accessrequirements and space for heatexchangers & pumps on the BatterseaPower Station site.5. Ensure that the opportunity for thePimlico District Heating Scheme to belinked with a future VNEB heat networkis fully investigated.6. Ensure that a route for the burieddistrict heating mains is safeguarded inthe strategic open space.7. Encourage the collection andprocessing of organic waste acrossthe Opportunity Area, using anaerobicdigestion plant located at New CoventGarden Market.8. Determine the optimum location, scaleand combination of energy generationtechnologies to provide a reliableand low carbon supply of heat forthe district heating network, with theflexibility to adapt to future changes inrelevant guidance and regulation.9. Ensure that opportunities tolocate strategic energy generationtechnologies at Battersea PowerStation and New Covent GardenMarket are fully explored.10. Take a collective approach, throughthe establishment of a VNEB DistrictHeating Steering Group (see Appendix6 for draft Terms of Reference), todetermine the optimum ownership andcontracting structure of the schemeand agree the preferred deliveryapproach.11. Develop technical standards andguidelines to ensure compatibilitybetween developments and the VNEBdistrict heating network and to ensurea common approach to issues such asmetering.12. Take a collective approach to theplanning and provision of electricalcapacity in the Opportunity Area andestablish areas of search for predictedEDF sub station capacity uplift (seesections 4.1 and 5.1).

282 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework1 Introduction2 Consultation strategyThis report provides the strategic frameworkfor a site-wide, low carbon, decentralisedenergy scheme, to deliver environmentalbenefits over and above what mightotherwise be achieved by individualdevelopments on a plot-by-plot basis.Decentralised energy schemes have a criticalrole to play in reducing London’s CO2emissions. In a broad sense, decentralisedenergy means the generation of electricityclose to the point of use, enabling heatreleased during the power generation processto be captured and distributed via a districtheating network.This approach enables higher fuel conversionefficiencies and lower energy distributionlosses which together can contribute toLondon’s CO2 reduction target of 60% by2025 as well as delivering on the target setout in the 2007 Climate Change Action Planfor 25% of London’s electricity to be met bedecentralised generation by 2025.District heating networks are fundamentalto such schemes, and in order to have thesignificant impact that is required, extensiveheat networks will need to be installed inLondon over the next few years, on a scalewhich has not been seen before in the UK.Such schemes will enable the distributionof low-carbon heat, captured from powerstations, waste to energy facilities anddedicated CHP plants for space heating andhot water production in buildings & industryacross the city.The Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea (VNEB)Opportunity Area (OA) lends itself to districtheating as a low or zero cost CO2 mitigationtechnology, due to the scale, diversityand density of the regeneration activity.However, district heating networks (DHNs)need planning, co-ordination and specificpolicy and the OAPF is a sensible place to setout the overall ambition and a route map fordeveloping such a scheme.The London Plan already expects all majornew developments to either connect intoCCHP/CHP distribution networks wherethese exist, or provide site-wide CCHP/CHPschemes with communal heating to enablefuture connection into larger, low carbondistrict heating networks. This energy masterplan is intended to build on these principles,helping developers to comply with theserequirements by identifying opportunitiesfor schemes, which incorporate multipledevelopments and potentially connect toexisting buildings, delivering benefits of scaleand diversity, which may not otherwisebe realised.This study has been undertaken by theLDA in consultation with a number ofkey stakeholders, listed below, who haveprovided much of the data and information,which is included.Covent Garden Market Authority (CGMA),London Borough of Lambeth, LondonBorough of Wandsworth, Treasury Holdings,Ballymore, National Grid, EDF Energy,Berkeley Homes and the GLA’s waste team..

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 2833 OA energy characteristics3.1 OverviewIn energy terms, the VNEB area ischaracterised by five distinct developmentareas:• Nine Elms and Battersea PowerStation District• Vauxhall Gateway• Albert Embankment & Environs• NCGM & Patmore Estates• Stewarts Road Industrial AreaDevelopment area No. units Residential (m 2 ) Retail (m 2 ) Office (m 2 ) Industrial (m 2 ) Total (m 2 ) % of totalAlbert Embankment 1,173 82,110 22,500 25,000 10,000 139,610 8%Vauxhall 2,513 175,910 25,000 75,000 10,000 285,910 17%NCGM, Patmore 586 41,020 2,500 0 0 43,520 3%Battersea Nine Elms 12,479 873,530 100,000 255,000 30,000 1,258,530 73%Stewarts Rd Estate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0%Totals 16,751 1,172,570 150,000 355,000 50,000 1,727,570 100%Table 1 Development area land use schedule (Option 5)The table 1 summarises the newdevelopment planned in these five areas(based on the Option 5 developmentscenario – the optimum developmentcapacity within the OA). The figures do notinclude the NCGM.Table 1 shows that almost 75% of newdevelopment is likely to take place in theBattersea Nine Elms area. Around 12,500new homes are planned here at a density of~260units/ha in addition to up to 400,000m2 of commercial space. The high densityand mixed use nature of development inthis area lends itself to an area-wide districtheating scheme, however, the aggregateddemand is dominated by new residentialdevelopments. The areas of highestelectricity consumption will be the newoffices and other commercial areas, wherepower hungry IT equipment will result inincreased levels of comfort coolingDevelopment in the Vauxhall area is likelyto be in the form of tall, high densitymixed use buildings. The density of thesebuildings, combined with high specifications,particularly in offices, will result indevelopments with very high electricaldemands. Addressing space cooling in asustainable way will be a major factor in thedesign of buildings in this area. The majorityof heat demand in Vauxhall will arise fromthe proposed residential units.Overall, less new development is planned inthe northern part of the OA, including AlbertEmbankment and the area to the east of therailway line. Existing buildings here includecommercial offices and public buildingsoccupied by the Metropolitan Police andLondon Fire Brigade. The area to the eastof the railway line is generally lower densityand again although some development isexpected, it is less significant compared tothe areas further west.The Stewarts Road area to the west ofthe OA consists primarily of industrialand commercial units and is home toapproximately 145 businesses. The railwayyards located on the south western fringe ofthe OA are more industrial in nature. Littleis know currently about the specific energyrequirements of the various operations andbuildings in this area although they representan opportunity to increase the diversity ofheat load once should an area-widescheme evolve.NCGM, a wholesale fruit & vegetable market,owned and managed by the Covent GardenMarket Authority (CGMA) is located on alarge site south of the railway line connectingVauxhall with Battersea Park. The market isdue to be redeveloped over the next3-8 years.The Patmore Estate is located in the NineElms area and includes around 470existing homes.More detailed information about specificdevelopment sites and their plans in respectof energy services is provided in Section 4.

284 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework3.2 Development phasingThe OAPF considers development of the areain 2 principle phases as follows:Phase 1 2006-16Phase 2 2017-26Current estimates are for slightly moredevelopment overall in Phase 1 than Phase2, with a bias towards residential and retailin Phase 1 and commercial/industrial inPhase 2. The mix expected in each phase issummarised below. Phasing has an impacton the development of an area wide networkdue to the risk associated with the timing offuture revenues streams. Taking a modularapproach and phasing the installation of lowcarbon plant within energy centres generallymitigate this.PhaseTotal gross floorarea (sqm)Residential area(sqm)Retail area(sqm)Office area(sqm)Industrial area(sqm)Phase 1 921,741 703,780 131,250 46,711 40,000Phase 2 805,829 468,790 18,750 308,289 10,000Total 1,727,570 1,172,570 150,000 355,000 50,000Table 2However, some up front fixed costsassociated with the district heatingdistribution network and energy centrestructures and services can not be avoidedand will tend to result in a capital intensivescheme which requires support in the shortto medium term whilst the connectedload builds.3.3 Energy demand andconsumption estimatesIn order to analyse the expected energydemand and annual consumption arisingfrom the new developments planned in theOA and further understand the opportunityfor district heating, the OA has beendivided into 5 areas. The areas and thecorresponding LTS zones, which they fallwithin, are as follows:• Albert Embankment (LTS Zones 107,1200, 1204)• Vauxhall (1206)• NCGM Environs + Patmore Estates (1300)• BPS District + Nine Elms District (1301)• Stewarts Road Industrial Area (1310)Estimates of peak demand and annualenergy consumption have been madeusing benchmarks, taking account of thephasing of development and future expectedreductions in demand and consumptionas changes to the Building Regulationsare implemented. The following tablessummarise the results of this exercise andshow estimates of total annual energy (heat,cooling and electricity) consumption andpeak demand for new developments in eachof the above areas once fully built out i.e.Phases 1 and 2.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 2853.3.1 Annual energy consumptionDevelopment area Heat (MWh) Cooling (MWh)Electricity(MWh)Albert Embankment 7,300 1,690 9,547Vauxhall 14,927 2,751 17,138160,000VNEB OAAnnual Energy ConsumptionNew DevelopmentsNCGM, Patmore 9,087 86 20,425Battersea/Nine Elms 60,541 10,214 69,662Stewarts Road 0 0 0Totals 91,855 14,740 116,772Table 3 Estimated annual energy consumption for new development areasMWh per annum140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,000ElectricityCoolingHeat20,0000AlbertEmbankmentVauxhallNCGM,PatmoreBattersea/NineElmsStew artsRoadVNEB OAAnnual Energy ConsumptionNew Developments160,000MWh per annum140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,000ElectricityCoolingHeat20,0000AlbertEmbankmentVauxhallNCGM,PatmoreBattersea/NineElmsStew artsRoadFigure TA5.1 Annual energy consumption

286 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework3.3.2 Peak demandDevelopment area Heat (MWh) Cooling (MWh)Electricity(MWh)Albert Embankment 6 4 6Vauxhall 13 7 10NCGM, Patmore 5 0 7140120VNEB OAPeak Energy DemandNew DevelopmentsBattersea/Nine Elms 57 22 41Stewarts Road 0 0 0Peak demand (undiversified)Estimated diversified demand *8250-7033336363MW1008060ElectricityCoolingHeatTable 4 Estimated peak energy demands for new development areas40Note* - The overall diversified peak demand of a district heating networkdepends to a large extent on the age, nature and usage of the buildingsconnected and the type of internal distribution systems used. Differentapproaches can be used to estimate the likely peak demand of a new scheme,however, where new buildings are involved there is always uncertainty aroundhow new buildings will perform in practice. This issue is probably not criticalat this stage and can be refined as the project and phases become clearer,however, an early estimate is for a maximum diversified demand of50-70MW heat.200AlbertEmbankmentFigure TA5.2 Peak energy demandVauxhallNCGM,PatmoreBattersea/NineElmsStew arts Road

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 287Load duration curveA heat load duration curve has beendeveloped for new developments arising inthe OA. The curve takes standard hourlyprofiles for different building types over atypical year and displays the hour with thehighest demand on the left hand side andthe lowest on the right. The load durationcurve is a useful tool in determining thescale of project and technology selection.A load duration curve including all plannednew development in the OA for each phaseis shown below and is discussed further inSection 7.3.Thermal Demand (kW)30,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000-Option 5 - Thermal Demand Duration CurvePhase 1+2 Heat DemandPhase 1 Heat Demand0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000Annual HoursFigure TA5.3 Thermal demand duration curve3.4 Existing buildingsExisting buildings could have a significantimpact on the growth of the scheme inthe future.There are some large commercial buildingsalong Albert Embankment. These are likelyto have central plant and could thereforepotentially be connected relatively easilyto an area wide district heating scheme.Further information is needed in order tounderstand specific opportunities.Individual electric and gas boiler systemsgenerally serve existing residential buildingsin the OA. This makes connections to DHNsmore complex and expensive, although insome cases there will be a significant carbonbenefit at stake. The complexity mainlyarises from the requirement for new hotwater distribution systems within buildings,to supply heat to each dwelling.Retrofitting dwellings in this way wouldtypically be considered when existingsystems are coming to the end of their usefullife, providing an opportunity for offsetcapital costs. However, the economic caseneeds to be analysed over the whole life ofthe systems, as operating costs are typicallyhigher, particularly for electrically heateddwellings.Dwellings on the Patmore Estate haveindividual gas boilers, whereas Chelsea BridgeWharf is electrically heated. Informationhas been requested from Berkeley Homesin respect of St Georges Wharf but has notbeen received.In summary, the existing buildings mentionedwill certainly play a part in the scheme in thefuture, but in the short term they are notconsidered in terms of CO2 savings or centralplant sizing.

288 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework4 Major sites4.1 Battersea Power Station (BPS)Treasury Holding’s (TH) redevelopment ofBattersea Power Station (BPS) is likely toinclude the following mix of buildings:• ~ 3,000 residential units• 100,000 m 2 hotel and servicedapartments• 120,000 m 2 offices• 90,000 m 2 retail• 40,000 m 2 leisure and community usesThe total development area is circa8.2m sqft.Following meetings with TH, it is understoodthat a phased approach to energy supplyand distribution is planned, in line with theconstruction phasing, as follows:• • Phase 1 (2011) – first occupation isexpected to be 2015.• • Phase 2 (2014)• • Phase 3 (2018)• • Phase 4 (2020)Phase 1 includes the redevelopment ofthe Power Station as zero-carbon officeaccommodation plus and a new residentialblock (RS1) to the West. This phase willincorporate a new central energy centre, builton the site of the original coal bunkers, sizedto supply the Phase 1 accommodation.TH’s current proposal is for the Phase 1central plant to incorporate a biofueltri-generation plant. Biofuel storage will belocated underground adjacent to the riverto enable deliveries from the river. Theprimary distribution system planned for thesite is 160oC flow, largely to drive absorptionchillers located in the energy centre. Underfloor heating is planned in the residentialblocks and it is proposed that domestic hotwater (DHW) is produced centrally. Bothof these proposals provide a use for lowtemperature heat recovered from the CHPengine. The high temperature heat fromthe CHP plant will be used to driveabsorption chillers.In subsequent phases the district heatingnetwork will be extended to the new phasesand additional CCHP plant will be added asrequired. This approach enables flexibility toadapt to future technologies and regulations.EDF have suggested that there is a needfor a 33/11kV primary sub-station at thesite to meet the increase in demand. It isnot known to what extent this sub-stationwill have additional capacity to meet newelectricity demands on other sites e.g. inNine Elms.A district cooling network is planned toserve Phase 1 with absorption chillerslocated centrally. It is understood thatunder some circumstances, in order toachieve zero-carbon status for the powerstation, the biofuel CHP engines may beoperated to provide high temperature heatfor the absorption chillers and to offset gridelectricity when there is insufficient heatload for the low temperature engine coolingcircuits. This would result in dumping oflow grade heat, either to the Thames oratmosphere, reducing the overall efficiencyof the plant.Interconnection of the Phase 1 plant withother developments or district heatingschemes, such as PDHU, would enablethis heat to be usefully used and is one ofthe reasons why the area-wide approachis recommended i.e. providing greaterdiversity of load. A further benefit ofinterconnections to other sites is the scaleof plant that can be deployed, sometimesreducing technology risk, capital andoperating costs.It is recommended that the Phase 1 BPSenergy centre is enlarged to house additionalplant, ideally a biomass (wood chip) boiler,which would be used to generate low carbonheat for the area-wide network. The locationof the energy centre adjacent to the river andexisting wharf provides a route for deliveriesof biomass wood chips or similar by river,reducing the need for additional trafficmovements in the OA.Later phases of the BPS developmentare proposed to have their own energycentres. If the Phase 1 energy centre couldbe enlarged, as it is understood it could beand as suggested above, then this could beavoided, with any future growth in demandmet through the addition of plant in the BPSPhase 1 energy centre or indeed elsewhereon the district heating scheme.Overall, the scheme being proposed at BPSwould appear to be technically compatiblewith the concept of the area wide scheme,i.e. a local district heating network andcentral energy centre for the first phase.Specific issues related to the proposal, suchas the sustainability, carbon intensity and airquality impacts of the biofuel proposed, willbe addressed through the planning process.The issue of the size of the Phase 1 energycentre and the ability to secure this as astrategic location for the wider scheme is thekey strategic issue to be resolved

