<strong>The</strong> economic pressures the people of Indonesia faced caused resentmentagainst Suharto and people began to protest in the streets. <strong>The</strong> protestsbegan as peaceful demonstrations asking for political change but when thatchange didn’t happen, frustration grew. <strong>The</strong> protests became violent andriots broke out in the main cities. People set fire to buildings and lootedshops. Between 1,000 and 5,000 people died during the riots.As a result of both internal and external pressures, Suharto finally resignedand appointed BJ Habibie as President in 1998.exercisecomprehensionexercisecause andeffect, chartworkA. Who was the second President of Indonesia?B. What was Suharto’s job before becoming President?C. How was the end of the second President’s rule different from the beginning?Reread the text and underline the main factors that caused Suharto to lose hisPresidency. Complete the Cause and Effect fishbone diagram below with your ideas.Some ideas are already provided for you.corruptionpoliticshumanrightshis family and friends takepositions of authority1976: 15,000protestors died in Acehunexplained wealth of his friendsSuharto’sdownfalleconomicsinternationalaidlocalpeopleKEY WORDSinfrastructure (n) – the basic structures needed to operate an organised society such asbridges, roads, schools, etc.organic (adj) – grown naturally without the assistance of pesticides or chemical fertilisersreviewA. Who colonised East Timor?B. After the European colonisers left East Timor, what happened?C. What was Fretilin and what did it want?67
Modern East TimorFretilin helped East Timor gain independence from Portugal in November 1975. However onlya few weeks later, Indonesian troops occupied the country, with the support of Australia. It isestimated that 100,000 people in East Timor died during the start of the conflict, from fighting,disease and famine.At first Falantil (Fretilin’s military wing) had some success. However Indonesia was still ableto keep firm control over East Timor until 1991. In 1991, Indonesian troops killed an estimated200 protesters in East Timor. <strong>The</strong> killings weakened Indonesia’s control over the region andembarrassed Indonesia internationally. Change finally happened when Suharto’s regime inIndonesia fell.<strong>The</strong> new Indonesian president, B.J. Habibie, announced a referendum in East Timor to askpeople if they wanted independence. <strong>The</strong> referendum was supported by the United Nations.<strong>The</strong> results were clear. On August 30th, 1999, 78.5 per cent of voters chose independencefrom Indonesia.Indonesia responded to the results of the referendum with violence. An estimated 1,400 Timoresepeople were killed and another 300,000 people fled to West Timor as refugees. During this time,important infrastructure was destroyed including bridges, government buildings, shops andtelecommunication and power installations.It took intervention by a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET (the International Forcefor East Timor) to stop the violence. <strong>The</strong> country was administered by the United Nations fromSeptember 1999 until 2002.On 20 May 2002, the United Nations gave control of East Timor to the Timorese people. <strong>The</strong>first president was the former leader of Falantil, Xanana Gusmao, and the first prime ministerwas Mari Alkatiri, the former leader of Fretilin.Post-Independence East TimorSome problems that existed in East Timor prior to independence continued afterwards. Povertywas one of the biggest challenges the new democracy had to face and people’s frustration overcontinuing economic problems led to riots in the capital, Dili.Today, the East Timorese government is exploring both external and internal methods ofimproving the economy, but progress is slow.<strong>The</strong>re are oil and gas reserves in the Timor Sea which may help develop the country’s economyin the future. Coffee is another of East Timor’s resources. East Timorese coffee is some of themost popular coffee in the world because it is organically grown. (<strong>The</strong> country’s economy ispartially the cause of this, since coffee farmers simplycan’t afford fertilisers or pesticides.) <strong>The</strong> coffee industrycurrently employs about 50,000 people and productionis increasing.Although people have been scared away fromvisiting East Timor because of the political unrest there,tourism is another possible source of income for thecountry.At the moment, East Timor is very dependent on foreignaid to develop the economy. Australia is one of thecountry’s biggest donors. Between 2008 and <strong>2009</strong>,Australia provided $96 million in OfficialDevelopment Assistance funds.68