Acta Technica Corviniensis

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– Bulletin of Engineeringcopyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roScientific supplement ofANNALS of FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom]copyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro

EDITORIAL BOARDMANAGERIMRE KISSUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Engineering – HUNEDOARA- ROMANIA -EDITORS from ROMANIA:VASILE GEORGE CIOATĂUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Engineering – HUNEDOARAVASILE ALEXAUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Engineering – HUNEDOARASORIN AUREL RATIUUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Engineering – HUNEDOARADANIEL OSTOIAUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – TIMISOARASORIN TIBERIU BUNGESCUBanat’s University of Agricultural Sciences andVeterinary Medicine TIMISOARA – Department ofAgricultural Machines – TIMISOARASIMONA DZITACUniversity of ORADEA,Faculty of Energy Engineering – ORADEAMIRELA SOHACIUUniversity Politehnica BUCURESTI, Faculty ofMaterials Science and Engineering – BUCURESTIREGIONAL EDITORS FROM HUNGARYTAMÁS HARTVÁNYISzéchenyi István University,Department of Logistics & Forwarding – GYŐRZSOLT CSABA JOHANYÁKCollege of KECSKEMET, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering and Automation – KECSKEMETJOZSEF SÁROSIDepartment of Technical and Process Engineering,University of SZEGED, Faculty of Engineering – SZEGEDSÁNDOR BESZEDESDepartment of Technical & Process Engineering,University of SZEGED, Faculty of Engineering – SZEGEDPÉTER TELEKUniversity of MISKOLC, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering and Information Science – MISKOLCPÉTER FÖLDESISzéchenyi István University,Department of Logistics & Forwarding – GYŐRCSABA VÁGVÖLGYIDepartment Of Microbiology, University Of SZEGED,Faculty of Science and Informatics – SZEGEDGERGELY DEZSÖCollege of NYÍREGYHÁZA, Engineering andAgriculture Faculty – NYÍREGYHÁZAREGIONAL EDITORS FROM SERBIAZORAN ANISICUniversity of NOVI SADFaculty of Technical Sciences – NOVI SADMILAN RACKOVUniversity of NOVI SADFaculty of Technical Sciences – NOVI SADMAŠA BUKUROVUniversity of NOVI SADFaculty of Technical Sciences – NOVI SAD© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 3

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGREGIONAL EDITORS FROM SLOVAKIATIBOR KRENICKÝTechnical University of KOŠICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PREŠOVMARIAN FLIMELTechnical University of KOŠICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PREŠOVPETER KOŠTÁLSlovak University of Technology in BRATISLAVA,Faculty of Materials Science & Technology – TRNAVAREGIONAL EDITORS FROM BULGARIAANGEL ZUMBILEVTechnical University of SOFIA, Department ofMaterial Science and Technology – PLOVDIVKRASIMIR IVANOV TUJAROV"Angel Kanchev " University of ROUSSE,Faculty of Agricultural Mechanisation – ROUSSEREGIONAL EDITORS FROM AUSTRALIAJAROMIR AUDYEdith Cowan University in PERTHFaculty of Regional Professional Studies, South West – BUNBURYREGIONAL EDITORS FROM MALAYSIAABDELNASER OMRANEnvironmental Management and Engineering, School of Housing,Universiti Sains Malaysia – PULAU PINANGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roScientific supplement ofANNALS of FACULTYENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom]copyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro42008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEMEMBERS FROM SLOVAKIASTEFAN NIZNIKTechnical University of KOSICE, Faculty of Metallurgy,Department of Materials Science – KOSICEKAROL VELISEKSlovak University of Technology in BRATISLAVA,Faculty of Materials Science and Technology – TRNAVAVLADIMIR MODRAKTechnical University of KOSICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PRESOVJOZEF NOVAK-MARCINCINTechnical University of KOSICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PRESOVIMRICH KISSInstitute of Economic &Environmental Security,University of Security Management – KOŠICEJURAJ SPALEKUniversity of ZILINA, Faculty ofElectrical Engineering – ZILINAMICHAL HAVRILATechnical University of KOSICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PRESOVTIBOR KVAČKAJTechnical University KOŠICE,Faculty of Metallurgy – KOŠICEĽUDOVÍT KOLLÁTHSlovak University of Technology in BRATISLAVA,Institute of Manufacturing Systems – BRATISLAVAMIROSLAV BADIDATechnical University of KOŠICE,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – KOŠICEMEMBERS FROM HUNGARYBÉLA ILLÉSUniversity of MISKOLC, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering and Information Science – MISKOLCIMRE J. RUDASBUDAPEST University of Technology and Economics,Department of Structural Engineering – BUDAPESTTAMÁS KISSUniversity of SZEGED, Department of Inorganicand Analytical Chemistry – SZEGEDTAMÁS ENDRŐDYDepartment of Technical &Process Engineering,University of SZEGED, Faculty of Engineering – SZEGEDIMRE DEKÁNYUniversity of SZEGED, Departmentof Colloid Chemistry – SZEGEDCECILIA HODURUniversity of SZEGED, College Facultyof Food Engineering – SZEGEDFERENCZ ARPADCollege of KECSKEMÉT, Faculty of Horticulture,Department of Economics – KECSKEMÉTANDRÁS BAKÓSzéchenyi István University,Department of Logistics & Forwarding – GYŐRMEMBERS FROM SERBIASINISA KUZMANOVICUniversity of NOVI SADFaculty of Technical Sciences – NOVI SADMIRJANA VOJINOVIĆ MILORADOVUniversity of NOVI SAD,Faculty of Technical Sciences – NOVI SADVLADIMIR KATICUniversity of NOVI SAD,Faculty of Technical Sciences – NOVI SADMIROSLAV PLANČAKUniversity of NOVI SAD,Faculty of Technical Sciences – NOVI SADMILOSAV GEORGIJEVICUniversity of NOVI SAD,Faculty of Engineering – NOVI SADDAMIR KAKASUniversity of NOVI SAD,Faculty of Technical Sciences – NOVI SAD© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 5

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGMEMBERS FROM PORTUGALJOÃO PAULO DAVIMUniversity of AVEIRODepartment of Mechanical Engineering – AVEIROMEMBERS FROM POLANDLESZEK A. DOBRZANSKISilesian University of Technology – GLIWICEInstitute of Engineering Materials and BiomaterialsSTANISŁAW LEGUTKOInstitute of Mechanical Technology,Polytechnic University – POZNANANDRZEJ WYCISLIKSilesian University of Technology in KATOWICE,Faculty of Materials Science and Metallurgy – KATOWICEMEMBERS FROM CROATIADRAZAN KOZAKJosip Juraj Strossmayer University of OSIJEK,Mechanical Engineering Faculty – SLAVONKI BRODBRANIMIR BARISICUniversity of RIJEKA, Department of ProductionEngineering, Faculty of Engineering – RIJEKAMILAN KLJAJINJosip Juraj Strossmayer University of OSIJEK,Mechanical Engineering Faculty – SLAVONKI BRODMEMBERS FROM ROMANIASTEFAN MAKSAYUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Engineering HUNEDOARAFRANCISC WEBERUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Engineering – HUNEDOARAIOAN MARGINEANUniversity Politehnica BUCURESTI, Faculty of MaterialsScience and Engineering – BUCURESTIIULIAN RIPOSANUniversity Politehnica BUCURESTI, Faculty of MaterialsScience and Engineering – BUCURESTIVICTOR BUDĂUUniversity Politehnica TIMIŞOARAFaculty of Mechanical Engineering – TIMIŞOARAIOAN LAZAUniversity Politehnica TIMIŞOARAFaculty of Mechanical Engineering – TIMIŞOARAMIHAI CHIŞAMERAUniversity Politehnica BUCURESTI, Faculty of MaterialsScience and Engineering – BUCURESTIAUREL CRIŞANUniversity Transilvania of BRASOV, Faculty of MaterialScience and Engineering – BRAŞOVTEODOR HEPUTUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Engineering HUNEDOARAMIRCEA BEJANTehnical University of CLUJ-NAPOCAFaculty of Mechanical Engineering – CLUJ-NAPOCAIOAN VIDA-SIMITITechnical University of CLUJ-NAPOCA, Faculty ofMaterials Science and Engineering – CLUJ-NAPOCAVASILE MIREAUniversity Politehnica BUCURESTI, Faculty ofMaterials Science and Engineering – BUCURESTICRISTIAN PREDESCUUniversity Politehnica BUCURESTI, Faculty ofMaterials Science and Engineering – BUCURESTICARMEN ALICUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Faculty of Engineering – HUNEDOARACSABA GYENGE – ROMANIATechnical University of CLUJ-NAPOCA,Machine Building Faculty – CLUJ-NAPOCAADALBERT KOVÁCSUniversity Politehnica TIMISOARA,Department of Mathematics – TIMISOARA62008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGMEMBERS FROM BULGARIANIKOLAY MIHAILOVAnghel Kanchev University of ROUSSE, Faculty ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering – ROUSSEKRASSIMIR GEORGIEVInstitute of Mechanics, Department of MechatronicSystems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – SOFIAMEMBERS FROM GREECEGIORGIOS PETROPOULOSUniversity of THESSALY, Departament of Mechanicaland Industrial Engineering – VOLOSHRISTO BELOEVAnghel Kanchev University of ROUSSE, Faculty ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering – ROUSSEVELIZARA IVANOVA PENCHEVAAnghel Kanchev University, Faculty of Electrical andElectronic Engineering – ROUSSEMEMBERS FROM INDIASUGATA SANYALSchool of Technology & Computer ScienceTata Institute of Fundamental Research – MUMBAIMEMBERS FROM ARGENTINAGREGORIO PERICHINSKYUniversity of BUENOS AIRES,Faculty of Engineering – BUENOS AIRESMEMBERS FROM CZECH REPUBLICVLADIMIR ZEMANDepartment of Mechanics, Faculty of AppliedSciences, University of West Bohemia – PILSENIMRICH LUKOVICSDepartment of Production Engineering, Facultyof Technology, Tomas Bata Univerzity – ZLÍNJAN VIMMRDepartment of Mechanics, Faculty of AppliedSciences, University of West Bohemia – PILSENIVO SCHINDLERTechnical University of OSTRAVA, Faculty ofMetallurgy and Materials Engineering – OSTRAVAMEMBERS FROM BRAZILALEXANDRO MENDES ABRÃOUniversidade Federal de MINAS GERAISEscola de Engenharia – BELO HORIZONTEMÁRCIO BACCI DA SILVAUniversidade Federal de UBERLÂNDIAEngenharia Mecânica – UBERLÂNDIAMEMBERS FROM BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINATIHOMIR LATINOVICUniversity in BANJA LUKA,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – BANJA LUKAMEMBERS FROM FRANCEBERNARD GRUZZAUniversite Blaise Pascal CLERMONT-FERRAND,Institut des Sciences de L'Ingenieur (CUST) – CLERMONT-FERRAND2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 7

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGMEMBERS FROM ITALYALESSANDRO GASPARETTOUniversity of UDINEFaculty of Engineering – UDINEMEMBERS FROM CUBANORGE I. COELLO MACHADOUniversidad Central “Marta Abreu” de LAS VILLAS,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, SANTA CLARAMEMBERS FROM AUSTRIABRANKO KATALINIC – AUSTRIAVIENNA University of Technology,Institute of Production Engineering – VIENNAMEMBERS FROM MOROCCOSAAD BAKKALIAbdelmalek Essaâdi UniversityFaculty of Sciences and Techniques – TANGIERMEMBERS FROM MACEDONIAVALENTINA GECEVSKAUniversity "St. Cyril and Methodius"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – SKOPJEACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro82008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

CONTENTACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN OF ENGINEERING.TOME I. 20081. ERIKA STANCIUFROM THE RETEZAT NATIONAL PARK TO EUROPE'S "YELLOWSTONE" – SEEDSFOR THOUGHTS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND EFFICIENT MANAGEMENTOF EUROPE’S LARGEST PROTECTED AREA COVERING THE SOUTHERN ANDWESTERN CARPATHIANS IN ROMANIA AND SERBIAAbstract:The Carpathian Mountains and the Danube Delta are key biodiversity and wildernesshotspots of Romania and, indeed, for Europe. Large areas of forests in the Carpathiansand extended wetland areas are places where wildlife can find a refuge and wherepeople longing for solitude and beauty can enjoy them. Where are these places andwhat should we do to keep them? The proposal launched in this paper comes with theintent to convince that it is not too late to maintain the Carpathians and, even if we cannot maintain the entire mountain range in its present status, there are some key areasthat are already protected to certain extent and can become the largest protected area ofEurope.2. MARIUS CĂLIN BENEAINTERNAL MARKETING AND PERFORMANCE IN SERVICES ORGANIZATIONS 25Abstract:The paper tries to reveal the critical importance of service employees and humanresource in delivery of quality services and creating customer satisfaction. We considerthat the employees' abilities (attitudes and behavior) can improve - or reduce- thereputation of services organization (employees are responsible for the organizationalperformance). Internal marketing is the vision of a services organization that wants totransform its employees in loyal customers. By satisfying „internal customers”, theorganization improves its ability of satisfying the „external customers” successfully.Internal marketing is a concept aimed at developing customer conscious employees thatwill consistently deliver superior quality service to the external marketplace. For thepurpose of this paper the group will focus on the customer orientation perspective as itis relevant in the context of high contact service employees.In the context of customer orientation internal marketing considers the attraction,retention and motivation of service-minded employees. Internal marketing is atechnique implemented by the organization in an attempt to ensure the provision ofexcellent service.This paper focuses on the fact that the services organization’s performance isfundamentally based on the way managers lead – using their creativity, imagination,competence – the employees.13© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 9