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 2894.2 Ballymore4.3 American Embassy4.4 New Covent Garden Market(NCGM)Ballymore have acquired a number ofsites in the OA. The largest area is a 14.5ha residential site in the Nine Elms area,approximately 30% of the identifieddevelopment area in Nine Elms. Assuminga proportional split in terms of developmentdensity, this could represent 3,800 residentialunits. Other sites close to the BatterseaPower Station development are smallerbut are also likely to come forward withresidential development.The approach to energy provision on largedevelopment sites will be driven by planningpolicy and the evolving building regulations.The current approach for Nine Elms istherefore likely to be for a centralised systemwith CHP.Ballymore have generally opted to provideprivate waste collections on their morerecent developments, to reduce storage andtypically have recycling and compostingfacilities on site. This approach makesthe separation and collection of foodwaste for processing in an AD plant morestraightforward and could be used across theOA as a way of securing this fuel source.Ballymore will be undertaking significant civilwork shortly with the statutory utilities tomove services in Ponton Road to clear thesite for United States Government (USG),with whom they are working closely in termsof development proposals and planning.United States Government (USG) haspurchased a 5 ha site in the heart of NineElms for the development of the newAmerican Embassy. In terms of energy, itis not known at this stage what is planned,however it is expected that the services willbe designed with a strong focus on securityand resilience of energy supply. A connectionto an independent area wide district heatingscheme could potentially provide additionalresilience to an on-site plant.The programme for this development ismoving ahead of others in the Nine Elmsarea and may be granted planning consentprior to the area wide district heatingscheme being developed. It is thereforerecommended that this building is futureproofed in line with the recommendations inSection 7.CGMA have plans to redevelop the wholesalefruit, vegetable and flower markets at NineElms over the next 3-5 years. The strategyfor regenerating the site is to release theflower market site for residential/commercialdevelopment in order to finance theconstruction of a new market (includingflower market) on the site of the existingfruit and vegetable market. This will be donein partnership with a property developer.The site uses heat for space heatingand DHW in offices and electricity forrefrigeration and lighting. The refrigerationdemand is expected to increase as a resultof an increasing number of food processingbusinesses.Heat is currently produced via the centralboiler house and is distributed via pipeworkin tunnels and buildings. It is understoodthat none of the existing assets, includingthe boilerhouse and tunnels will bere-utilised as part of the redevelopment andin fact the site of the existing boilerhouseis planned to form part of the commercialredevelopment site. A new site will thereforebe required and this presents an idealopportunity to review the way in whichenergy services are provided at present andto develop a new low carbon supply anddistribution infrastructure, which is fullyintegrated with the OA network.From an operational point of view, CGMAprocure gas and electricity and provideservices (heat and electricity) to theirtenants. The costs of providing theseservices, such as boiler maintenance etc arepassed through to the tenant businesses. Itseems likely that this approach will continueonce the site has been redeveloped, althoughthis service could potentially be providedby a third party. CGMA currently supplyelectricity to their tenants via a private lowvoltage (LV) network.The peak heat demand of the market isexpected to be around 2.8MW under therevised plans. The annual heat consumptionhas been estimated at 7,000 MWh pa.The peak electricity demand of the new siteis expected to be in the order of 5.5MW,which could result in an annual electricityconsumption of circa 18,635MWh.CGMA produce a significant amount offood waste (circa 5,000 tonnes is currentlyseparated at source) and a number of reportscarried out for CGMA over the past 5 yearshave suggested that anaerobic digestion(AD) of this waste would be sensible. CGMAare not progressing any specific energystrategies for the site at present, due to thefact that it will be completely redevelopedwithin the next 3-8 years. However, giventhe potential that has been identified, someland has been identified by CGMA as apossible site for an AD plant with CHP. It isassumed that this site would also be used tohouse the central boiler plant for the site.

290 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework4.5 Battersea gasometers4.6 Pimlico District HeatingUndertaking (PDHU)It is recommended that this land is identifiedthrough the OAPF and that the potentialopportunity for a larger AD/CHP facility isexplored further with the potential to processorganic waste arising locally from the market,local homes, supermarkets and existinghousing via the Western Riverside WasteAuthority on behalf of the Boroughs. Anassessment of the amount of food wastethat might be available is summarised inSection 7.3.2.The identified land could also be used tohouse some of the conventional top up andback up boiler plant required to meet thepeak heat demands of the planned DHN.The development of the BatterseaGasometers site by NG Transco is at a veryearly stage and there are currently no specificplans for addressing the provision of energyto the site. A planning application is around18 months away.The existing NG Transco pressure reducingstation (PRS) to the south of the gasometerswill be retained. The PRS takes gas atmedium pressure and therefore is not suitablefor use with turboexpander technology,which is being proposed elsewhere for highpressure PRS.The PDHU scheme is owned by City WestHomes (formerly the Housing Department ofWestminster Borough Council) and currentlyserves 3250 residential units on the ChurchillGardens Estate, ~ 50 commercial premises(mainly small shops, pubs etc), 2 schools anda health centre. Although originally suppliedwith heat from Battersea Power Station via300mm diameter mains beneath the Thames(and later from a boiler house on that site),all heat is now generated at PDHU via newCHP and gas boiler plant in conjunctionwith a thermal store. The boiler plant on theTreasury Holdings site is leased by Dalkia andremains operational if required. The lease onthe boilerhouse expires within the next fewyears. The tunnel and pipework beneath theThames are owned by City West Homes andagain are maintained and operational shouldthey be required.The CHP plant operates throughout theyear, providing baseload heat. There is littleavailable capacity for new connections andPDHU are seeking new source of low carbonheat to enable them to expand the network.There is the potential to use the existingpipework beneath the Thames to linkthe VNEB scheme with PDHU and it isrecommended that space is retained on theTreasury Holdings site for the necessary plantand equipment e.g. heat exchanger, pumpsetc, to protect the potential future use ofthis strategic link across the Thames(see Section 5.6).The PDHU scheme currently uses 2 x1.6MWe CAT gas CHP engines alongside 3 x8MWth gas boilers and a 2,500m3 thermalaccumulator. The DH system is largelyoriginal i.e. 1960s and operates at 85-95°Cflow, 65°C return. The accumulator is usedto provide a buffer against the largelyresidential (peaky) heat demand.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 2914.7 Lambeth and Wandsworthcommunal heating schemesThere are a number of communal heatingschemes adjacent to the VNEB area. Thesecould present opportunities for connectionto a new district heating scheme developedon the site, either as heat customers, orpotentially as suppliers of heat or back upboiler functionality.4.7.1 LambethThere are 178 communal boilers in Lambeth.These are shown on the map opposite.Major Combined Heat and Power (CHP)and community heating schemes are indevelopment at the Roupell and Ethelredhousing estates, and through the MyattsFields North housing estate regeneration(a Private Finance Initiative scheme). Theproposed Clapham Park Estate regenerationwill involve two large scale energy centreswith CHP, providing heat and hot waterto over two thousand homes. The SouthBank Employers’ Group is promoting CHPand community heating networks amongstcommercial developers in the South Bankarea to build large scale energy networks.Figure TA5.4 Lambeth boiler houses on estates

292 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework4.7.2 WandsworthThere are at least 60 communally heatedhousing blocks in Wandsworth of which 20are in excess of 1MWh, thereby providingopportunities for connections into a widerdistrict heating network connecting toenergy service provision at VNEB.The London Energy Partnership haveproduced a Community Heating Database(http://www.lep.org.uk/projects/toolkits.php) which provides details of communalboilers across London, and the LDA willpublish an interactive London Heat Mapwhich will be available online in Autumn2009. The map below illustrates a sampleof communal boilers in Wandsworth andLambeth that may be possible to connect toa wider district heating network as part ofthe developments at VNEB.Figure TA5.5 Communal boilers in Wandsworth and Lambeth (London Boroughs of Lambeth & Wandsworth)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 2935 Existing gas and electricity infrastructure5.1 Electricity5.2 GasEDF Energy were contacted as part of thework and were asked to comment on issuesof capacity and suitability for embeddedgeneration in the area. They provided thefollowing formal response:“Forecasting load growth across the majorityof our network area has been adjusted toreflect the current down turn in the economywith long term forecasts indicating very lowgrowth levels over the next few years. Thereare a few exceptions where growth continuesnotably the City of London and the ThamesGateway where we will continue to monitordevelopments closely.Whenever presented with new developmentproposals for the Region, the EDF EnergyProjects Gateway team will examine theproposal, its impact on our existing networkand provide an economic design forconnection. The Developer is required tomeet appropriate costs in accordance withthe current industry regulations.Our funding arrangements, which are setin periodic price reviews by our regulator,Ofgem, specifically do not allow us to investin infrastructure ahead of need. The regulatorviews such investment as risky, inefficientand not in the best interests of customers asa whole.For the moment we can say that the networkcapacity for the Region is adequate formeeting existing customer demand. Ourasset replacement programmes provide theopportunity to rethink the way in which ourinfrastructure is developed to meet futurecustomer needs, particularly for connectionsto green and renewable energy sources.”The forecast additional electricity demand forthe OA based on the Option 5 developmentscenario is 50-60MW.The OA is currently supplied with electricityfrom primary sub-stations at Montford Placeand Moreton Street. Whilst it is understoodthat some reinforcement of the MontfordPlace 33/11kV sub-station may be possible,EDF have confirmed that a new primary substationwill be required somewhere withinthe OA. It is recommended that a locationbe identified within the Battersea Nine Elmsarea, as this is the area where the majority ofadditional demand will appear.EDF have advised that the expected footprintfor a 132/11kV primary sub-station to servethe area would be 50 x 50m, which couldbe integrated into a development site. Thisnew facility would have a total capacity of50-60MW. The early cost estimate for anew primary sub-station according to EDFis £15-20m. EDF would typically seek torecover these costs from developers throughconnection charges associated with specificdevelopments. In practice this means thatthe majority of these costs might be met bya single developer who’s development meansthat capacity in the area is exceeded.It is therefore recommended that majordevelopers, potentially with the supportof the GLA/LDA, take collective action toplan for and bring forward this additionalcapacity at an early stage. This collectiveaction would reduce the risk to any singledeveloper, but may require capital supportfrom the public sector.This new infrastructure could be installed byEDF as the incumbent distribution networkoperator (DNO) however it could also beprovided by any other licensed independentDNO (IDNO). A competitive approach toprocurement is recommended. This earlyfunding of infrastructure could potentiallybe recovered through the CommunityInfrastructure Levy, when this arises, orthrough negotiated S106 agreements.Primary sub-stations typically take 3-4 yearsto bring into operation, partly due to verylong lead in times on transformers, andtherefore planning for this at early stage is apriority for the OA.Joint procurement of the high voltageelectricity distribution assets and ofthe waste processing and low carboninfrastructure, as part of a single process,is likely to reduce the capital contributionrequired by developers and minimisethe transaction cost associated with theprocurement process.Gas capacity is believed to be generallyavailable in the OA, however, the level ofdevelopment planned will increase thedemand significantly, particularly at theenergy centres, where gas fired CHP andback up and top up boilers are located.Once the energy centre locations are clearer,an early estimate of the gas capacity shouldbe made and a request placed with a licencedgas supplier for a supply at these points. Thisrequest triggers a capacity study, which willin turn determine the costs of the network,metering and any offsite reinforcementworks required.

294 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework6 Policy contextThere are a number of policies and strategiesimpacting on the development of the sitesin the VNEB Opportunity Area in termsof energy.6.1 NationalAt a national level, the Government passedthe Climate Change Act in December 2008,setting a legally binding target of at leastan 80% cut in greenhouse gas emissions by2050, to be achieved through action in theUK and abroad.6.1.1 New and emerging regulationThe Government introduced the PlanningAct 2008 which is of considerable importancefor energy infrastructure projects, as well asthe Energy Act and Climate Change Act 2008which ensures that legislation underpins thelong term delivery of the UK’s energy andclimate change strategy. More details can befound at:http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/sources/renewables/policy/index.htmlThe Renewable Heat Incentive is currentlyin development, which would establish afinancial support mechanism for renewableheat, for example from an AD plant.Current proposals are for the introductionof a ‘banded’ system, similar to that of theRenewables Obligation, whereby supplierscan trade ROCs, potentially creating anadditional revenue stream.The Renewable Energy Strategy, which mapsout how we will deliver the UK’s renewableenergy target by 2020, was published in July2009 after widespread public consultation.The Strategy addresses the need to radicallyreduce greenhouse gas emissions, as well asdiversify the UK’s energy sources. As part ofthis move to a low-carbon economy, a stepchange is required in renewable energy use inheat, electricity and transport over the next12 years.6.1.2 Building regulation and theCode for Sustainable Homes (CSH)The Government has expressed the aim thatall new homes should be zero carbon by2016 and all new non-domestic buildingsshould be zero carbon by 2019 . This willresult in a significant step change in thenational Building Regulations (Part L) interms of the minimum improvements overthe Target Emission Rate (TER) fornew development.The government’s Code for SustainableHomes (CSH) outlines targetedimprovements, as individual code levelsfor residential buildings, towards theachievement of full zero carbon (codelevel 6). The baseline for the CSH is theenergy performance standard set in PartL of Building Regulations 2006 (Part L,Building Regulations 2006), which arecurrently being revised. Building Regulations2010 are expected to require residentialdevelopments to make a 25% improvementon Building Regulations 2006 and sethigher improvement requirements for nonresidentialdevelopments, depending ofdevelopment type.Zero carbon homes will be designed andbuilt to be highly energy efficient and a newstandard on the highest practical energyefficiency level realisable in all dwelling typeswill be announced by the end of 2009.The net emissions of the home, takingaccount of its energy efficiency and on-siteenergy supply (including, where relevant,connections to heat networks) will then meeta minimum “carbon compliance” standard- in effect a regulatory level of carbonreduction to be achieved on-site comparedto today’s regulations. This level of on-sitecarbon compliance has been set at 70 percent of regulated energy use.Any carbon not mitigated on site willfinally be dealt with through a rangeof good quality “allowable solutions”.Although allowable solutions will not beannounced until the end of 2009, thosesolutions receiving broad support during theconsultation (as announced in July 2009)are:• Further carbon reductions on site beyondthe regulatory standard• Energy efficient appliances meeting ahigh standard, which are installed asfittings within the home• Advanced forms of building controlsystem which reduce the level of energyuse in the home• Exports of low carbon or renewableheat from the development to otherdevelopments• Investments in low and zero carboncommunity heat infrastructure• Other allowable solutions remainunder consideration

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 295The allowable solutions are highly relevant tothe development of the Vauxhall Nine ElmsBattersea decentralised energy networks,as it may be possible to use investmentin the network and connection betweendevelopments as a way of achieving zerocarbon schemes.At time of publication of this report, theGovernment is considering with stakeholdersthe practical arrangements that would berequired to permit them to be put in placeand to ensure that good quality are achievedin practice.The following regulation and legislationshould be considered when identifyingappropriate energy solutions for newdevelopments:• The Carbon Reduction Commitment: amandatory cap and trade scheme fororganisations consuming more than6,000 MWh of electricity per year• Energy Performance Certificates forbusiness premises and Display EnergyCertificates for public sector organisations• Measures to grow distributed electricitygeneration and distributed heatgeneration alongside the centralisedsystem• Developing new energy infrastructurethrough reform of planning permissionprocesses, as detailed in the 2007Planning White Paper: Planning for aSustainable Future6.2 RegionalThe London Plan – currently under revision- contains a number of policies relating toenergy requirements in new developments.Figure TA5.6 Mayor’s energy hierarchyEnergy Demand ReductionEfficient SupplyRenewableEnergy

