Furie et al <strong>Prevention</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Stroke</strong> <strong>in</strong> Patients With <strong>Stroke</strong> and TIA 275495. Tapan<strong>in</strong>aho A. Deep ve<strong>in</strong> thrombosis after aneurysm surgery. ActaNeurochir (Wien). 1985;74:18–20.496. Hanger HC, Wilk<strong>in</strong>son TJ, Fayez-Iskander N, Sa<strong>in</strong>sbury R. The risk <strong>of</strong>recurrent stroke after <strong>in</strong>tracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol NeurosurgPsychiatry. 2007;78:836–840.497. Eckman MH, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, S<strong>in</strong>ger DE, Greenberg SM. Canpatients be anticoagulated after <strong>in</strong>tracerebral hemorrhage? A decisionanalysis. <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2003;34:1710–1716.498. Campbell NR, Hull RD, Brant R, Hogan DB, P<strong>in</strong>eo GF, Raskob GE.Ag<strong>in</strong>g and hepar<strong>in</strong>-related bleed<strong>in</strong>g. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:857–860.499. Fan YH, Zhang L, Lam WW, Mok VC, Wong KS. Cerebral microbleedsas a risk factor <strong>for</strong> subsequent <strong>in</strong>tracerebral hemorrhages among patientswith acute ischemic stroke. <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2003;34:2459–2462.500. Smith EE, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, Hylek EM, Greenberg SM. Leukoaraiosisis associated with warfar<strong>in</strong>-related hemorrhage follow<strong>in</strong>g ischemicstroke. Neurology. 2002;59:193–197.501. Vazquez E, Sanchez-Perales C, Garcia-Cortes MJ, Borrego F, Lozano C,Guzman M, Gil JM, Liebana A, Perez P, Borrego MJ, Perez V. Oughtdialysis patients with atrial fibrillation be treated with oral anticoagulants?Int J Cardiol. 2003;87:135–139.502. Glazier RL, Crowell EB. Randomized prospective trial <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uous vs<strong>in</strong>termittent hepar<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>rapy. JAMA. 1976;236:1365–1367.503. Berger C, Fiorelli M, Ste<strong>in</strong>er T, Schabitz WR, Bozzao L, Bluhmki E, HackeW, von Kummer R. Hemorrhagic trans<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>of</strong> ischemic bra<strong>in</strong> tissue:asymptomatic or symptomatic? <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2001;32:1330–1335.504. Fiorelli M, Bastianello S, von Kummer R, del Zoppo GJ, Larrue V,Lesaffre E, R<strong>in</strong>gleb AP, Lorenzano S, Manelfe C, Bozzao L. Hemorrhagictrans<strong>for</strong>mation with<strong>in</strong> 36 hours <strong>of</strong> a cerebral <strong>in</strong>farct: relationshipswith early cl<strong>in</strong>ical deterioration and 3-month outcome <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> EuropeanCooperative Acute <strong>Stroke</strong> Study I (ECASS I) cohort. <strong>Stroke</strong>. 1999;30:2280–2284.505. Pess<strong>in</strong> MS, Estol CJ, Lafranchise F, Caplan LR. Safety <strong>of</strong> anticoagulationafter hemorrhagic <strong>in</strong>farction. Neurology. 1993;43:1298–1303.506. EUROASPIRE I and II Group: European Action on Secondary <strong>Prevention</strong>by Intervention to Reduce Events. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical reality <strong>of</strong> coronaryprevention guidel<strong>in</strong>es: a comparison <strong>of</strong> EUROASPIRE I and II <strong>in</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ecountries. Lancet. 2001;357:995–1001.507. Fox KA, Goodman SG, Kle<strong>in</strong> W, Brieger D, Steg PG, Dabbous O,Avezum A. Management <strong>of</strong> acute coronary syndromes: variations <strong>in</strong>practice and outcome: f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs from <strong>the</strong> Global Registry <strong>of</strong> AcuteCoronary Events (GRACE). Eur Heart J. 2002;23:1177–1189.508. Hasdai D, Behar S, Wallent<strong>in</strong> L, Danch<strong>in</strong> N, Gitt AK, Boersma E,Fioretti PM, Simoons ML, Battler A. A prospective survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>characteristics, treatments and outcomes <strong>of</strong> patients with acute coronarysyndromes <strong>in</strong> Europe and <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean bas<strong>in</strong>; <strong>the</strong> Euro