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING3. AMALIA ANA DASCĂLSTUDY ON THE VARIATION OF CONVENTIONAL FLOW LIMIT DEPENDING ON THEMAIN ALLOY ELEMENTS FOR THERMORESISTANT STEELAbstract:The paper presents the results of the research made under laboratory experimentaltesting, on OLT45K steel, intended to the manufacturing of tubes, used at hightemperature in the make-up of thermal-energetic installation. Mechanical driving testinghas been made at the temperature of 450°C, on shares of test-bars drawn out of anumber of 50 charges, with a view to achieving the optimization of the chemicalcomposition of this steel type. The optimization, under experimental dates, suggestsalternatives of combinations among the main elements of the chemical composition, soas the steel can be elaborated with superior mechanical features at high temperature.The obtained results have a large feasibility area, and can be also endorsed for othersteel types and mechanical features for which the optimization is viewed, thereforebeing very useful to technologists, in the process of achieving a certain type of steel.4. EUGEN GHITA, LUCIA VILCEANU, RAMON BALOGH, MONICA DOBRAAN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ABOUT THE FRACTURE OF THE WHEELSET-AXLESOF THE 5100 KW ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVEAbstract:The paper is focused on some experimental analysis performed in the Testing MaterialsLaboratory belonging to I.C.M. Resita regarding the appearance of cracks in thewheelset-axles of the 5100 kW electric locomotives. Chemical, traction, bendingdynamic and torsion tests are performed for different wheelset-axles, different rollingdistances and different working conditions which for the “stick-slip” phenomenonoccurred.5. REMUS BOBOESCU, ION SPOREA, ILARIE BORDEAŞU,ADRIANA TOKAR, VICTOR BUJORTHE USAGE OF TYPE SILIUMINIU ALLOYS WITH MAGNESIUM FOR CASTINGA VERY LARGE USED PIECESAbstract:ATSi7Mg aluminum alloy is subjected to the processes of hardening and aging. Thestructural transformations are related mechanical properties of the alloy. The prezenceof the Mg2Si phase is the main cause of increasing resistance of alloys Al-Si-Mg, but withthe presence of stable phase Mg 2 Si reduces refractivity of ternary alloys.6. SORIN RATIU, ŞTEFAN MAKSAY, ANA JOSANREGISTRATION AND PROCESSING OF FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS VALUES FORINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 45Abstract:The article represents a study regarding the creation of a correlation between thefunctional parameters of the internal combustion engines, both diesel and petrol ones,with the help of the MATLAB mathematic software. The values of these parameters wereregistered with the help of the mega macs 55 equipment, in real time, the motor vehiclesrunning in urban traffic.7. ANCA IORDAN, MANUELA PĂNOIUDESIGN OF SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF A DYNAMICALSOFTWARE FOR DOING GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS 49Abstract:This paper presents a software package, which can be used as educational software. Theinformatics system, including modern methods and techniques, will lead the subject313741102008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGwhich is using it to gain experience in understanding and managing the knowledge fromgeometry field and will offer the comfortable and efficient access to the newestinformation and knowledge. The investigation can be oriented towards reaching ofsome precise purposes or can be an exploration.8. GELU OVIDIU TIRIAN, STELA RUSU-ANGHEL, CAMELIA PINCA-BRETOTEANPREDICTION OF THE SIGNALS USING THE NEURONAL NETWORKS 53Abstract:This paper work refers to the prediction problems which are used with the help of theneuronal networks. The network is made of a neuron whose function is linear and whohas the past few 5 input values of the useful signal x(t) – this signal must be predicted.The training algorithm is Widrow-Hoff. This algorithm decreases the number of squareerrors between the output of the network and the required value, and it eventuallyestablishes the “weight” factor.9. VASILE ALEXA, CONSTANTIN GRIGOREMANAGING PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES USING THE BALANCED SCORECARDSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMAbstract:The use of an adequate management method can ensure organizational success. If untilnow the focus was on the financial success of organizations, now more and moreimportant are the customers, employees, collaborators. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) isa strategic management system that manages the company’s activities depending on itsvision and strategies. Within the management instrument, the Balanced Scorecardanalyses the four perspectives: the customers, learning-development, internal processesand the financial field.The Balanced Scorecard looks at a business strategy from all perspectives and allows thedivision of the strategic objectives in individual objectives and actions down to the lastoperational level. The BSC can contain both quantitative and qualitative objectives.For the present-day organizations information is no longer the basic component.Because the organizations administer a too big volume of data and information, themanner in which the relevant information is selected and used within the organizationalactions and in decision-taking is of extreme importance. The ecosystem that underlies aBalanced Scorecard is made up of visions, missions, organizational values andcompetences, strategies.The work deals with the way in which organizations should choose the BSC solutionwhich meets the company’s requirements best so as to fulfill its individual needs.10. VERONICA ARGESANU, MIHAELA JULA, IOAN LAZATHERMO ELASTIC INSTABILITY WITHIN A CLASS IV FRICITON JOINT 65Abstract:With a class IV couple of friction joint there are conditions when the disturbances of thepressures on the interface increase, decrease or remain unchanged. When the twomaterials of the joint are identical a relative stability is formed regarding thisphenomenon, while a good heat-conducting material coupled with a heat insulator,depending on certain characteristics of sliding speed, creates instability.Materials of the same type making the joint tend to a relative stability when speaking ofthis phenomenon, while a joint composed of a good heat conductor material and ainsulator will always show characteristics of relative sliding speed, from which instabilityappears.Equation of this paper specifies the threshold for instability. The equations serve toprovide the terms depending on which the pressure disturbance in a frontal sealinginterface increases. In this case load concentrations occur in small portions of thecontact surfaces, resulting in damage or separation of the rings.572008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 11

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING** GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING THE MANUSCRIPTS 69** SCIENTIFIC EVENT – THE 10 th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONALRESEARCH” – ISIRR 2009 – ANNIVERSARY EDITION 71** SCIENTIFIC EVENT – THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE FOODCHAIN – DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT AS A RISK OFHEALTH – TEFC 2009 77** SCIENTIFIC EVENT – INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANDAGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING** SCIENTIFIC EVENT – 1 st CONVEEESH – INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING,ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC, SAFETY & HEALTH&10 th SENVAR INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON ENVIRONMENT & ARCHITECTURE SCIENCE &ENGINEERING FOR BETTER LIFE** SCIENTIFIC EVENT – VII th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS "MACHINЕRY, TECHNOLОGY, MATERIALS"– INNOVATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY 857981** SCIENTIFIC EVENT – 2 ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATIONAND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT – ICEIRD 200987** SCIENTIFIC EVENT – 3 RD CONFERENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION MANAGEMENT OFMANUFACTURING SYSTEMS – MMS 2008 91** SCIENTIFIC EVENT – The X th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM "YOUNG PEOPLE ANDMULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH" – ISYPMR 2008 93** JOURNAL – ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ofENGINEERING. TOME 7 (2008) 97ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro122008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.ERIKA STANCIUFROM THE RETEZAT NATIONAL PARK TOEUROPE'S "YELLOWSTONE" – SEEDS FOR THOUGHTSON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND EFFICIENT MANAGEMENTOF EUROPE’S LARGEST PROTECTED AREACOVERING THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERNCARPATHIANS IN ROMANIA AND SERBIAAbstract:The Carpathian Mountains and the Danube Delta are key biodiversity and wilderness hotspots ofRomania and, indeed, for Europe. Large areas of forests in the Carpathians and extended wetlandareas are places where wildlife can find a refuge and where people longing for solitude and beautycan enjoy them. Where are these places and what should we do to keep them? The proposallaunched in this paper comes with the intent to convince that it is not too late to maintain theCarpathians and, even if we can not maintain the entire mountain range in its present status, thereare some key areas that are already protected to certain extent and can become the largest protectedarea of Europe.Keywords:CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS, BIODIVERSITY AND WILDERNESS, RETEZAT NATIONAL PARKTHE CARPATHIANS – A KEY AREA FORCONSERVATION IN THE WORLDThe Carpathians arch over an area of more than200,000 km² in Central and Eastern Europe andinclude territory of seven countries: CzechRepublic (CZ), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL),Romania (RO), Serbia (SR), Slovakia (SK) andUkraine (UA). Altitudes vary from 300 to 2655 mabove sea level. Three sub-regions are defined inthe Carpathian arc: the Western Carpathians,which are partly located in SK, PL, HU and CZ;the Eastern Carpathians, which cover parts ofSK, PL, UA and RO; and the SouthernCarpathians, which are entirely located inRomania and Serbia. The mountains arecomposed mainly of sequences of sandy rocks(flysh formations) with small parts of limestoneor magmatic rock. Former glaciers have curvedout lakes at the highest points, whilst countlessvalleys owe were created by the rivers. Theregion receives twice as much rainfall as thesurrounding area, and this freshwater feeds theDanube, Vistula and Dnister and their majortributaries Prut, Aluta and Tisza, tending up inthe Black and Baltic Sea. More than 80% of© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 13

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGRomania’s water supply (excluding the Danube)and 40% of Ukraine’s water supply comes fromthe Carpathians.world's oceans. the carpathians are consideredas one of the critically endangered ecoregions.Figure 1: The Carpathian Mountains Ecoregion,source WWF DCP, 2001Over 1/3 rd of this mountain range of exceptionalgeological, biological and landscape diversityconstitutes the backbone of Romania.Compared to other mountain ranges in Europe,the Carpathians are not exceptionally high. InRomania the highest peaks are below 2.600meters and the mountain is relativelyfragmented, cut by deep valleys and with largedepressions inserted between peaks and highplateaus. This fragmented landscape shaped inmany parts by extensive agricultural practicesand mostly close to nature forestry still harbourslarge areas with little human influence.The Carpathians have many of Europe’s lastgreat wilderness areas as well as rich culturallandscapes, including the continent’s mostextensive tracts of montane and old-growthforest as well as most of the Europeanpopulations of large carnivores.Thanks to their exceptional level of biodiversity,the Carpathian Mountains are included inWWF’s “Global 200” Ecoregion list.The Global Ecoregions is a science-based globalranking of the Earth's most biologicallyoutstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marinehabitats. It provides a critical blueprint forbiodiversity conservation at a global scale.Developed by WWF scientists in collaborationwith regional experts around the world, theGlobal Ecoregions is the first comparativeanalysis of biodiversity to cover every majorhabitat type, spanning 5 continents and all theFig. 2. Global 200, source WWF, 1999 – 2000Fig. 3. Global 200 – critically endangered ecosystemsindicated with the red colour, source WWFChosen as one of the 238 ecoregions around theworld noted for ‘exceptional level ofbiodiversity, such as high species richness orendemism, or those with unusual ecological orevolutionary phenonema, the Carpathians hostEurope’s most extensive tracts of montaneforest, the largest remaining natural mountainbeech and beech/fir forests ecosystems, and thelargest area of old-growth forest left in Europe.The map below shows the old-growth forestsmapped with support from the DutchGovernment in the Romanian Carpathians in2003.The large tracks of still natural forests togetherwith extraordinary, rich, semi-natural habitatssuch as mountain pastures and hay meadows,which are the result of centuries of traditionalmanagement, the region’s biodiversity is142008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGunsurpassed in Europe. One-third of allEuropean vascular plant taxa (3,988 plantspecies) can be found in this region, aremarkable 481 of which are endemic. TheCarpathians also contain some of the mostintact, wild river systems remaining in Europe.Many of the last flooded forests – the mostendangered habitat in Europe – are found in thevalleys of the Carpathians. The mountains arethe critical watershed areas for the Danube,Tisza and Dnister rivers.Fig.5. The river system of the Carpathians, SourceDevelopment of Carpathian Ecological NetworkProject, 2009Fig. 4. Map of old-growth forests and national andnature parks in Romania, source Ministry ofEnvironment and Forest Management Planning andResearch InstituteThe unique diversity of habitats of theCarpathians make them a heaven to globallythreatened species such as the European bison(Bison bonasus), the Tatra Mountain Chamois(Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica) and the ImperialEagle (Aquila heliaca). The bison and chamoisare also endemic. The Carpathians are the lastregion in Europe to support viable populationsof large carnivores. An estimated 8,000 brownbears (Ursus arctos), 4,000 wolves (Canis lupus)and 3,000 Lynx (Lynx lynx) can still be foundhere.These European and global treasures are underthreat as a result of the changes the region isundergoing as it becomes increasinglyintegrated into the European and globaleconomy. The ecoregion is under severe threatfrom unsustainable logging, habitat destructionfrom changing land use; habitatfragmentation/destruction from infrastructuredevelopment and destruction of freshwaterhabitats from river regulation and flood control.HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMICCONTEXTThe Carpathians are currently undergoingunprecedented change due to economictransition and integration within the EuropeanUnion. Increased exploitation of resourcesfollowing recent entry into the market economyhas been further exacerbated by current patternsof economic growth that have accompanied EUaccession and the impacts of globalization. Thesituation varies considerably from country tocountry and from region to region,characterized by dynamic economicdevelopment in some parts and ongoingisolation in others. Five of the Carpathiancountries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland,Slovakia and Romania) have already joined theEU and the remaining two (Serbia and Ukraine)have expressed their interest to join. To date, theEU has given Serbia but not Ukraine theperspective of future membership in the Union.To help generate high-level political support forsustainable development in the Carpathians, theCarpathian Ecoregion Initiative – initially aninformal consortium of more than 50organizations from six countries in the2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 15

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGCarpathian region – created the first crossculturalbiodiversity and social-economicassessment of the Carpathians. The Danube-Carpathian Summit organised by the RomanianGovernment and WWF in Bucharest in April2001 led to the development and signing of theConvention on the Protection and SustainableDevelopment of the Carpathians (CarpathianConvention) in Kyiv in May 2003 and came intoforce in January 2006. The CarpathianConvention Interim Secretariat is presentlyhosted by the UNEP Regional Office for Europefrom Vienna, Austria. The first two Conferencesof the Parties were organized in 2006 and 2008.It is expected that at the third Conferencedecisions will be made on the future permanentlocation of the Secretariat.The Carpathian Convention is a frameworkconvention and the first significant political stepensuring environmental protection and socioeconomicdevelopment in the CarpathianMountains. Efforts are now underway to give theConvention more legislative power through aseries of protocols. The Convention obligates thesignatories to enhance their efforts to achievesustainable development of the CarpathianMountains through a wide range of sectorrelatedactivities, such as biodiversity,agriculture, forestry, water management, energyand transport. The Carpathian Network ofProtected Area (CNPA) has been established aspart of the Carpathian Convention and isconsidered as one of the key contributors to theimplementation of the Convention(www.carpathianparks.org)European Union policies are a major factor,both positive and negative, on sustainabledevelopment and conservation in theCarpathian Mountains. Closer integration intothe EU’s Common Market and some EU policiesand funding are leading to the intensification ofa number of threats to the natural values andlong-term sustainability of the Carpathians,including development of mass tourism facilities(e.g. ski resorts), transportation infrastructure,and agricultural intensification as well asabandonment of traditionally farmed areas.At the same time, however, increasing EUintegration is also driving forward adoption andimplementation of a number of progressive EUlaws and policies. Even Ukraine, which thus farhas not been presented with the perspective offuture membership in the European Union, hasbeen aligning its national laws and policies toimportant pieces of EU legislation. This presentspotentially powerful tools for natureconservation and sustainable development,including the Water Framework Directive andthe Habitats and Birds Directives. Legislation forassessing and limiting negative impacts on theenvironment, e.g. the Environmental Impact andStrategic Environmental Assessments (EIAs,SEAs) are also providing supportive policyenvironments for sustainable development.At the same time, recent reforms to EU fundingprogrammes have made significant newopportunities available for financing natureconservation and sustainable development.Within the framework of the EU’s CommonAgricultural Policy for the next financing periodof 2007-13, the new European Agricultural Fundfor Rural Development (EAFRD) providesopportunities for supporting agri-environmentalmeasures as well as measures contributingdirectly to implementation of the Natura 2000network of specially protected areas. The EU’srevised regional development regulations willprovide significant new opportunities within theStructural and Cohesion Funds for supportinginstitutional development, training andinfrastructure related to conservation andsustainable development.To this day, most people in the Carpathians stillmake their living through farming. A largemajority of this farming remains small in scale,labour intensive and with low inputs relying ontraditional practices. The most far-reachingthreat with potential wide-rangingenvironmental, social and economic impacts inthe Carpathians is the intensification ofagriculture. To a large extent, the most fortunateresult of the policy of collectivization during thecommunist regime was that many areas andlandscapes of the Carpathians remainedtraditionally managed or completelyundeveloped, making room for a significantlevel of biological diversity. These areas are nowextremely vulnerable to efficient land clearingprocesses that accompany intensive agriculture.SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTThe Carpathians are home to numerousnationalities and ethnic groups that are boundtogether by the highland lifestyle and manyyears of mixing and integration between the162008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGgroups. Culturally, the Carpathians are steepedin age-old traditions and marked by peopleswho have shared climate, hardships and a senseof isolation.The people of the Carpathians have made theirliving by grazing on mountain pastures andcultivating fields in river valleys for generations.Historically, mountain shepherding has beenone of the most important elements ofCarpathian culture. Shepherds and their flockscan still be encountered in the CarpathianMountains of Poland and Slovakia, and arecommon in the mountainous areas of Ukraineand Romania.Much of the Carpathians escaped agriculturalcollectivization under Communism thanks totheir relatively poor value for agriculture. As aresult, private ownership remained the rulerather than the exception across much of theregion. Agriculture went into a tailspin n theearly 1990s following the fall of Communistregimes and the move to a more free-marketsystem. The removal of agricultural subsidies,introduction of competition through freemarket reforms and resulting recession in theCarpathian countries has caused a significantdecline in agricultural employment and ruralincomes. The result has been the depopulationof rural areas, emigration of younger people insearch of work, and consequent aging of thepopulation remaining in rural areas. Traditionalforms of land use and lifestyles are being lost,with important consequences for biodiversity,including e.g. flowering meadow ecosystems, aswell as the continuity of cultural traditions andrural communities.Restitution and privatisation of forest areas hasbecome a major challenge for conservation inthe Carpathians. Forest land which wasnationalised by the Communist regimes after1945 has been steadily handed back to itsprevious owners. This process has beencompleted in Slovakia, Czech Republic andPoland, and is currently underway in Romania,but is not planned in Ukraine where most of theformer owners are dead and relevantdocuments are lost. Either of necessity orinterest, many of the new land and forestowners have put short-term over long-term gain,and are either over-exploiting their newresources or selling them off with little regard forexisting legislation governing the use andsustainability of these resources. As a result, landand forest restitution has led to the rapiddeterioration of land and forest resources thatuntil recently has been relatively well managedor even protected. Indeed, the side effects ofrestituting land and forest resources pose amajor threat to many protected areas in theCarpathian Ecoregion.Alternative activities enabling sustainablelivelihoods in the Carpathian Mountains forexample through ‘green’ businesses like ecotourism,organic farming and water bottling arein progress but are still not developed enough topresent a clear and attractive alternative. What isclear, however, is that the agricultural andforestry sector remains a vital part of life in theCarpathians and can provide a secure andprofitable basis for the regional economy.The key challenge for people, communities aswell as biodiversity and natural resources of theregion is to find a sustainable path fordevelopment, one which secures improvedquality of life while holding onto the prodigiousnatural, cultural and social wealth of the region.In many ways, the Carpathian Ecoregion standsat a crossroads between long-term sustainabledevelopment on the one hand; and followingthe unsustainable path already experience bymany other parts of Europe and the world,including the gradual erosion of its biologicalwealth, on the other.EXISTING PROTECTED AREAS – THE MOSTIMPORTANT TOOL FOR MAINTAINING THEFEATURES OF THE CARPATHIANSProtected areas are, or should be on of the mostefficient ways to maintain the exceptionalbiodiversity and landscape values of theCarpathian Mountains. Currently there are 285protected areas (see map above) in theCarpathians, covering 13% 1 of the region, withthe northwest of the Carpathians moreeffectively covered and managed than thesoutheast part.In the new EU member states (CZ, HU, PL, SKand RO), the designation of PAs according to theEU Habitat and Bird Directives, as part of theNatura 2000 network and CBD is quite advanced,but still not sufficient. In Romania, thedesignation process is being continued now withthe designation of future Natura 2000 sites and1 PROTECTED AREAS LARGER THAN 1000 HA2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 17