296 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkThe policies of relevance are 4A.4 – 4A.11.These cover the following areas: 4A.4 Energyassessment, 4A.5 Provision of heating andcooling networks, 4A.6 Decentralised Energy:Heating, Cooling and Power, 4A.7 RenewableEnergy, 4A.9 Adaptation to Climate Change,4A.10 Overheating, and 4A.11 Living Roofsand Walls.Policies 4A.5 to 4A.7 are of particularrelevance to the VNEB OAPF, as they requireconsideration of site-wide energy supply anddemand, as well as the consideration of CHPand low carbon energy supply options.4A.5 Provision of heatingand cooling networksBoroughs should ensure that all DPDsidentify and safeguard existing heatand cooling networks and maximise theopportunities for providing new networksthat are supplied by decentralised energy.Boroughs should ensure that all newdevelopment is designed to connect to theheating and cooling network.The Mayor will and boroughs should workin partnership to identify and to establishnetwork opportunities, to ensure thedelivery of these networks and to maximisethe potential for existing developments toconnect to them.4A.6 Decentralised energy:heating, cooling and powerThe Mayor will and boroughs should intheir DPDs require all developments todemonstrate that their heating, coolingand power systems have been selected tominimise carbon dioxide emissions. Theneed for active cooling systems should bereduced as far as possible through passivedesign including ventilation, appropriateuse of thermal mass, external summershading and vegetation on and adjacentto developments. The heating and coolinginfrastructure should be designed to allowthe use of decentralised energy (includingrenewable generation) and for it to bemaximised in the future.Developments should evaluate combinedcooling, heat, and power (CCHP) andcombined heat and power (CHP) systemsand where a new CCHP/CHP system isinstalled as part of a new development,examine opportunities to extend the schemebeyond the site boundary to adjacent areas.The Mayor will expect all majordevelopments to demonstrate that theproposed heating and cooling systemshave been selected in accordance with thefollowing order of preference:• connection to existing CCHP/CHPdistribution networks;• site-wide CCHP/CHP powered byrenewable energy;• gas-fired CCHP/CHP or hydrogen fuelcells, both accompanied by renewables;• communal heating and cooling fuelledby renewable sources of energy; and• gas fired communal heating and cooling.4A.5 Renewable energyPlanning can promote energy efficientdesign and construction, greater efficiencyin use of resources (such as use ofcombined heat and power and the use ofheat networks) and the use of renewableenergy sources. It can also help encouragedecentralised energy systems, such asarea-wide community heating networks.6.3 Local6.3.1 WandsworthWandsworth Council’s Core Strategy wassubmitted in May 2009. The followingpolicies are of particular relevance to theVNEB development:4A.7 Renewable energyPlanning can promote energy efficientdesign and construction, greater efficiencyin use of resources (such as use ofcombined heat and power and the use ofheat networks) and the use of renewableenergy sources. It can also help encouragedecentralised energy systems, such asarea-wide community heating networks.The Core Strategy also makes referenceto the particularly good opportunities forCHP technology in Nine Elms (para 4.127)and that the Council pledge to work withdevelopment partners to promote necessarystrategic sustainable energy infrastructure,which may include developers identifyingland and access for CHP / CCHP plantand district heating connections whereappropriate.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 297Core Policies for Issues: Policy IS 2Sustainable design, low carbondevelopment and renewable energya. The Council supports measures toimprove energy conservation and efficiencyand contributions to renewable energygeneration.b. All development will be required to makeefficient use of natural resources (e.g. energyand water), employing good standardsof sustainable design and construction,including sustainable drainage, workingtowards low carbon and zero carbonstandards. The Council will encouragenew residential development to achieve atleast level 3 of the Code for SustainableHomes and other development to meetthe equivalent BREEAM standards. Newbuildings should be designed for the climatethey will experience over their lifetime. Majordevelopment proposals will be expected todemonstrate and justify their approach aspart of an Energy Assessment.c. The feasibility of combined cooling, heatand power should be assessed for all majordevelopment and all new developmentshould be designed to connect todecentralised energy, heating and coolingnetworks wherever possible. Energy masterplans for cumulative developments in theareas of major change such as Nine Elms,north-east Battersea, central Wandsworthand the Wandle Delta and Clapham Junctionwill be promoted and ways of deliveryexplored with relevant development partners.d. Developments will be required to achievea reduction in carbon emissions in line withLondon Plan targets (currently 20%) throughon site renewable energy generation unlessit can be demonstrated that such provision isnot feasible.6.3.2 LambethLambeth Council published their Draft CoreStrategy as part of their Local DevelopmentFramework for consultation in April 2009.The current timetable sets December 2010as the proposed date for the Adoption ofthe Core Strategy. Tackling and adaptingto climate change is a high priority in thedocument (Strategic Objective C), and thereis a Strategic Objective on Sustainable EnergyUse (Policy S9) which requires “decentralisedcooling, heat and power networks throughneighbourhood regeneration programmesand for all major developments” and “….allmajor developments to achieve a reduction incarbon emissions through on-site renewableenergy…”.Policy S9 – Sustainable energy useThe Council will increase the sustainable useof energy by:(a) Supporting the delivery of energyinfrastructure programmes in partnershipwith energy providers, where thesecontribute to the sustainable use of energy inthe borough (see Annex 2).(b) Requiring all development to be designedto high standards of energy efficiency inaccordance with the principles of sustainabledesign and construction (see Policy S11).(c) Promoting improvements in the energyefficiency of existing buildings as part ofrefurbishment and maintenance whereplanning permission is required and by avariety of promotional measures whereplanning controls do not apply.(d) Requiring decentralised cooling, heatand power networks through neighbourhoodregeneration programmes and for all majordevelopments, where feasible.(e) Requiring all major development toachieve a reduction in carbon emissionsthrough on site renewable energy in linewith London Plan targets, having regard tothe local physical environment, sensitivereceptors and local air quality. Where therequired reduction from on site renewableenergy is not feasible within major newdevelopments, a financial contributionwill be sought to an agreed borough wideprogramme for carbon dioxide emissionsreduction.(f) Promoting zero-carbon and low-carbondevelopmentA specific SPD for the Vauxhall Area detailsdevelopment guidance for the VNEB OA.Policy PN2 – Vauxhall in the Draft CoreStrategy includes “the implementation ofdistrict heating networks and other effectiveforms of CO2 reduction”Policy PN2 – Vauxhall(d) Supporting thehighest standards of sustainable design andconstruction and the implementation ofdistrict heating networks and other effectiveforms of CO2 reduction and climate changeadaptation, including innovative approaches,in line with London Plan policies.

298 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework7 Area wide district heating schemeThis section of the report considers the costand environmental benefits of a co-ordinatedapproach to district heating in the OA anddetermines the potential scale of the project.Technology options are considered includingthe opportunity to incorporate an anaerobicdigestion (AD) plant and biomass boilerwithin the OA.Potential locations for the energy centre(s)are discussed along with comments on thesize and possible routes for the hot waterdistribution network. The role of existingbuildings and potential links to other existingand proposed district heating schemes arealso discussed.7.1 IntroductionThe scale and nature of developmentplanned for the OA, presents a goodopportunity to develop a district heatingscheme in Central London.Whilst new developments are the catalystfor the scheme, existing buildings will havehigher heat demand per unit area due totheir age and provide the potential for higherCO2 savings to be achieved in the future.There are generally cost and CO2 benefitsarising from an area-wide approach to districtheating compared with other alternatives.These arise from economies of scale of largerequipment and higher operating efficienciesarising from both the technology and theimproved operating profile of the principalheat supply plant.A study recently completed on behalf ofDECC found that the overall cost of CO2abatement (£/tCO2 saved) is significantlylower for an area wide district heatingschemes using gas engines compared tosmaller standalone CHP plants servingindividual development sites.7.2 VNEB scheme overviewInitially the scheme would involve theconstruction of a new district heatingnetwork (DHN) supplying heat for spaceheating and hot water services (HWS) tothe central part of the OA i.e. Vauxhall,Nine Elms and Battersea. In the future thenetwork could extend to serve the otherparts of the OA and developments beyondthe VNEB boundary.The scheme would be designed to enableheat to be supplied from a number ofdifferent points on the network. The sourceof heat is flexible at this stage althoughinitially, it is expected that gas-fired CHPengines and biomass boilers would be usedto produce low carbon heat and, in the caseof CHP, offset grid electricity in the OA.As described in more detail below, thereare opportunities in the OA to integrate anenergy from waste plant, in the form of ananaerobic digester, producing a biogas fromorganic waste, for combustion in a CHPplant.7.3 Low/zero carbon plant7.3.1 Gas fired CHPGas fired CHP is an established technologywith a long history of deployment alongsidedistrict heating schemes. In the context ofVNEB, CHP plant means a reciprocating gasengine generator, with heat recovery fromexhaust gases and engine cooling circuits.Such plant is typically only economic whensized to meet the heating baseload, enablingit to operate for as many hours as possible(and at least 75% of the time) over thecourse of a year.The heat load duration curve in Section 3.3.3has been used to determine the approximatesize of the thermal baseload and the CHPcapacity that the initial scheme couldsupport. A CHP plant of around 5 - 6MWeis found to be viable for the fully built outoption 5 development scenario. Due tothe phasing of development, this capacitywould be installed in probably two units of2.5 - 3MWe each, in the same location. SeeAppendix 1 for potential locations.This basic sizing does not include theconnection of new developments plannedfor Albert Embankment, existing buildingsin the OA or schemes on the north side ofthe Thames e.g. in Pimlico, which togethercould increase the potential CHP capacity.Therefore space should be secured at an earlystage in the same location for an additionalCHP engine of a similar size (e.g. 2.5 – 3MWe) to enable expansion in the future.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 299Option 5 - Thermal Demand Duration Curve & CHP OutputWaste availableThermal Demand (kW)30,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000Source Total arising % captured Total possible capturedNCGM 4,800 100% 4,800 tonnes paWRWA 109,890 18% 20,000 tonnes paNew OA development 4,523 18% 814 tonnes paOther CAZ Boroughs 83,700 24% 20,000 tonnes paRichmond (other) 21,600 23% 5,000 tonnes paTotal arisingsMaximum possible capturedEstimated captured for OA AD224,513 tonnes pa50,614 tonnes pa20,000 tonnes pa00 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000Annual HoursOverall rate of captureMethane characteristics9% of total arisings7.3.2 Anaerobic digestionThermal Demand Profile Kw/hrAn assessment of the potential sources oforganic waste has been made and the likelybiogas yield that would result has beenestimated. The results of this exercise areshown below. It is found that assuming adigester with a throughput capacity of circa20,000 tonnes pa were installed, around 4%of the total heat and electricity consumptionof the area could be supplied from theresulting biogas if used in a CHP engine.CHP OutputFigure TA5.7 Load duration curve and CHP output for core scheme (Nine Elms, Battersea, and CGMA)If the biogas were burnt in a conventionalgas boiler then more heat would beproduced, however, the CO2 savings wouldbe lower, due to the lack of electricitygeneration. In addition, using the gas ina CHP plant would also attract revenuesupport in the form of renewable obligationcertificates (ROCs) which will improve theeconomics of this element of the scheme.Methane yieldCVAnnual methane yield from OAEnergy in methaneGas engine characteristics60 m3 methane/tonne2,136 MJ/tonne35.6 MJ/m310 kWh/m31,200,000 m311,867 MWhGross electrical efficiency 36%Gross thermal efficiency 42%Process heat + losses 17%Process electricity 8%Net electrical efficiency 28%Net thermal efficiency 25%Engine annual balanceMethane input11,867 MWhGross electrical output4,272 MWhGross thermal output4,984 MWhNet electrical output3,323 MWhNet thermal output2,967 MWh% total heat from AD 4%% total electricity from AD 3%

300 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework7.3.3 Biomass boilerDue to the relatively small contribution ofthe digester to the overall CO2 savings asoutlined above, an additional renewablesource of heat is recommended whichwill enable developers to meet a greaterproportion of their planning obligations inrespect of renewables through a connectionto the scheme and avoid the installation of alarge number of small biomass boilers acrossthe area.Installing a biomass boiler in a centrallocation within the OA will enable larger,more cost effective and more efficientplant to be used, thereby delivering greaterbenefits to the area at lower overall cost.The optimum location for such a plant isthe Battersea Power Station (BPS) site, aspart of the Phase 1 energy centre. As notedpreviously, the location of the energy centreadjacent to the river and existing wharfprovides a route for deliveries of biomasswood chips or similar by river, reducing theneed for additional traffic movements in theOA. The existing power station chimneyscould potentially provide a suitable housingfor the biomass boiler flue. The impact onair quality of such a facility has not beenconsidered at this stage and would need tobe fully explored as specific plansare developed.A sensible size for the biomass boiler wouldappear to be around 2 – 2.5MW output. Asshown in Figure 7 below, the boiler wouldoperate between October and April only,as there would be insufficient heat load tooperate during the summer months.kWh12,000,00010,000,0008,000,0006,000,0004,000,0002,000,0007.3.4 Thermal store0Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecThe relatively peaky nature of the heatdemand on a daily basis, means that athermal accumulator would be beneficial tothe scheme. Thermal accumulators are usuallyinsulated cylindrical pressure vessels, whichstore hot water, enabling CHP and biomassboiler plant to generate heat during periodsof low demand, for later use when demandincreases. This increases the operationalefficiency of the low carbon plant.The optimum size of the accumulatorwould be determined at the feasibilitystage, however, as an example, the thermalaccumulator at the PDHU scheme has avolume of circa 2,500m3. A footprint ofcirca 10 x 10m would be required for anaccumulator of this size. A height of around15-20m would be ideal although a smallervessel would still be beneficial.Biogas CHPBiomass boilerFigure TA5.8 Monthly energy supplied for different technologyMonthNat gas CHPGas boiler7.3.5 Energy consumptionand plant summaryFigure 7 shows how the AD gas, natural gasCHP and biomass boilers could all contributeto meet the overall annual heat consumptionprofile. The annual energy balance andestimated CO2 savings from each elementare provided below.Annual Energy balance - Nine Elms, BPS, CGMA, Vauxhall GatewayHeatEstimated heat consumption84,555 MWhTotal heat from CHP 6,000 kWth 51,473 MWh 61%of which derived from AD 2,967 MWh 4%Heat from biomass boilers 2,500 kWth 12,125 MWh 14%Heat from gas boilers 20,957 MWh 25%Total heat check 84,555 MWh 100%Estimated electricity consumption107,225 MWhElectricity from AD3,323 MWh% heat from AD 4%% electricity from AD 3%Overall CO 2 saving 28% 17,979 tCO 2 paContribution to CO 2 savings from renewables 8% 5,172 tCO 2 pa% heat from renewables 18%% electricity from reneweables 3%

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 3017.4 Role of existing bBuildings7.5 District heating network7.6 Links with other networksAs noted earlier, existing buildings will havea significant role to play in the scheme in thefuture. Probably the greatest potential forthe connection of existing buildings in theOA is on Albert Embankment and towardsthe western end of the area, includingresidential buildings on the Patmore Estate(individual gas boilers), the Stewarts RoadIndustrial Estate and the Pimlico DistrictHeating Undertaking (PDHU).Other potential existing buildings includeexisting residential flats at Chelsea BridgeWharf, although these are currentlyelectrically heated.Connections to existing buildings and otherDHNs should be strongly encouraged and theBoroughs should pledge to connect buildingswithin their ownership or control whereverpossible. These connections will providevaluable additional diversity to the demandprofile as well as increasing the overall scaleof the scheme, enabling additional lowcarbon plant to be introduced and furtherreduce the CO2 footprint of the OA.District heating networks are critical to thedeployment of low carbon energy generationtechnology both in the short and mediumterm. Once established, a district heatingscheme provides the ability to recoverheat from a number of sources includingrenewables and waste treatment plant,enabling the benefit of advancements intechnology to be delivered at scale tomany buildings with no impact at thebuilding level.Networks require two pipes, a ‘flow’ and a‘return’. Pre-insulated steel district heatingpipes are typically direct buried in thehighway or footpath at a depth of 1-1.5m.In some cases pipes can be laid above groundif suitable protection can be provided,although this is not common in anurban context.As noted elsewhere in this report, the DHNwould be built in an incremental way, asand when new developments arise. For thisreason it is sensible to identify potentialroutes for infrastructure in advance andsecure these until they are required.The strategic open space planned betweenBattersea and Vauxhall would be an idealroute for the pipework, being accessible, inthe centre of the development zone, out ofthe public highway and relatively low cost toinstall due to the absence of highway finishesetc. This route would serve as a strategicsection of the district heating network,interconnecting developments in theNine Elms, Battersea and Vauxhalldevelopment corridor.As described later, it may not be possibleor economic for all buildings in the OA toconnect to the network in the first instanceand this is very likely to be the case fordevelopments which come forward quickly,before any significant scheme is established.In this case, developers should secure aroute from the highway to the plant room tofacilitate straightforward connections to thearea-wide scheme in the future.A drawing showing the initial concept for thedistrict heating network is providedin Appendix 1.A district heating scheme is planned in theWaterloo and South Bank area. The schemeis at the development stage and couldpotentially include St Thomas’ Hospitaland buildings on the South Bank includingShell, National Theatre and others. Thishas the potential to interlink with the VNEBscheme, enabling trading of heat betweenthe schemes, however this has not beenconsidered in any detail at this stage.One further potential connection, alreadymentioned, is to the Pimlico District HeatingUndertaking (PDHU). Although located onthe north bank of the Thames, the PDHUscheme is already connected to the OAvia existing DN300 district heating pipesinstalled in a tunnel beneath the Thames.The pipes emerge on the Battersea PowerStation site, where heat was originallyderived for this scheme. The pipework isowned by PDHU and is fully operational andit is essential that this strategic link to PDHUand potentially wider Westminster area isretained. Therefore, it is recommended thatBPS incorporate a connection to PDHU intheir plans and that space be secured on theBPS site for heat exchangers and pumps, inorder facilitate the transfer of heat acrossthe river.

