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further the knowledge on issues related to immigrants’integration in Europe. For instance, thelongitudinal component of EU-SILC could be usedfor measuring integration processes over fouryears in countries with large enough samples.Contrary to the data in the areas of employment,education and social inclusion, data on citizenshipacquisitions and long term residence status(area active citizenship) are based on nationaladministrative data. Therefore, the data aremuch more reliable and generally good coverageis achieved. Differences in comparability stemfrom differences in national legislations (whichare sometimes difficult to harmonise acrosscountries) and differences in capturing the foreignpopulation by migration statistics. Eurostathas considerably improved data collection on theforeign population through the implementationof the EC Regulation 862/2007 on Communitystatistics on migration and international protectionin the past years.Chapter 7:Robustness of indicatorsRobustness refers to the question whether or notdata are prone to outliers (e.g. extreme cases)and therefore unreliable. Analysing the datapublished by Eurostat shows that there are a fewspecial cases of outliers. For instance, the gap inthe employment rates between the foreign-bornpopulation and the total population in Romaniais much higher than the gaps in other countries,which might be explained by limited reliabilityof the data (as indicated by Eurostat). The gapsin the percentages of persons holding a certainlevel of education differ significantly acrosscountries. This is presumably due to the differentcharacteristics of immigrant groups in the countriesand is therefore not a problem of unreliabilityof the estimates. Here it is important tohighlight the difference between data reliabilityand proper interpretation. The consistency of theresults can be studied in Figure 4, below.Figure 4: Results of indicators on migrant integration foreign-born,aged 25 to 54, 200936Notes: Median Income was subtracted by 100. Source: ICMPD calculations based on data from EurostatPilot Study 2011
Within the four areas, a high degree of internalconsistency is observed, which means that withineach of the four areas, all indicators are statisticallyrelated to some extent. Among the employmentindicators for men only, there is someinconsistency observable. Some indicators showa few outliers which partly stem from data withlimited reliability. Data are more consistent whenbroken down by gender. The indicators on healthstatus, gaps in educational levels, the gap inself-employed persons as well as the long-termresident status rate show strong variations. Thereasons for the variations can be also explainedby differences in the situations across countriesand must not be a result of unreliability in thedata. Explanations for such strong variationacross countries need further investigation.In spite of missing data from some countries andmissing data for some indicators the overall situationrelated to data availability and quality is positively.There are enough reliable and robust datafor making international comparisons across theMember States of the European Union (EU). TheLFS and PISA data have been successfully exploredfor the use of migrant integration. Current changesto SILC data expect to provide new opportunitiesfor using SILC data to measure migrant integration.Chapter 8:Alternative datasourcesThe data sources used for the indicators onmigrant integration are without doubt the bestavailable sources for the purpose of monitoringimmigrant integration throughout the EU and forproducing the indicators defined in the ZaragozaDeclaration. There are no other internationallycomparable data sources as good as the EU LFSand EU SILC for providing annual data coveringmigrants in comparison to the total population.Other international – generally high quality surveys– are, among others, the European SocialSurvey (ESS), the Eurobarometer, the World ValuesSurvey, the European Values Survey, the EuropeanElection Study and the International SocialSurvey Programme. Those surveys – in spite oftheir generally good quality – do not provide sufficientlylarge samples of immigrants for annualor biennial monitoring of migrant integration.It is generally not recommended to use alternativesources from national data sources, as forinstance from existing register data or nationalspecific surveys with larger samples. The use ofnational data sources is not recommended becausethe data are mostly not comparable withthe data from other countries due to deviatingdefinitions and coverage of the target population.Since there is no tool to systematicallycheck comparability, there is no better solutionthan to stick to internationally organised andcross-checked data collections (like the onesused). Data from national data sources, oftendrawn from national registers, are usually ofhigher quality than from internationally harmoniseddata sources. Although it is obvious thatnational data sources allow for more detailedanalysis, the advantage of comparability of internationalsurveys is necessary for the purposeof EU-wide integration monitoring.Chapter 9:Availability of datasources for additionalindicatorsThere are various potential additional indicatorsfor monitoring the integration of immigrants inthe European Union. Eurostat already producedresults for additional indicators on overqualification,self-employment and risk-of-povertyand social inclusion. According to the assessmentof the project coordinator (Migration PolicyGroup), further potential additional indicators inthe area of employment were identified: temporaryemployment, part-time employment, longtermunemployment and public sector employment.These indicators are available from theEU Labour Force Survey and are thus regularlyproduced in all EU Member States. Potentialadditional indicators in the area of social inclusioninclude in-work at-risk-of-poverty, at-riskof-povertyrate before social transfers (exceptpensions), persistent at-risk-of-poverty, housingcost overburden rate, as well as other indicatorsrelated to health, such as unmet health needs.All these indicators are available for most of EUcountries from EU-SILC data.The potential additional indicators in the areaactive citizenship are related to civic and politicalparticipation, such as membership in organisations,membership in trade unions, membershipin political parties, volunteering or contact withdecision-makers. These indicators are measuredin the European Social Survey; however, samplesizes are too small for annual use. Even pooleddata for two or three years may not be enough37
Page 2: Using EU Indicators of Immigrant In
Page 5 and 6: Executive SummaryThis report is bas
Page 7 and 8: 24. Immigrants become citizens and
Page 9 and 10: In addition, in some countries and
Page 11: Chapter 1:Background on a pilotproj
Page 15 and 16: (education, employment, income, occ
Page 18 and 19: 18Country of origin and language sk
Page 20 and 21: 20Based on the projects’ bivariat
Page 22 and 23: 22tive income of the foreign-born p
Page 24 and 25: 24integration outcomes according to
Page 26 and 27: 3.1The relevance ofEU migrant emplo
Page 28 and 29: an indicator of immigrants’ long-
Page 30 and 31: Indicators of the welcoming society
Page 32 and 33: PART 2: Data assessment 19Chapter 5
Page 34 and 35: EU SILC is an international compara
Page 38 and 39: to compare immigrants across many E
Page 40 and 41: 40Who is missing from statistics?Th
Page 42 and 43: 42of the results. For example, a ne
Page 44 and 45: 44“The function of the indicator
Page 46 and 47: 46tations of the data that can emer
Page 48 and 49: 48A country’s policy may still af
Page 50 and 51: to create general policies that imp
Page 52 and 53: 2. Closing the gap - scenario’ fo
Page 54 and 55: 4. Correlations across all EU migra
Page 56 and 57: 8. Native-born offspring of immigra
Page 58 and 59: 12. Gap in socio-economic position
Page 60 and 61: 16. Female gap in poverty risk rate
Page 62 and 63: 20. Eurostat bivariate correlation
Page 64 and 65: 23. Different elements of national
Page 66: Social inclusion AT DK FR DE IE NL
Page 69 and 70: OECD (2012): Settling in. OECD indi
Page 71 and 72: Foreigner: (non-nationals) A person

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