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGalso some new protected areas of nationalimportance. Serbia has a small part of theCarpathians, with one national park alreadydesignated. Ukraine took over the PA system,which had been established before 1990. Ingeneral, the existing PAs have very low levels offinancial and political support for protectionand management activities, and the cooperationbetween existing trans-boundary protected areasis low.Within these core areas large tracks of oldgrowthforests are still present. More than 900smaller protected areas are also contributing tothe maintenance of rare species and ecosystems.Table 1: Protected Areas in the Carpathians – datacollected by WWFD DCP, 2007CountryNo of PAs 1Total area(ha)Legalresponsibilityfor PAType ofmanagementauthorityRomaniaSlovakia6494817,720 644,942Ministry ofEnvironmentand WaterManagementMinistry ofEnvironment/State NatureConservancyNational ForestAuthority,NGOs, localauthorities,universities,private personsForestauthority;Forest ownersand users;NGOsUkraine77355,880Ministry ofEnvironmentand NaturalResourcesState Agencyfor ProtectedAreasPoland21536,496Ministry ofEnvironmentNational Park,State ForestAdministration,Local ForestryofficesFigure 6: Protected Areas in the Carpathians, 2007In Romania the distribution of protected areasestablished at the national level reflects very wellthat most of the natural values of the countryare concentrated in the Carpathian Mountains.Most of the large areas that qualify as wilderness,natural or high biodiversity areas in theRomanian Carpathian Mountains are includedin national and nature parks. The 14 nationalparks, equivalent of IUCN category II protectedareas have core areas defined in the legislationas “integral protection zones” where the use ofnatural resources or any other human activities,except visitor access, are forbidden. Some of thealpine and subalpine pastures is being used bylocal communities for grazing to continuetraditional activities that contribute also to themaintenance of some specific biodiversity. Areasranging from a few thousand to 30 – 40thousand hectares of forests or forest landscapesare still very well preserved in theses nationalparks, with little or no human activities allowed.HungaryCzechRepublicSerbia andMontenegroTotal13 1512852,785,300 62,943 205,832 161,487Ministry ofEnvironmentMinistry ofEnvironmentMinistry ofScience andEnvironmentalProtection ofthe Republic ofSerbiaNational ParkDirectoratesAdministrationof ProtectedAreasPublicEnterprises(mostly), NGOsapproved bythe Institute forNatureConservation ofSerbia182008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGareas (green) and critical areas for a functionalecological network are presented below. Pleasenote that this map (Figure 8) and the onepresented in Figure 5 and 10 are draft maps ofthe Development of Ecological NetworksProject, subject to improvement in the comingweeks.Figure 7 Map of Romanian Protected Areas at thenational level, Ministry of Environment andSustainable Development, 2007. Yellow: National andnature parks (IUCN category II and V) and biospherereserves; Red: reserves and natural monuments(IUCN categories I, III and IV)FIRST STEPS TOWARDS ESTABLISHINGCORRIDORS AND A LARGE SCALE PROTECTEDAREA IN THE CARPATHIANSEven if protected areas are considered the mostefficient tool for nature protection, they are notyet covering all critical areas for biodiversity andlandscape conservation and, maybe moreimportantly, are not yet established as a realnetwork. Sometimes protected areas are toosmall to allow enough room for naturalprocesses and adaptation to new challenges, likeclimate change.A recent analysis carried out to establish criticalareas for an ecological corridor in theCarpathians. The study developed within theDevelopment of a Carpathian EcologicalNetwork Project is in an advance stage forRomania, Ukraine and Serbia and just started forSlovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland. Theproject covering Romania, Ukraine and Serbia isimplemented by the Carpathian EcoregionInitiative (CERI) Alterra, Bio/consult Ltd., theDaphne Institute of Applied Ecology, theEuropean Centre for Nature Conservation(ECNC) and WWF-DCPO with financial supportfrom the Dutch BBI-Matra programme. Criticalgaps have been identified for biodiversityconservation, but also important areas that arealready under some kind of protection andcould easily become large refuges for wildlife. Apreliminary map showing existing protectedFig. 8. Preliminary map of critical areas forbiodiversity and protected area coverage in Romania,Ukraine and Serbia, source Development of aCarpathian Ecological Network Project, 2009The map shows an amazing corridor ofprotected areas in the Southern Carpathians,stretching almost from the Prahova Valley toDjerdap National Park in Serbia.If we consider only the protected areas ofnational interest, i.e. the national and natureparks (IUCN management categories II and V),the corridor is obvious only in the South-Western part of the Carpathians. The valuablebiodiversity and landscapes have a good legalprotection offered by the complex of 8 nationaland nature parks: Retezat, Domogled ValeaCernei and Cheile Nerei - Beusnita, Semenic -Cheile Carasului, Defileul Jiului national parks,Portile de Fier, Gradistea Muncelului -Cioclovina Nature Parks, Tara Hategului andPlatoul Mehedinti Geoparks. With more than2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 19

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING500.000 ha this corridor is the largest area with alegal protected statute not only in Romania, butmaybe for most of Europe. The Djerdap NationalPark in Serbia help stretch this large protectedarea over the border in Serbia.Fig.9. The protected area complex and the IntactForest Landscape in the South Western Carpathiansof Romania, source Retezat Natioal Park, 2007Table 2. Protected areas of national interest thatcould be the basis of the „European Yellowstone” inthe Southern CarpthiansProtected AreaSurface [ha]Parcul Natural Bucegi 32.598Parcul National Piatra Craiului 14.781Parcul National Cozia 16.721Parcul National Buila-Vanturarita4.491Parcul National Defileul Jiului 11.136Parcul Natural GradisteaMuncelului - Cioclovina38.116Geoparcul Dinozaurilor TaraHategului100.487Parcul National Retezat 38.117Parcul National Domogled -Valea Cernei61.190Geoparcul Platoul Mehedinti 106.492Parcul Natural Portile de Fier 128.196Parcul National Cheile Nerei -Beusnita36.707Parcul National Semenic -36.219Cheile CarasuluiTotal - Southern Carpathians 625.250Total - South-WesternCarpathians Protected areacomplex of the South-WesternCarpathians556.66This large corridor or complex of protectedareas covers also a large part of the last IntactForest Landscape (IFL) on the Europeancontinent, located south to the polar circle. Astudy developed under the coordination ofGreenpeace, looking to large areas of forestlandscape with no or very low humandisturbance mapped all Intact Forest Landscapesin the World larger than 500 km 2 . The last “greenspot” of Intact Forest Landscapes on theEuropean map, if Scandinavian countries andRussia are excluded, is located here, in Romania,in the south-western corner of the Carpathians.Almost 90% of the IFL is already included inexisting protected areas, but managementmeasures are not yet adapted to supportmaintenance of this exceptional value. The IFLconcept is not yet defined and accepted in theRomanian legislation and in the conservationmanagement practices, even if the exceptionaland unique value of the area has been recentlyconfirmed through a study of the Ministry ofEnvironment Sustainable Development.Economic developed through the Institute ofForest Management Planning and Research.Pressures are already high on this area,especially from transport and tourisminfrastructure development and forestry.Fig.10. Existing major transport corridors and areassuitable for sustainable development, sourceDevelopment of the Carpathian Ecological Networkproject, 2009202008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGIf we add the new protected areas, designated asfuture Natura 2000 sites, i.e, if we add theFagaras Mountain SCI, the Frumoasa SPA, Strei-Hateg SCI, Parang SCI and the Tarcu SCI theextended “Yellowstone” comes into shape,covering almost one million hectars of the mostvaluable areas of the Carpathians.These proposed “European Yellowstone”protected area would not only protect therepresentative landscapes and the rich forestand alpine biodiversity, but would also includemany of the un-protected old-growth forests ofRomania.The Carpathian Ecological Network project,through a further analysis of the main transportinfrastructure that is already developed in theregion, demonstrates that the SouthernCarpathian Protected Area Complex or theSouth-Western Protected Area Complex are notyet fragmented by major infrastructuredevelopment.PRESSURES AND THREATS THAT HAVE TO BEADDRESSED TO ALLOW EFFICIENT PROTECTEDAREA MANAGEMENT IN EUROPE’S LARGESTPROTECTED AREALooking to the maps it is obvious that a criticalfirst step is already done for most of the areasthat would form Europe’s largest protected area:19 national and nature parks and future Natura2000 sites are designated officially by theRomanian and Serbian government.However, an important question is still open:how realistic is to plan for a Europe’s largestprotected area in the Southern Carpathians?The brief analysis of the socio-economic contextpresented above, shows that the entireCarpathians are under significant developmentpressure that will be most likely present in thefuture, so the threats will not diminish, but mostlikely increase.In 2001 a group of Romanian and foreignspecialists trying to design an ecologicalnetwork for large carnivores as a tool to secureone of Europe’s most representative and healthypopulations of brown bears (Ursus arctos),wolves (Canis lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx), hasidentified the following threats to wildernessareas and large areas that include natural forestsand other ecosystems needed by these keystonespecies:1. Land privatisation and encroachment, asmore than 40% of the Carpathian forestshave been fragmented through landrestitution and un-sustainable managementafter 1990;2. Changes in forestry, in the close to naturemanagement before 1990 to a managementthat looks more to the economic benefits,determined by the pressure of the newlydeveloped market economy;3. Changes in agricultural practices, mostlyland abandonment4. Hunting and poaching5. Stream valley deterioration, with anincreasing pressure from hydropowerdevelopment in the mountain areas – anincreasing threat now, with the newcommitments of Romania as a member ofthe European Union to reduce the use offossil fuels6. Very intense development of new transportinfrastructure and associated pollution alongthe heavily used roadsAs these threats are very relevant for the area ofthe potential “European Yellowstone”, eventhough the areas are already included inprotected areas, a brief analysis of the majorthreats is presented below.Direct threatsUnsustainable logging: The Carpathianforests, particularly the old-growth forestsand the forest in the lowlands such asfloodplain forest are being cleared at analarming rate. In order to get a short-termgain from the forest, exacerbated by theongoing processes of land restitution, manyforest owners or illegal loggers are reducingthe quantity and quality of the forest in theCarpathians. Illegal logging has become aprofitable business and is common in theCarpathians partly due to very poor forestgovernance systems.Habitat destruction from changing landuse: The Carpathians are rich in a diverse setof habitats based on the limited populationpressure and the less intensive naturalresource management systems such asagriculture. The persistence of low intensity,traditional agricultural practices in theCarpathians makes the region the lastbastion of many semi-natural grasslands thathave vanished from most of Europe. Withincreasing intensification of agriculture and2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 21

