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PART 2: Data assessment 19Chapter 5:Availability of indicatorsAvailability of indicators primarily depends onthe sample sizes (i.e. number of observations) ofimmigrants in the data sources, because the majorityof indicators are based on sample surveys.The quality criteria for publication depend on thedata source of each of the indicators. 20The data source for migrant integration indicatorsin the area of employment is the EuropeanUnion Labour Force Survey (LFS). For the annualdataset of the EU LFS publishing guidelines areset by Eurostat, which depend on the estimatedfigures based on the sample (i.e. the weightedfigures). The thresholds were set in order toavoid publication of figures based on unreliabledata (i.e. too few observations) and to maintainconfidentiality. The reliability limits are consideredhigh enough given that the limits werechosen based on sample sizes (for each countryseparately). 21The data source for the social inclusion area isthe European Union Statistics on Income andLiving Conditions (SILC). Data from the EU-SILCare published when an estimate is based on50 or more sample observations and the itemnon-response does not exceed 20 percent. Estimatesbased on 20 to 49 sample observationsor non-response between 20 and 50 percent areflagged as unreliable. Estimates based on fewerthan 20 sample observations or non-responseexceeding 50 percent are not published.The data source for one of the education indicatorsis the Programme for International StudentAssessment (PISA). 22 PISA data are not publishedif the estimates are based on fewer than 30 studentsor less than five schools.Due to the limitations of smaller sample sizesfor immigrants, it is mostly countries with lownumbers of immigrants where data are missingaccording to Eurostat’s publishing guidelines.Major problems with availability of the majorityof indicators concern the countries Bulgaria,Hungary, Malta, Lithuania, Poland, Romania andSlovakia. For illustration of availability of indicatorsfor third country nationals aged 25 to 54,see Figure 5 in the annex.The only indicator defined in the Zaragoza Declarationthat could not be produced due to missingdata sources is the indicator on political representationof immigrants (‘immigrants amongelected representatives’). No international datacollection on this indicator is available at themoment.A potential source for data on political participationof immigrants is the European Social Survey(ESS), which however does not qualify for annualmonitoring sample sizes of immigrants remaintoo small. Several waves of the survey need tobe pooled in order to obtain large enough samples(see discussion below). Pooling can be acost-effective short-term solution to make availablemore data to measure immigrant integrationwhile it has to be kept in mind that somequality of data is lost in the process. The bestavailable indicators for all groups are the activityand employment rates as well as the ratesof persons holding long term residence status(third country nationals only) and acquisitionsof citizenship. All other indicators are in principleavailable for all groups (foreign population orforeign-born) most countries, but availability isreduced when further breakdowns are made (e.g.by gender, age groups, born in the EU vs. bornoutside of the EU, EU-citizens vs. third-countrynationals). The best availability of indicators isachieved for the foreign-born population as therelevant sample size are higher than for foreignersin most cases.32(19) This section is drafted by Albert Kraler and David Reichel (of the ICMPD). The authors of the report are responsiblefor the final version.(20) Cf. Eurostat 2011: Indicators of Immigrant Integration. A Pilot Study. 2011 edition. Eurostat Methodologies andWorking papers. Luxembourg, pp. 18-22.(21) Contrary to the EU SILC, there is not the same minimum number of observations set, which is needed for publishingresults. But the underlying minimum sample sizes appear similar to those of the EU-SILC, as described inthe following.(22) Other potential data sources for education indicators are the TIMMS and PIRLS survey. However, these were notconsidered in this study because too few EU countries have participated in these surveys and the migrant sampleis generally too small for comparative analysis. PIRLS and TIMMS also focus on students in the same graderather than the same age which makes the comparison across countries more difficult.
Chapter 6:Quality of data sourcesThe data sources used for the production of theindicators include the EU-Labour Force Survey(EU LFS), the EU Statistics on Income and LivingConditions (EU-SILC), OECD’s Programme for InternationalStudents Assessment (PISA) as well as Eurostat’smigration statistics. This section highlightsthe main issues related to the quality of the data,including representativeness of data, reliabilityof data and comparability across countries. For amore detailed description and analysis of the data,reference is made to the comprehensive assessmentreport (Data Assessment Background Report).6.1 The LFS and EU-SILCThe main surveys, EU LFS and EU-SILC, are EUwidesurveys, which are implemented by nationalstatistical institutes (NSIs). EU LFS is the largestand the EU-SILC the second largest populationsurvey in Europe. Because of their large samplesthe surveys can be used for monitoring issuesrelated to immigrants. However, since the samplesrepresent the total population, the numbersof immigrants included in the samples are lower.Particularly in countries with low numbers/ percentagesof immigrants, sample sizes of immigrantsare naturally lower as well. The qualitycriteria employed by Eurostat are based on goodexperience with data collection. The quality criteriadefine minimum numbers of observations (andresponse rates), which need to be met before dataare published. Data based on observations belowcertain thresholds are either flagged as being oflimited reliability or not published. The reliabilitylimits are deemed sufficient. The same applies toPISA which is an internationally organised surveyand therefore highly comparable across countries.The LFS as well as the other surveys were not designedas a tool to monitor migrant integration andthus immigrants are captured to a varying extentin EU Member States. Some countries have madeincreasing efforts to capture immigrants by usingmulti-lingual questionnaires and interviewers. Somecountries also include the number of immigrants (ormostly non-nationals) in the total population whenproducing weights accounting for non-response.The overall sample sizes in the LFS yearly dataset2009 range from 12,370 in Island and just below20,000 in Luxembourg and Estonia to a maximumof almost 660,000 in Italy. The average sample sizeprovided is 150,000. The sample numbers of foreign-bornpersons range from 94 in Bulgaria to over42,000 in Italy and 44,260 in France. The averagenumber of foreign-born interviewed in the yearlydataset is 11,100. When restricting the samplesto foreign-born persons aged 25 to 54 the samplesizes decrease to an average of below 6,500 (rangingfrom 36 to 28,000). Figure 1, below, shows thesample sizes of the annual LFS dataset 2009.Figure 1: Sample sizes of different migrant population sub-groups in LFS2009 yearly datasetSource: EU-LFS, own calculations, Germany missing due to denied access to micro-data33
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