302 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework8 Commercial Iissues8.1 Economics8.2 Implementation/deliveryThe area wide district heating scheme whichis discussed in Section 7 has an estimatedcapital cost of £15 – 20m, excluding theAnaerobic Digestion facility. This capitalwould be invested over a number of years, ina phased way, as the OA is developed.High level cash flow analysis suggests thatthe scheme could provide rates of returnof 5-10%, if 90% market penetration inthe central OA were achieved. Investors indecentralised energy (DE) scheme wouldtypically seek a higher rate of return than thisand therefore some public funding may berequired in the early stages. Higher rates ofreturn arise mainly from the lack of certaintyaround the level of market penetration andresulting future revenue streams that mightbe realised.The analysis makes certain assumptionsaround the operating margin of the business,the phasing of revenue and capital, themarket prices for heat and electricity,and developer contributions (connectioncharges).In the case of developer contributions, theapproach that has been assumed is thatdevelopers pay a one off capital connectioncharge on connection, approximatelyequivalent to the avoided costs of providinglocal plant within the building that wouldotherwise be required to meet local andnational regulations.There are significant commercial risksassociated with the development of districtheating networks, arising mainly from thehigh initial capital costs, coupled with alack of certainty around the level of marketpenetration and resulting future revenuestreams that might be realised.As a result of these commercial risks,experience has shown (particularly inEurope) that the public sector can take astrategic role in the delivery of such scheme,potentially through the provision of capitalsupport, strong regional and local planningpolicy and possibly as a shareholder in aspecial purpose vehicle (SPV).The GLA, LDA and the Boroughs are alreadyundertaking some of these roles in London;the London Plan already requires developersof new buildings to consider connectionsto DHNs as a matter of course and theBoroughs are strengthening policy in thisarea. In addition, the LDA has significantcapital budgets over the next 4 years tosupport the early deployment of certainstrategic schemes and to identify furtheropportunities across London.For these reasons, key developers shouldwork closely with the Boroughs, supportedby the GLA & LDA, through a project specificVNEB District Heating Steering Group, tolead the development of the scheme andto provide the necessary focus to develop amore detailed implementation plan. Draftterms of reference for this group are providedin Appendix 6, including clear objectives andsuggested membership.At this stage, two principle models forimplementation are considered; theseare described below. However, as notedabove and as described in more detail inAppendix 6, further work is required in orderto determine the optimum ownership andcontracting structure for the scheme.Option 1 – Full risk outsourcing to athird party ESCOUnder this option the key stakeholdersjointly procure an ESCO to design, build,finance and operate a low carbon DE schemefor the OA. This could include the ADplant, DHN and energy generation assets.The ESCO would establish a wholly ownedproject specific SPV to own and operatethe assets. The stakeholders would pledgeland for energy centres, food waste streams,heat and electricity loads and agree to signlong term energy supply contracts (typically20+ years) with the ESCO. In this way thestakeholders are largely taking the role ofconsumers. This procurement would needto be undertaken collectively to maximisethe value of the opportunity to the market.As noted elsewhere, including the provisionof other utility services, such as electricitydistribution assets, could increase the valueof the operation to the market and furtherreduce developer contributions.Option 2 – DIYAn alternative approach might be for thestakeholder group to take a greater stakein the delivery of the scheme. This couldbe achieved by establishing an SPV, whichis owned by the key stakeholders. The SPVwould enter into contracts with a numberof parties for the design, construction,operation and maintenance of the scheme.The SPV would retain ownership of theassets.The key difference is that under the DIYroute, more of the operational and financialrisk sits with the SPV (owned by thestakeholders), however, the SPV does retaincontrol over the future development of thescheme.In any event a collective approach will berequired, either to jointly procure or to jointlydeliver and many of the principles mentionedabove such as pledging heat load and land tothe scheme are common to both approaches.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 3039 Technical standards9.1 Design parametersand operation principleThe VNEB DHN should be designed inaccordance with the widely used Europeanpractice for large scale CHP/DH systems withdesign conditions of 16 bar, 120 °C. This willfacilitate compatibility with other large scalerenewable energy or CHP schemes that arisein the future, meaning the VNEB distributionnetwork could be connected directly (withoutinterposing heat exchanger station ormodifications) to a possible city wide system,enabling greater load diversity and economyof scale benefits in operation.The VNEB primary network should bedesigned with an operating temperatureof 110 °C flow and 55 °C return at peakdemand. The operation is based on variableflow and variable temperature design, wherethe actual momentary heat consumptionlevel determines the actual water flow andflow temperature applied, i.e. the higher theconsumption the higher the applied flow andtemperature is.The heat capacity to be distributed isregulated by varying the supply (flow)temperature and water flow (controlledby the consumer substations). The flowtemperature would typically be 80-85 °Cwhen the outdoor temperature is greaterthan 5 °C. With colder weather, thetemperature is gradually increased from 80°C to the maximum level. The max. operatingtemperature of 115 °C would be applied atthe local design outdoor temperature, whichis -5 °C in Southern England.DH water temperature °C1201101009080706050DH flow and return temperature °C40-5 0 5 10 15 20Outdoor temperature °CFigure TA5.9 Typical DH Flow Temperature as a function of outdoor temperature(Outdoor design temperature for Southern England is -5 °C)The return temperature is fully dependenton correct/optimum design and operation ofconsumer substations and building heatingsystems, varying normally between 45-55°C.The DH circulation pumping is designed toprovide all consumer substations at all timeswith a sufficient pressure difference, normallyabout 1 bar minimum. Speed regulated DHcirculation pumps with frequency converterand pressure difference control are used tooptimise the pump operation in differentconsumption and flow situations. The pumpsare regulated by pressure difference, whichis measured in the most distant points of thenetwork (critical consumers).DH flow T (daytime)DH flow T (night)Typical DH return T9.2 Space requirementThe largest district heating pipes (i.e. thosewhich would be installed along the routeof the strategic open space, will require atrench approximately 2m wide with an overallworking width of 5 m during installation.Indicative pipe depth and trench dimensionsare shown below for distribution pipes withinternal diameter 400 mm and externaldiameter of 560 mm, including lagging.A total trench depth of 1.2 m would need tobe dug to accommodate the pipes, allowingfor a minimum depth of cover of around600 mm.2m1.2 m

304 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework9.3 Consumer connections9.3.1 SubstationsEach of the new residential and commercialbuildings would be connected to the DHnetwork by means of a consumer substationunit. Consumer substations typically comprisetwo heat exchangers - one for heating andthe other for centralised, instantaneousdomestic hot water (DHW) production -complete with all necessary pumps, controlsand valves.The use of direct, instantaneous DHWproduction is recommended over the DHWstorage applications, for the followingreasons:• no risk of legionella• lower heat losses at building• savings in investment and space• better cooling of the DH primarycirculation water resulting in highertransmission capacity/lower pipe lineinvestments, lower pumping costs andlower heat lossesPrimary side equipment includes:• filter/strainer• control valves, isolation valves• pressure and temperature gauges• heat meteringSecondary side equipment includes(if necessary):• circulation pumps (normally speedcontrolled)• isolation valves, filling valve, safety valves• drains and air vents• strainers• expansion systemA substation unit comprises all of thenecessary equipment for a heatingconnection and for domestic hot waterpreparation, complete with circulationpumps and an expansion tank for radiatorsystem if necessary. Substation units arepre-assembled on a solid frame for floormounting. A typical substation unitwould comprise:• Plate type heat exchangers for heatingand domestic hot waterFigure TA5.10 Schematic for typical prefabricated substation unit

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 305The following design parameters shouldbe followed for the primary (DHN) andsecondary (consumer building) systems,to facilitate a technically and economicallyefficient system.Design temperatures °C Primary side Secondary sideSpace heating- new- existing(Wet radiator systems and DHW)The space heating secondary sidetemperatures depend on the internal heatdistribution system being used. For exampleair heating and under floor heating use lowertemperatures than conventional radiators.Generally speaking, lower secondaryoperating temperatures are better for the DHsystem. Variable volume systems should beutilised on the secondary side, using 2-portthrottling valves and pumps controlled ondifferential pressure to maintain a stabletemperature differential. Bypasses betweenflow and return should be avoidedwherever possible.Flow Return Flow Return115 - 110 55 70 - 808040 - 50DHW 10 max. 25 55 10Table 5 Recommended design temperatures, °C6010 RecommendationsThe report makes the following keyrecommendations:1. Key stakeholders to work with GLA, LDAand Boroughs as part of a VNEB DistrictHeating Steering Group, to establisha district heating network in the coreareas of Nine Elms, Battersea, Vauxhall,to supply low carbon heat to all newdevelopments in this area.2. Ensure developments connect to theVNEB district heating network. Wherea development is completed beforethe VNEB network is completed, thedevelopment should be designed usingtechnical standards established by theVNEB District Heating Steering Groupto ensure it can connect to the VNEBnetwork with the minimum delay andmodifications. Planning obligations willbe used to ensure connection occurs.3. Ensure that Council owned buildings inthe OA connect and benefit from the lowcarbon DHN.4. Ensure that the strategic connectionbetween the Pimlico District HeatingScheme and VNEB via the existingpipework beneath the Thames is secured,including any access requirements andspace for heat exchangers & pumps onthe Battersea Power Station site.5. Ensure that the opportunity for thePimlico District Heating Scheme to belinked with a future VNEB heat network isfully investigated.6. Ensure that a route for the buried districtheating mains is safeguarded in thestrategic open space.7. Encourage the collection and processingof organic waste across the OpportunityArea, using anaerobic digestion plantlocated at New Covent Garden Market.8. Determine the optimum location, scaleand combination of energy generationtechnologies to provide a reliable andlow carbon supply of heat for the districtheating network, with the flexibilityto adapt to future changes in relevantguidance and regulation.9. Ensure that opportunities to locatestrategic energy generation technologiesat Battersea Power Station and NewCovent Garden Market are fully explored.10. Take a collective approach, through theestablishment of a VNEB District HeatingSteering Group (see Appendix 6 for draftTerms of Reference), to determine theoptimum ownership and contractingstructure of the scheme and agree thepreferred delivery approach.11. Develop technical standards andguidelines to ensure compatibilitybetween developments and the VNEBdistrict heating network and to ensure acommon approach to issues suchas metering.12. Take a collective approach to the planningand provision of electrical capacity inthe Opportunity Area and establish areasof search for predicted EDF sub stationcapacity uplift (see sections 4.1 and 5.1).

306 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkAppendicesAppendix 11. Map showing safeguarded area forproposed network and energy centrelocations for core scheme2. Map showing key development sites3. Map showing strategic context in relationto adjacent district heating networks4. Energy benchmarks5. Heat demand profiles6. VNEB District Heating Steering Group -Draft Terms of ReferenceNorthOpportunity AreaArea covered by core schemeOpportunity identified for strategic plant locationArea of search for primary substation0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Proposed route of core district heating network in OAPotential extensions to core scheme1 Existing Pipe Subway2 Energy Centre at BPS (Phase I) housing biomass 3 Energy Centre at CGMA housing AD/CHP and top upboiler and gas boilers (Footprint-40mx30m)gas boilers (Footprint-45mx30m) excluding AD facilityFigure TA5.11 Conceptual map showing proposed District Heating Network and Energy Centre locations for core scheme

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 307Appendix 2NorthFigure TA5.12 Location of key development sites in VNEB OA0 0.5km1km© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

308 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkAppendix 3Figure TA5.13 Strategic context in relation to adjacent DE networks (existing and planned)© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 309Appendix 4Energy benchmarksHeatConsumption (kWh/sqm)Peak Demand (W/sqm)Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 2Residential 60 46 60 52Retail 73 66 52 49Commercial/Office 56 51 37 35ElectricityConsumption (kWh/sqm)Peak Demand (W/sqm)Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 2Residential 37 37 20 20Retail 217 207 125 125Commercial/Office 94 90 60 60CoolingConsumption (kWh/sqm)Peak Demand (W/sqm)Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 2Residential - - - -Retail 53 33 103 69Commercial/Office 26 23 78 52Figure TA5.14 Energy BenchmarksEstimation of future energy consumptionindicators:Measurements are of final energy – kWh ofheat (not gas), electricity (for all buildingsystems except cooling) and coolth (notthe electricity required to drive chillers).Residential electricity consumption includeenergy required for cooking. Peak Demandfor residential is diversified.Energy peak demand:The peak demands estimates provided arebased on predicted maximum building energydemands. Non residential energy demandsare derived from Arup guidelines withconsideration given to the impact of BuildingRegulation changes.PhasingPhase 1: 2006-2016Phase 2: 2017-2026

310 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework000.00 03.00 06.00 09.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00Appendix 5Heat demand profilesThermal Demand Thermal (kW) Demand (kW)Thermal Demand Profile - Commercial10,0008,000Thermal Demand Profile - Retail7,500 6,0004,0005,0002,00002,50000.00 03.00 06.00 09.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00Thermal Demand (kW)10,0008,0006,0004,0002,000JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberThermal Demand Profile - Commercial000.00 03.00 06.00 09.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00Thermal Demand Profile - Commercial0October00.00 03.00 November 06.00December09.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.0010,000Thermal Demand Thermal (kW) Demand (kW)8,00010,000 6,0008,000 4,0002,000 6,000Thermal Demand Profile - Commercial4,000 000.00 03.00 06.00 09.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.002,000Thermal Demand (kW)Thermal Demand Profile - Commercial10,0008,000Note: Demand 6,000profiles are based on both anecdotalinformation derived from existing building and frommodelling of future buildings.4,0002,000January 0March May July September NovemberFebruary 00.00 April 03.00 06.00 June 09.00August12.00 October 15.00 18.00 December 21.00000.00 03.00 06.00 09.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00Figure TA5.15 Thermal Demand Profiles based on Option 5 of the development capacity studyThermal Demand Profile - Commercial10,000

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 05 Energy masterplanMayor of London 311Appendix 6VNEB District Heating Steering Group - DraftTerms of ReferenceObjectives:1. Agree, direct and monitor a VNEBDistrict Heating Implementation Plan toestablish a district-heating network in thecore areas of the Nine Elms, Battersea,Vauxhall and NCGM, to supply lowcarbon heat to all new developments inthis area;2. Agree and safeguard routes for the buriedmains in the strategic open spaces, andsafeguard connection to the Pimlicodistrict heating network;3. Fund and commission detailed technicalfeasibility studies to determine theoptimum location, scale and combinationof energy generation technologies inorder to provide a reliable and low carbonsupply of heat for the district heatingscheme, taking development phasing intoaccount and with the flexibility to adaptto future changes in relevant guidanceand regulation;4. Develop technical standards andguidelines to ensure compatibilitybetween developments and the VNEBdistrict heating network and to ensurea common approach to issues such asmetering;5. Fund and commission the necessaryfinancial and commercial work todetermine the optimum ownership andcontracting structure of the scheme andagree the preferred delivery approach;6. Take a collective approach to theplanning and provision of electricalcapacity and identify a suitable site fora new primary sub-station within theBattersea/Nine Elms area;Members:1. The Steering Group will consist of therelevant representatives from the keystakeholders listed below:London Development Agency/ GreaterLondon AuthorityLondon Borough of LambethLondon Borough of WandsworthCovent Garden Market Authority (CGMA)Treasure Holdings (Battersea PowerStation)Berkeley HomesUnited States Government (AmericanEmbassy)National GridEDF EnergyPimlico District Heating Undertaking(PDHU)2. Not all members may be required toattend all steering group meetings.Depending on need, the Steering Groupmay want to set up a number of specificworking groups;3. The group may invite representativesfrom other organisations as appropriatewhere relevant matters for discussionhave been identified.Operational Procedures:1. To be agreed collectively by the VNEBSteering Group

