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ONEMAJOR LOCAL PLANNINGINTRODUCTIONPlanning for a city such as Hong Kong is an enormous challenge. Fraught with seemingly unsolvable problems,planning policy and programmes have aimed to respond positively and energetically to ameliorate these problems.Local planning has had to cope with essentially two major problems: the critical shortage of developable landcoupled with a high population growth rate particularly caused by immigration in recent years. The interplay of theseproblems have resulted in the rapid and intensive development of Hong Kong, making it one of the most denselypopulated cities in the world. In efforts to solve these problems, the Government has initiated land reclamation programmesadding 1.7% additional developable land since 1945. The Government has also undertaken a massive publichousing programme and established a new town programme in the 1970's with the aim of providing a 'balanced'community while relocating urban populations into better housing and living conditions. Furthermore, a comprehensiveapproach to handling the transportation system via mass and public transit while restraining private car ownershipwas adopted. This chapter attempts to review the scale and scope of these issues and the planning efforts in response.LOCATION AND PHYSICAL SETTINGHong Kong is situated at the mouth of the Pearl River on the south-eastern coast of Mainland China. It is justinside the tropics, less than 160 kilometres south of the Tropic of Cancer, and lies between latitudes 22 C 9' and22°37 / north and longitudes 113°52' and 114°30' east (Diagram 1.1).Hong Kong is about 1 066.53 square kilometres in area. It is made up of hundred of islands, with the larger onesbeing Hong Kong Island, Lantau, Tsing Yi, Ap Lei Chau and Lamma.The urban built up areas include Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Kowloon which constitute only about9% of the total land area in the Territory. The remaining 91 % are mostly scrubland, woodland, badland and arableland in the New Territories interspersed between new towns.Victoria Harbour, which lies between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula, is deep and sheltered and isan invaluable asset to Hong Kong.LAND RESOURCESExisting Land UseOf the total land in Hong Kong, only 16% is built up area. The main urban areas of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, andsix new towns in the New Territories—Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun, Yuen Long, Fanling/Shek Wu Hui, Tai Po and ShaTin—constitute almost 9% (Diagram 1.2) while the remaining 7% of the built-up land are rural market towns andvillages, with the most prominent being Sai Kung, Ping Shan, Kam Tin, Cheung Chau, Mui Wo, Tai O, Tung Chung etc.The rest of the Territory is mostly uninhabited, typically grass and scrub land; and badlands (63%). Naturaland established woodlands (11.7%) in Hong Kong are rare. The afforested areas are mainly found in areasadjoining water reservoirs and within country parks.Most of Hong Kong's arable land lies in the north-western part of the New Territories, with Yuen Long Plainaccounting for the largest amount of arable land. These cultivated areas are used for market gardening. With thecontinuance of urban sprawl, more cultivable land are left fallow.Despite the decrease in arable land, the acreage offish ponds remains steady at 1.7%. This includes fresh andbrackish water fish farming but excludes coastal marine fish farms. A breakdown of land utilization in Hong Kongin 1983 is found in the following Table 1.1.Table 1.1 Land Utilization in Hong Kong 1983Approximate AreaLand Use Classification (square kilometres) PercentageUrban built-up land 96 9.0Rural developed laiid 74 7.0Woodlands 125 11.7'.Grass and scrub land 624 58.7Badlands 46 4.3Arable 80 7.5Fishponds 18 1.7Swamp and mangroves 1 0.11 064 100.0%Source: Hong Kong 1983, Government Information Services, Hong Kong, p. 63.