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3.3.1 Cost of Management of Marine Litter at the Community level, andother levels3.3.1.1 Arctic WatersContracting Parties provided no information on the economic impacts of marine litter in ArcticWaters.3.3.1.2 Greater North SeaIt is difficult to come up with a number of high accuracy in Norway because the amount ofmanagement differs a lot from municipality to municipality. In the area of Skjærgårdstjenesten, inthe Oslofjord, the cost would be around 50,000 – 100,000 NOK (€6,269-€12,533 or approx £5million-£10 million) to clean the coastline.There are several sectors economically affected by marine litter on the Swedish west coast, suchas tourism, fishing and coastal agriculture. Also local authorities have been engaged in beachcleaning since 1992, which incurs significant operational and waste disposal costs. The cost forcleaning the Swedish Skagerrak coast in 2006 was about 15 million SEK (about €1.5 million or£1.2 million). The work demands about 100 people for 4 months to manage the coast and the2000 islands in the archipelago.In areas of high tourism, the costs of coastal cleaning tend to be high and must be paid out ofmunicipal funds. The Hague Municipality, in the Netherlands receives approximately 15 milliontourists each year and spends as much as €626,709 (about £494,164) per year on coastalcleaning. The costs, at the municipality level, for processing litter (including transport) is about€165 (about £130) per ton. In Den Helder, with approximately 1.5 million tourists per year, around€25,080 (about £19,776) are spent on cleaning beaches per annum 29 . In addition fifteen shipsparticipate in the collecting of marine litter in the Fishing for Litter initiative the costs for transportand processing the marine litter collected is approximately €22,000 (about £17,347) to €35,000(about £27,574) per year. At the national level the Ministry of Transport spends €100,000 (about£78,770) per year (approximately 2500 man-hours) on marine litter issues. This includesapproximately €25,000 (about £19,712) per year for monitoring marine litter on beaches since2001.In UK, the cost of management at the Community level is very hard to estimate since there aremany volunteer programmes such as Beachwatch, which involves around 4000 volunteers onabout 400 beaches on one weekend. Costs could include the time of volunteers and time ofvolunteer organisers and each event, on average takes 1.5 hours plus organisers extra time, thatmeans about 5 – 10 hours. The cost also includes litter cleaning equipment, rubbish disposal costsand MCS staff costs/time in organising events and producing reports, at least 6 months of time intotal. Adopt-a-Beach, another volunteer scheme, involves about 3000 people a year on400 beaches, cleaning the beaches about 4 times in the year.UK local authorities, industry and coastal communities spend approximately £14 million (about€18 million) a year to clean up coastal marine litter in England and Wales (Environment Agency,2004). Another study of a 6km stretch of beach at Studland in Dorset found that 1 million visitorsper year resulted in 12 to 13 tonnes of litter being collected each week during the summer, at acost of £36,000.00 (about €45,515) per year (Environment Agency, 2001). Also the direct andindirect cost of litter on the Kent coastline has been estimated at over £11 million (about €14million) per annum (Gilbert, 1996). Although these repeated beach clean-up efforts reduce theamount of litter on the shore in the short-term, these reactive efforts can be expensive and timeconsuming, and do not directly address the source of the problem.29 Hall, K. 2000. Impacts of Marine Debris and Oil Economic & Social Costs to Coastal CommunitiesKommunenes Internasjonale Miljoorganisasjon (KIMO)49