TA 6Waste &wharvesstrategy

314 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkOverviewLondon Plan policy 4A.21 waste strategicpolicy and targets establishes a target of85% waste self-sufficiency for London by2020. To manage the apportioned tonnagesof municipal and commercial/ industrialwaste, boroughs are required to identifysufficient land to provide new and enhancedtreatment and recycling facilities.Guidance relevant to waste management isfound in London Plan policies 4A.21 – 4A.29.The London Plan requires the Boroughs,GLA, LDA and key landowners to collaboratein co-ordinating waste management issueswithin the OA.This report sets out the GLA’s strategy tominimise the amount of waste produced inthe demolition, construction and operationof the new development, and to improvethe existing situation in terms of wastemanagement in the OA.Wharves policyThe Mayor’s policy to safeguard a numberof wharves for river freight transport iscontained in the London Plan (policy4C.9). The Safeguarded Wharves on theRiver Thames, London ImplementationReport, published in January 2005 setsout the detailed sites relating to the policy.Redevelopment of safe guarded wharvesshould only be accepted if the wharf is nolonger viable or capable of being madeviable for cargo handling. The most commonuses of wharves in London is for waste andaggregates purposes but there is increasinginterest in many cargoes as ever higherpriority is given to sustainable transport,particularly reducing HGV movements onLondon’s road network.Cringle Dock, 1.12 ha site adjacent toBattersea Power Station is owned by WesternRiverside Waste Authority and is currently inuse as a waste transfer site. RMC Battersea(Metro Greenham), 0.68ha site adjacentto Cringle Dock, is currently in use as anaggregates wharf and is operated by Cemex.Both operators have long standing interestsin the sites and have substantial capitalinvested in their operational facilities.RMC Vauxhall (Middle Wharf) is a smallersite, 0.10ha, to the east of Tideway IndustrialEstate is currently not being used but will recommenceuse as an aggregates wharf in thenear future. It is also considered to be viableas a wharf.The Mayor’s policy states that OAPFsshould consider opportunities for industrialintensification and industrial led mixed useschemes.The Mayor’s Supplementary PlanningGuidance (SPG) on Industrial Capacitypublished in March 2008 sets out a clearpolicy direction to adopt innovativeapproaches to mixed development in orderto accommodate industrial activity, includingsome waste management uses, withinthe city.The SPG encourages the geographicalseparation of uses in order for London’sindustrial enterprises to remain competitive.However, where consolidation of SIL isconsidered appropriate, the release of landfor mixed-use development should beco-ordinated through OAPFs. The Industry inthe City study (2006) prepared by Design forLondon/ LDA sets out innovative approachesto intensification and mixing of industrialand other uses. Issues of light, air quality andambient noise should also be addressed inmixed use developments.Protected WharvesThames WaterThames Tideway Tunnel123Figure TA6.1 Protected wharves - existing situationThe OAPF proposes that the threesafeguarded wharves in the OA will beprotected in the long term and the Mayorwill continue to support their ongoingcommercial use for river freight relatedactivities. It also recognises that there maybe opportunities to increase the role of riverfreight transport serving central Londonarea. However, the overriding priority isintensification of CAZ uses.© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Cringle DockRMC Battersea (Metro Greenham)RMC Vauxhall (Middle Wharf)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London315Potential relocation of Cringle DockCringle Dock waste transfer station is locatedon the riverside to the east of BatterseaPower Station. The existing waste transferstation in the OA is also a safeguarded wharf.The transfer station handles the majorityof Lambeth’s domestic waste and somecommercial waste. Its current throughputis 165kt tonnes per annum. The processcomprises the emptying of bin lorries andthe compacting of waste into containers fortransfer by river to Mucking Landfill, Essex.The building in which the process is locatedis an ageing and utilitarian structureand whilst most of the compacting andtransferring of waste is enclosed thereare some issues with noise and odours. Atpresent this is not much of an issue as thesite is surrounded by industrial uses withresidential located some way to the east.Figure TA6.2 Photo of Cringle Dock WasteTransfer StationThe waste transfer facility is contracted toprovide municipal waste to the Belvedereincinerator in LB Bexley, which is due to beoperational in 2011 and the contract willrun until 2034. It is likely that the Belvedereincinerator will have an operational life untilat least 2044.The proposed intensification of developmentin the OA will bring high density residentialuses in close proximity to the waste transferstation, which could lead to environmentalissues. It will be important to ensure that thepotential for conflicts of uses are minimisedthrough good layout and design.There are a number of options that could bepursued in relation to the Cringle Dock.1. Do nothing. The wharf would continueoperating within the terms of its contract.Although the wharf is somewhat aged itcould probably continue operating withinits existing building.2. Relocate the wharf site but continue thesame transfer process. The wharf couldbe relocated from Cringle Dock onto thesite to the east of RMC Battersea (MetroGreenham) wharf, to the west of Tidewayindustrial estate. This site is owned byTreasury Holdings, developers of BatterseaPower Station. This could accommodatethe same waste transfer process in a newpurpose built building, but there wouldbe no processing of waste on the site. Themain strategic benefit in terms of the OAwould be the enclosure of the facility anda reduction in noise and odours fromthe site.Relocating the wharf raises issues in termsof London Plan safeguarded wharf policy.However, if the capacity of the new facility atleast matches the existing and is capable ofserving foreseeable demands in a similar way,then these issues should be surmountable.3. Relocate the wharf site and have someon-site waste treatment. The provision ofa new facility would create an opportunityfor some on-site waste processing forexample, a dirty MRF (MechanicalRecycling Facility) could be employed tofurther sort the waste material extractingmetals, plastics and glass that where notseparated at the kerbside. This could bemanaged in such as way as to continueto guarantee a certain tonnage toBelvedere and so would operate withinthe terms of the waste contract. The wastetreatment facility could be integratedwith neighbouring development, eithertreating the waste arising from the newdevelopment in the OA and/ or usingwaste to generate heat and power for the OA.Relocating the wharf raises issues in termsof London Plan safeguarded wharf policy.However, if the capacity of the new facility atleast matches the existing and is capable ofserving foreseeable demands in a similar way,then these issues should be surmountable.4. Relocating the wharf and maximising theamount of waste treated on-site. Thiswould allow the closest integration ofwaste and development and would alsominimise the shipping of waste aroundLondon. It would however mean thescrapping of an existing waste contractand would be practically impossible toachieve.Whether the waste facility is maintained atCringle Dock or if it relocated in associationwith the wharf to the adjacent site, theapproach to intensification and mixedusedevelopment in close proximity to thewharves is the same. The approach is towrap the wharves in commercial i.e. nonresidentialuses – office or light industrialunits would be preferable in order to mitigatepotential noise and visual intrusion issuesassociated with residential redevelopment inclose proximity to the wharves.In addition to wrapping the safeguardedwharves in non-residential uses, the OAPFalso recommends the enclosure of theThames Water site adjacent to the wharves.It is anticipated that the Thames Water sitewill remain in-situ in the long term. In orderto maximise development potential in theOA including the potential for open space/green roofs and in order to minimise visualintrusion, the preferred strategy is that theThames Water site is covered. In additionto the wrapping of the wharves and theenclosure of the Thames Water facility directand active pedestrian linkages to the riverwill also be required.

316 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkNorth0 100m200m© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Protected WharvesCap site with development or open spaceThames Tideway TunnelComercial developmenti.e. non-residential uses123Cringle Dock (current loaction)RMC Battersea (Metro Greenham)RMC Vauxhall (Middle Wharf)Figure TA6.3 Protected wharves - existing situation

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London317NEWCOMMERCIALNEWCOMMERCIALEXISTING WHARVESWASTEAGGREGATESNEW PEDESTRIAN/CYLE LINKS TO RIVERSection ANEWRESIDENTIALNEWCOMMERCIALNEW PEDESTRIAN/CYCLE LINK IN FRONTOF OPERATIONAL WHARFWHARFACCESS TOBATTERSEAPOWER STATIONSection BTHAMESWATERFREIGHTACCESSRIVERNEWCOMMERCIALNEW WASTE FACILITYNEWCOMMERCIALAGGREGATESWASTENorth0 100m200mSection CNEW PEDESTRIAN/CYLE LINKS TO RIVERProtected WharvesRelocated WharfCap site with development or open spaceThames Tideway TunnelComercial developmenti.e. non-residential uses123© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Cringle Dock (current loaction)RMC Battersea (Metro Greenham)RMC Vauxhall (Middle Wharf)Figure TA 6.5 – Sections of proposed commercial development wrapping wharvesand operational water siteFigure TA6.4 Protected wharves - Wharf relocation option

318 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkThames Tideway Sewer TunnelThe Thames Water Heathwall pumpingstation is located to the east of the Tidewayindustrial estate and the west of in RMCVauxhall (Middle Wharf) in the Nine Elmsarea of the OA.The proposed Thames Tunnel will capturethe flows of storm sewage from 34 seweroverflow points along the River Thames.The tunnel will run approximately 32kilometres (20 miles) through the heart ofLondon, and up to 75 metres beneath theRiver Thames, broadly following the path ofthe river.Its precise route, including the startingpoint in the west of the city, has still to bedetermined, but will end at Beckton SewageTreatment Works.NorthProposed Lee TunnelProposed Thames TunnelCombined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Pumping StationCombined Sewer Overflow (CSO) GravitySTW Sewage Treatment WorksPS Pumping StationFigure TA6.6 Route of Thames tideway tunnel

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London319Thames Water is in the process of consultingthe relevant authorities about the route ofthe tunnel and the selection of works sites.It is likely that land in this area (aroundHeathwall Pumping Station and RMCVauxhall) will be required as a mainconstruction site for the Thames TidewayTunnel. This would involve 1.5 – 2 hectaresof land up to 2020 with a small access/maintenance facility thereafter.A map showing the location of these 34unsatisfactory sewer overflow points, alongwith all of the 57 sewer overflows that existalong the tidal River Thames is shown below.The OA includes the Heathwall pumpingstation in Nine Elms and Clapham/ Brixtonoverflow at Vauxhall Bridge.Thames Water is consulting the 13 LondonBoroughs who could potentially be affectedby the tunnel construction and other pan-London stakeholders such as the EA and GLAin Autumn 2009.North0 0.5km1kmOpportunity AreaCombined Sewer Overflow (CSO) -Pumping station - not to beintercepted at this stageCombined Sewer Overflow (CSO) - Pumping station -to be interceptedCombined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Gravity - to beintercepted© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)STW Sewage Treatment WorksPS Pumping StationFigure TA6.7 Locations of sewer overflows and pumping stations

320 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkPotential for new anaerobicdigestion (AD) facility in OAThe OAPF sets out the approach to tacklingclimate change through development in theOA. The key principles include establishing acombined cooling heat and power (CCHP)/combined heat and power (CHP) networkthroughout the OA, linking into existingsurrounding systems.The opportunity for converting waste intofuel via anaerobic digestion (AD) to powerCCHP/CHP systems is being explored.Whilst organic waste can also be composted,anaerobic digestion is preferred due tothe energy and heat generating potentialas seen in Table TA6.1 below. Other wastetechnologies where considered for theopportunity area such as gasificationhowever due to the abundance of organicwaste arising from the New Covent GardenMarket site land availability, cost andscale anaerobic digestion is consideredmost appropriate.Anaerobic DigestionCompostingSpace requirement (footprint) 50% 100%Odours 20% 100%Energy balance Energy surplus Energy demandBiogas production 100 - 150 m 3 /Mg NilProcess time required to producemature compost3 weeks digestion, plus5 weeks composting12 weeksTable TA6.1 A Comparison of Anaerobic Digestion with CompostingComparison table from: “Introduction to Anaerobic Digestion”,Wolfgang Muller and AxelHuttner, ORA - Organic Resource Agency Ltd., Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road,Malvern, Worcestershire WR14 3SZ, and IGW – Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke& Turk, and GmbH, Bischhuser Aue 12, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany. Presented at theBiowaste: Digesting the Alternatives Seminar, April 2005, UK.The use of anaerobic digestion for treatingorganic waste is supported in both theNational Waste Strategy for England 2007,The Mayor’s Municipal Waste ManagementStrategy and the London Plan as a key wayof managing waste in London, achievinggreenhouse gas emissions reductions,maximising energy efficiency, and generatingrenewable energy. AD can be used toproduce energy locally and efficientlythereby reducing London’s reliance on largescalepower stations and the national grid(called decentralised energy). Air emissionsfrom anaerobic digestion are low due to theprocess operating in the absence of air.This document explains how anaerobicdigestion works, potential sources of wasteto provide adequate throughput for theproposed A.D plant, indicative footprint,capital and ongoing costs, potential providersand sources of funding.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London321How does AD work?AD is a complex bio-chemical process thattakes place in a vessel in the absence ofoxygen and results mainly in the formationof a carbon dioxide and methane gas mixtureknown as “Biogas” and a solid and liquidresidue (the liquid may be reused in someprocesses). Source segregated organic wasteis preferred for most AD systems howeverwhere this is not available then mechanicalprocessing and separation of municipal wasteis essential to remove non-biodegradablematerials prior to processing. A typicalfeedstock comprises biodegradable municipalsolid wastes (BMW) plus other enrichedorganic waste streams (sewage sludge,agricultural, food processing wastes).Source: Enviro control website, schematic showing an anaerobic digestion systemhttp://www.enviro-control.co.uk/waste/technology/schematic.htm, last accessed 09/04/09.WRWA – Hammersmith and Fulham, Lambeth, Kensington and Chelsea and WandsworthOther CAZ boroughs - City, TH, Westminster, Southwark,The organic waste stream is passed tothe anaerobic digester where the materialremains for a suitable retention time undercontrolled conditions. The “Biogas” producedduring digestion is transferred to a gasholderand used to provide internal electrical powergeneration and heating requirements. Surpluselectrical power may be sold which is eligiblefor Renewables Obligation Certificates. Seeschematic on anaerobic digestion below:Potential waste sources forproposed AD plantTable TA6.2 below identifies LondonBoroughs within close proximity that couldpotentially provide organic waste feedstockfor the proposed AD facility. These includeWestern riverside boroughs 7 , boroughs in thecentral activity zone 8 as well and Richmond.Other sources of organic waste feedstockinclude the New Covent Garden market aswell as waste from the proposed 16,750 newresidential units.It should be noted that of the boroughsidentified Lambeth, the City of Londonand Westminster are currently runningsmall scale food waste collections only. TheLondon borough of Richmond is the onlylocal authority listed to offer a borough-widefood waste scheme. Some of the boroughsidentified have suggested that one of thereasons they do not offer organic collectionsis because there is no existing facility inLondon to take it. The proposed AD plantmay therefore provide an incentive for theboroughs identified to introduce boroughwideschemes, which could be processed atthe proposed plant subject to contractualarrangements.CGMA should however be aware that otherproposals for AD facilities in the boroughsidentified could come forward given thepotential access to grant funding from theLondon Waste and Recycling Board. If thiswere to happen, this could potentially createcompetition for waste throughput suggestedfor the proposed AD facility.Current waste arrangements inboroughs identifiedThe New Covent Garden Market is located inWandsworth, which falls within the WesternRiverside Waste Authority (WRWA). WRWAis the statutory body responsible for thedisposal of household, commercial andindustrial waste delivered to it by the LondonBoroughs of Hammersmith and Fulham,Lambeth, Wandsworth and the RoyalBorough of Kensington and Chelsea. It alsooperates two waste transfer stations situatedon the River Thames in South London, one inWandsworth and the other in Battersea andruns the civic amenity sites (or public tips) atboth these sites, which may also be used byresidents of the City of Westminster.The remaining boroughs with the exceptionof the London Borough of Richmond areunitary waste authorities responsible forboth the collection and disposal of its ownwaste. The London Borough of Richmondis responsible for the collection of its ownwaste but belong to West London WasteAuthority, which is responsible for the disposalof the West London boroughs 9 waste.Existing waste contractsEach borough have existing waste collectionand disposal contracts in place whichcould potentially affect whether or notthe suggested boroughs are able to taketheir organic waste to the proposed facility.Contract details are summarized below:7WRWA – Hammersmith and Fulham, Lambeth,Kensington and Chelsea and Wandsworth8Other CAZ boroughs - City, TH, Westminster, Southwark,9WLWA boroughs includes - Brent, Ealing, Harrow,Hillingdon, Hounslow and Richmond-upon-Thames

322 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkType Borough Service Waste collectionService providerCAZ City of London Household recycling, residualcollection, commercial recyclingand waste collections, bulkywaste, street cleansing (bringbanks and fly tipping)CAZ Southwark Integrated collection anddisposal contractCAZ Tower Hamlets Recycling collection RecyclingMRF - ViridorCAZ Westminster Refuse, recycling, and streetcleansingExpiry dateEnterprise MRS March 2002: 6months terminationnoticeWaste disposalservice providerExpirydateCory Environmental Ltd 2025Veolia 2032 Veolia 2032VeoliaCAZ City of London Kitchen food waste collection Enterprise MRS,Cory and Bexley BCWLWAWRWARichmond UponThamesKensington &Chelsea2010Veolia 2013Viridor2010Veolia 2010 Veolia 2016March 2002onwards, Contractcan be terminatedby either the Cityor the contractor (6months notice)Cory Environmental Ltd 2025Refuse collection and recycling Veolia 2014 WRG/EWS 2010Refuse collection, recycling &tradeWRWA Lambeth Refuse collection, clinical &tradeWRWA Wandsworth Refuse collection, streetcleansing & kerbsideWRWAHammersmith &FulhamRefuse collection, streetcleansing, recycling, clinical.Organic collections currentlyout to tenderSITA UK Ltd 2021 with break Cory Environmental 2025clause in 2013Veolia 2014 Cory Environmental 2025Biffa 2012 Cory Environmental 2025Serco2015 with 7 yearextensionTable TA6.2 Boroughs within close proximity to proposed AD site that could provide feedstock and their existing waste contractsCory Environmental 2025

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London323Waste planningThe Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act2004 requires local authorities to replace theexisting Unitary Development Plan (UDP)with the Local Development Framework(LDF). The LDF is made up of a portfolio oflocal development plan documents (DPDs),which must include specific waste policieswhich are consistent with PPS10 and inGeneral Conformity with the London Plan.Waste planning alliances exist for severalgroups of London boroughs and are generallybased on long standing collaboration forwaste disposal purposes, through WasteAuthorities. These Waste Authorities are,in general adopting responsibility forjoint waste planning and specifically forcollaboration to satisfy the London Plan’swaste apportionment (which includesidentifying the number and type of wastefacilities needed) through the developmentof joint waste DPDs.The central London boroughs are generallyworking independently and covering waste intheir Core Strategies, which are at differentstages of production.The map below shows how London boroughsare collaborating for waste planning andapportionment purposes.