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGland abandonment in many of the remote,rural villages, these nature rich systems arenot being maintained and severe levels ofbiodiversity loss are underway.Habitat fragmentation/destruction frominfrastructure development: Attempts topromote rapid economic development hasled to poorly planned and inappropriateinfrastructure development such as roadsand ski developments in and throughprotected areas. Habitats are being torn upand fragmented by rapid growth ininfrastructure development across theCarpathians. After many years of economicneglect, investment has been welcomed, butthe relevant planning authorities anddecision-makers lack the awareness andunderstanding as well as relevant skills andtools to seek sustainable solutions toinfrastructure development and nature andresource conservation.Destruction of freshwater habitats fromriver regulation and flood control: TheCarpathian region is remarkably rich inrelatively intact river systems, brimming withlife and providing drinking water to millionsof people in southeast Europe. However,with the destruction of natural habitats andthe growth of housing development inappropriate areas rivers have become thefocus of the regulation and control work.This is ongoing and rampant throughout theregion despite a growing understanding ofthe role of natural ecosystems in theprovision of drinking water, flood control,recreation and waste water treatment.Indirect threats (root causes)The main root causes of threats to theCarpathians Ecoregion are as follows:Inappropriate rural development: Theregion contains one of the biggest areas ofhighly diverse semi-natural habitat and highnaturevalue farming systems in Europe,which is associated with more traditional,less intensive forms of production. Thesesustainable economic practices arethreatened by abandonment in thehighlands and intensification in thelowlands, which could mean also the lost ofan irreparable cultural heritage and lifestyle.Lack of financial and technical support:Forest protection measures as well asprotected area management measures areoften inadequate because of weak legislativeframeworks and/or enforcement of existinglegislation in the region. The lack of financialresources for the enforcement of existinglegislation leads to illegal activities, includinglogging, corruption, and the inability totackle cultural issues. In many cases, forestand protected area governance should besignificantly improved.Land restitution and privatization: Landprivatization and restitution are alsoresulting in activities that maximize shorttermgain above all else – for example,increased cropping on unstable slopes thatexacerbates erosion, or the clearing of smallprivately owned forests. Forest restitutionalso brings on the scene of forestry newactors – owners and administrators – whoneed to learn and implement sustainableforest management practices.Unsustainable tourism represents both asignificant challenge to the biodiversity ofthe Carpathians, as well as an importantopportunity for rural development for theregion. Increased sustainable tourism inmountain areas is now considered aspresenting significant potential for benefits toboth rural environments and economies inthe future. However, if not properly plannedand developed, tourism will continue torepresent a real threat through overdevelopmentof certain areas, and byopening up access to natural areas thatshould be preserved for nature.Short-term economic gain: The povertysuffered in the region and the opportunitiesof the capital and market opportunities hasled to a rush for short-term economic gainthrough inappropriate development,emigration and rapid exploitation (legal andillegal) of the natural resources of the region.Corruption and poor governance havegreatly facilitated and accelerated thisprocess. Longer-term economic and socialstrategies are struggling to survive andpredominate in this environment. As a result,protected areas have suffered throughout theCarpathians.In 2006 an other group of specialists, most ofthem in charge with the management ofnational and nature parks identify the samethreats. Protected area managers and some ofthe key stakeholders from the existing protected222008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGareas have identified the top pressures andthreats to protected areas, during a workshoporganized by WWF Danube CarpathianProgramme. The workshop was aiming to assesprotected area management at the system level,using the Rapid Assessment and PrioritizationMethodology of Protected Area Management(RAPPAM) developed by WWF. For nationalparks the most important pressure and threatidentified is logging, followed by land usechange and hunting / poaching.Landuse change, logging, waste disposal andloss of traditions are the main threats identifiedfor nature parks. Even though loss of traditionsmight not seem a threat that should concernnature conservationists, it is important tounderstand that the loss of traditions is stronglylinked to traditional livelihoods more generally,involving agricultural practices that weresignificantly contributing to the maintenance ofthe biodiversity and valuable mosaic landscapesthroughout the Carpathians.Degree450400350300250200150100500117147Poaching1838793120190192Lan d use changeW a ste disposalLogg ingCumulative pressure607387Unco ntro lled to ur ismC onstr uctions7072103 98 84271608689GrazingInfrastru cture de velopmen HuntingPo llutionCumulative threat9511156675577Hydro tech nica l workLoss of traditions MiningSki resorts56 185 18Commercial fishingFig.11. The most significant threats and pressures tonational parks, 2006, RAPPAM workshopThese threats are worrying by themselves.Adding the unfavourable policy environmentand weak protected area policies, identifiedand acknowledged during the RAPPAMworkshop by protected area managers, do nothelp in planning for a hopeful future forprotected areas in Romania. As a new memberof the European Union (EU), Romania had toextend areas protected for their biodiversityvalues, increasing the surface of protected areasfrom about 8% of the national territoryrepresented by national parks, nature parks,biosphere reserves, nature reserves and naturalmonuments to about 19% with the proposedNatura 2000 sites. But no resources other thansome of the funds coming from the EuropeanUnion are planned to develop an efficientprotected area management system. Furthermore, the National Agency for Protected Areas,established after years of debates, in 2008 is nowon the edge of disappearing even before itstarted to work for the support of protected areamanagers.D egr ee4003503002502001501005008290Poach ing228148146 149140177L an d u se cha ng eWaste disposalLogg in gCumulative pressure100205Uncontrolled tourismC o ns tr uction s72150 1228285 89 79 74 81 83Grazi ngInfrastructure de velopm en H u ntin gPollutionCumulative threat1601121721567244H ydrotechnica l workL o ss of traditio ns Minin g4812Ski resorts4242C omm ercial fishingFig.12. The most significant threats and pressures tonature parks, 2006, RAPPAM workshopThe most important aspects for protected areamanagement and for wilderness protection andmanagement are, of course, related to financialand human resources. The Romaniangovernment is not allocating at present anyfunds for protected area management. Furthermore, protected area management teams arevery young and in need for training and capacitybuilding programmes, whereas there are nocoherent training programmes for protectedarea management.Therefore the question “how realistic is to planfor a European Yellowstone” is very legitimate.2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 23

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGNEXT STEPS TO ENSURE EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT[3] GIURESCU C.C. 1075. History of forests inRomania fron the old times till today. Ed.Ceres. Bucuresti.OF THE “EUROPEAN YELLOWSTONE” – THELARGEST PROTECTED AREA [4] GIURGIU V. et al. Pristine forests of Romania. Ed.ASBL Foret Wallonne, Louvrin-le-Neuve. Belgia.Despite the unfavourable policy environmentand serious lack o resources for maintaining thewilderness areas in Romania, there are variousprojects that try to find solutions by looking tovalues and benefits for key stakeholders or evensetting up partnerships to promote and useprotected areas for the benefit of people andlocal communities.One of the successful initiatives is thecertification of the Retezat National Park in thePAN Parks system and the establishment of alocal tourism association that will promote theRetezat wilderness on the European ecotourismmarket. The model is there, it needs support tosurvive and to be extended to neighbouringareas.There are also active conservation organizationsthat are supporting protected areas and theecotourism concept as well as conservation ofHigh Conservation Value Forests, thuscontributing to the efficient management ofprotected areas, like WWF Danube CarpathianProgramme, the Association of Ecotourism fromRomania and many other NGOs from the NGOCoalition Natura2000 Romania.But these are only small contributions to thehuge task of providing a framework and enoughresources for the European Yellowstone tobecome a viable and efficient protected areacomplex. Political will is key for such a bigendeavour and to obtain it WWF needs thepartnership and support of many otherorganizations and institutions. A strategy will bedeveloped to plan the steps for such anambitious campaign and hopefully others willjoin our efforts to maintain the values ofEurope’s largest protected area.REFERENCES[1] BIRIS I.A., RADU S., COANDA CORINA 2002. Pristineforests in Romania: sanctuaries for nature andtreasures of biodiversity. ICAS, KNNV.Bucharest.[2] ERIKA STANCIU and GERALD STEINDLEGGER (April2006) RAPPAM (Rapid Assessment andPrioritization of Protected Area Management)METHODOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION INROMANIA - Key findings and results[5] ICAS and Altenburg & Wymenga EcologicalConsultants, 2006. Safeguarding the RomanianCarpathian Ecological Network[6] ICAS – Institutul for Forest Research andPlanning, 2007, Study for the inventory,mapping and establishing sustainablemanagement measures for Intact ForestLamdscapes, contract 3188/2007[7] MAANEN E. VAN et al. 2006. Safeguarding theRomanian Carpathian Ecologial Network.Avision for large carnivores and Biodiversity inEastern Europe. A& W ecological consultants,Veenwonden. The Netherlands. ICAS WildlifeUnit, Brasov, Romania.[8] RADU S. 2001. Biodiversity of Romanian pristineforests, pag. 59-70.[9] BOISSON B., RADU S. 2007. Romanian old growthforest : heritage, to be preserved / paduriseculare, patrimoniu ce trebuie salvat, WWFDCP Bucuresti[10] Governmental Ordinance nr 57/20.06.07regarding the regim of the natural protectedareas, conservation of natural haitats and ofwild flora and fauna. Gazetted in M. OF.442/29.06.2007[11] Development of the Carpathian EcologicalNetwork – BBI Matra project implemented bythe Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative (CERI)Alterra, Bio/consult Ltd., the Daphne Institute ofApplied Ecology, the European Centre forNature Conservation (ECNC) and WWF-DCPOAUTHOR & AFFILIATION1.ERIKA STANCIU1.WWF DANUBE CARPATHIAN PROGRAMME,CARPATHIAN FOREST AND PROTECTED AREA LEADER,ROMANIA242008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.MARIUS CĂLIN BENEAINTERNAL MARKETING AND PERFORMANCEIN SERVICES ORGANIZATIONSAbstract:The paper tries to reveal the critical importance of service employees and human resource indelivery of quality services and creating customer satisfaction. We consider that the employees'abilities (attitudes and behavior) can improve - or reduce- the reputation of services organization(employees are responsible for the organizational performance). Internal marketing is the vision of aservices organization that wants to transform its employees in loyal customers. By satisfying „internalcustomers”, the organization improves its ability of satisfying the „external customers” successfully.Internal marketing is a concept aimed at developing customer conscious employees that willconsistently deliver superior quality service to the external marketplace. For the purpose of this paperthe group will focus on the customer orientation perspective as it is relevant in the context of highcontact service employees.In the context of customer orientation internal marketing considers the attraction, retention andmotivation of service-minded employees. Internal marketing is a technique implemented by theorganization in an attempt to ensure the provision of excellent service.This paper focuses on the fact that the services organization’s performance is fundamentally based onthe way managers lead – using their creativity, imagination, competence – the employees.Keywords:Internal marketing, customer satisfaction, performance, employeesINTRODUCTION TO INTERNAL MARKETINGInternal marketing was first proposed within theservices literature in the 1970’s as a solution tothe problem of delivering high quality service(Vary and Lewis, 1998). Internal marketing is aconcept aimed at developing customerconscious employees that will consistentlydeliver superior quality service to the externalmarketplace (Papasolomou-Doukais, 2003).Internal marketing depends on a variety ofindividual activities throughout theorganizations and it attempts to inform andeducate the employee regarding theorganizations mission the benefits of the productor service being sold, and the expectations of theorganizations customers (Vary and Lewis, 1998).Such a programme aimed at generatingemployee commitment is not new as it isinherent in total quality management literature.According to Ahmed and Rafiq (2002, p.1)internal marketing requires:The acceptance of marketing techniques andphilosophy within an organization© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 25

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGCustomer orientation and a marketorientationA participative approach to managementA strategic approach to human resourcesmanagementThe coordination of all management activityto achieve customer or market orientationor customer focused management.DEFINITION OF INTERNAL MARKETINGInternal marketing is an ambiguous concept(Flipo, 2000). The term internal marketing isused widely as a means of highlightingcommitment to improving the effectiveness ofthe services offered by an organizations’resources (Gilmore, 2000). Internal marketing isnot a departmental function rather anorganizational activity as the entire resourceswithin the organization must be coordinated(Hogg and Carter, 2000).The definitions reviewed within the literaturehighlight the ability possessed by internalmarketing to improve service quality through anorganizational effort. The definitionsencountered within the literature can becategorized according to three perspectives, theinternal customer, the development of acustomer orientation and the theory of internalmarketing as an implementation mechanism.For the purpose of this paper the group willfocus on the customer orientation perspective asit is relevant in the context of high contactservice employees.CUSTOMER ORIENTATIONInternal marketing has been defined as theapproach employed by the organization toadvocate the philosophies of customer andservice orientation throughout the organizationthrough the motivation of employees (Varey,1994). In this context the organization attemptsto install a set of values related to achieving asuperior service climate within the employeesbelief systems (Varey, 1994).Barnes (1998) approaches internal marketing ina similar manner by defining it as actions takenby the organization to ensure that customersreceive the highest standard of service due tothe employees’ commitment to service quality.The organisation cultivates employeecommitment by encouraging the use ofcustomer focused quality techniques(Ballantyne, 1991).In the context of customer orientation internalmarketing considers the attraction, retentionand motivation of service-minded employees.The motivation of employees is not enough initself, as the customer orientation, must becommunicated into the external marketplacethrough employee action (Rafiq and Ahmed,2000). George (1990) illustrated that relationalexchanges between employees within anorganization should be considered a prerequisitefor successful exchanges with external markets.The satisfaction of the internal customer is ofcritical importance as; satisfaction will ultimatelyeffect the satisfaction of the external market(Ballantyne, 1997). Internal marketing is atechnique implemented by the organization inan attempt to ensure the provision of excellentservice.THE MODELS OF INTERNAL MARKETINGGronroos (****) believes Internal marketing isconcerned with ensuring employees areconsistently conscious of delivering servicequality. The model highlights how internalmarketing should be supported by managementwith information exchange, recruitment andtraining and employee decision making (Rafiqand Ahmed, 2002). Employees realize theimportance of their position within theorganization and develop into satisfiedindividuals. The model stresses the importanceof interactive marketing in conjunction withinternal marketing. Interactive marketing is aproposed with how customer contact employeestake care of customers during serviceencounters (Bitner and Evans, 1993). Byimproving the service encounter throughinternal marketing customer satisfaction andemployee motivation can be increased.However, Gronroos (****) does not encapsulateall the elements of internal marketing (Rafiq andAhmed 2000). The elements of internalmarketing identified by Rafiq and Ahmed (2000)include:Employee motivation and satisfactionCustomer orientation and customersatisfaction262008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGInterventional co-ordination and integrationMarketing like approach to the aboveImplementation of specific corporate andfunctional strategiesRafiq and Ahmed developed a comprehensivemodel of internal marketing based on theseelements. According to the model the use of amarketing like approach is fundamental ininternal marketing, as it incites the employee tobecome customer orientated throughmotivation and coordination of functionaldepartments (Rafiq and Ahmed, 2002). Jobsatisfaction is incorporated due to the belief thatif the internal customer is satisfied in the serviceposition this satisfaction will be transferred tothe external customer (Rafiq and Ahmed 2000).Empowerment is integrated into the model tohighlight the importance of allowing theemployee flexibility in terms of decision-makingduring the service encounter (Rafiq and Ahmed,2000).This model focuses on the area of service qualityso it is largely applicable in the service industry.THE OBJECTIVES OF INTERNAL MARKETINGInternal marketing aims to improve customerconsciousness by changing the beliefs of thefront line employees (Ahmed, Rafiq and Saad,2003). Helman and Payne (1992) believe theobjectives of marketing depend on the reason itis being implemented. Internal marketing maybe concerned with improving employeeroutines through internal motivation. Internalmarketing may be concerned with ensuring theentire organization understands eachdepartment’s function within the organization.The internal marketing function may be aimedat marketing the organizations product orservices to customers.Internal marketing aims to improve the overallbusiness process within an organization toensure that resources to progress theorganizations aspiration are made available tothe internal customer (Joesph, 1996).MOTIVATING SERVICE EMPLOYEESWhy Motivate EmployeesAs previously discussed, the service encounterand internal marketing include the use ofmotivation, as a perquisite for their success inthe marketing of services. Management need tobe aware of motivations exact connotation tocomprehend its use to their business. Motivationcan be defined as “the development of a desirewithin an employee to perform a task to his/hergreatest ability based on that individual’s owninitiative” (Rudolf and Kleiner, 1989, p. 1). Byanalyzing the definition, one can ascertain,motivation to be the level at which an employeewill perform a specified activity for thecompany, an imperative function for success.Motivation can also mean employees “…striveto reach peak performance every day, … enjoythe continual challenge of improving results,genuinely care about their peers and theircompany, and will maintain positive results”(Evenson, 2003, p.21), or as “the willingness toexert high levels of effort toward organizationalgoals, conditioned by the person’s ability tosatisfy some individual need” (Robbins, 1993 ascited in Lu, 1999, p. 63).The definitions of motivation, lead anorganization to believe their employees willperform their specified tasks better than thenorm and will genuinely wish to do so, while thisis important for the business, motivation canalso have other benefits. Carlsen (2003) believesa motivated workforce is essential, as thecomplete participation of employees willinevitably drive the profitability of theorganization. Another paramount concern formanagement is, motivating their employeesrelates directly to the perceived increase inperformance the employees with deliver frommanagements’ participation in the exercising ofmotivation techniques, therefore, there is adirect result between the levels of motivationand management’s participation. (Tyagi, 1982).Certain academics have linked motivation asbeing a key determinant of job performance andhow a poorly motivated force will be costly interms of excessive staff turnover, higherexpenses, negative morale and increased use ofmanagements’ time (Jobber, 1994). Therefore,management need to know what exactlymotivates their staff so resources are notmisallocated and dissatisfaction develops amongemployees (Jobber, 1994). While motivation is akey determinant of performance, managementmust not neglect how motivation is the alsoconcerned with the educating of employees.Darmon (1974) believe motivation is theeducating of employees to channel their effortstowards organizational activities and thus2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 27