HeartSurvey <strong>of</strong> Acute Coronary Syndromes (Euro Heart Survey ACS). EurHeart J. 2002;23:1190–1201.509. Jencks SF, Huff ED, Cuerdon T. Change <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> care deliveredto Medicare beneficiaries, 1998–1999 to 2000–2001. JAMA. 2003;289:305–312.510. Rogers WJ, Canto JG, Lambrew CT, Tiefenbrunn AJ, K<strong>in</strong>kaid B,Shoultz DA, Frederick PD, Every N. Temporal trends <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong>over 1.5 million patients with myocardial <strong>in</strong>farction <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> US from 1990through 1999: <strong>the</strong> National Registry <strong>of</strong> Myocardial Infarction 1, 2 and 3.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:2056–2063.511. The Seventh Report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jo<strong>in</strong>t National Committee on <strong>Prevention</strong>,Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment <strong>of</strong> High Blood Pressure.Be<strong>the</strong>sda, MD: National High Blood Pressure Education Program;National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes <strong>of</strong> Health; USDept <strong>of</strong> Health and Human Services; 2003. NIH publication No. 04-5230.512. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S. The lipid treatmentassessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate <strong>the</strong> percentages<strong>of</strong> dyslipidemic patients receiv<strong>in</strong>g lipid-lower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>rapy andachiev<strong>in</strong>g low-density lipoprote<strong>in</strong> cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med.2000;160:459–467.513. The F<strong>in</strong>al Report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment <strong>of</strong> HighBlood Cholesterol <strong>in</strong> Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): ExecutiveSummary. Be<strong>the</strong>sda, MD: US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,National Institutes <strong>of</strong> Health; 2001. NIH publication No. 01-3670.514. Schwamm LH, Fonarow GC, Reeves MJ, Pan W, Frankel MR, SmithEE, Ellrodt G, Cannon CP, Liang L, Peterson E, Labresh KA. Get With<strong>the</strong> <strong>Guidel<strong>in</strong>e</strong>s–<strong>Stroke</strong> is associated with susta<strong>in</strong>ed improvement <strong>in</strong> care<strong>for</strong> patients hospitalized with acute stroke or transient ischemic attack.Circulation. 2009;119:107–115.515. National Institutes <strong>of</strong> Health Roadmap. Available at: http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/overview.asp. Accessed September 21, 2010.516. Committee on Quality <strong>of</strong> Health Care <strong>in</strong> America, Institute <strong>of</strong> Medic<strong>in</strong>e.Cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Quality Chasm: A New Health System <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21st Century.Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.517. Quagl<strong>in</strong>i S, Cavall<strong>in</strong>i A, Gerzeli S, Micieli G. Economic benefit fromcl<strong>in</strong>ical practice guidel<strong>in</strong>e compliance <strong>in</strong> stroke patient management.Health Policy. 2004;69:305–315.518. Micieli G, Cavall<strong>in</strong>i A, Quagl<strong>in</strong>i S. <strong>Guidel<strong>in</strong>e</strong> compliance improvesstroke outcome: a prelim<strong>in</strong>ary study <strong>in</strong> 4 districts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Italian region <strong>of</strong>Lombardia. <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2002;33:1341–1347.519. Ovbiagele B, Saver JL, Fredieu A, Suzuki S, Selco S, Rajajee V, McNairN, Raz<strong>in</strong>ia T, Kidwell CS. In-hospital <strong>in</strong>itiation <strong>of</strong> secondary strokeprevention <strong>the</strong>rapies yields high rates <strong>of</strong> adherence at follow-up. <strong>Stroke</strong>.2004;35:2879–2883.520. Williams PH, de Lusignan S. Does a higher “quality po<strong>in</strong>ts” score meanbetter care <strong>in</strong> stroke? An audit <strong>of</strong> general practice medical records.In<strong>for</strong>m Prim Care. 2006;14:29–40.521. Gillum RF, Gorelick PB, Copper ES. <strong>Stroke</strong> <strong>in</strong> Blacks: A Guide toManagement and <strong>Prevention</strong>. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 1999.522. Kenton EJ. Access to neurological care <strong>for</strong> m<strong>in</strong>orities. Arch Neurol.1991;48:480–483.523. Kenton EJ III, Gorelick PB, Cooper ES. <strong>Stroke</strong> <strong>in</strong> elderly African-Americans. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 1997;6:39–49.524. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors <strong>for</strong> stroke and efficacy <strong>of</strong>antithrombotic <strong>the</strong>rapy <strong>in</strong> atrial fibrillation: analysis <strong>of</strong> pooled data fromfive randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1449–1457.525. Saxena R, Koudstaal PJ. Anticoagulants <strong>for</strong> prevent<strong>in</strong>g stroke <strong>in</strong> patientswith nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history <strong>of</strong> stroke or transientischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD000185.526. Mozes G, Sullivan TM, Torres-Russotto DR, Bower TC, Hosk<strong>in</strong> TL,Sampaio SM, Gloviczki P, Panneton JM, Noel AA, Cherry KJ Jr.Carotid endarterectomy <strong>in</strong> SAPPHIRE-eligible high-risk patients: implications<strong>for</strong> select<strong>in</strong>g patients <strong>for</strong> carotid angioplasty and stent<strong>in</strong>g. J VascSurg. 2004;39:958–965.527. Amarenco P, Lavallee P, Touboul PJ. <strong>Stroke</strong> prevention, blood cholesterol,and stat<strong>in</strong>s. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:271–278.528. Gurm HS, Hoogwerf B. The Heart Protection Study: high-risk patientsbenefit from stat<strong>in</strong>s, regardless <strong>of</strong> LDL-C level. Cleve Cl<strong>in</strong> J Med.2003;70:991–997.529. Lewis SJ. Stat<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>rapy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> elderly: observational and randomizedcontrolled trials support event reduction. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2004;13(suppl 1):10–16.530. Rob<strong>in</strong>son JG, Bakris G, Torner J, Stone NJ, Wallace R. Is it time <strong>for</strong> acardiovascular primary prevention trial <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> elderly? <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2007;38:441–450.531. Swarztrauber K, Lawyer BL; <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Subcommittee on Practice Characteristics<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AAN, eds. Neurologist 2000: AAN Member Demographicand Practice Characteristics. St Paul, MN: American Academy<strong>of</strong> Neurology; 2001.532. Earnest MP, Norris JM, Eberhardt MS, Sands GH; Task Force onAccess to Health Care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Academy <strong>of</strong> Neurology. Report<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AAN Task Force on access to health care: <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> nopersonal health <strong>in</strong>surance on health care <strong>for</strong> people with neurologicdisorders. Neurology. 1996;46:1471–1480.533. Bell CM, Redelmeier DA. Mortality among patients admitted to hospitalson weekends as compared with weekdays. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:663–668.534. Cram P, Hillis SL, Barnett M, Rosenthal GE. Effects <strong>of</strong> weekendadmission and hospital teach<strong>in</strong>g status on <strong>in</strong>-hospital mortality. Am JMed. 2004;117:151–157.535. Reeves MJ, Smith E, Fonarow G, Hernandez A, Pan W, Schwamm LH;GWTG-<strong>Stroke</strong> Steer<strong>in</strong>g Committee. Off-hour admission and <strong>in</strong>-hospitalstroke case fatality <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Get With The <strong>Guidel<strong>in</strong>e</strong>s–<strong>Stroke</strong> program.<strong>Stroke</strong>. 2009;40:569–576.536. Saposnik G, Baibergenova A, Bayer N, Hach<strong>in</strong>ski V. Weekends: adangerous time <strong>for</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g a stroke? <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2007;38:1211–1215.537. Audebert HJ, Schultes K, Tietz V, Heuschmann PU, Bogdahn U, HaberlRL, Schenkel J; Telemedical Project <strong>for</strong> Integrative <strong>Stroke</strong> Care(TEMPiS). Long-term effects <strong>of</strong> specialized stroke care with tele-Downloaded from stroke.ahajournals.org by on March 8, 2011