324 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkWaste apportionmentThe London Plan has set a target for theamount of waste to be managed in eachLondon borough. The table below shows thewaste apportionment target for municipaland commercial and industrial waste in 2020in the suggested boroughs.Borough MSW C/I TotalCity of London 35 65 100Southwark 133 246 379Tower Hamlets 170 314 484Westminster 68 127 195Richmond Upon 109 202 311ThamesKensington & Chelsea 110 203 313Lambeth 121 225 346Wandsworth 171 318 489Hammersmith &Fulham135 250 385Table TA6.3 Waste apportionment target for 2020 inboroughs identifiedEstimated arisings and captureWRAP estimates that approximately 270kgof organic waste is generated per householdwhich would equate to an organic wastearising of approximately 215,000 tonnes ifall nine boroughs suggested were willingto take part in the proposed scheme. Theactual level of food waste captured howeverwould be dependent on whether or notthe boroughs identified establish boroughwideorganic waste collections, the lengthof time the scheme has been in place, thelevel of participation achieved and existingwaste contractual arrangements. The Londonborough of Richmond, for example, currentlycollects between 4,000 – 5,000 tonnes offood waste per year from its borough-widecollection. This level of capture has beenextrapolated for the borough suggested togive a rough idea of what could be achievedif all the boroughs introduced borough-widecollection which is summarized in table TA 6.4.Potential wastesourcesEstimated foodwaste arisingEstimatedcapture (tonnes)Estimatedcapture (%)WRWA residential waste 109,890 20,000 18%New residential units 10 4523 814 18%CGMA business waste 11 4,800 4800 100%CAZ boroughs -83,700 20,000 24%residential waste 12Other boroughs -residential waste 13 21600 5000 23%Total 224,513 224,513 23%Table TA6.4 A breakdown of potential waste sources1016,750 residential units proposed – Option 5 Development Scenario – OAPF capacity study.11New Covenant Garden Market - Source: Table 1 Waste types and quantities at NCGM4,New Covent Garden Market – Waste Management Options Feasibility Study, October 200812Other CAZ boroughs - City, TH, Westminster, Southwark,13Other – London Borough of Richmond

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London325Landtake, cost, heat andelectricity outputsLandtakeThe Covent Garden Market Association(CGMA) has indicated that between 8,093m2 (0.8 hectares) - 18,210 m2 (1.8 hectares)of land could potentially be set aside forbuilding an AD facility. Based on industryrecommendation for land take of 1m2(.0001 ha) per tonne this size plot wouldbe sufficient for a 20,000 tonne anaerobicdigestion plant.DesignThere are no typical design criteria for an ADfacility. The GLA has contacted a number ofAD technology providers who were reluctantto indicate a design guide for a ‘typicalfacility’ as they indicate that each facility willneed to be individually designed to fit intoit’s surrounding contexts, will be constrainedby planning and urban design criteria, size ofsite, costs etc.However the design features below are basedon the Wanlip Anaerobic Digestion Plant –Leicestershire are used to providean indication.Indicative Urban design criteria20,000 tonnes facilityMinimum 1 acre site12-15 metres height for digestion tanks(30-40m) X (20-30m ) dimensions for mainbuilding£9-£10 million – (CaPex cost) and £3million/£50 per tonne gate fee (Opex cost).Recommendation from Peter Jones – LWaRBBoard member and former Chief Exec, BiffaAs a general rule, design must satisfylocal planning constraints, should addresshealth and safety requirement, transportinfrastructure and other environmental issuessuch as noise, odours, and air quality. Defrahas produced a design guide which mayprovide some guidance on design. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/localauth/funding/pfi/pdf/wipd-systemsguidance.pdfCGMA will need to commission an architector technology provider to provide bespokedetailed designs for the proposed site.Other CAZ boroughs - City, TH, Westminster, Southwark,Other – London Borough of RichmondCostThe following table is from the Wastelinereport of the Covent Garden Market preparedby London Remade which is based onGreenfinch financial data for their 20,000tonne AD facility in Shropshire whichsuggests a capital cost of £4 million andoperational cost of £450,000.Plant Capacity20,000 tpaGate Fee £900,000Sale of Electricity £750,000Total Income £1,650,000Operating Costs £450,000Operating Surplus £1,200,000Capital Cost £4,000,000Table TA6.5 Indicative cost profileSource: Covent Garden Market, Wasteline Report,waste audit, assessment and options for future wastemanagement at CGM, London Remade, August 2007.Please note that these costs are indicativeonly. The Capital and operating costs ofany AD plant will be specific to that plantdepending on its size, feedstock used, theuse of the gas, digestate etc. More detailedcost information should be developed asthe plant is designed along with the systemsuppliers.

326 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkHeat and electrical outputPotential AD Technology SuppliersThe heat and electricity output will bedependent on the size and efficiency of theAD plant. However as a benchmark if all theenergy requirements of the biogas plant aremet from the gas produced, a typical energybalance might be as follows, where onetonne of waste produces 60m3 of methanewith a caloric value of 35.6MJ. A detailedenergy assessment is provided in the energystatement.The most common options for building anAD facility are via:1. Technology providers – see Table 5 belowfor a list of technology providers2. Waste Management Company –e.g. Bywaters, Veolia, etc.3. Energy Service company (ESCo) -i.e. an energy service company providingdesign and implementation of energyinfrastructure outsourcing, powergeneration and energy supply, andrisk management.4. Sewage treatment facilities –e.g. King’s Lynn Sewage Treatment Works,Clenchwarton, Norfolk.Sample of ADTechnology suppliersActive compost, 25 ScaurO’Doon Road, Doonfoot,Scotland KA7 4EPAnDigestion Summerlease,7 Summerlease Road,Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL68RTBekon, 9 Feringastrasse,D-85774, Unterfohring,GermanyBiogas Nord UK LimitedHenstridge Trading Estate,Templecombe, Somerset,BA8 0TNBiogen Greenfinch (UK)Limited,Milton Parc, Milton Ernest,Bedfordshire, MK44 1YUBioscan, 5 Tagtaekkervej,DK-5230 Odense M,DenmarkCambi AS, Solbraveien 10,1383 Asker, NorwayContact detailsRobin Szmidt Tel: 07952748549, robin.szmidt@activecompost.comwww.activecompost.comJake Prior,Tel: 01409253861,info@andigestion.co.uk,www.andigestion.co.ukTel: 0498990779590Tel: 01963365252Info-uk@biogas-nord.comTel:01584877687Michael.chessire@biogengreenfinch.co.ukProduct informationUK agent for swiss Kompogas dryAD systemOperator of the Holsworthy ADplant in Devon. Can provide fulldesign, build, finance and operateservice for AD plantDry AD system from Germany thatuses a drive-in-bunker system. Idealfor solid waste of energy crops.UK arm of German ADmanufacturer, focusing on wetAD systems with a history on farmbased systems.UK company developing ADplants in partnership with farmers,landowners and food producersTel: 45 6615 7071,www.bioscan.dkDanish AD supplierEnergy use % M 3 methane/tonne (gas yield) MJ/ tonne (Calorific value)Losses 5 - 10 3 - 6 106.8 - 213.6Process heat 12 - 18 7.2 - 10.8 256.3 - 384.5Process electricity 8 - 12 4.8 - 7.2 170.9 - 256.3Surplus energy 60 -75 36 - 45 1281.6 - 1602Table TA6.6 Typical energy balance for an AD plantEarth Tec EngineeringLimited, Wentworth BusinessPark, Barnslet, SouthYorkshire S75 3DLEnpureEnpure House, BirminghamRoad, Kidderminster,Worcestshire, DY10 2SHHese-Unwelt GmbHMagdeburger Str, 166, 45881Gelsenkirchen, GermanyWotjtect SargalskiTel: 47 66 77 98 32ws@cambio.no, www.cambi.comTony LewisTel: 07966 928134Robyn Haines, Business Development,Tel: 01562820010rchaines@ennpure.co.uk www.enpure.co.uk2 stage AD system with initial steamhydrolysis phase. Has been used forsewage treatment, but can be morewidely applicable.International Engineering DesignGroup specializing in waste waterand AD plant design, delivery andmanagement.UK agents for the BTA dry and wetAD systems. Also provide upgradingsystems from PURAC.UK contact Paul Wayman, Tel: 01332842848, www.hese-umwelt.deGerman AD supplierTable TA6.7 Potential A.D Technology SuppliersTable continued on page 34

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London327Sample of AD Technology suppliers Contact details Product informationActive compost, 25 Scaur O’Doon Road, Doonfoot, Scotland KA7 4EPRobin Szmidt Tel: 07952748549, robin.szmidt@activecompost.com UK agent for swiss Kompogas dry AD systemwww.activecompost.comAnDigestion Summerlease, 7 Summerlease Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL6 8RT Jake Prior,Tel: 01409253861, info@andigestion.co.uk, www.andigestion.co.ukOperator of the Holsworthy AD plant in Devon. Can provide full design,build, finance and operate service for AD plantBekon, 9 Feringastrasse, D-85774, Unterfohring, Germany Tel: 0498990779590 Dry AD system from Germany that uses a drive-in-bunker system. Idealfor solid waste of energy crops.Biogas Nord UK LimitedHenstridge Trading Estate, Templecombe, Somerset, BA8 0TNBiogen Greenfinch (UK) Limited,Milton Parc, Milton Ernest, Bedfordshire, MK44 1YUBioscan, 5 Tagtaekkervej,DK-5230 Odense M, DenmarkCambi AS, Solbraveien 10,1383 Asker, NorwayEarth Tec Engineering Limited, Wentworth Business Park, Barnslet, South Yorkshire S753DLEnpureEnpure House, Birmingham Road, Kidderminster,Worcestshire, DY10 2SHHese-Unwelt GmbHMagdeburger Str, 166, 45881 Gelsenkirchen, GermanyOaktech EnvironmentalThe Flint Glass Works, 64 Jersey Street, Ancoats Urban Village, Manchester M4 6JWTable TA6.7 Potential A.D Technology SuppliersSource: Directory of Anaerobic Digestion supplier, Cenex, www.cenex.co.uk.Tel: 01963365252Info-uk@biogas-nord.comTel:01584877687Michael.chessire@biogengreenfinch.co.ukTel: 45 6615 7071,www.bioscan.dkWotjtect SargalskiTel: 47 66 77 98 32, ws@cambio.no, www.cambi.comTony LewisTel: 07966 928134Robyn Haines, Business Development,Tel: 01562820010, rchaines@ennpure.co.uk www.enpure.co.ukUK contact Paul Wayman, Tel: 01332 842848, www.hese-umwelt.deTel: 0161 605 0800mail@oaktech-environmenral.comOrganic Power Tel: 0161 605 0800mail@oaktech-environmenral.comOWSTel: 32 9 2330204 mail@ows.be, www. Ows.beDok Noord 4 B-9000 Gent, BelgiumSchmack BiogasBayernwerk 8 D-92421 SchwandorfSolum Gruppen, Vadsby Sraede 6,DK 2640 Hedenhusene, DenmarkWel Tec Biopower,Zum Langenberg 2 D-49377 Vechta, GermanyXergiSofiendalsvej 7, aalborg, dk-9200, Denmark59 9 9431 7510info@schmack-biogas.com, www.schmack-biogas.deMartin Bloch, Project Manager,45 43995020, mbl@solum.dk, www.solum.com49 (44 41) 99 97-8-0info@weltec-biopower.de, www.weltec-biopower.deJorgen Fink, UK Sales Manager,Tel: 45 99 35 16 00, jfi@xergi.com, www.xergi.comUK arm of German AD manufacturer, focusing on wet AD systems with ahistory on farm based systems.UK company developing AD plants in partnership with farmers,landowners and food producersDanish AD supplier2 stage AD system with initial steam hydrolysis phase. Has been used forsewage treatment, but can be more widely applicable.International Engineering Design Group specializing in waste water andAD plant design, delivery and management.UK agents for the BTA dry and wet AD systems. Also provide upgradingsystems from PURAC.German AD supplierUK agent for the ArrowBio 2 stage AD process designed for takingmunicipal wasteUK system producer of unique, horizontal multi-chamber, high liquidssystem.Large-scale dry AD system known as the Dranco system. Used fortreating municipal waste.Suppliers of wet and dry AD systems based in GermanyCombined composting and AD systemsWet AD system supplier, with a history of farm based systems. Technologyprovided for first Biogen plant in Bedfordshire.Danish supplier of AD systems with strong background in farm basessystems.

328 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkPotential sources of fundingThe London Waste and RecyclingBoard (LWaRB)Environmental TransformationFund (ETF)European FundingPotential sources of funding that CGMAcould tap into for the AD facility includes:• Grants – LWaRB, ETF etc.• Guarantees – Prudential borrowing viaLocal Authority, central governmentguarantee loan on reduced rates• Private equity• Venture capital trusts• Bank finance - Loans – securedor unsecuredThe London Waste and Recycling Boardin it’s 2009/10 Business Plan identifiesanaerobic digestion as an example of thetype of project the board would fund, aswell as projects that contribute towardsdistrict heating networks and connectionsto maximise opportunities for combinedheat and power opportunities. TheBoard’s Business Plan has earmarked £9.7million pounds for recycling and energyinfrastructure in 2009/10 and £37.7million in 2010-2012.The Board also offers a brokerage servicewhich helps to find potential projectpartners e.g. land owners, local authoritiesand commercial sector for securing wastethroughput, financiers etc. They alsoprovide support for developing businessplans which the CGMA would benefitfrom. Deadlines for the submission ofcompleted expression of interests are 11thAugust 2009, 20th October 2009 and19th January 2010. The Board could alsoprovide support for project developmentand implementation subject to beingapproved at the expression of intereststage.The Environmental Transformation Fund(ETF) is a new initiative to bring forward thedevelopment of new low carbon energy andenergy efficiency technologies. The ETF hasUK and international elements. The fundformally began in April 2008, and is jointlyadministered by Defra and the Departmentfor Business, Enterprise and RegulatoryReform (BERR). Funds within the UKelement of the Fund will total £400 millionduring the period 2008/09 to 2010/11.The domestic ETF brings together Defra’sand BERR’s existing low carbon technologyfunding programmes together with a numberof new investments to begin in 2008/09.CGMA could potentially be eligible forhydrogen fuel cell and Bio-energy capitalgrants.For more information please see:http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/environment/etf/page41652.htmlCurrently the EU has a range of financialinstruments that can support investments inenvironmental technologies. This includes theEco Innovation Fund which is part of the EUCompetitiveness and Innovation FrameworkProgramme which addresses eco-innovationby stimulating the wider uptake of proveneco-efficient technologies, and by helping tobridge market gaps in SME finance, includingthe lack of investment in innovation such aseco-innovation. There is nearly €200 millionavailable to fund Eco-innovation projectsbetween 2008 and 2013.In additional to the Eco Innovation Fund,there are some demonstration programmes,such as Environment LIFE, the StructuralFunds and the Cohesion Fund, which are themain EU source of grants.For more information on Europeanfunding please see: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/etap/ecoinnovation/index_en.htmFor more information please see:http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/London%20Councils/LWaRBBusinessPlan200910.pdf

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London329Implementation processRecommendationsConclusionCGMA will need to seek advice fromexperienced technology provider whocan provide more bespoke advice on theimplementation process required. However asa guide CGMA will need to:• Commission consultants to conductfeasibility study.• Based on the results of feasibility study,a fully costed business plan should beprepared.• Identify project partners e.g. Londonboroughs, commercial partners for securingfeedstock• Secure funding where required• Establish project team e.g. Projectmanager, technology providers, planningconsultants, financiers etc. to plan, design,build and operate AD plant.• This draft strategy provides suggestionon how the CGMA could go aboutestablishing an AD facility. However fora more detail bespoke plan the CGMAshould commission consultants/technologyproviders to undertake a fully costedfeasibility study for the proposed anaerobicdigestion plant.• Based on the feasibility plan, a detailedproject plan should be produced.• CGMA should ensure that the tenderspecification for appointing a contractorto do the re-development includes arequirement to commission a technologyprovider to develop a costed business plan,project manage, design build and operatethe proposed AD facility.• Securing funding for the proposed facilitywill be critical to the success of the project.A list of potential sources of income havebeen identified above. In particular CGMAshould try and submit an expressionof interest to the London Waste andRecycling Board for funding to build an ADfacility and accessing the brokerage servicethat can help identify potential projectpartners. Deadlines for the submissionof completed expression of interests are11th August 2009, 20th October 2009 and19th January 2010. The Board could alsoprovide support for project developmentand implementation subject to beingapproved at the expression of intereststage. For more information on the Board’srequirements please contact AntonyBuchan, Policy and Project Manager,London Waste and Recycling Board on020 7983 4971 or via e-mail to antony.buchan@lwarb.gov.uk.• CGMA should be aware that it is unlikelythat the Board will provide the full cost forestablishing the proposed AD facility andwill therefore have to identify other sourcesof match funding for the project. Otherfunding opportunities could potentially beidentified through the board’s brokerageservice. Approaching the boroughsregarding a potential partnership bid whichcould lever in additional sources of fundingcould be one option to explore.• CGMA should aim to work in partnershipwith the London Boroughs of Wandsworth,Lambeth and or the other suggestedboroughs within close proximity to try andsecure contracts for treating segregatedorganic waste via the proposed AD facilityto ensure that there is sufficient feedstockfor the plant.• It is essential for the AD process that thefeedstock is of high quality segregatedfood waste only. To achieve this, CGMAwill need to take direct responsibility for allwastes produced on site. Adequate spacefor containment should be provided whichallows traders to store their separatedorganic waste for collection. Regularmonitoring and education should also beprovided to ensure high participation andcapture rate are achieved in the organicrecycling scheme. This will avoid the needfor expensive pre-treatment equipmentto sort and treat waste, results in higherquality yields of bio-gas for energygeneration, and more importantly results inhigh quality digestate that can be used asa compost product.There are great opportunities for CGMA notonly to save money in diverting waste fromlandfill but also in generating CHP, whichcould be used in the development. TheGLA welcomes the opportunity to continueworking with the CGMA and to assist inmeeting their objectives and aspirations forthe site.Securing funding, identifying projectpartners and securing high quality feedstockhowever will be critical if this project is tobe viable.