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGincreasing the performance of the saidboundary spanning roles.If management neglect to educate and motivatetheir employees, they will inevitable becomedissatisfied or disenchanted with their job.Disenchantment in the workplace leads toabsenteeism, turnover, sick leave, strikes,grievances and even accidents. Denton (1991)believes a motivated workforce would alleviatedisenchantment felt by employees and improvethese factors. Denton (1991) also believes amotivated workforce will lead to greaterunderstanding, acceptance, commitment toimplementation, understanding of objectivesand decision making between management andemployees.Finally, motivation can also be used as a tool todevelop further, the high performers and ensurethey are satisfied with their work activities.Green (2000) envisages motivation to beproactive in the sense of; in dealing withemployees who are high performers, motivationis essential, otherwise their performance willdecline or they will simply leave the job. In thearea of dealing with low performers, motivationis a prerequisite, otherwise these employees willdrag results down, lower productivity andcertainly won’t leave the organization, as theywill have nowhere else to go.HOW MANAGEMENT CAN MOTIVATE THEIREMPLOYEES?Rewards: “Good manager helps sub-ordinatesfeel strong and responsible, who rewards themproperly for good performance and who seesthat things are organized in such a way thatsubordinates feel they know what they shouldbe doing” (McClelland and Burnham, 1997,p.30). As McClelland and Burnham (1997)outline, management should reward theiremployees for their performance and loyalty.Rewards can take two forms; extrinsic rewardsor intrinsic rewards.Extrinsic Rewards: Extrinsic rewards as outlinedby Rudolph and Kleiner (1989) and Sujan (1986)as those basic material requirements whichmanagement must meet for the employee.Examples include; salary, fringe benefits,promotions and so on. The extrinsic rewardsare usually viewed by employees as a given anda must. Extrinsic rewards are usually thought ofin terms of money.Darmon (1974) believes money or financialincentives are motivators of employees’behavior and they can be used to influence theirbehavior; this can be used in a variety ofcircumstances, which may arise within theorganization.Dauten (1998) outlines how employees are bestmotivated, by having them bet on their ownsuccess. Therefore, management should tie theirperformance in with their bonuses; this will actas a motivator, as a challenge has beenpresented to them. Employees will want toachieve managements’ goals as the greater theirperformance the greater the financial rewardreceived.Intrinsic Rewards: Rudolph and Kleiner (1989)outline intrinsic rewards as psychologicalincentives, for example, input, thanks, jobrotation, job enlargement and so on. Theimportance of intrinsic rewards is how theybuild a climate and environment of trust and cooperationamong employees. Or as Sujan (1986)outlines, employees who are motivatedintrinsically “enjoy performing job-related tasks,such as influencing customers and learningabout the company” (p.42).Nelson (2003) contends, while money is amotivator, it is not as powerful as the following:Feeling of contribution to the job, havingmanagement tell us we are doing a good job,having the respect of our peers and colleagues,being involved and informed of developmentsand having meaningful and interesting work.While, Nelson (2003) finds these methods as goodmotivating tools, he outlines how the use ofrecognition is the ultimate motivator.The importance being, “recognition is not justfor the person who performed well – it alsosends a message to other employees as itcommunicates the standard of the company”(Nelson, 2003, p.8). Nelson (2003) implores tomanagement, recognition will improve the levelof performance by employees, which inevitablyimproves the financial performance of theorganization. Nelson (2003) believes the uses ofmonetary rewards are becoming “viewed as aright as opposed to reward and therefore theability for money to serve as incentive isdiminished” (p.8). Money also distracts teammembers as their concentration is now focusedon individual cash gains. Therefore, Nelson(2003) has developed a number of ways in which282008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGan organization can motivate their employeeswithout incurring great financial costs.Ways in which an organization can installrecognition as low-cost (Nelson, 2003, p.9):Call employees into office and say “thanks”Acknowledge individual achievementsCreate employee “hall of fame”Photo collage of successful project and thosewho worked on itPlace to display memos/posters asrecognition of employees work in their helpin achieving goalsBehind – the – scenes awards for those outof limelightCertificate programMost importantly, be timely, sincere andspecific.CONCLUSIONMany organizations testify that their employeesare their most valuable resource. This isespecially relevant in the service organization.Customers often base their perceptions of theservice on the quality of the interaction withservice personnel. For this reason it is essentialthat the employee is motivated to consistentlydeliver a high quality service experience to thecustomer. Motivation is especially importantwhen employees operate in a boundaryspanning position, as this involves high levels ofstress and burn out.We propose internal marketing as a mechanismfor ensuring the motivation of serviceemployees. The implementation of an internalmarketing program ensures that motivation is atthe forefront of managements’ priorities. Thisrealization implores management to considerthat motivation is not solely the responsibility ofhuman resources but must be adopted by allmanagers throughout the organizationregardless of their functional department. Insummary, the importance of motivated highcontact employees is fully realized through theadoption of internal marketing.REFERENCES[1] BATESON, J.E.G. and HOFFMAN, K.D. (1996),Managing Services Marketing, 4 th edn.Dryden Press, Dryden. U.S.A[2] CARSLEN, K. (2003) Sales motivation: onesize does not fit all. Selling, October, pp.14 – 15.[3] DARMON, R.Y. (1974) Salesman’s responseto financial incentives: an empirical study.Journal of Marketing Research, 11 (3)November, pp. 418 – 426.[4] DAUTEN, D. (1998) The best way to motivateemployees: have them bet on their ownsuccess. New Hampshire Business Review,20 (13) June, pp.8 –9.[5] DENTON, D.K. (1991) What’s wrong withthese employees? Business Horizons, 34 (5)September – October, pp. 45 – 49.[6] EVENSON, R. (2003) Motivating to developan all-star team. American Salesman, 48(10) October, pp. 21 – 27.[7] GRONROOS, C. (1990). ServiceManagement and Marketing Managing theMoments Of Truth in Service Competition.Lexington Books. U.S.A.[8] LEWIS, B.R. and ENTWISTLE, T.W. (1990),“Managing the service encounter: a focuson the employee”, International Journal ofServices Industry Management, Vol.1 No. 3,pp.41-52[9] NELSON, B. (2003) Money is not the root ofall motivation. Health Care Registration,12 (10) July, pp. 7 – 9.[10] RAFAELI, (1989), “When cashiers meetcustomers: an analysis of the role ofsupermarket cashiers”, ManagementAcademy Review, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp.245-273[11] REGAN, W.J. (1963), “The servicerevolution”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 27No. 3, pp.57-63.[12] ROBBINS, S.P. (1993) OrganizationalBehavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,Prentice-Hall as cited in Lu, L. (1999) Workmotivation, job stress and employees’ wellbeing. Journal of Applied ManagementStudies, 8 (1) June, pp. 61 – 72.[13] RUDOLPH, P.A. and KLEIMER, B.H. (1989) Theart of motivating employees. Journal ofManagerial Psychology, 4 (5), pp. 1 – 4.2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 29

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING[14] SUJAN, H. (1986) Smarter versus harder: anexploratory attributional analysis ofsalespeople’s motivation. Journal ofMarketing Research, 23 (4) February, pp.41 – 49.[15] TYAGI, P.K. (1982) Perceived organizationalclimate and the process of salespersonmotivation. Journal of MarketingResearch, 19 (2) May, pp. 240 – 254.[16] ZEITHAML, V.A. and BITNER M.J. (2003)Services Marketing Integrating CustomerFocus Across The Firm. 3 rd ed. McGraw-Hill. New York, U.S.A.AUTHOR & AFFILIATION1.MARIUS CĂLIN BENEA1.DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIAACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro302008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.AMALIA ANA DASCĂLSTUDY ON THE VARIATION OF CONVENTIONALFLOW LIMIT DEPENDING ON THE MAIN ALLOYELEMENTS FOR THERMORESISTANT STEELAbstract:The paper presents the results of the research made under laboratory experimental testing, onOLT45K steel, intended to the manufacturing of tubes, used at high temperature in the make-up ofthermal-energetic installation. Mechanical driving testing has been made at the temperature of 450°C,on shares of test-bars drawn out of a number of 50 charges, with a view to achieving the optimizationof the chemical composition of this steel type. The optimization, under experimental dates, suggestsalternatives of combinations among the main elements of the chemical composition, so as the steelcan be elaborated with superior mechanical features at high temperature. The obtained results have alarge feasibility area, and can be also endorsed for other steel types and mechanical features forwhich the optimization is viewed, therefore being very useful to technologists, in the process ofachieving a certain type of steel.Keywords:high temperature, thermal resistant steel, mechanical testing, life-length, mechanical featureGENERAL APPRECIATIONGenerally, any research elaboration impliessome stages: gathering the dates, their modelingand the decisional working out. Theinformational pattern-making follows 3 steps:manual, mechanical and automatic.Its results have to be presented in a shape whichmakes them utilizable by the beneficiary, nomatter the pattern-making method.A new and important problem, raised in thestudy of multidimensional reparations, concernsthe bound among the analyzed variables andthrough them, among the phenomena theyrepresent, known as correlation. It includes twofundamental problems: the first consists indescribing the medium variation law of avariable depending on another (or other)variable(s), known as the problem of regressionand settled under the regression function, andthe irrespective of the linked variable measures.Estimating and sizing the thermal-electric powerstation pipes is extremely detailed andexpensive, regarding the use of the finiteelement programmes, as it is very hard to specifyall the testing which the pipe system is to berequested, during the estimated life length.Extreme situations and possible exploitationaccidents are also hard to estimate.This is the reason of choosing as a subject of thepaper the making of multiple correlations, IIfigure, which offers information on the influenceof two of the chemical composition elements onthe technical running limit at the temperatureguaranteed by the metal manufacturer. From thegraphical representation and knowledge of the© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 31

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGoutline values, we can establish the desiredvalue of the mechanical feature, for any contentof an element found in the chemicalcomposition. We can also establish the bestvariation fields of these elements, varying withthe desired values of the studies parameter.EXPERIMENTAL DATESThe numerical studies had as starting point thedriving experimental testing at heat, made onshares of test-bars drawn out of a number of 50charges of OLT 45K steel, endorsed into anelectrical oven equipped with a spring, whosechemical composition is presented in [1] paper.Fig.2 The variation of the technical running limitR p0,2/450 , containing manganese and silicium, takinginto consideration the medium percentage of carbonFig.1 The shape and size of test-bars used in testingThree test-bars have been tried for each charge,their shape and size being shown in fig.1.ESTABLISHING THE NUMERICAL STUDIESBy using the experimental dates obtained afterlaboratory testing, it went forward toestablishing some graph correlations, usingMATLAB 5.0 programme. Files with experimentaldates and those obtained by the rolling of theused programmes, can be found in [1] paper.The numerical results, obtained by rolling theprogramme are sizable, for which they are notpresented in the paper. Then, the graphsobtained by mathematical pattern-making of theresults.Fig.3 The variation of the technical running limitR p0,2/450 , containing carbon and silicium, taking intoconsideration the medium percentage of manganese322008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGFig.4 The variation of the technical running limitR p0,2/450 , containing manganese and carbon, takinginto consideration the medium percentage ofsiliciumFig.6 The delimitation of the best field for thetechnical running limit R p0,2/450 , depending on thecarbon and silicium content, taking intoconsideration the medium percentage of manganeseFig.5 The delimitation of the best field for thetechnical running limit R p0,2/450 , depending on themanganese and silicium content, taking intoconsideration the medium percentage of carbonFig.7 The delimitation of the best field for thetechnical running limit R p0,2/450 , depending on thecarbon and manganese content, taking intoconsideration the medium percentage of silicium2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 33

