Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework

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180 Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkIndustrial growthand urbanisation - key themesThe growth of settlements in the areaintensified during the post-medieval period.There was a farmhouse at Nine Elms in 1646and a substantial hamlet there by 1729,probably of an industrial character. Thesettlement at Vauxhall remained as a smallhamlet around a road junction until the18th century. At this time the residentialarea of Bondway, Miles Street, Parry Streetand Wyvil Road was laid out as an extensionof the existing hamlet from 1778 onwards.Most of Battersea was retained for marketgardening as late as 1800, taking advantageof the fertile marshland.Vauxhall was obviously an attractive place tolive in the 16th-18th centuries and severallarge houses were built in the area. Mostnotably, as a survivor of this time, BrunswickHouse, a grade II* listed building, was builtrelatively close to the river at the northernend of Nine Elms Lane. Other large housesin the area included Copt Hall on theriverside to the north of Vauxhall Stairs andCaron House, on the east side of SouthLambeth Road.Development in Lambeth and Vauxhall hadincreased rapidly after the constructionof the bridges at Westminster (1750) andVauxhall (1816). The coming of the railwaysin the late 1830s to the 1860s stimulatedfurther development, but also cut throughthe unity of the Vauxhall and Lambethdistricts, permanently transforming thecharacter of these finely grained areas. Trainservices had a relatively limited effect onhousing development in Battersea until the1880s, although there was a need to housethe growing numbers of railway workersin the Nine Elms district. These workerslived in streets such as Sussex Street (nowWadhurst Road), begun in the 1850s withan entrance to the Nine Elms works at theend. Tightly packed terraces around NineElms and Vauxhall consolidated the workingclass character of the area, which has beenretained in inter-war and post-war slumclearance projects. In Vauxhall and Lambeththere is little evidence of the gentrificationfound around the Victorian squaresof Kennington.Slum clearance and post-war redevelopmentsaw the construction of new residentialestates across the study area.(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Figure TA2.2 Map 1729 Figure TA2.3 Map 1746(Source: English Heritage HAA report)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Figure TA2.4 Map 1813 Figure TA2.5 Map 1823(Source: English Heritage HAA report)
Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning FrameworkTA 02 Built and heritage contextMayor of London 181River ThamesWith sea levels rising steadily over thecenturies, the stretch of the Thames betweenVauxhall and Battersea was prone to floodinguntil the 19th century. Flood defenceshad been necessary for the inhabitants ofBattersea since the 16th century with threatsto Vauxhall only finally addressed with theconstruction of the Albert Embankment in1866-70. Built along the line of VauxhallStreet between Vauxhall and WestminsterBridges, the widened roadway obliteratedmany of the old street frontages, destroyingFore Street and the buildings and alleys onits western side. This clearance permanentlyaltered the appearance of Vauxhall, butended the periodic flooding of the HighStreet and Fore Street area.Today the concrete and stone walls mean anunchanging frontage to the river, althoughthe mud banks and tidal reach hint at thechallenge faced by previous generations.The river has long served as a conduit fortrade and transport. The Palace of Lambethwas established in order that the Archbishopcould reach Westminster across the Thamesby ferry.The river continued to be a significant arteryof trade and activity until the arrival of therailways; at Nine Elms, docks were dug atNine Elms in 1733 to transport timber, therewas ship, boat and barge building in the1850s and 1860s and the three barge housesof the city livery companies were located atVauxhall from the 17th to the 19th century.Two steamboat piers were built after thecoming of the railway in 1838 and by 1851there were regular services along the Thamesfrom Nine Elms to Westminster and London.These ran until the 1880s.Nine Elms Station (source: Loobey 2002)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)(Source: English Heritage HAA report)Lambeth foreshore, 1860s (source: Lambeth Local Studies Library)
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Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area Planning Framework

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