330 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkExamples of existing AD facilitiesBiocycle South Shropshire Biowaste AD plant 5,000 tonnes per year of source-separated household biowaste.48-66MWH of renewable electricity per monthTwinwoods, Anaerobic Digestion Facility, UK42,000 tonnes (12ktpa farm slurry, 30ktpa food wastefrom households, manufacturing and retailers) Sitefootprint: 0.7HaWanlip Anaerobic Digestion Plant – Leicestershire50,000 tonnesHolsworthy Biogas has the capacity to process 146,000 tonnes per annum of cattle, pig and poultry manure plusorganic food waste (20%).

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 06 Waste and wharves strategyMayor of London331Conceptual design for MBT and AD facility in Merton, Workspace GlebeConcept design 3: Anaerobic digestion plant on a denseinner city site, Dow Jones ArchitectsTotal waste throughput: 10,000tpaSite area: 0.15haBuilding footprint: 0.15ha8t rcvs per day: 520t lorries per day: 1Heat output per year: 1,800 mwh/annumElectricity output per year: 2,000 mwh/annumThis proposal is for a small decentralisedanaerobic digestion plant on an inner-citysite, forming part of a new developmentof commercial and residential units. Theanaerobic digestion plant is at ground andbasement level in the centre of the site,located below an urban garden accessed bythe residential development at first floorlevel. The ground floor of the developmentthat surrounds the AD plant contains retailand commercial units. Biodegradable wastewill arrive at this facility in refuse collectionvehicles (RCVs) having been presorted ata remote station or separately collectedthrough food waste collection schemes. Theanaerobic digestion plant has a 1,500m2(0.15ha) footprint and is partially sunkbelow ground level, at 12.5m high. Thedesign shows a development site footprintof 3,744m2. This provides 2,244m2 on theground floor for commercial units, and fourstoreys of 2,244m2 for residential unitsabove. The communal garden at first floorlevel, on the roof of the anaerobic digestionplant, is 1,500m2.

TA 7Water strategy

334 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 7 Water strategyThe aim of this strategy is to establish ahierarchy of interventions that will lead tothe conservation and management of waterwithin the wider environment, community,home and business.It is generally accepted that the threepriorities for water conservation andmanagement are as follows:1. The sustainable use of water for domesticand commercial purposes.2. The management, and where possiblereduction, of surface water and flood risk.3. The protection and enhancement ofwatercourses.As well as its consumption, water is animportant resource for recreation, visualamenity and biodiversity. Its propermanagement can add value to development,contribute to place making and as acomponent of green infrastructure amelioratesome of the affects of climate change.The strategy covers the essentialrequirements at various spatial levels forthe above three water management andconservation issues. The document uses theplanning policies in the London Plan andthe emerging principles in the London WaterStrategy (due for publication September2009). The spatial levels include strategicarea-wide level, site-specific level andbuilding level. They include the three areasof water management and conservation inspatial hierarchy, describing key elementswith related policy and practical solutions.Given the strategic importance of floodingin terms of the overall regeneration of theOA it has been dealt with separately and inadvance of the other water management andconservation issues.FloodingStrategic Flood Risk Assessment (SRFA)The VNEB OA is within Flood Zone 3a,however it is defended to a high standardthrough a combination of the Thames barrierand River Walls. There remains a residualrisk of flooding from overtopping or breachof the flood defences. The EnvironmentAgency’s Thames Estuary 2100 projectdemonstrates that later this century flooddefence levels in London are likely to haveto be raised. Planning should take place nowin order to ensure that raising flood defencelevels in the OA does not just mean higherwalls.Setting new development back from the riveredge will enable a much more sustainableand cost effective upgrade of flood defencesand maintain views and visual connectionsacross the river.London Boroughs Lambeth and Wandsworthhave produced Strategic Flood RiskAssessments (SFRA), assessing the floodrisk for the areas covering the VNEB OA. Asummary of baseline information is providedin the next section.

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 07 Water strategyMayor of London335The SFRAs establish the level of floodrisk for the VNEB OA according to PPS25and outline the general development andbuilding types restrictions and requirements.The SFRAs identify areas of higher risk andresidual risk, which establish where moredetailed site-based flood risk assessments arerequired for individual developments.The SFRAs also map historic surface andsewer water flood events, and provideindicative modelling results for surface waterflood risk, highlighting potential problemareas for VNEB.Policy reference & signpostPPS25 - Development and flood risk. Aims toensure that flood risk is taken into accountat all stages in the planning process to avoidinappropriate development in areas at riskof flooding, and to direct development awayfrom areas at highest risk. A Sequentialand Exception Test is used to determinedevelopment suitability to location’sflood risk. Where new development is,exceptionally, necessary in such areas, policyaims to make it safe without increasing floodrisk elsewhere and where possible, reducingflood risk overall.London Plan 4A.13 Flood risk managementLondon Boroughs of Wandsworth,Merton, Sutton and Croydon SFRALevel 1 SRFA December 2008London Borough of Lambeth SFRA Level 1June 2008, Level 2 August 2008The Environment Agency will be undertakingmore detailed Surface Water Flood Mappingover the next 2 – 3 years.The Drain London Project (GLA lead) hasalso identified data sources for Borough andutility owned drainages and sewer networks.Strategic Flood Risk Assessment(SRFA) – summaryLondon Borough of LambethFigures 2 and 3 from Lambeth’s Level 1SRFA clearly indicate that the OA lies withinEA flood zone 3a where flooding is a highprobability although the Lambeth part ofthe OA is protected by the Lambeth ThamesFlood Defences and the Thames Barrier. TheOA in its entirety is designated as an areathat benefits from flood defences.PPS25 does not permit basement dwellingsto be located within Flood Zone 3a. The LBof Lambeth has a presumption against thelocation of any new basements and wouldnot be permitted in any areas at riskof flooding.Flood risk assessments for new developmentwithin Flood Zone 3a should consider floodrisk implications for other basement usessuch as parking and servicing.

336 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkNorth0 1 km2 kms© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Opportunity AreaFlood Zone 3aFlood Zone 3bFlood Zone 2 (Oct 07)ParksThis zone comprises land assessed as having a 1in 100 or greater annual probability of flooding(>1%) or a 1 in 200 or greater probability offlooding from the sea (0.5%) in any yearRiver Wandle 1 in 20 year flood plainLand assessed as having between a 1 in 100 and 1 in1000 annual probability of river flooding (1% -0.1%)or between a 1 in 200 and 1 in 1000 annualprobability of sea flooding (0.5%-0.1%) in any yearFigure TA7.1 Environment agency main rivers and flood zones

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 07 Water strategyMayor of London337North0 1 km2 kmsOpportunity AreaParksMain RiverEffra SewerFlood Zone 3Flood Zone 2Area benefitting from defencesLambeth Thames Flood Defences© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA7.2 Flood defences across OA

338 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTidal flood risk in VauxhallBreach modelling has been carried out atNelson’s Wharf, just north of Vauxhall Bridge.The Ordnance Survey Grid Reference is TQ30415 78493 and is the grassy area whereground levels are lower than those aroundthe M16 building.In addition to the breach location to thenorth of Vauxhall Bridge, a second breachlocation was modelled as part of theWandsworth SRFA which is located to thesouth of Vauxhall Bridge on Nine Elms LaneJetty at Prescott Wharf.Figures B6 and B7 in Appendix B show theflood depths that may be experienced acrossthe OA should a breach occur in the ThamesTidal Flood Defences during the 1:1000 floodyear event at the modelled breach locations.Figure TA7.3 Vauxhall North - Flood Depth 1 in 1000 Year Return Period© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 07 Water strategyMayor of London339Flooding in the breach locations is expectedto be to depths of approximately 0.5m. InVauxhall where development will be locatedin a flood risk area, the most acceptablemethod of mitigating flood risk is to ensurehabitable floor levels are raised above themaximum flood water level.Some limited areas are indicated to haveflood depths in the range of 0.5 – 2 metrerange. The flood risk assessments for newdevelopment in these areas will need toconsider this issue in detail.Where a residual flood risk is identifiedprovision of internal refuge areas shouldbe included with an appropriate emergencyplan.More detailed individual site analysis andrecommendations are set out in Lambeth’sLevel 2 SRFA.Figure TA7.4 Vauxhall South - Flood depth 1 in 1000 year return period© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

340 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkSewer floodingThe River Effra is described as one of thethe lost rivers of London however it nowforms part of London’s sewer network. Thesewer flows entirely underground. It risesnear Crystal Palace flowing north throughDulwich, Herne Hill, Brixton and Kenningtonto flow out into the Thames by VauxhallBridge. The approximate route of the seweris shown in Figure 3 above. The outlet forthe Effra sewer empties into the Thamesby Vauxhall Bridge as illustrated the photo.This is one of the combined sewer overflowsthat the Thames Tideway Sewer Tunnelwill relieve. Therefore it only flows duringperiods of heavy rainfall, the effluent is dilutebut untreated sewage. Due to the culvertednature of the watercourse, the River Effraproduces flood risk with characteristics ofsewer flooding.Figure TA7.5 Effra Sewer outlet at Vauxhall Bridge (Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Effra_vauxhall_2.jpg)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 07 Water strategyMayor of London341Surface water floodingSurface water flooding typically arises asa result of intense rainfall, often a shortduration that is unable to soak into theground or enter drainage systems. As themajority of the OA is heavily developed, therisk of surface water flooding is increased.Overland paths should be taken into accountin spatial planning for urban developments.In order to reduce surface water floodrisk and mitigate the impacts of climatechange (particularly the expected increasein intensity of rainfall), it is important toapply the London Plan Sustainable DrainageHierarchy (Policy 4A.14). In particular thishierarchy places surface water dischargeto combined sewers at the bottom of thehierarchy. Given the proximity of the Thamesit is important for clean surface water fromthe OA to be directed to the Thames.London Borough of WandsworthFigure 6A from London Boroughs ofWandsworth, Merton, Sutton and Croydon’sLevel 1 SRFA indicates that the OA is locatedwithin EA flood zone 3a where flooding isa high probability. The OA in its entirety isdesignated as an area that benefits fromflood defences.North0 1 km2 kms© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Opportunity AreaParksFlood Zone 3Flood Zone 2Tidal flood defence design standard - 1000 yearsFluvial flood defence design standard - 50 yearsArea benefitting from defencesBorough boundaryFigure TA7.6 Wandsworth flood defences (NFCDD)

342 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTidal flood risk in Nine Elmsand BatterseaFigures 28 and 36 show the flood depthsthat may be experienced across the OAshould a breach occur in the Thames TidalFlood Defences during the 1:1000 flood yearevent at the modelled breach locations atNine Elms and Battersea respectively.Some limited areas are indicated to haveflood depths in the range of 0.5 – 2 metrerange. The flood risk assessments for newdevelopment in these areas will need toconsider this issue in detail.Figure TA7.7 Breach P4 1 in 1000 year event flood depth© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 07 Water strategyMayor of London343Sewer floodingThe Thames Water sewer flooding recordsshow that there is little impact from sewerflooding in the OA. The areas of mostconcern are to the south and south westalong Wandsworth Road and QueenstownRoad.THIS DRAWING MAY BE USED ONLY FORTHE PURPOSE INTENDED AND ONLYWRITTEN DIMENSIONS SHALL BE USEDNOTESTHIS DRAWING MAY BE USED ONLY FORTHE PURPOSE INTENDED AND ONLYWRITTEN DIMENSIONS SHALL BE USEDLondon Borough BoundariesNumber of sewer floodingincidents recorded byThames Water in the last10 yearsNOTESLondon Borough BoundariesNumber of sewer floodingincidents recorded byThames Water in the last10 years1 - 23 - 5> 5© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)1 - 2Figure TA7.8 Wandsworth Thames Water sewer flooding records3 - 5> 5

344 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkSurface water floodingThe OA has been identified as an areaat risk of overland flow based on LiDARtopographic data, geology, sewer floodingand historic flooding records. Where an areais identified as being at risk from overlandflow, site specific flood risk assessmentsshould consider localised flow paths toestablish risks to the site. In order to reducesurface water flood risk and mitigate theimpacts of climate change (particularly theexpected increase in intensity of rainfall),it is important to apply the London PlanSustainable Drainage Hierarchy (Policy4A.14). In particular this hierarchy placessurface water discharge to combined sewersat the bottom of the hierarchy. Given theproximity of the Thames it is importantfor clean surface water from the OA to bedirected to the Thames.North0 1 km2 kmsOpportunity AreaParksBorough boundarySurface water flooding hotspotsAreas with increased risk of surface water ponding basedon topography, geology and historic flooding records© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032379) (2009)Figure TA7.9 Wandsworth surface water flooding

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 07 Water strategyMayor of London345Site specific flood risk assessmentPossible interventionsProperty/building levelPolicy reference & signpostSite specific flood risk assessments arerequired to assess the flood risk posed toproposed developments and to ensure that,where necessary, appropriate mitigationmeasures are included in the development.As the VNEB OA is a site of residual floodrisk, developers will need to identifysite specific residual risk as part of anindividual development’s Flood RiskAssessment. PPS25 recommends that wheredevelopments are proposed in a defendedarea, the potential cumulative impact of lossof storage at the allocation sites on flood riskelsewhere within the flood area should beconsidered.Site specific flood mitigation measures will beproposed as part of a site specific FRA.These may include, but not be limited to:• Site and development layout• Land raising and reshaping• Access and egress options• Floodwater storage and SUDS optionse.g. basins, ponds, green roofs, rainwaterharvesting, swales, etc.• Permeable surfaces• Flood resistance/resilience options forthe development• Flood response management plansFlood resilient buildingsBuildings in flood risk areas should beeither flood resilient or resistant, or indeedhave elements of both. Existing buildingsthat are subject to flooding should haveflood resilient and/or resistant measuresincorporated in their repair.DEFRA & CIRIA, Improving the FloodPerformance of New Buildings – FloodResilient Construction 2007.ABI - Flood Resilient Homes: whathomeowners can do to reduce flood damageArup - Existing Buildings Survival Strategies.Pitt Review recommendations on floodresilience and resistancePossible InterventionsProvide all buildings with flood resilienceand/or resistance based upon the riskassessment. Use guidance in CLG FloodResilience publication (2007).Policy reference & signpostAnnex E of PPS25 presents the minimumrequirements for FRAs. The Practice GuideCompanion to PPS25 advocates a stagedapproach to site specific FRAsIncorporate flood resilience and resistance inall building repairs for flood, use guidance inreports by BRE (2005) and CIRIA (2005).Lambeth SFRA outlines stakeholderresponsibility and guidelines of FRALondon Plan policies:• 4A.12 Flooding• 4A.13 Flood risk management• 4A.14 Sustainable Drainage