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGBecause of the huge size of dates found in such aprocessing of experimental dates, we stopped,focusing on the mechanical feature R p0,2/450 ,which must be guaranteed by the metalmanufacturer, for the analysed steel.The most important feature of this steel categoryat high temperature is the conventional runninglimit at heat. This is the reason why the studyhas been made for establishing combinations ofthe best chemical composition and through theworking process, for the steel to have superiormechanical features. Therefore, the obtainedresults follow the way of the conventionalrunning limit for combinations of three mainelements of the chemical composition. Throughthe multidimensional numerical pattern-makingof the experimental dates, it was tried thefinding of a modeling of the dependent variable,considering the independent variables x, y, z as:222u = C ⋅ x + C ⋅ y + C ⋅ z + C ⋅ x ⋅ y + C ⋅ y ⋅ z612+ C ⋅ z ⋅ x + C ⋅ x + C ⋅ y + C ⋅ z + C783The variation limits of the variable are:94[%C] = 0,16…0,23; [%Mn] = 0,51…0,83;[%Si] = 0,16…0,35; Rp 0,2/450 = 169…255.105[1]The medium values and the medium squaredeviation of the variables are:[%C]:0,18563…0,01886; [%Mn]:0,66375…0,09545;[%Si]:0,235…0,047697; [Rp 0,2/450 ]: 08,95…17,193The correlation coefficient is valued:rf = 0,65599451703118,and the deviation from the regression area is:sf = 12,97668845383391The maximum established on the 50 chargessample is given by:22R p 0.2= 19828,0654 ⋅[%C]− 268,3624 ⋅[%Mn]2+ 571,8135 ⋅[%Si]− 2984,07 ⋅[%C]⋅[%Mn]+ 148,8591 ⋅[%Mn]⋅[%Si]+ 1182,9936 ⋅[%Si]⋅[%C][2]− 5668,4577 ⋅[%C]+ 962,9562 ⋅[%Mn]− 672,8277 ⋅[%Si]+ 472,3753These 4 dimensional surfaces allow a saddlepoint of coordinates:[%C] = 0,19417; [%Mn] = 0,79343; [%Si] = 0,2842;Rp0,2/450 =208,473.The existence of the saddle point is veryimportant as it assures a stability of the featureclose to this point, being it preferable oravoidable. In this case, it is preferable. Thebehavior of these hyper surfaces close to thesaddle point can only be studied as tabular,which means ascribing values on concentricspheres of the studied point to the independentvariable. Because of the fact that this surfacecannot be represented in 4 dimensional spaces,it has been chosen the successive replacement ofeach independent variable, with its mediumvalue, and obtaining the following equations:Rp0.2Cmed22= −268,3624⋅[%Mn]+ 571,8135⋅[%Si]+ 148,8591⋅[%Mn]⋅[%Si]+ 409,0382⋅[%Mn]+ 453,2345⋅[%Si]+ 103,3764Rp0.2Mnmed22= 571,8135⋅[%Si]+ 19828,0654⋅[%C]+ 1182,9936⋅[%Si]⋅[%C]− 74,0225⋅[%Si]− 7649,1341⋅[%C]+ 993,3067Rp0.2Simed22= 19828,0654 ⋅[%C]−268,3624 ⋅[%Mn]−2984,07⋅[%C]⋅[%Mn]− 5390,4542⋅[%C]+ 997,938⋅[%Mn]+ 345,8392[3][4][5]These surfaces which belong to the 3dimensional spaces can be represented andtherefore interpreted by technologists. Thesurfaces are shown in fig.2, fig.3, fig.4, fig.5, fig.6and fig.7. For a more exact analysis, thecorresponding level curves have been shownnext to these. The knowledge of the level curvesallow the establishing of the two independentvariable values, so as R p0,2/450 can be obtained,within the limits required or imposed by thebeneficiary.By looking at the graphs shown in fig.2, andconsidering %C an average, you can estimatethat maximum values of R p0,2/450 feature can beobtained for 0,50% Mn and 0,14% Si, valueswhich are close to the inferior limit of thecomposition imposed by standard. From fig.3,considering % Mn an average, you can say thatmaximum values of R p0,2/450 (230 N/mm²) featurescan be obtained for C concentrations within the0,12 – 0,14% limits and Si within the 0,15 – 0,18%limits, subfields which are close to the inferiorlimit of the composition imposed by standard.From the graphs shown in fig.4, and considering% Si an average, you can estimate that while theC and Mn grow, the R p0,2/450 conventional runninglimit grows as well. The diagrams in fig.5, fig.6342008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGand fig.7 show the limits of the maximum field,where the metallurgic engineer can choose theelement percent of the chemical composition,in order to obtain steel having the desiredfeatures of the manufacturer. Knowledge of thelevel curves for these maximum fields allows thecorrelation of the two independent variable (thecontents of the chemical element) so that R p0,2/Tcan be obtained within the limits asked by thebeneficiary.CONCLUSIONThese results allow the establishing of the best C,Mn, Si contents from the chemical compositionof 12VMoCr10, so that, by the end of theelaboration, steel can possess certain imposedmechanical features.The analysis has been done for 3 elements of thechemical composition, being able to enlarge itfor both other elements, depending on thedesired chemical composition and other typesof steel.Taking into consideration that the way in whichone charge is done has a deep importance onthe mechanical features of the steel, knowledgeof these correlations is really significant for theengineer, because he is the one to estimate thevalues of the imposed parameter, depending onthe chemical composition which allows him theadjustment of the chemical composition duringthe elaboration, in order to obtain the featuresdesired by the beneficiary.REFERENCES[1.] LĂPUŞAN, A. – Contributions brought to the studyof steel behavior at high temperature, Doctoralthesis, Timişoara, 2004.[2.] TODEREAN, I. – The mathematical study ofexperimental dates. The Academy Publishing,Bucharest, 1976.[3.] MAKSAY, Şt. – Special Mathematics, ThePolytechnic Publishing, Timişoara, 2001.[4.] TALOI, F. – The optimalization of metallurgicprocess. The Didactics and PedagogicPublishing, Bucharest, 1982AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.AMALIA ANA DASCĂL1. 2. 3DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIAACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 35

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro362008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.EUGEN GHITA, 2. LUCIA VILCEANU,3.RAMON BALOGH, 4. MONICA DOBRAAN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ABOUTTHE FRACTURE OF THE WHEELSET-AXLESOF THE 5100 KW ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVEAbstract:The paper is focused on some experimental analysis performed in the Testing Materials Laboratorybelonging to I.C.M. Resita regarding the appearance of cracks in the wheelset-axles of the 5100 kWelectric locomotives. Chemical, traction, bending dynamic and torsion tests are performed fordifferent wheelset-axles, different rolling distances and different working conditions which for the“stick-slip” phenomenon occurred.Keywords:locomotive, wheelset-axles, mechanical test, crack, stick-slipINTRODUCTIONThe proper against skating device of the C.F.R.5100 kW electric locomotives is not veryefficient when a high level difference has to beraised. As an example, when a heavy train istrailed on an important level difference (as it isthe Brasov – Predeal railway route), someimportant oscillations of the wheelset-axlesappeared. The main reason is that for difficulttraction conditions, the adherence limit isexceeded. The driving torque on the wheels isdivided into non-equal parts, so the “stick-slip”phenomenon of the wheelset-axles is present,which mean an alternate torsion and slip state.Because of the elastic assembling of the wheelson the axles, the whole ensemble will oscillatewith a proper frequency.When the phenomenon takes place in theframework of the micro-sliding domain [1],[2]which means in the framework of a perfectadherence, the oscillation are of a highamplitude. The possible consequences is theappearance of a high state of stress in thewheelset-axles. But the final and the mostdangerous consequence is represented by thefracture of the wheelset-axles ensemble [3]. Thisis the reason why the analysis of the wheel setaxlesbecame obviously necessary [4]. It meansboth a mechanical,chemical analysis and anexperimental non-destructive analysis, in orderto detect possible crack initiating locations in thevolume of the wheelset-axles.LABORATORY EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSISDuring the time and according to railwayadministration regulations, the experimentalanalysis often avoids the appearance of the© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 37

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGwheelset-axles fractures. The main studiedwheelset-axles types are presented in table 1.Tabel 1.Nr.Number of RollingLocomotivewheelset on the distancetypelocomotive [km]1 060-EA-006 2 306.0002 060-EA-040 2 481.0003 060-EA-012 2 476.0004 060-EA-024 6 391.000Especially for the wheelset-axles number 3 and4, some detailed chemical, mechanical andmetallographic researches were performed, butthe conclusion were drawn for all fourinvestigated cases.Chemical analysisThe chemical analysis of the wheelset-axlematerials conduce to the partition of thechemical elements presented in table 2.Table 2.Wheelsetnr.C[%] Mn[%] Si[%] Cr[%] Ni[%]3 0,32 0,47 0,24 1,49 1,594 0,33 0,52 0,27 1,49 1,62Wheelsetnr.Mo[%] P[%] S[%] Cu[%]3 0,40 0,011 0,010 0,084 0,26 0,011 0,010 0,08When compare the above mentionedconcentrations with the imposed chemicalelement concentration of the wheelset-axlesbelonging to 7350 HP electric locomotive, it isobserved that the values are placed into theaccepted range by the wheelset-axles producers.The content of 0.40% Mo on the wheelset-axlesnumber 3, in comparison with 0.30% Moprescribed content, will not present a nonfavourablefactor.Traction testThe standardized traction specimen are inaccordance with now-days regulations (itpresents a 16 mm diameter on the calibratecircular parts).Tests were performed on anuniversal (traction-compression) testingmachine.The results are presented in the framework oftable 3.Wheel setaxlesnumberNumberofspecimenTable 3.Yieldpoint[MPa]Ultimatestrength[MPa]Proportionalnecking [%]1 1 730 900 17,502 1 700 880 18,75DYNAMIC BENDING TESTThe dynamic bending test specimens weremanufactured both longitudinally and crosssectiondirectionally. It means that a doublenumber of specimens were tested, and resultsare presented in table 4.WheelsetaxlesnumberNumberof thespecimenTable 4.Longitudinaltoughness[MPa m]Transversaltoughness[MPa m]3 1 775 4253 2 750 337,53 3 800 462,53 4 675 462,53 Average 750 4224 1 1000 5004 2 775 4504 3 1050 512,54 4 875 5254 Average 925 497Torsion testThe torsion loading represents the main loadingwhich produces the stick-slip phenomenon. Theobtained results, presented in table 5, are inaccordance with the official prescriptions andregulations of the Railway Romanian Authority(A.F.E.R.)Torsiontorque[Nm]Table 5.Diameter ofthespecimen[mm]Yieldpoint[MPa]Shearingultimatestrength[MPa]940 20 598,7 783,4980 20 624,2 770,7960 20 611,4 777920 20 586 764,3920 20 586 764,3910 20 579,6 757,9382008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGCONCLUSIONThe aspect of the cross-section fracture zonerepresents the main juridical factor when awheelset-axles accident takes place. Theshiny zone parts (figure 1) represent thefatigue area inside where the cracks grow intime.Figure 1. The aspect of the fracture zone in the bodyof the wheelsetsingle independent cracks growing on thefree wheel.For the wheelset-axles nr.2, the crack isdeveloped in a continuous circulardirection.For the wheelset-axles nr.3, the orientationof the crack is similar, but through the crosssectionof the free wheel.For the wheelset-axles nr.4, the crack islocated under the gear wheel. These are themost dangerous types of cracks. It may bedetected only by an ultrasound control. Theultrasonic crack detection is usuallyperformed by using an a lightweight,compact and handy-portable flaw detectordesigned for use on large workpieces and inhigh-resolution measurements. Thecomplementary equipment consist in amobile push-cart on the rail and threetouching heads (a normal one and twobending touching heads). The equipment(figure 3) is able to detect fatigue cracks inthe rail head, horizontal cracks in the railhead and in the transient area between therail head and the rail core as well crackswhich are initiated from the holes.Figure 3. The mobile ultrasonic detection push-cartwith three touching headsFigure 2. The aspect of the fracture zone in theextremity of the wheelset (lubrication boxes)For the wheelset-axles nr.1, the aspect of thecrack propagation is represented as twoThe rail profile generates disturbed responseswhich have to be separated from the faultsresponses. Anyway, the experimental procedureis able to conduce to: the detection of thelocation of the cracks, the crack critical lengthand orientation. It may be calculated: the stressintensity coefficient at the top of the crack, thepropagation rate, the estimated life-time of the2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 39

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGwheelset for different locations and lengths ofthe detected cracks.REFERENCES[1.] E. GHITA, “Strength on wheel-rail contact”, Ed.Mirton, Timisoara, 1998.[2.] E. GHITA, GH. TUROS, “Dynamics of railwayvehicles”, Ed. Politehnica, Timisoara, 2006.[3.] M. TRUSCULESCU, “Materialotehnica”, vol I,“Structural metallurgy”, Ed. Politehnica,Timisoara, 2003.[4.] T. MITELEA, “Metalografia imbunatatirilorsudate”, Ed. de Vest, 2006AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.EUGEN GHITA, 2. LUCIA VILCEANU,3.RAMON BALOGH, 4. MONICA DOBRA1., 3., 4.“POLITEHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA,MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY, ROMANIA2.“POLITEHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA402008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.REMUS BOBOESCU, 2. ION SPOREA, 3. ILARIE BORDEAŞU,4.ADRIANA TOKAR, 5 VICTOR BUJORTHE USAGE OF TYPE SILIUMINIU ALLOYSWITH MAGNESIUM FOR CASTINGA VERY LARGE USED PIECESAbstract:ATSi7Mg aluminum alloy is subjected to the processes of hardening and aging. The structuraltransformations are related mechanical properties of the alloy. The prezence of the Mg2Si phase isthe main cause of increasing resistance of alloys Al-Si-Mg, but with the presence of stable phase Mg 2 Sireduces refractivity of ternary alloys.Keywords:aluminum alloy, mechanical properties, magnesiumINTRODUCTIONAmong the advantages of alloys siluminiumATSi 12 ; ATSi 10 MnMg; ATSi 7 Mg; ATSi 7 MgTi is theused in humid atmosphere like maineatmosphere As the concentration of Si growththere is a decrease of the linear thermalexpansion coefficient, but to obtain a raftstructure raft in the cast [1] [2] [4] [5] [6] (thematerial is fragile and difficult to process).For finishing the structure, increase themechanical resistance and improve mechanicalmachining by cutting of type AAT siluminium(hipo and eutectic) is added to Na and Cl andsalts containing F and Na, S, P, etc.. in the alloy.The hypereutectic alloys have much Si I in thestructure and is difficult to be modified with saltscontaining Na. A greater effect in modifyingthese alloys siluminiu hypereutectic is obtainedwith substances containing S or P [6] [7] [8] [9].SYSTEM ALLOYS IN AL-SI + EA (ALLOYINGELEMENTS)System Al-Si alloys + Ea is one of most used inthe casting aluminum alloy of great importancepieces because it possess superior mechanicaland technological proprieties than other castaluminum alloys (AAT).The most typical alloy system Al-Si-Mg is widelyused in casting of ATSi 7 Mg (6-8% Si, 0.25-0.4% Mg,the rest). This alloy is used both in the hardeningstate (T4) and after partial aging (T5). Is is usedfor castings pieces with thin walls and complexshapes used in the condition of medium loadedforces (body pump, etc.). The advantages of alloyATSi7Mg are: good casting properties (highfluidity, minimum linear contractions) like asATSi 12 ; the tendency of formation of small crackshot high temperature; good mechanical strengthand satisfactory plasticity; compared withATSi10MnMg not require autoclaves to pressure© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 41

