manado waterfront development concept as sustainable city of tourism

1.Aristotulus Ernst TUNGKA, 2. Abdelnasser Ali OMRAN,3.Abdelwahab O. GEBRIL, 4. Woo Suk WAH, 5. Atiek B. SUPRAPTIMANADO WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT ASSUSTAINABLE CITY OF TOURISM1. DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, UNIVERSITY OF SAM RATULANGI, MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA2‐4. SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, P. PINANG,11800, MALAYSIA5. DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, UNIVERSITY OF DIPONEGORO, SEMARANG, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIAABSTRACT: Urban waterfront development is a well established urban phenomenon in developed countries based on certainconcepts and principles. It enhances urban design, quality of life and economic development of cities. The urban waterfrontdevelopment in developing countries has produced a varied experience. This Paper looks at a recent coastal development inManado City, North Sulawesi, Indonesia for its development of urban public spaces, commercial developments and itsintegration with urban development policy of the city. Manado has a coastal border area that extends from coast to coastMalalayang Maasing down the coast and on Bunaken, Manado Tua island and the island Siladen, which now throughout thisprotected area has been transformed into a total cultivated area with several activities such as: coastal border area districtsMalalayang to district authorities other than the area that was already there are also added to the reclamation of new landcurrently used as a commercial area consisting of shops / malls, hotels and luxury housing. The development of the projectwill not enhance the quality of urban life and add aesthetic appeal but it reflects certain physical, economic and socialproblems.KEYWORDS: Manado, waterfront city, sustainable city, IndonesiaINTRODUCTIONEntering globalization era, Indonesian economicdeveloping need to be advanced, because it caninvited new investor and hoped its will develops theadvantage area. One of this is waterfront areaincluding coast, river and lakes. Developing ofwaterfront area was being the new tendency of cityfacilities development, especially in big city that hasobstacle in land and has a big potency on water.Manado City is a city that place in Manado bay (Figure1), and by geographic city distribution equal withwater and Manado bay. One of this distributionproject shore reclamation that hopes to be a newbusiness area that could to rise up Manado city’seconomic, except to empower Manado as waterfrontcity.Figure 1. Manado CitySo many conflict that occur resulting from thisdeveloping coast area, it’s because of so many interestfrom every aspect, include environment aspect,another city facilities aspect and integration aspectbetween developing area and existing area. Byconsidering interest conflict, so developing coast areaneed a whole observation, to bridge the presentinterest conflict. In this paper is emphasized tooverview of idea to develop waterfront area. Fromthis idea, it’s hope that could give any input aboutsupport application of sustainable developingwaterfront area. The purpose of this paper is toanalyze the reclamation development concepts thatmust be considered in the development ofreclamation in Manado. These concepts must bedeveloped and designed in this project so thatconstruction can be reclaimed and environmentallysustainable.RESEARCH METHODResearch method is doing observation to literaturestudy from any sources. Collecting data by takingpicture and sketch so we can revisualization the resultthat’s hope can answer any problems (Tungka, 2008).The identification data is descriptive in waterfrontarea. Location research focus is business district areaor Boulevard Street on Business (Figure 2)RECLAMATION IN COASTAL OF MANADO CITYReclamation of coastal to be a very interestingdiscussion, particularly related to the effects of landuse. After the city government in 1990 stated that theposition of Manado city is a gateway into the Pacific.Manado is strategically located in the Asia‐Pacific,within located in situated on the border between thePhilippines, Republic of Palau and the Pacific Ocean.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING ‐ HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 31

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of EngineeringFigure 2. Boulevard StreetDistance from Manado to Davao City, Philippine isabout 390 km and to Republic of Palau (Pacific Ocean)is about 750 km. Manado there is also direct flights toSingapore, the Philippines and Taiwan or to othercountries directly without going through Jakarta andalso there is a ferry boat crossing Manado‐Davao. It isso that investors are given the opportunity to invest inthis area. The limited land is not result in thedevelopment of the region’s development. Barrierscaused the government to be able to continue tooccur in various ways to open the area or land forinvestment activities. The form of Manado city is alsounique in Manado bay. The spread of the city that alsofollow this bay causing the elongated shape of the cityfollow the coastline of Manado bay. One suggestion isthat by making reclaimed coastal Manado City. It isseen from the geographical shape of Manado City haslong coast line as far as 5.9 km, and about 30 percentsof the population lives in coastal Manado. Area ofManado is 15,659 hectare and area of reclamation is 67hectare (BPN, 2010) for the first step construction.Reclamation was built in 1996 until 2000 and stillconstructing. Manado population numbered 417,700(BPS, 2010) with a ratio of as many as 201,730 malepopulation and female population of 215,970. Mostresidents have jobs Manado in trade, services andconstruction. A