346 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkWater conservation & managementPolicy reference & signpostSite levelPossible interventionsLondon Plan policies seek to promotesustainable urban drainage systems, managethe abstraction and use of groundwater,protect and conserve water supplies throughminimising the use of treated water andencouraging where appropriate dual watersystems that can make greater use of greywater, and finally supports green roofs tominimise heat gain and rainwater runoff.Strategic area-wide levelLondon plan policies:• 3D.8 Realising the value of open spaceand green infrastructure• 4A.11 Living Roofs and Walls• 4A.13 Flood risk management• 4A.14 Sustainable drainage• 4A.15 Rising groundwater• 4A.16 resources.• 4A.17 Water qualitySustainable Urban DrainageSystems (SUDS)Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems(SUDS) are essential physical design anddevelopments that aim to reduce peakvolumes and flows from intense and/or longduration pluvial events, reducing the riskof surface water flooding within the urbanenvironment. SUDS can also improve runoffquality and the amenity value of surfacewater.• Pervious surfaces and pavements• Swales, basins and drainage channels• Ponds, wetlands & rain gardens• Infiltration trenches and filter drains• Green roofsGreen infrastructureGreen infrastructure is the physicalenvironment within and between ourcities, towns and villages. It is a networkof multi-functional open spaces, includingformal parks, gardens, woodlands, greencorridors, waterways, street trees and opencountryside. When designed and maintainedcorrectly, greenspace can reduce surfacewater flood risk, reduce peak runoff flows,capture runoff for reuse, ameliorate localisedUrban Heat Island (UHI) effects, improvebiodiversity habitat, and improve runoffwater quality.Three Regions Climate Change Group,Adapting to Climate Change – A Checklist forDevelopment.Possible interventionsIncreasing the amount and quality of urbangreenspace within all areas of VNEB.• Dedicated public and private greenspaces• Communal open space for new residentialand commercial developments• Green corridors along public walkways,roads and site infrastructure• Street tree plantingPolicy reference & signpostCIRIA The SUDS ManualLondon Plan:• 4A.13 Flood risk management• 4A.14 Sustainable drainage• SPG Sustainable Design and ConstructionDEFRA & CIRIA. Improving the FloodPerformance of New Buildings – FloodResilient Construction 2007CIRIA, Landform. Local Authority Network onDrainage & Flood Risk Management• Green swales• Green roofs and green wallsTRCCG Adapting to Climate Change – AChecklist for Development

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 07 Water strategyMayor of London347Water conservationPossible interventionRainwater capture on commercialand residential buildings - boreholeabstractionThe London Water Strategy promotes asimple hierarchy for good strategic watermanagement.1. Loss less: Reduce the loss of waterthrough better leakage management2. Use less: Improve the efficiency ofwater use in residential and commercialdevelopment3. Reclaim more: Use reclaimed waterfor non-potable uses (grey waterand rainwater)New resources: develop, as necessary, thosewater resources that have the least climatechange and environmental impact.Policy reference & signpostCode for Sustainable HomesAECB Water StandardsLondon Plan• 4A.16 Water supplies and resourcesAll water use devices and appliances shouldbe water efficient, including;Shower heads, aerated and spray taps,low-flow and dual flush toilets, washingmachines, dishwashers, water butts, vacuumdrainage systems and waterless urinals.Xeriscaping - The specification of droughttolerant native plant species in parks andgardensThe use of non-potable water for streetcleaning and vehicle wash-down.Harvesting of rainwater is simply thecollection of water for domestic orcommercial use that would otherwise godown the drain. Today, rainwater harvestingsystems can be installed in both new andexisting buildings and can range from aquick, cheap water butt to a more complexsystem. Rainwater can be used for thegarden, washing the car, showering, flushingthe toilet and the washing machine.Consideration of rainwater harvesting musttake into account the cost and carbonemissions associated with providing watercompared with mains water, due to therelience on pumping and filtration systems.Policy reference & signpostLondon Plan• 4A.14 Sustainable drainage• 4A.16 Water supplies and resources• SPG Sustainable Design and ConstructionCIRIA Rainwater Harvesting StandardsPossible interventionRainwater capture into water infrastructurewithin multi-functional open spaces for greenspace and street tree use.Borehole abstraction and advanced watertreatment to potable standards.Borehole abstraction for direct non-potablesupply.Green roofs on commercial anddomestic buildingsVegetated roofs and walls, including terracesand gardens, can improve the thermalperformance of the building, reduce theurban heat island effect, absorb rainfall toreduce flash flooding, enhance biodiversity,provide amenity for residents who may nothave access to private gardens and improveappearance.Policy reference & signpostLondon Plan policies:• 4A.14 Sustainable drainage• 4A.15 Rising groundwater• 4A.16 Water supplies and resources seekto promote sustainable urbandrainage systems, the abstraction anduse of groundwater and to protect andconserve water supplies and resources.Rainwater harvesting systems for nonpotablewater, for both commercial anddomestic development use.Preference for systems that use gravity feedover pump systems.GLA – Living Roofs and Walls: TechnicalReport: Supporting London Plan Policy

348 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkUrban WetlandDetention BasinsSwales and Drainage ChannelsXeriscaping

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 07 Water strategyMayor of London349

(Source: Treasury Holdings)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 08 S106 Infrastructure funding studyMayor of London351TA 8Section 106infrastructurefunding study

352 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 08 S106 Infrastructure funding studyMayor of London353To be completed.

354 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework(Source: Treasury Holdings)

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkappendicesMayor of London355Appendices

356 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkAPPENDICESA1Acronyms & Glossary°C Degrees Celsius3DAABIADAECBAODThree-dimensionalAppendixAssociation of British InsurersAnaerobic DigestionSustainable Building AssociationAbove Ordnance DatumDCLGDEDECCDCFSDEFRADepartment of Communities & LocalGovernmentDecentralised EnergyDepartment of Energy and Climate ChangeDepartment for Children, Families andSchoolsDepartment of Environment Food and RuralAffairsLDALDFLTSLULULLVLVMFLondon Development AgencyLocal Development FrameworkLondon Transportation StudiesLondon UndergroundLondon Underground LimitedLow VoltageLondon View Management FrameworkBERRBMEBMWBPSDepartment for Business, Enterprise andRegulatory ReformBlack and minority ethnicBiodegradable Municipal Solid WasteBattersea Power StationBREEAM BRE Environmental Assessment MethodCABECADCAMSCAZCCHPCCZCGMACHPC/ICIRIACLGCO²CSHCommission for Architecture and BuiltEnvironmentConservation Area DirectoryCatchment Abstraction ManagementStrategiesCentral Activities ZoneCombined Cooling and Heat PowerCongestion Charging ZoneCovent Garden Market AuthorityCombined Heat and PowerCommercial and Industrial wasteConstruction Industry Research andInformation AssociationDepartment of Communities and LocalGovernmentCarbon DioxideCode for Sustainable HomesDfLDHNDHWDIYDNODPDEHESCOETFEUFRAGBGLAGPHAHSEHWSIDNOIMDKVLBLCNDesign for LondonDistrict Heating NetworkDomestic Hot WaterDo-it-yourselfDistribution Network OperatorDevelopment Plan DocumentEnglish HeritageEnergy Service CompanyEnvironmental Transformation FundEuropean UnionFlood Risk AssessmentGreat BritainGreater London AuthorityGeneral PractitionerHectaresHealth & Safety ExecutiveHot Water ServiceIndependent Distribution Network OperatorIndex of Multiple of DeprivationKilovoltsLondon BoroughLondon Cycle NetworkLWaRB London Waste & Recycling BoardM MetreM² Metres squaredM³ Metres cubedMJ Mega jouleMRF Mechanical Recycling Facilitymm MillimetresMW MegawattMWe Megawatt ElectricMWH Megawatt HourMSW Municipal Solid WasteNCGM New Covent Garden MarketNHS National Health ServiceNVQ National Vocational QualificationOA Opportunity AreaOAPF Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkOAWAT Office of Water Servicesp.a. Per AnnumPDHU Pimlico District Heating UndertakingPPS Planning Policy StatementPRS Pressure Reducing StationPTAL Public Transport Accessibility Level

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkappendicesMayor of London357QVA Qualitative Visual AssessmentRCV Refuse Collection VehiclesRIBA Royal Institute of British ArchitectsROC Renewable Obligation CertificateRPB Regional Planning BodyRSS Regional Spatial StrategyS106 Section 106SDS Sustainable Drainage SystemSEL Strategic Employment LandSFRA Strategic Flood Risk AssessmentSIL Strategic Industrial LocationSMP Shoreline Management PlanSPD Supplementary Planning DocumentSPG Supplementary Planning GuidanceSPV Special Purpose VehicleSME Small and Medium EnterprisesSRDF Sub Regional Development FrameworkSRN Strategic Road NetworkSUDS Sustainable Urban Drainage SystemTA Transport AssessmentTER Target Emissions RateTfL Transport for LondonTH Treasury HoldingsTLRN Transport for London Road Networktpa Tonnes per annumtph Trains per hourTRCCG Three Regions Climate Change GroupUDP Unitary Development PlanUHI Urban Heat IslandUKUDPUSGVNEBWEZWHSWRAPWRWAWWHSUnited KingdomUnitary Development PlanUnited States GovernmentVauxhall Nine Elms BatterseaWestern Extension ZoneWorld Heritage SiteWaste and Resource Action ProgrammeWestern Riverside Waste AuthorityWestminster World Heritage SiteWWHSMP Westminster World Heritage SiteManagement Plan

358 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkA2BibliographyGreater London AuthorityTransport for LondonLB of WandsworthEnglish HeritageLondon View Management Framework RevisedDraft SPG, June 2009Draft SPG, Use of planning obligations in fundingCrossrail, May 2009Draft London Plan Alterations, Use of planningobligations in funding Crossrail, May 2009A new plan for London, Proposals for the Mayor’sLondon Plan, April 2009Planning for a better London, July 2008Credit Crunch and the Property Market, GLAEconomics, May 2008London Plan Consolidated with Alterations since2004, February 2008Industrial Capacity SPG, March 2008Providing for Children and Young People’s Playand Informal Recreation SPG, March 2008National Planning Policy Requirements for a 15-year Housing Land Supply and Strategic HousingMarket Assessments and the London Plan: JointStatements, March 2008Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity AreaTransport Study Draft Final Report, July 2009Way to Go! November 2008Transport2025, Transport vision for a growingworld city, November 2006The Mayor’s Transport and Air Quality StrategyRevisions: London Low Emission Zone, July 2006Transport assessment best practice guidancedocument, May 2006London Freight Plan, 2007Land for Transport Functions SPG, 2007London Development Agency (Designfor London)London Housing Design Guide, Draft forConsultation, Mayor of London, July 2009Rubbish In Resources Out, Design Ideas for WasteFacilities in London, Design for London, 2008Wandsworth Core Strategy, Submission Version,March 2009Nine Elms Wandsworth, Regeneration at the heartof London, Spring 2009London Boroughs of Wandsworth, Merton, Suttonand Croydon, Strategic Flood Risk Assessment,Level 1 Final Report, December 2008Wandsworth Council Local Implementation Plan2006 – 2011, 2007Wandsworth Unitary Development Plan (UDP),adopted August 2003SPG on Important Local Views, November 2003Community Strategy for Wandsworth, 2003LB of LambethLevel 1 Strategic Flood Risk Assessment, LB ofLambeth, June 2008Level 2 Strategic Flood Risk Assessment, LB ofLambeth, August 2008Vauxhall Battersea Nine Elms Opportunity AreaPlanning Framework, Historic Areas Assessment,Urban Practitioners on behalf of English Heritage,April 2009Conservation Principles Policies and Guidance,English Heritage, April 2008Westminster World Heritage Site ManagementPlan, English Heritage, May 2007Guidance on Tall Buildings, CABE and EnglishHeritage, March 2003Living roofs and walls - Technical report:supporting London Plan policy, February 2008Adopted Unitary Development Plan, LB ofLambeth, August 2007Wheelchair Accessible Housing Best PracticeGuidance, 2007Vauxhall Area, Draft SPG, LB of Lambeth, October2008Sustainable Design & Construction SPG, May2006Supplementary Planning Document S106 PlanningObligations July 2008Housing SPG, November 2005Safeguarded wharves on the River Thames,January 2005Lambeth Economic Development Strategy 2007 –2010, 2007Accessible London: achieving an inclusiveenvironment, April 2004

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkappendicesMayor of London359OtherTax Incremental Financing, A new tool forfunding regeneration in the UK, British PropertyFederation, 2009PADHI – HSE’s land use planning methodology,Health & Safety Executive, August 2009Central London Infrastructure Study Draft Report,Westminster City Council, January 2009Northern Line Extension from Kennington toBattersea Power Station, Review of AvailableFunding Options, Final Report, Price WaterhouseCoopers LLP on behalf of Treasury Holdings,December 2008WRAP Organics Funding Guide, November 2008Vauxhall Nine Elms Social Infrastructure AuditSummary, Hunt Dobson Stringer on behalf ofBallymore Properties, July 2008Protection of World Heritage Sites, ConsultationPaper, Department of Communities and LocalGovernment, May 2008Nine Elms/ Battersea/ Vauxhall Opportunity AreaDevelopment Capacity Discussion Document,CBRE on behalf of Ballymore Properties, April2008Nine Elms and North East Battersea OutlineFeasibility Studies and Business Case for Tram andTube options, Steer Davies Gleave on behalf ofTreasury Holdings, February 2008Metropolitan Views Draft SPD, City ofWestminster, October 2007Westminster Abbey and Parliament SquareConservation Area Directory Consultation Draft,City of Westminster, March 2008Planning Obligations Community BenefitStrategy, London Thames Gateway DevelopmentCorporation, March 2008Urban Design Compendium 2, EnglishPartnerships, 2007Battersea Nine Elms – A Strategy forIntensification, Urban Strategies on behalf ofBallymore, September 2007New City Spaces, Jan Gehl & Lars Gemzoe, 2006Vision for Vauxhall Battersea, Cross RiverPartnership, 2003Urban Design Compendium, English Partnerships,2000Enviro control website, schematic showing ananaerobic digestion systemhttp://www.enviro-control.co.uk/waste/technology/schematic.htmDirectory of Anaerobic Digestion supplier, CenexCovent Garden Market, Wasteline Report, wasteaudit, assessment and options for future wastemanagement at CGM, London Remade, August2007London Waste and recycling Board, 2009/10Business Plan, A Priorities Plan for the LondonWaste and Recycling Board, February 2009Waste Infrastructure Delivery Programme PlanningSystems Guidance, DEFRA, August 2007Environmental Transformation Fund (ETF):Funding for Low Carbon Technologies

360 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkA3OAPF timetableVAUXHALL NINE ELMS BATTERSEA OPPORTUNITY AREA PLANNING FRAMEWORKSteering Group MeetingsStakeholder Group MeetingsInternal ConsultationLandowner/Developer meetingsPolicy reviewBackground researchMappingDevelopment scenariosTransport studyFirst Draft ProductionViews Analysis/ 3D ModellingPublic Realm StrategyResidential Design Principles inc accessHeritage Study ReportsS106 Infrastructure Funding StudyBRE Flood Risk & SUDSGLA Waste StrategyLDA Energy Master Plan & GLA Waste StrategyGLA Sustainability AppraisalGLA Equalities Impact AssessmentRevise MappingMayoral sign off 1 2 34Informal DraftsSteering Group ConsultationFirst EditStakeholder ConsultationSecond EditPublic ConsultationConsultation Review and Final EditPublication dates following Mayoral approval1 First Draft OAPF Jan-092 Second Draft OAPF Aug-093 Consultation Draft OAPF Nov-094 OAPF published Jan-10Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08Jan-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09Oct-09Nov-09Dec-09Jan-10

Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkappendicesMayor of London361A4VNEB transport study timetableVauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework - Transport StudySUMMARY WORK PROGRAMMEMay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecJanFebMarStep OStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7Step 8Step 9Inception PhaseAgree Study Specific and Appraisal ObjectivesUnderstanding the Current SituationUnderstanding the Future SituationStakeholder ConsultationTransport Stakeholder Group Meetings 31171528Ballymore Meetings 23 4 16 25Treasury Meetings 2311212528Options for SolutionsAppraisal MethodologyModel DevelopmentCostsOption Testing and AppraisalStep 10 Distillation and comparison of optionsStep 11 Consultation on preferred option(s)Step 12 Recommended strategyStep 13 Funding sourcesStep 14 Implementation programmeKey DeliverablesInception Report•Highways Model Validation Report•Public Transport Model Validation Report•OAPF Transport Input ◦ •

364 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkGreater London AuthorityCity HallThe Queen’s WalkMore LondonLondon SE1 2AA