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82> chapter 04Million tonnes7060Freshwater (%)Marine waterBrackish waterFreshwater7060Percentage4.3 > Marine water,5050brackish water andfreshwater – aquacul-Marine water (%)ture production has4040shown strong growthin all areas over thepast 30 years.3030202010Brackish water (%)1001980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100seen in Accra, the capital of Ghana, and Lusaka, the capitalof Zambia. Small and medium-sized businesses are alsobecoming involved in Zambia and Uganda, with the aim ofoperating commercial aquaculture on a large scale. Expertsare praising these approaches, because they believe this isthe only way of making enough fish available to supplylocal markets.Furthermore, there is great interest in the large-scaleexpansion of fish farming in countries such as South Africa.For about 5 years now a national aquaculture associationhas been involved in setting up aquaculture operations.Some of the technology applied will be exported toother African nations, although in some countries theimportation of the facilities is still complicated by exorbitantlyhigh duties.In many other regions of Africa, however, an aquacultureindustry is still a long way off. For this reason nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) have been trying forsome years to encourage aquaculture among individualcommunities.With the exception of a few nations, aquaculture inAfrica is still at an embryonic stage, and its potential is farfrom being exploited. It will take at least 10 years beforeany appreciable production increases are seen. Unfortunately,even if strong expansion should occur, aquacultureis unlikely to be able to keep pace with the needs of thefast-growing population.From salmon to pangasius –aquaculture productsAbout 600 species are raised worldwide by aquaculture.Depending on local traditions and preferences, differentspecies are in high demand in different regions of theworld. The species raised include fish, crabs, mussels,amphibians (frogs), aquatic reptiles, sea cucumbers, jellyfishand sea squirts (fleshy organisms which live on thesea floor and filter the water). China farms mussels andcarp in particular, and in terms of the latter, has done sofor several thousand years. The carp is also a popularfarmed fish throughout the rest of Asia. Finfish are foundhere, too, along with catfish and shrimps, and prawnswhich are exported all over the world. For some yearsnow a popular Asian export fish has been the pangasius,