total of 97,625 working in the field oftrade and services, 19,855 in transportation andcommunications and construction of as many as22,290, making a total of 139.770 inhabitants or asmuch as 33 percent in the field of urban development.Manado has a coastal border area that extends fromcoast to coast Malalayang Maasing down the coastand on Bunaken, Manado Tua island and the islandSiladen. It is now throughout this protected area hasbeen transformed into a total cultivated area withseveral activities such as: coastal border area districtsMalalayang to district authorities other than the areathat was already there are also added to thereclamation of new land currently used as acommercial area consisting of shops / malls, hotels andluxury housing (Figures 3, 4 & 5).32Figure 3. Manado Reclamation AreaFigure 4. Stores and home office on the reclamation AreaFigure 5. Mall On the Reclamation AreaDEVELOPMENT URBANRegional development is achieving regionaldevelopment goals which include aspects of growth,equity and sustainability of the dimensionless locationin space and related socio‐economic aspects of theregion (Anwar, 2005). According to Todaro (2009),development should also increase the incomeorientedeconomy. According successful developmentwas indicated by three core values namely thedevelopment community's ability to meet basic needs,increased self‐esteem as a human society, and theincreasing ability of people to choose (freedom fromservitude), which is one aspect rather than human2012. Fascicule 2 [April–June]

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineeringrights. It is why Todaro that reinforce the sense that avery large development is not just how to raisepeople's income every year our other features.Economic development could be understood as theactivities undertaken to improve a country's economyand living standards of its people. With the scope ofthe above, then economic development is generallydefined as a process that causes an increase in incomeper capita population of a country in the long runwhich is accompanied by improvement of theinstitutional system (Todaro, 2009). According toArshad (2006), development should affect income percapita. Income per capita is often used as indicators ofdevelopment for differences level of economicprogress among the developed countries againstdeveloping countries (NSB). Accordingly, the incomeper capita but may give an idea about the rate ofgrowth of welfare in different countries can alsodescribe the change of style welfare distinction thathas been going on between various countries.Understanding the history and development strategyhas undergone a change, stems from the developmentstrategy that emphasizes economic growth, thengrowth and employment opportunities, growth andequity, the emphasis on basic needs, growth andenvironment life, and sustainable development.Development approach today is more focused onaspects of sustainability that aims to maximize humanwelfare through economic growth and efficiency ofcapital usage limited and resource constraints andtechnological limited (Munasinghe, 1995).THE CONCEPT OF MANADO SUSTAINABLE COASTAL AREASome observation aspect that could help success ofdeveloping coast (Figure 3) area is:1. ThemeBy the theme, developing coast area has a unique thatcan be different from another coast area. Theme canbe taking from specific ecologic, climate, history orculture from this area. The even function of this coastarea equal with another coast area by the climate andlocal condition could influences planning model.Special design reclamation for Manado is design withnature. Boulevard Street was built with follow theshape of seascape and built break water also.2. ImageCreate image for coast area, water is the main object,so another facilities and service for examplerecreation, sport medium, home facilities, evenrestaurant will give specific beauty visual, so coastarea can make an beautiful and attractiveenvironment image. In Manado, this aspect have hardchallenge because of another bad image that has beeninherent in waterfront area, include image of SarioRiver and Tondano River be the place for collect trashand another bad things.EXPERIENCEWaterfront area has capable to give a exciteexperience and special ability that based oncharacteristic and feature of special water. Give accessto water and its play area, conservation to flora andfauna live, to enrich facilities that have connection tocontrol water character like channel, pool watercontrol, etc.FUNCTIONThis aspect describe that developing coast area haveto give it’s good function like policy of achieveaccessibility, park circulation that could fill necessityeven in busy condition, to facilitate and to pleasurefoot walker, give a wonderful experience for visitor, tomake the ecologic area fill the requirement along withappropriate facilities (occupying, recreation, sport,shop etc) and attracting all the time. By now, thereclamation of Manado bay has focused on businessand services aspect. It’s could be see by shop center onevery reclamation area. Some mall/ shopping centerthat we can met in some reclamation are, like BahuMall, Boulevard’s Mall, Manado Town Square, MegaMall and Marina Plasa shopping center. These businessareas will be interested for tourism area.TO CONSTRUCT PUBLIC OPINIONTo avoid any interest conflict by the public, sodeveloping of coast area should have confirmed byclear and transparency and complete (theme, image,function, cost, ticket, AMDAL), so society canunderstood about benefit of developing coast area. Bythe participation of another side, it’s can get anysupport from society, its means that effort torealization of developing coast area. So many publicopinion in construct reclamation on Manado Baywhich is made a help make a decision of plan design.ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT (AMDAL)It needs to be emphasized that developing of coastarea must be aim to protect the environment even touse unproductive area. By this reason observation toenvironment effect from developing waterfront areamust be done accurately. This has been benefit tosolve the problem and to avoid negative effect thatcould be rise for the environment. Reclamation case inManado city has so many communities reaction forthe access that can be rise from this project. Specialtyabout manage the waste, also. Waste is so importantbecause it have solid and liquid. Have to design withcarefully and good planning.TECHNOLOGY ASPECTUsing and implementation of technology even tochoosing substance that will be used, especiallyrelation with waterfront area, bund area, tacklingwaste, control of water, etc, need to appropriatedwith water character and location. It is so important2012. Fascicule 2 [April–June] 33

ecause can influences of security and rely ondevelopment for long time.EXPENSEExpense aspect has to give attention because involvesfund’s problem, even control fund problems. Thingsthat involve in this problem like monetarygovernment’s law even with the community responsehas to account because this things could influencedlong life project.ORGANIZINGOrganizing of coast area must be done by aprofessional, recall the complexity of the problemsthat must be handled, begin with organizing facility ingood condition, make a promotion so attract tovisitor, till doing some coordination with institutioninvolved, even with government and private agencies.THE MAIN ASPECT IN DEVELOPING COAST AREASome principal aspect that need to be noticed andconsider to make any plan to coast area, include :climate, wind direction, ocean flow, watercharacterized, annual flood, flooded area,Topography, Seascape, Land structure, Landscape,Vegetation, Etc. In planning developing coast area isuniting community territories with nature life, so thatarea being preservation area so with to supporteconomic of this area. Organizing of arrangementspace has noticed. Generally reclamation area inManado City is business and service area. Separatefrom community’s territory by Boulevard streets, canbe arbiter between residence area and business area.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTOn the reclamation activities, land use andexploitation as a result of coastal reclamation dependson the operators. In connection with this concept ofdevelopment should be directed to the concept oflasting development. Means development mustconsider the compatibility between man and natureand the importance of future generations. Legalprotection is defined as operating patterns ofconsumers and producers to run properly so peoplecan enjoy the benefits of adequate utilization of itsnatural resources. The use of natural resources mustbe arranged in such a way that provides benefits toeach generation. This is a critical note on theimplementation of coastal reclamation. The coastalreclamation can provide positive and negative effectson coastal communities and marine ecosystems. Theseeffects can be short term and long‐term, dependingon the type of impact and the ecosystem and thecommunities in coastal reclamation areas andsurrounding areas. The positive impact of coastalreclamation activities, among others resulted in thequality and economic value of coastal areas isincreasing, reducing considered less productive land,the increase in the area, protect the shoreline fromACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineeringerosion, the breeding habitat of water and powerabsorption. The negative effects of coastalreclamation activities in the environment includephysical effects such as changed oceanography,coastal erosion, sedimentation, turbidity of the water,marine pollution, changed soil water regime,increasing the potential for flooding and inundation ofcoastal areas. Biological effects, like disturbedmangrove ecosystems, coral reefs and diversity ofnature although the field is decreasing. Besides thebeach reclamation activities will also result in socioeconomicchanged such as difficulty of the publicentering the area and loss of livelihood of coastalfishermen. Thus the coastal reclamation activitiesmust be implemented carefully and through a verythorough study involving related stakeholders. Thereare having impacts of land reclamation positive andnegative in the community and development inManado City. Always positive Impacts related toeconomic life, socio‐economic, socio‐cultural, whilethe negative impacts on the environment and religionseriously enough highlighted by the experts. Impactsin detail will be submitted in two parts, directly visiblepositive impact associated with the EmploymentManagement and economic growth. In the beginningbefore the reclaimed coastal community livelihoodactivities focused on professional workers andfishermen, because the area is generally occupied bythe laborers who work in development activities in theCity of Manado. Occurrence of impact on coastalreclamation work field where population expansionbegan in the commercial sectors and services.POSITIVE IMPACTSPopulation, especially the younger generation beganto be adsorbed in the service sector and tradeespecially in coastal reclaimed area was created as thebusiness 'Boulevard on Business’ at Manado coastal.Increase the employment of the impact on people'sincome increases. Other positive impacts of thereclaimed coastal areas opened many rural peoplecame to seek employment Manado. It is profitable forthe local community from the illegal occupancyrequirements and the employee continues to rise.Many turned to the room rental, retail shops and theworkers who worked in the trade and services on theboulevard area would significantly influence theeconomic growth of urban society.Other positive impact of involve increasing the sellingprice of the land. With the occurrence of reclaimed,the land sale prices have increased due to the need formore land is needed a good feeling and byentrepreneurs and rural communities want to have a Tthat came home to stay. The increase in selling price ofland is of course the effect on the community. Thechanged of pattern land ownership continue to occur342012. Fascicule 2 [April–June]

