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4. What are the key climate change and biodiversity issues?This section looks at the scope of climate change and biodiversity issues in SEAs and how to identifywhich ones should be addressed in any particular context. It is structured around three keyrecommendations:• start identifying the key issues early, using stakeholders to help;• understand the key climate change issues, and how climate change interacts with the othertopics to be assessed in the SEA; and• understand the key biodiversity issues, and how biodiversity interacts with the other topics to beassessed in the SEA.This section should support both the screening and scoping stages in the SEA process.4.1 Start identifying the key issues early using stakeholders to helpIt is critical to identify the key issues from a climate change and biodiversity perspective early in theSEA process to ensure that they are assessed effectively throughout the process. When doing this,consider not only the impacts of the PP on climate and climate change and biodiversity but also theimpact of a changing climate and natural environment on the PP. For example, quality of life, oftenassociated with the quality of the natural environment rich in biodiversity, can attract investment,workers and tourists. It can be among a region’s greatest assets and can translate into futureeconomic success. It should therefore be recognised at the drafting stage of the PP and theassociated SEA. On the other hand, a PP covering large areas at high risk of flooding may putrestrictions on future developments.For programmes co-financed by the EU Structural and Cohesion Funds in the 2014 to 2020 period, itis recommended that the SEA also assesses whether relevant ex-ante conditionalities have beenfulfilled.It is also essential to involve the environmental authorities and targeted stakeholder groups, experts,institutions and the wider public at an early stage, to ensure you capture the most important issuesand get agreement for establishing a consistent approach to monitoring. Early engagement withstakeholders (see box below) is likely to help improve compliance with certain aspects of theDirective but also make use of environmental authorities and stakeholder knowledge and opinion tohighlight potential areas of environmental problems and opportunities for improvement in a timelyand effective way. However, you will need to be flexible to address new issues as they emergethrough the SEA process.Case study:SEA of the Rural Development Plan, Wales, the United Kingdom — early engagement of stakeholdersThe Welsh Assembly Government commissioned an SEA to be undertaken alongside their Rural Development Plan2007-2013. The SEA is notable for the early and effective engagement with stakeholders during the scoping stage.This led to the consideration of climate change and biodiversity across the SEA. The SEA is also a useful example ofthe use of network analysis and the consideration of cumulative impacts with regard to biodiversity and climatechange.Source: Welsh Government relevant webpage30 <strong>Guidance</strong> on integrating climate change and biodiversity into SEA
Engaging proactively with environmental authorities and stakeholders can also help build climatechange mitigation and adaptation measures and/or biodiversity enhancement schemes into theproposed PP from the very beginning of planning, into all stages of the SEA process (see box below).Environmental authorities and stakeholders will be in position to give their advice if there are anysignificant ongoing plans that should be taken into account, but you may not be aware of, e.g. floodrisks.Case study:River Basin Management Plans, Spain — importance of integrating climate change issues into allstages of the SEA processClimate change needs to be considered consistently at all stages of the SEA process, particularly in vulnerable areasand sectors.This case-study recommends that SEA practitioners clearly define mechanisms or instruments to integrate climatechange issues into the planning process. Proposed alternative measures need to be designed on the basis of anintegrated approach, and explicitly account for climate change-related uncertainty.Source: IAIA (Paper and presentation: SEA of Spanish river basin plans and climate change: A checklist study)The breadth of sectors and stakeholders involved in climate change complicates the process ofconsulting the correct authorities and stakeholders when carrying out SEAs, especially for PPs at thenational level. The SEA Directive requires early and effective consultation with authorities with‘specific environmental responsibilities’ and the public affected or likely to be affected by, or havingan interest in, the decision-making related to the PP in question, including non-governmentalorganisations, such as those promoting environmental protection and other organisations concerned(Article 6). These authorities are typically defined by the MSs as ministries or specialisedenvironmental agencies at different levels (national/regional/local), but climate change issuestypically require a different and often broader perspective, including authorities responsible forenergy, transport, water management, health and economic sectors.Again, SEAs can help PP authorities and experts to better define the range of authorities andstakeholders that need to be part of climate change-related decision making, and to get theminvolved early in scoping the key issues. SEAs also have a role to play in building consensus overlonger-term scenarios and alternatives.A series of key questions can be used as a starting point to help identify which aspects of climatechange and biodiversity are the most relevant — the headline concerns are listed in Table 6 overleaf.The sections below provide sets of questions and issues to help you consider which are the mostrelevant in any situation. Note that environmental authorities and stakeholders may identify otherkey concerns, such as the interactions between issues in different columns in Table 6 (e.g. measuresto meet low-carbon energy demand and their impacts on habitat fragmentation), and interactionswith other environmental issues such as water, waste and air. As discussed in Section 3, it isimportant to consider the interactions and the potential synergies and conflicts betweenenvironmental issues as part of the SEA process.<strong>Guidance</strong> on integrating climate change and biodiversity into SEA 31
Page 1 and 2: Guidance on Integr
Page 3: ForewordThe need for action on clim
Page 6 and 7: GlossaryTermAdaptation(climate chan
Page 8 and 9: Mitigation (climatechange)Mitigatio
Page 10: HOW TO ADDRESS BOTH CLIMATE CHANGE
Page 13 and 14: guidance.Since it is the first such
Page 15 and 16: 2. Climate change and biodiversity
Page 17 and 18: 2.2.3 Resilience of a PP to a chang
Page 19 and 20: 2.3.2 Complexity of the issues and
Page 21 and 22: 3. Understanding climate change and
Page 23 and 24: EU Climate and EnergyPackageRoadmap
Page 25 and 26: • Under Article 6(3) of the Habit
Page 27 and 28: Table 5: Key aspects of biodiversit
Page 29: single biggest cause of biodiversit
Page 33 and 34: For climate change, in particular,
Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Identifying the key biodiversit
Page 37 and 38: 5. How to assess effects related to
Page 39 and 40: 5.2 Consider climate change scenari
Page 41 and 42: • Key areas that may be particula
Page 43 and 44: • aim for ‘no-net-loss’ of bi
Page 45 and 46: Flood regimes and extremerainfall e
Page 47 and 48: • Where possible, use causal chai
Page 49 and 50: This guidance document emphasises t
Page 51 and 52: Annex 1: Further readingThe policy
Page 53 and 54: Resource Paper: No Net Loss and Los
Page 55 and 56: Resource Manual to Support Applicat
Page 57 and 58: Annex 2: Sources of information on
Page 59 and 60: EmDATERA-NET ROAD —Coordination a
Page 61 and 62: GeneralData and Maps (EEA)EUROSTATE
Page 63 and 64: factorsEcosystembasedapproachesEcos
Page 65 and 66: to your PP area. Greenhouse Gas Imp
Page 67 and 68: stage, but may be extended intothe
Page 69 and 70: enefits for all; Political: discuss

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