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcrystallization; is the possibility to used modifiercontaining Na as S, P, etc.[2]; Like disadvantagesATSi 7 Mg shows: reduced machining by cutting;with increasing concentration of Mg decreasesplasticity (mechanical R m increases and thecapability of machining); resistance to corrosionfrom HNO 3 ; reduced refractivity, which mayincrease with increasing concentration of Si, Mgor Cu.The hardening basic phase of ternary alloys isMg 2 Si noted as β’, the type chemicalintermetalic component (determined by normalvalence). Possess crystalline elementary cubenetwork and does not form solid solutions αwith its constituents, what is characteristic ioniccombinations in contrast with benthonic phasestype (ex: Mg 2 Al 3 ).Fig. 1 Structure of alloy ATSi 7 Mg (10000:1) aged a-135oC/15 h and b- a-135 o C/15 htemperatures and slow at ambienttemperature. Reset of atoms position hadplace with the distortion is strong crystallinenetwork and consequently there is as resultstrong growth mechanical resistance ofsiluminium type alloys at ambienttemperature and reducing refractivity oftemperature used in aging process (160-170oC and higher).2. There are a formations of small grains monoandtwo-dimensional phase metastabileβ’(Mg 2 Si) which possess crystalline hexagonalnetwork. It is believed that the training phaseMg 2 Si is the main cause of increasingresistance of alloys Al-Si-Mg, but with theapparition of stable phase Mg 2 Si therefractivity ternary alloys will be reduce .Thisclear happened at heated at 170-180 o Cretention time of 25h to return treatment.3. Stable phase Mg 2 Si is formed in alloys typesiluminium in process to maintain at 185-220 o C for several hours and at 300 o C for 30minutes to aging, with strong reduceresistance of alloy.The alloy aging process at 180-225 o C withreduced times of process can provide forATSi7Mg alloy high strength and low plasticity.Refractivity of these alloys can be strongincreased by two ways:It strengthens the solid solution α by acomplex process of alloying which assurethe separation of the granular stable phasescrystallized in form of branchesmake an bonding of Si free (elementary) inthe stabile component (Al 8 Si 6 Mg 3 Fe, Al 4 Si 2 Fe,Al 5 SiFe etc.) An example of thesecomponents is phase Mg 2 Si which is found inmost siluminiu alloys (ATSi 12 , ATSi 7 Mg, etc.)Fig.2 Structure of alloy ATSi 7 Mg(10000:1) aged a-165 o C in times:a15h b-25h, c-100hRegarding the influence of Si and Mg on theeffect of loss of mechanical resistance of alloysAl + Mg + Si at high temperatures [5], [6], [2],[8] ,it shows that the decomposition of α solidsolution of Mg and Si in Al folow the nextschedule:1. Appear in the crystal network of solidsolution the Guillet-P zone. There is achange to approaches atoms of Si and Mgand formation of metastabile β’ phase;(Mg 2 Si) - the process is very intense at highFig. 3 Structure of alloy ATSi 7 Mg (10000:1)aged a-175 o C/10 hMg 2 Si phase is formed through a series oftransformations that strongly distorts thecrystalline network of alloy and increases the422008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGmechanical resistance at ambient temperature(due to hardening and aging processes).Fig. 4 Structure of alloy ATSi 7 Mg(10000:1)aged:a-185 o C /15h , b-200 o C /10h,c-300 o C /10h, d-300 o C /100hINTERPRETATIONSIn work [8], [9] it shows that the ternary alloysystem Al-Si-Mg, were first observed inaluminum matrix areas which characterizestages of ante-separation. There not wasestablished neither by X-ray observations thedifferences in areas structure for aging alloys.Despite lack evidence of structural changes,increased of mechanical properties of ternaryalloys is a fact. Only at a temperature of 150 o Cauthors [9] in 1958 established that theseparation distributed locally of Mg and Si takeplace.It is believed (with network vacancies which areformed during the hardening process) atoms ofalloying elements Ea begin to be collected inthe chains without any order, after which theatoms slowly sits in an order determined the bynetwork parameter (4.04 Å) and the chain getsthe same format with the elementary cell of thematrix. At high temperatures the atoms of Eaformed construction areas least different of thematrix. It shows [9] that this phase β’’ movegradually in the phase β’ rebuilding thecrystalline matrix is accompanied by a strongdistortion which is the main cause of increasingthe mechanical properties of alloys siluminium.But such a tensioned state of the crystallinenetwork helps to reduce refractory of alloys. Thisis observed as a strong fact, in changing thestructure of α solid solution alloy type ATSi 7 Mgat 165°C in the ageing process where thedecomposition of α solid solution takes placerelatively quickly.Figure 1shows the solid solution alloy ATSi 7 Mg inwhich ageing at 135 o C for 15 hours produceformation and deposition of fine dispersedelemental Si [5].In addition to this Si there aredeposits in the form round (white points)probably the Guillet areas or how to say „phase”β’’ .We say that such products of the decomposingsolid solution which is formed as chains in thealloys Al-Mg-Si is characteristic for the initialstage of aging. The structure of ATSi 7 Mg aged at150 o C for 15 h (Figure 1.b) confirms the words[16].At higher temperatures the return process andthe size of elementary high dispersed Siparticles and a separation (white point) increasedramatically. (Figure 2). Structure of α solidsolution after aging for 15 and 25 h (Figure 2 a, b)at 165 o C has many deposits of Si and formationof β’’ metastabile phase, and even the stablephase Mg 2 Si (fig. 2 c)From Figures 2 and 3 it is clear that withincreasing aging temperature there is thedecomposition of solid solution α is veryintense and is formed by deposition metastabilephases that increase substantially with agingtime. Very intense decomposition α solidsolution had place at 175 o C with themaintenance of 10 h.The figure 4 shows a large amount of fine andsmall and many particle high dispersed portionsof Si I (primary) that were formed after reset thenetwork. Particles Mg 2 Si (in the form of narrowwhite strips) are shown oriented.Very suggestive is the alloy ATSi 7 Mg old aged at185 o C for 15 h (Figure 1 a). But I clearly see thisin Figure 1 b α solid solution decomposition atthe aging temperature of 200 o C, virtually endsafter 10h. This produce reduced resistance ofalloy ATSi 7 Mg at temperature of 200 o C.2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 43

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGCONCLUSIONTechnological processes of casting underpressure are widespread in the industry. Theprocess ensures a quality cast alloy typesiluminium such as good walls and lack risk ofmechanical cracks at hot state and cold state.The proprieties of cast alloys type siluminiumcan be improved by thermal treatment namedartificial aging. There are many ways to makethese treatments. These have resulted inchanging the structure of alloy, with theapparition Mg 2 Si phase (composed intermetaliccomponent). This has an effect to increasemechanical resistanceAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.REMUS BOBOESCU,2.ION SPOREA,3.ILARIE BORDEAŞU,4.ADRIANA TOKAR,5VICTOR BUJOR1., 2., 3., 4., 5. UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARA,ROMANIAREFERENCES[1] SPOREA, I., GHIŢĂ, M., UROŞU, D. – Ovlianiipoperecinâh vânujdennâh kolebanii nakacestvo obrabotki rezaniem aluminievâhsplavov. TT şi TS – 98, Nr. 7-8, Penza, 1998,Rassia[2] SPOREA, I., DREUCEAN, A., PAULESCU, Gh. –Contribuţii la studiul aşchiabilităţii prinstrunjire a unor aliaje de tip silumin. Conf. a-III-a de PUPR, Timişoara, 1978.[3] SPOREA, I., ş.a. – Studiul prelucrabilităţii prinaşchiere a aliajelor de tip silumin. BSTIPT, Tom22 (36), Fasc. 1., 1977.[4] SPOREA, I., ş.a. – Influenţa oscilaţiilor asupracalităţii suprafeţelor aşchiate BSCST, vol II,Hunedoara 2002.[5] SPOREA, I., ş.a. – Studiul influenţei vibrăriisculei. BSTIPT, Tom 24 (38), Fasc. 1., 1997.[6] SPOREA, I., ş.a. – Asupra eficacităţii modificăriialiajelor de tip silumin. BSTIPT, Tom 22 (36),Fasc. 1., 1997.[7] MANDEK, Fr., ş.a. – Consideraţii privind folosireacochilelor din aliaje de Al fabricate printurnare. Anal of the Univ. of Oradea, vol. III(XIII), 2004, Fascicle of MTE.[8] MANDEK, FR., GALEA, I., SPOREA, I. – Influenţaimperfecţiunii reţelelor cristaline asuprarefractarităţii AA turnate în pistoane. A – IX-ases. MAN AFT “Nicolae Bălcescu” Sibiu 2004.[9] ION SPOREA, ILARIE BORDEAŞU, FRANCISK MANDEK –Aliaje de aluminiu refractare turnate înpistoane de motoare termice EdituraPolitehnica Timişoara 2008442008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.SORIN RAŢIU, 2. ŞTEFAN MAKSAY, 3. ANA JOSANREGISTRATION AND PROCESSINGOF FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS VALUESFOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESAbstract:The article represents a study regarding the creation of a correlation between the functionalparameters of the internal combustion engines, both diesel and petrol ones, with the help of theMATLAB mathematic software. The values of these parameters were registered with the help of themega macs 55 equipment, in real time, the motor vehicles running in urban traffic.Keywords:internal combustion engine, correlations, mathematic software, intelligent diagnosis, OBDINTRODUCTIONThe best results in tracking down defectsimmediately after their appearance can bereached if the motor car systems performance ispermanently supervised, which involves thedevelopment of certain on board diagnosistechniques and equipment. Their evolution hasbeen and is closely linked to the evolution ofmotor car construction. Thus, the appearance ofmicroprocessor-operated systems has enabled aconsiderable increase in the number ofobjectives monitored and the number ofregistered and analyzed parameters.The OBD (On Board Diagnostic) systemmonitors the engine performances andevacuation emissions, including the self-testsensors during vehicle running, to make sure itworks. The board computer can identify aproblem before it is tracked down by the vehicledriver, warning him/her about the failure bydisplaying a bright light. Most bright witnesseswill display “Check Engine," “Service EngineSoon" or an engine symbol.As soon as the OBD detects a problem, a failurecode (error) is registered in the motor vehiclecomputer. When the vehicle is placed on anOBD l/M checking tester, this code will help thetechnician track down and repair the defect.OBD-II is a new standard introduced in thesecond half of the ‘90, insuring the engine andchassis, equipment accessories and carinstallation control almost entirely. OBD II is anextensive set of standards used by SAE, andadopted by EPA and CARB (California AirResource Board).Certain motor vehicle models equipped withOBD-II are not 100% compatible. There are threebasic OBD-II protocols used, each with minorvariations of the communication model betweenthe board computer and scanning outrigger.Based on the OBD-II protocols, and connecting amega macs 55 tester, the main functionalparameters were registered for two types of© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 45

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGengines. These values were transferred to theMATLAB mathematic software, with whose helpdifferent correlations were created.conclusions can be drawn referring to enginerunning in different revolutions and chargesspecific to urban traffic.ENGINE TESTINGThe study was conducted on two differentengines, petrol and diesel, and the data wereobtained with the help of the mega macs 55equipment from Gutmann company.The diagnosis of the engine management wasmade in urban traffic, the equipment beingconnected through the OBD coupling to theengine command central unit. The dataprevailed are displayed in the form of the datashown in the pictures below.Figure 1. VW Polo, 1.4i engineFigure 3. Real value of the oversupply pressure (v6)function of the real quantity injected (v3) and theacceleration lever position (v4) for the Opel Astra engineFigure 2. Opel Astra 2.0 DTI engineAs it can be observed, the system allows theregistration of the engine functional parametersin graphic form, and by moving the cursor alongthe abscissa, in the left side of the display onecan see the actual values of these parameters ata certain point in time.PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTAL DATAFollowing the measurements made in traffic, ina 15 minute interval, the data were introducedin a specialized processing program, thus aseries of correlations being made, from whichFigure 4. Real value of the oversupply pressure (v6)function of the real advance in the injection (v2) and theacceleration lever position (v4) for the Opel Astra engine462008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGFigure 5. Real value of the oversupply pressure(v6) function of the real advance in the injection(v2) and the real quantity injected (v3) for theOpel Astra engineFigure 7. Value of the advance function ofrevolution and the acceleration choke openingangle for the VW Polo 1.4i engineFigure 6. Value of the advance function of loadand the acceleration choke opening angle forthe VW Polo 1.4i engineFigure 8. Value of the advance function ofrevolution and load for the VW Polo 1.4i engine2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 47

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGThe study was conducted on the diesel enginefitted on the Opel Astra model and on the VWPolo 1.4i petrol engine.ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe registration system of the engine functionalparameters allows only the sequencevisualization of the prevailed data, based onwhich conclusions can be drawn regarding thefunctioning of different components.Once these data are introduced in a specializedprocessing program, they can offer globalinformation regarding the correlations whichthe command electronic unit makes duringengine running between the differentcomponents that interact with one another.REFERENCES[1.] Mega Macs 55 – User Guide;[2.] Raţiu, S., Mihon, L. – Internal CombustionEngines for Road Motor Vehicles,Processes and Characteristics, MirtonPublishing House, Timisoara, 2008;[3.] MATLAB software – User GuideAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.SORIN RAŢIU,2.ŞTEFAN MAKSAY,3.ANA JOSAN1. 2. 3DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIA482008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.ANCA IORDAN, 2. MANUELA PĂNOIUDESIGN OF SEQUENCE DIAGRAMSFOR IMPLEMENTATION OF A DYNAMICAL SOFTWAREFOR DOING GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONSAbstract:This paper presents a software package, which can be used as educational software. The informaticssystem, including modern methods and techniques, will lead the subject which is using it to gainexperience in understanding and managing the knowledge from geometry field and will offer thecomfortable and efficient access to the newest information and knowledge. The investigation can beoriented towards reaching of some precise purposes or can be an exploration.Keywords:UML, Sequence Diagram, Educational SoftwareINTRODUCTIONUnified Modeling Language (UML) is astandardized general-purpose modelinglanguage in the field of software engineering [1].UML includes a set of graphical notationtechniques to create abstract models of specificsystems.The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is anopen method used to specify, visualize,construct and document the artifacts of anobject-oriented software-intensive system underdevelopment. UML offers a standard way towrite a system's blueprints, including conceptualcomponents such as: actors, business processes,system's components and activities, as well asconcrete things such as: programming languagestatements, database schemas and reusablesoftware components.UML combines the best practice from datamodeling concepts such as entity relationshipdiagrams, business modeling (work flow), objectmodeling and component modeling. It can beused with all processes, throughout the softwaredevelopment life cycle, and across differentimplementation technologies. UML hassucceeded the concepts of the Booch method,the Object-modeling technique (OMT) andObject-oriented software engineering (OOSE) byfusing them into a single, common and widelyusable modeling language. UML aims to be astandard modeling language which can modelconcurrent and distributed systems. UML is notan industry standard, but is taking shape underthe auspices of the Object Management Group(OMG). OMG has initially called for informationon object-oriented methodologies, that mightcreate a rigorous software modeling language.Many industry leaders have responded in earnestto help create the standard.UML models may be automatically transformedto other representations by means of QVT-liketransformation languages, supported by theOMG. UML is extensible, offering the following© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 49