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineeringas land prices increase. The positive impact of directsupport by increasing the amount of effort andproduct efforts and the emergence of various effortsin the vicinity of a good reclamation project thegrocery store, small shops, and culinary dining houses.This impact on the workforce in trade and servicessector as a result of reclaimed coastal areas opened asthe Boulevard, and known as the Boulevard onBusiness.The other impacts of a rise in taxes and taxes providedthe merchants to the city government. In the realimpact of the reclamation activities not only impacton society, but the city government, an increase ofRevenue District (PAD). Request permission effort,erecting a building permit, permission of course thelocation is very profitable as a result of the citygovernment held reclaimed. In the field of directtaxation was increasing motor vehicle parking tax toconsumption tax, where services, entertainment,health, and various businesses continue to enrich andincrease the income of Manado City. The emergence ofa hotel, a café in the vicinity of coastal reclamation isvery influential to increase people's income andManado City Government. Especially in coastalreclaimed area grows a good pub and discothequeentertainment.The positive impacts of the guidelines thatreclamation activity to make the area a "boulevard onbusiness” highly qualified as highly profitableextended Manado city government. The value of theland sale and the continuing rise is directly related tothe impact of land use and ownership of communityland. With the occurrence of reclaimed and inclusionin the City of Manado investor would result inincreased demand for land requirements. This is agrowing impact on the selling price of land in theboulevard (area reclaimed the beach). With theincrease in selling price is of course an impact onimproving living standards and welfare of thecommunity as a result of the occurrence increaseincome.NEGATIVE IMPACTSIncreasing environmental pollution is a negativeimpact of the reclaimed beach, let alone most of theactivity development of both pre construction andconstruction is not carried out a study with realenvironmental impact analysis. Not effectiveimplementation of environmental impact analysis(AMDAL) in the coastal reclaimed area to clarify theenvironmental crisis from further negative impacts doreclaimed coastal Manado City. Continue to occur as aresult of the environmental crisis reclaimed beachactivities are legal problems in the field ofenvironmental law. Coastal reclamation activities thatdamage the environment is happening because oflegal factors, especially in the areas permission notforward aspect of the environment. Indonesianenvironment as an ecosystem that consists of avariety of areas, each as a substance that covers thesocial aspects of cultural, economic, and physical, witha pattern different trends between the subsystems ofeach other, and with the support of differentenvironments. Coastal reclamation activities have notbeen arranged in such a way that still impact on theenvironment. Coastal reclamation activities of anykind must be based on the competitive environmentclosely related support in improving coordination andbalance subsystem, which also means improving theperformance of the subsystems.The importance of the rule of law (law enforcement)in the areas of environment requires every citizen tofollow every direction of the law related toenvironmental problems. There is no seriousenvironmental handling in coastal reclamationactivities are common symptoms of the negativeimpacts of development on the environment. Thecollaborative evidence is that the news aboutenvironmental damage often appears in thenewspaper. Coastal sea water everywhere was muchpolluted. Coastal sea water does not meet the cleanand healthy environment, while the sea water into theground. Various prevention of environmentalpollution continue to just run, while the developmentof regulation and the tools of law looks very staticenvironment. In addition, the legal position (standing)for the plaintiffs are still very weak. Environmentalcrisis as a result of coastal reclamation is a seriousproblem that should be addressed by the governmentto further development occurred. It is a balancebetween positive and negative impacts.Other negative impacts are associated with socioculturaland religious problems. With the occurrenceof business on the boulevard on reclaimed coastalareas to the emergence of powerful new culture ofwestern cultures that are harmful for development ofsociety, especially the younger generation. Thisnegative impact is felt in the social and economic lifeof people who are lives in reclamation area.CONCLUSIONS / SUMMARYManado City condition as city bay is great potency todevelop by professional, but keep look at anothertechnical things that have been describe previously.Coastal reclamation is the process of recover from theloss of or a condition that is less useful, and attemptsto make the land eligible for building.Coastal reclamation can also be addressed within theframework of the process of cleaning an area thatsuffered environmental damage that can be used forhuman needs, such as building for enrichdevelopment.2012. Fascicule 2 [April–June] 35

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