oil content and physicochemical characteristics of oils

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AI Acidity index ALA α-linolenic acid AOCS American Oil Chemists Society LIST OF ACRONYMS CRSN Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (Lwiro) DHA Docosahexaenoic acid EFA Essential fatty acid EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid FA Fatty acids FAME Fatty acid methyl ester KBNP Kahuzi-Biega National Park LCFA Long-chain fatty acid MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acid PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid SFA Saturated fatty acid SG Specific gravity SV Saponification value UFA Unsaturated fatty acid 12
ABSTRACT Many important plant species in Kahuzi-Biega National Park and surrounding areas in Kivu Region, Democratic Republic of Congo are threatened with extinction. Some of theses plants are harvested and their oil extracted and used as medicines or as food. Many of theses plants have not been evaluated to determine their oil content and its characteristics. This study was undertaken to determine the oil content and its characteristics for selected 11 wild plants species in Kivu Region, D.R. Congo. These were Carapa grandiflora, Carapa procera, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Maesopsis eminii, Millettia dura, Myrianthus arboreus, Myrianthus holstii, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Podocarpus usambarensis, Tephrosia vogelii and Treculia africana. The oils were extracted using ethyl ether in Soxhlet extractor. To determine the oil physicochemical characteristics the methods of the American Oil Chemists Society were used. The identification and quantification of the fatty acids were undertaken using Gas Chromatography. The seed oil content of these 11 species ranged from 17.2 to 64.4%. The highest oil content was obtained from P. usambarensis and the lowest from T. vogelii. The oil specific gravity varied from 0.8050 to 0.9854; melting point from -12 to 32 O C; saponification values from 182.5 to 260.9 mg KOH/g; acidity index from 1.74 to 5.31 mg KOH/g and the unsaponifiable matter from 0.54 to 2.25%. Twenty four fatty acids were found and 18 of these were identified including α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid. There were also remarkable occurrences of long chain fatty acids particularly lignoceric acid (9.8% in P. macrophylla oil) and behenic acid (7.3% in M. dura oil, 6.3% in P. macrophylla oil and 5.8% in T. vogelii oil). 13
Page 1 and 2: OIL CONTENT AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHA
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION To my wife Esther MUSHIY
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION...…
Page 7 and 8: 3.2.2. Plant seed oil content deter
Page 9 and 10: 6.1. Conclusions ………………
Page 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location
Page 15 and 16: 1.1. Background CHAPTER ONE INTRODU
Page 17 and 18: Kabele et al. (1975) analyzed FAs f
Page 19 and 20: 2.1. Oil and fat structure CHAPTER
Page 21 and 22: (Dawodu, 2009; Ferris et al., 2001)
Page 23 and 24: 2.3.4. Unsaponifiable matter The Un
Page 25 and 26: There are two families of polyunsat
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.6.2. Fatty acid composition of
Page 29 and 30: 2.4. A review of wild oil plants th
Page 31 and 32: 2.4.5. Millettia dura Dunn (Fabacea
Page 33 and 34: 2.4.9. Podocarpus usambarensis Pilg
Page 35 and 36: Table 5: Review of oil fatty acid o
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1: Location of sampling site
Page 39 and 40: 3.2.1.1. Extraction procedure descr
Page 41 and 42: 3.2.3. Determination of physical an
Page 43 and 44: 3.2.3.4. Percentage of unsaponifiab
Page 45 and 46: Table 7: Chromatographic Equipment
Page 47 and 48: 4.1. Plant seed oil content CHAPTER
Page 49 and 50: Table 9: Melting point ranges of oi
Page 51 and 52: % Unsaponif. matter 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
Page 53 and 54: Table 10: Fatty acid (FA) compositi
Page 55 and 56: Table 11: Saturated FAs, Monounsatu
Page 57 and 58: (1944). For Carapa procera there ar
Page 59 and 60: (1944) had reported melting range o
Page 61 and 62: those of Pentaclethra macrophylla a
Page 63 and 64:
About Myrianthus holstii, the curre
Page 65 and 66:
5.3.6. Omega-6 (ω-6) and Omega-3 (
Page 67 and 68:
In Cardiospermum halicacabum seed o
Page 69 and 70:
• Carapa procera seed oil rich in
Page 71 and 72:
• Further investigations on Cardi
Page 73 and 74:
AOCS. (1993). Official methods and
Page 75 and 76:
CSGNetwork.com. Online, www.csgnetw
Page 77 and 78:
ICRAF. (2008). A tree species refer
Page 79 and 80:
Nawar, W.W. (1996). Lipids. In Fenn
Page 81 and 82:
StasoSphere. (2007). Determination
Page 83 and 84:
APPENDICES: Appendix 1: Analysis of
Page 85 and 86:
Appendix 2: Gas Chromatogram of fat
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89:
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