Appendix A - Urban Form Analysis: Canberra's Sustainability ...

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Urban Form Analysis - Type E International Example - Hannover Kronsberg, Germany KRONSBERG is located to the southeast of Hannover, the state capital of Lower Saxony. Developed for the World EXPO 2000 the Kronsberg district presents a comprehensive example of visionary urban planning and construction with exceptionally high ecological standards, above-average quality of accommodation and semi-natural open space design. Land Use Comparison Land Use Map Built Form v Open Space The appearance of the district is shaped by its wide-meshed rectangular grid layout, which creates frames for a variety of block structures. The grid layout of the blocks, the avenue-like streets and the open space planning unite various construction forms and designs Green Space Interconnected public, semi-public and private areas close to the homes offer differing green and open spaces with rainwater retention and infi ltration areas integrated in the design. Perimeter developments with inner courtyards and internal paths offer secluded communal green spaces and safe play areas for children. Building Footprint - 16% Private Open Space - 23% Vibrant residential development with easy access to open space recreational areas. Semi Public Open Space - 13% Road Verge - 29% Road - 9% Public Open Space (parkland) - 10% Private Space v Public Space Diverse building designs create distinct areas that are grouped around a neighbourhood park and bordered by park corridors or green zones. Emphasis is placed on good open space design, and semi-public inner courtyards and private outdoor areas are available for almost every home. Building Height and Road Reserve Low land take was a key design feature with compact urban form and perimeter development. Transport Development Areas with maximum buildings heights of four to fi ve storeys along the light rail corridor to the north-west links the development with the city. The densities and buildings heights decrease to two or three storeys towards the countryside to the south-east. HANNOVER KRONSBERG currently has a population of around 6,800 people. The fi rst two development phases, Kronsberg-Nord and Kronsberg-Mitte, delivered more than 3,000 dwellings. Almost 3,000 jobs are located in the immediate vicinity with bank and data processing companies. The new residential area, the adjacent commercial areas with their numerous new service industry jobs, and the neighbouring countryside create an urban spatial unity SNAPSHOT Suburb Hannover, Kronsberg Area of tile study 21.4 Hectares Residential dwellings 810 Study area population 1830 Year of initial development 1999 The following comparison is based on land use data from a study area of 21.4 hectares located in the northern part of the development (see Aerial Image on the right page). Urban ecology, energy and social data are based on Kronsberg averages. Water data is based on Hannover average household consumption. COMPACT LAYOUT AND EFFICIENT LAND UTILISATION Performance indicator Unit of measurement Population density 85 residents per ha urban area Gross dwelling density 38 dwellings per ha developable land Net dwelling density 73 dwellings per ha residential area Occupancy rate 2.3 occupants per dwelling Developable land 52% of the overall urban area Building footprint 16% of the overall urban area Private open space 23% of the overall urban area Semi public open space 13% of the overall urban area Road reserve 38% of the overall urban area Road 9% of the overall urban area Verge 29% of the overall urban area Public open space 10% of the overall urban area URBAN ECOLOGY, ENERGY AND WATER Performance indicator Unit of measurement Annual residential greenhouse gas emissions 0.9 tonnes CO2 per resident from onsite building operation 2 tonnes CO2 per dwelling Annual residential energy use 16 GJ per resident 36 GJ per dwelling Annual residential potable water use 51 kL per resident 116 kL per dwelling The energy concept for the development consists of the following components: • Low Energy construction methods with quality assurance, monitoring and skills qualifi cation measures. • Two decentralised gas-boosted cogeneration plants provide heat for space heating and warm water for all households. • Renewable energy sources are utilised: Three wind turbine facilities with an overall capacity of 3.6 MW, solar collectors and photovoltaic facilities on roofs. • Innovative technology by solar passive houses, solar district heating, and microclimate zones. Main features of the semi-natural decentralised rainwater management system are: • Rainwater retention basin. • Hillside avenue to the north with renaturalised watercourse. • Natural rainwater retention areas. • Rainwater use concept for inner courtyards. • Water harvesting and saving concept in school and community centre.
Urban Form Analysis - Type E International Example - Hannover Kronsberg, Germany Study Area KRONSBERG DIVERSITY Dwellings and Socio-Demographic Mix Performance indicator Unit of measurement Dwelling types in % of overall dwelling Detached house 5% Terrace or Row Houses 6% Apartment up to 3 storeys 66% Apartment 4 to 5 storeys 23% Household composition in % of overall households single 39% couple w/o kids 24% couple with kids 28% single parent 9% groups 21% Population by age cohort in % of overall population 0-17 yrs 28% 18-59 yrs 64% 60 yrs and over 8% Low income households (recieving public transfer services) 37% of all households CONNECTIVITY Movement and Amenity The development of Kronsberg followed the regional planning principle, according to which residential development should occur in the main expand along local rail public transport routes and be concentrated at urban densities in the catchment areas of the stops and stations. The three tram stations are within less than 600 metres walking distance from all the dwellings. Along the light rail corridor runs the main access road. This transport corridor became an attractive location for shops and offi ces. At the mid-section of the current development these uses are concentrated with a shopping centre, a district square, the ‘KroKus’ arts and community centre, a health centre and a church. Early Delivery of Social Infrastructure Social infrastructure was put in place concurrently with the housing and includes a primary school with water saving concept and photovoltaic installation, three children day care facilities and around 17 units for community use. Community units for local groups are located on the ground fl oor of apartment buildings as a result of a compulsory agreement with the developers. Varied Architecture and Accommodation Over forty architectural and open space planning offi ces applied very different approaches and design solutions, in many cases after design competitions. Balanced Social Mix and Social Infrastructure Diverse design with a mix of types, tenures and sizes on a fi ne, section scale was applied to achieve a balanced social mix. Key concepts were fl exible residential design to cope with changing housing needs, a mixture of large and small apartments, and apartments suitable for families and for new lifestyles. The objective was to avoid social segregation by applying various forms of delivery model, tenures and social housing. BEMERODE Aerial Image Image courtesy of Karin Rumming, City of Hannover Image courtesy of Karin Rumming, City of Hannover Image courtesy of Karin Rumming, City of Hannover SUMMARY Exemplary performance • Diversity in design and high quality public realm achieves a balanced social mix in terms of household composition (singles, couples, family with children) and household income (37% low income). • Early delivery of social infrastructure (school, child care, parks, community spaces) concurrently with housing. • Landscape design ‘City as a habitat’. • Low carbon urban design with low energy and passive houses, renewable energy sources, CHP district heating and rapid public transport. Web Links Comparative Snapshot People per ha Urban Area Land Take per Person (m 2 ) Public Open Space per Person (m 2 ) Road per Person (m 2 ) Water use per Person (kL) CO2 Emissions per Person (t per year) Low Income Households (%) KRONSBERG http://www.hannover.de/de/umwelt_bauen/bauen/bauen_lhh/oekobauen/oemobakr/modkrons/kroliter/rotebuch.html http://connectedcities.eu/downloads/showcases/kronsberg_hannover_handbook.pdf http://www.rudi.net/node/7346 WULFERODE Reid Kingston Gungahlin Weston Hannover Freiburg Dockside
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Appendix A - Urban Form Analysis: Canberra's Sustainability ...

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