276 <strong>Stroke</strong> January 2011medic<strong>in</strong>e support <strong>in</strong> community hospitals on behalf <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TelemedicalProject <strong>for</strong> Integrative <strong>Stroke</strong> Care (TEMPiS). <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2009;40:902–908.538. Keppel KG, Pearcy JN, Wagener DK. Trends <strong>in</strong> racial and ethnicspecificrates <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> health status <strong>in</strong>dicators: United States, 1990–98.Healthy People 2000 Stat Notes. 2002:1–16.539. Feldman RH, Fulwood R. The three lead<strong>in</strong>g causes <strong>of</strong> death <strong>in</strong> AfricanAmericans: barriers to reduc<strong>in</strong>g excess disparity and to improv<strong>in</strong>g healthbehaviors. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1999;10:45–71.540. Jacobs BS, Birbeck G, Mullard AJ, Hickenbottom S, Kothari R,Roberts S, Reeves MJ. Quality <strong>of</strong> hospital care <strong>in</strong> African Americanand white patients with ischemic stroke and TIA. Neurology. 2006;66:809–814.541. Smith MA, Risser JM, Lisabeth LD, Moye LA, Morgenstern LB. Accessto care, acculturation, and risk factors <strong>for</strong> stroke <strong>in</strong> Mexican Americans:<strong>the</strong> Bra<strong>in</strong> Attack Surveillance <strong>in</strong> Corpus Christi (BASIC) project. <strong>Stroke</strong>.2003;34:2671–2675.542. Gorelick PB. Cerebrovascular disease <strong>in</strong> African Americans. <strong>Stroke</strong>.1998;29:2656–2664.543. Jamerson KA. The disproportionate impact <strong>of</strong> hypertensive cardiovasculardisease <strong>in</strong> African Americans: gett<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> issue.J Cl<strong>in</strong> Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004;6(suppl 1):4–10.544. Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Abel G, L<strong>in</strong> IF, Elk<strong>in</strong>d M, Hauser WA, PaikMC, Shea S. Race-ethnic disparities <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> impact <strong>of</strong> stroke risk factors:<strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Manhattan stroke study. <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2001;32:1725–1731.545. Hajat C, Dundas R, Stewart JA, Lawrence E, Rudd AG, Howard R,Wolfe CD. Cerebrovascular risk factors and stroke subtypes: differencesbetween ethnic groups. <strong>Stroke</strong>. 2001;32:37–42.546. Miller NH, Hill M, Kottke T, Ockene IS. The multilevel compliancechallenge: recommendations <strong>for</strong> a call to action: a statement <strong>for</strong>healthcare pr<strong>of</strong>essionals. Circulation. 1997;95:1085–1090.547. National Institute <strong>of</strong> Neurological Disorders and <strong>Stroke</strong>. NINDS <strong>Stroke</strong>Disparities Plann<strong>in</strong>g Panel. Be<strong>the</strong>sda, MD: National Institute <strong>of</strong> NeurologicalDisorders and <strong>Stroke</strong>, National Institutes <strong>of</strong> Health; 2002.548. Ruland S, Richardson D, Hung E, Brorson JR, Cruz-Flores S, Felton WLIII, Ford-Lynch G, Helgason C, Hsu C, Kramer J, Mitsias P, GorelickPB. Predictors <strong>of</strong> recurrent stroke <strong>in</strong> African Americans. Neurology.2006;67:567–571.549. Copenhaver BR, Hsia AW, Mer<strong>in</strong>o JG, Burgess RE, Fifi JT, Davis L,Warach S, Kidwell CS. Racial differences <strong>in</strong> microbleed prevalence <strong>in</strong>primary <strong>in</strong>tracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2008;71:1176–1182.550. National Institute <strong>of</strong> Neurological Disorders and <strong>Stroke</strong>. NINDS Report <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> <strong>Stroke</strong> Progress Review Group. Be<strong>the</strong>sda, MD: National Institute <strong>of</strong>Neurological Disorders and <strong>Stroke</strong>, National Institutes <strong>of</strong> Health; 2002.Downloaded from stroke.ahajournals.org by on March 8, 2011