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGmechanisms for customization: profiles andstereotype.UML is not a development method by itself,however, it was designed to be compatible withthe leading object-oriented softwaredevelopment methods of its time. Since UML hasevolved, some of these methods have beenrecast to take advantage of the new notations(for example OMT), and new methods havebeen created based on UML. The best known isIBM Rational Unified Process (RUP). There aremany other UML-based methods like AbstractionMethod, Dynamic Systems DevelopmentMethod, and others, designed to provide morespecific solutions, or achieve differentobjectives.It is very important to distinguish between theUML model and the set of diagrams of a system.A diagram is a partial graphical representationof a system's model. The model also contains a"semantic backplane" — documentation such aswritten use cases that drive the model elementsand diagrams.UML diagrams represent two different views of asystem model [2]:Static view: Emphasizes the static structureof the system using objects, attributes,operations and relationships. The structuralview includes class diagrams and compositestructure diagrams.Dynamic view: Emphasizes the dynamicbehavior of the system by showingcollaborations among objects and changesto the internal states of objects. This viewincludes sequence diagrams, activitydiagrams and state machine diagrams.UML models can be exchanged amongSEQUENCE DIAGRAMSA sequence diagram in Unified ModelingLanguage (UML) is a kind of interaction diagramthat shows how processes operate with oneanother and in what order [3]. It is a construct ofa Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagramsare sometimes called Event-trace diagrams,event scenarios, and timing diagrams.A sequence diagram shows, as parallel verticallines, different processes or objects that livesimultaneously, and, as horizontal arrows, themessages exchanged between them, in the orderin which they occur. This allows thespecification of simple runtime scenarios in agraphical manner.The UML 2.0 Sequence Diagram supports similarnotation to the UML 1.x Sequence Diagram withadded support for modeling variations to thestandard flow of events.If the lifeline is that of an object, it is underlined.Note that leaving the instance name blank canrepresent anonymous and unnamed instances.In order to display interaction, messages areused. These are horizontal arrows with themessage name written above them. Solid arrowswith full heads are synchronous calls, solidarrows with stick heads are asynchronous callsand dashed arrows with stick heads are returnmessages. This definition is true as of UML 2,considerably different from UML 1.x.Activation boxes, or method-call boxes, areopaque rectangles drawn on top of lifelines torepresent that processes are being performed inresponse to the message (ExecutionSpecifications in UML). Objects calling methodson themselves use messages and add newactivation boxes on top of any others to indicatea further level of processing.When an object is destroyed, an X is drawn ontop of the lifeline, and the dashed line ceases tobe drawn below it (this is not the case in the firstexample though). It should be the result of amessage, either from the object itself, or another.A message sent from outside the diagram can berepresented by a message originating from afilled-in circle ("found message" in UML) or froma border of sequence diagram ("gate" in UML).UML 2 has introduced significant improvementsto the capabilities of sequence diagrams [4]. Mostof these improvements are based on the idea ofinteraction fragments which represent smallerpieces of an enclosing interaction. Multipleinteraction fragments are combined to create avariety of combined fragments, which are thenused to model interactions that includeparallelism, conditional branches, optionalinteractions etc.Some systems have simple dynamic behaviorthat can be expressed in terms of specificsequences of messages between a small, fixednumber of objects or processes. In such casessequence diagrams can completely specify thesystem's behavior. Often, behavior is morecomplex, e.g. when the set of communicatingobjects is large or highly variable, when there aremany branch points (e.g. exceptions), when502008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGthere are complex iterations, or synchronizationissues such as resource contention [5]. In suchcases, sequence diagrams cannot completelydescribe the system's behavior, but they canspecify typical use cases for the system, smalldetails in its behavior, and simplified overviewsof its behavior.Vector and Graphics2D type arealready created, and the objects of Element2D,Parametru, Punct2D, MouseEvent andHyperbola2D type will instantiate during theinteractions.PRESENTATION OF SEQUENCE DIAGRAMSUTILIZED TO IMPLEMENTATION OF ADYNAMICAL SOFTWARE FOR DOINGGEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONSIn the achievemnt of the interactive informaticssystem designed for studying geometry wereaimed the following purposes:presenting of theoretical concepts and mainresults;interactive presentation of applications foreach required subdomain;achievement of accurate drawings byreplacing the pencil and ruler with themouse.By representing the diagrams related to thethree steps: analysis, designing andimplementation, the interactive informaticssystem will be described in a clear and concisemanner. Utilization of the UML modellinglanguage in the diagrams’ achievement isfeatured by a rich syntactic and semantic rigour,and support for visual modeling.The sequence diagram is used primarily to showthe interactions between objects in thesequential order that those interactions occur.Much like the class diagram, developerstypically think sequence diagrams were meantexclusively for them..The diagram illustrates in figure 1 shows theinteractions between objects, which have aspurpose the drawing of a parabola. One cannotice that there are interactions between nineobjects, out of which the objects ofVector, Desen2D and Graphics2Dtype are already created, and the objects ofElement2D, Punct2D, Dreapta2D, MouseEventand Parabola2D type will instantiate during theinteractions.The diagram illustrates in figure 2 shows theinteractions between objects, which have aspurpose the drawing of a hyperbola. One cannotice that there are interactions betweeneleven objects, out of which the objects ofVector,Desen2D,Figure 1. Sequence diagram for drawing a parabolaThe diagram illustrates in figure 3 shows theinteractions between objects, which have aspurpose the drawing the normal to a hyperbola.One can notice that there are interactionsbetween nine objects, out of which the objects ofVector, Desen2D and Graphics2Dtype are already created, and the objects ofElement2D, Punct2D, Dreapta2D, MouseEventand Hiperbola2D type will instantiate during theinteractions.These objects are represented on Ox axis and, onOy axis, are represented the messages orderedincreasingly in time. At the beginning, theexecution’s control is undertaken by the objectof Desen2D type which creates an instance of theMouseEvent class.Now, the control is undertaken by this newlycreated instance that will allow to determining apoint. Giving the control to the object ofHiperbola2D type, will verified if the createdpoint belong to the hyperbola.2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 51

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGPunct2D type and the object of Hiperbola2Dtype.Further, the execution’s control is transmitted tothe object of Vector type, in orderto add the normal previously created in the listof 2D elements of the geometric construction,and then will be destroyed the instance of theDreapta2D class. Finally, will be redrawn thegeometric construction, which will include nowalso the normal to the previously createdhyperbola by using the object of Graphics2Dtype.CONCLUSIONFigure 2. Sequence diagram for drawing a hyperbolaThe diagrams were achieved by an approach ina new manner, multidisciplinary, of theinformatics application, including both themodern pedagogy methods, and thecomponents specific to the discipline to bestudied.Thus, was achieved the connection between thedidactic actions and the purposes and objectivesscientifically established, by elaborating of newmethods and assimilating of new means, capableto increase the school efficiency, allowing thepupils and students to acquire the systemrequired by knowledge’s and their applicationtechniques in conditions as optimal possible.REFERENCES[1.] Booch G., Rumbaugh J., Jacobson I., TheUnified Modeling Language User Guide,Addison Wesley, 1999[2.] Fowler M., Scott K., UML Distilled: A Brief Guideto the Standard Object Modeling Language,Addison Wesley, Readings MA, USA, 2000[3.] Odell J., Advanced Object Oriented Analysis &Design using UML, Cambrige University Press,1998[4.] Oestereich B., Developing Software with UML,Addison Wesley, 1999[5.] Rumbaugh J, Jacobson I., Booch G., The UnifiedModeling Language Reference Manual,Addison Wesley, 1999Figure 3. Sequence diagram for drawing a thenormal to a hyperbolaGiving back the control to the object of Desen2Dtype, further will be instantiated the object ofDreapta2D type, representing the normal tohyperbola, then will be destroyed the object ofAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.ANCA IORDAN, 2. MANUELA PĂNOIU1. 2. 3FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIA522008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1GELU OVIDIU TIRIAN, 1 STELA RUSU-ANGHEL,2CAMELIA PINCA-BRETOTEANPREDICTION OF THE SIGNALS USINGTHE NEURONAL NETWORKSAbstract:This paper work refers to the prediction problems which are used with the help of the neuronalnetworks. The network is made of a neuron whose function is linear and who has the past few 5 inputvalues of the useful signal x(t) – this signal must be predicted.The training algorithm is Widrow-Hoff. This algorithm decreases the number of square errors betweenthe output of the network and the required value, and it eventually establishes the “weight” factor.Keywords:Prediction, algorithm, neuronal networks, signalINTRODUCTIONThis identification [2], [3] is based on someneuronal methods and it has been lately used aresearch method due to mathematical researchabout the approximation properties of theneuronal networks - MLP (MultilayerPerceptron) and RBF (Radial-Basis Function)type [1]. The development of this new domainhas been spectacular due to a remarkablecontribution of some Automatics scientists. Theyhave used the MLP networks for the non-linearidentification and they have decided to use theRBF-type patterns. Thus, we have to point outthe fact that the most important automaticapplication of those techniques, who are specificfor the neuronal networks, is the use of the MLPfeatures with sinoid nodes inside the hiddenlayer(s). On the other hand, those companieswho produce technical-scientific software havebegun developing specific facilities for theneuronal networks, so that the first version ofthe Neuronal Network Toolbox (NNT) should beenclosed in the MATLAB 4.2 environment – ithad a major impact on the interest of theautomatics specialists. NNT, from the earliest tothe most recent version, has been designed tocover a range of applications of the neuronalnetworks, the designers had no intention todevelop the Simulink blocks simultaneously [4].These blocks are used for designing dynamicpatterns.NEURONAL NETWORKS. TRAINING NEURONALNETWORKSThe neuronal networks can be made of simpleprocessing elements, such as perceptrons orneuronals (Figure no. 1), and they make up onelayernetworks, or of multiple elements and theymake up multi-layer networks [1]. All thesenetwork-types enclose some elements that aredistributed within the connection „weights"amongst different layers that make up eachnetwork [6]. The properties of the neuronalnetworks are: contain memory, shape© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 53

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGacknowledgment, control and identification ofthe non-linear processes, etc. These propertiesare obtained through learning, such as in thecase of the physiological systems. Specifictraining algorithms could be used in order todetermine the values of those weights/ercentages who represent the solution to theproblems we solve by using the neuronalnetworks. The training algorithms could bedivided in two separate categories: supervisedinstruction methods and non-supervisedinstruction methods. In the case of thosemethods belonging to the first category, theinstruction is called supervised because weknow both the input and the output sizes. Thesystem is shaped up with the help of a neuronalnetwork and the weight amongst the layers haverandom values. By comparing the input sizesthat we already know and those of the output ofthe network (after we have used the input dataset), we get an error signal. This signal helps usestablish and adjust the weights amongst thelayers of the network, in order to diminish aperformance criterion [8].Figure 1 Classic perceptron modelfor neuronal networksFigure 2 Supervised instruction mechanismThe non-supervised learning methods do notuses already-known input sizes during thetraining stage of the neuronal network, by usingonly the input sizes for adjusting the weights.Thus, we can establish some input categorieswho correspond to some inputs from the dataset, or „winner take all” outputs – in this case,the output neuron who has the highest activitywins and turns active, meanwhile the others donot work. This method is called self-organisationand we could use it successfully in matters ofshape acknowledgement.a) b) c)Figure 3„Feed forward” neuronal networks topologiesa), b) and „feedback” neuronal networks topology c)According to this topology, the artificialneuronal networks could be classified in twocategories - „feedback” and „feed forward”. Inthe case of a „feed forward” network theneuronal output is sent to other neurons who donot receive any information from the inputneurons from the surface layers - Figure 3 a) andb).NEURONAL NETWORKS USED FOR SIGNALPREDICTIONThe design of the linear prediction neuron isdescribed in Figure 4. The network is made of alinear active neuron and the input receives thelast five values of the useful signal x(t) - thissignal must be predicted [4], [7].We write the matrix P,[ x( t) x( t −1) x( t − 2) x( t − 3) x( − 4)]p = t ,and the five delay values of the x(t) signal, whoare going to be represented at the input of theneuronal network. The matrix and the values aregoing to represent the data we need for thesupervised training, by using the Widrow-Hoffalgorithm. This algorithm decreases the sum ofthe square errors between the output and therequired value, and establishes the weight vectorwho is able to solve the problem..Figure 4 Linear prediction neuron542008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGFigure 5 The proposed sinusoidal signal(blue) and the network predicted signal (red)We consider a sinusoid signalx() t = 0 .5 + sin( 2⋅π⋅t)- in Figure no. 5 it iscoloured in blue. The learning ratio of thetraining algorithm is η = 0. 1 , considering that itis constant during the training process. Thenetwork turns active and the training algorithmis used for a period of 200 steps. We could seethat after about 100 repetitions the network isable to predict the signal we propose – Figureno. 5, where the red signal represents the outputof the neuronal network during the trainingprocess. Figure no. 6 describes the predictionerror - the difference between the real and thepredicted signal. This signal tends to reach 0after a certain time.Figure no. 7 describes the values of the simpleperception weights during the training process.The identification time of the process lastsaccording to the value we choose for thelearning ratio. If we want a faster identificationthen, the value must be increased, but the valueswe have estimated during the first stages reachimportant values. We could also use anothertraining method that should vary the learningratio throughout the process, for improving themethods.Figure 6 Prediction error between the realand predicted signalFigure 7 The evolution of the weights during thetraining processCONCLUSIONAll the neuronal networks could be made ofsimple processing elements, such as perceptionsor neurons, so they should make up some singlelayernetworks, or made of several elements andthey should make up some multi-layer networks.The „information” within all these networks isdistributed within the connection weightsamongst the different layers that make thenetwork. Studies have proven that theprediction of the neuronal networks signals isextremely effective.This paper work has described the linear neuronused for predictions, the training process, andthe results we had obtained. The network ismade of one neuron, according to the linearactive process, which has the last five inputvalues we have to predict.REFERENCES[1] DUMITRESCU, D., COSTIN, H. „Reţele neuronaleteorie şi aplicaţii” Editura Teora, 1996.[2] LJUNG, L. “System Identification” Theory for theUser Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey 07632.[3] LJUNG, L., SODERSTROM T. “Theory andPractice of Recursive Identification”, MIT Press,1983.[4] MOKTANI, M, MARIE, M. ”Engineering Applicationof Matlab 5.3”, Springer, 2000.[5] NARENDRA, K. S., PARTHASARATY, K.“Identification and Control of DynamicalSystems Using Neural Networks”, IEEETransactions on Neural Networks, vol. 1 nr. 11990, pag. 4-27.[6] TIRIAN G.O. „High speed neuronal estimator forthe command of the induction machine”2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 55

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGInternational multidisciplinary scientificsymposium ”UNIVERSITARIA SIMPRO 2006”October, 13-14, pg.62…65, 2006.[7] G.O.TIRIAN „Abordari moderne in estimarea siidentificarea sistemelor”, Referat doctorat,Timisoara, 2005.[8] WIDROW, B., LEHR, M. A. “30 Years of AdaptiveNeural Networks: Perceptron, Madaline andBackpropagation”, Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 78nr. 9 1990, pag. 1415-1439AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1GELU OVIDIU TIRIAN,1STELA RUSU-ANGHEL,2CAMELIA PINCA-BRETOTEAN1, 2“POLITECHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA,DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ANDINDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, ROMANIA3“POLITECHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA,DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,ROMANIA562008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.VASILE ALEXA, 2. CONSTANTIN GRIGOREMANAGING PRODUCTION ACTIVITIESUSING THE BALANCED SCORECARDSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMAbstract:The use of an adequate management method can ensure organizational success. If until now thefocus was on the financial success of organizations, now more and more important are thecustomers, employees, collaborators. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a strategic managementsystem that manages the company’s activities depending on its vision and strategies. Within themanagement instrument, the Balanced Scorecard analyses the four perspectives: the customers,learning-development, internal processes and the financial field.The Balanced Scorecard looks at a business strategy from all perspectives and allows the division ofthe strategic objectives in individual objectives and actions down to the last operational level. TheBSC can contain both quantitative and qualitative objectives.For the present-day organizations information is no longer the basic component. Because theorganizations administer a too big volume of data and information, the manner in which the relevantinformation is selected and used within the organizational actions and in decision-taking is ofextreme importance. The ecosystem that underlies a Balanced Scorecard is made up of visions,missions, organizational values and competences, strategies.The work deals with the way in which organizations should choose the BSC solution which meets thecompany’s requirements best so as to fulfill its individual needs.Keywords:Management, organization, balanced scorecard, strategyTHEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONSThe leaders of modern organizations areconfronting with a series of challenges,generated in the first place by the extremelydynamic character of the world in which welive. In order to keep up with the people around,it is necessary to create a permanent alignmentto the novelties appeared on the economicmarket, but also in the IT field. We are living inthe century of speed, everything we do needsspeed and precision, that is why all the activitiesundertaken tend to be automated.The use of an adequate management methodcan ensure organizational success. If until nowthe focus was on the financial success oforganizations, now more and more importantare the customers, employees, collaborators.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 57

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGWithin the management instrument, theBalanced Scorecard analyses the fourperspectives: the customers, learningdevelopment,internal processes and thefinancial field.The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a strategicmanagement system that manages thecompany’s activities depending on its vision andstrategies. This concept was presented for thefirst time in the 1992 February issue of HarvardBusiness Review by professors Robert Kaplanand David Norton.The concept of Balanced Scorecard wasdeveloped in the early 1990’s by Robert S.Kaplan and David P. Norton. They describe thisinnovation as follows: "The balanced scorecardretains traditional financial measures. Butfinancial measures tell the story of past events,an adequate story for industrial age companiesfor which investments in long-term capabilitiesand customer relationships were not critical forsuccess. These financial measures areinadequate, however, for guiding and evaluatingthe journey that information age companiesmust make to create future value throughinvestment in customers, suppliers, employees,processes, technology, and innovation."At the highest conceptual level, the BSC isdefined as “a frame that helps organizations totranspose the strategy on operational objectivesso as to control both the organizational behaviorand performance” [1].The system consists in 4 processes:The transposition of the vision onoperational objectives;The communication of the vision and itsconnection to individual performances;Business planning;Feedback, learning and strategy adjustmentdepending on the course.The Balanced Scorecard looks at a businessstrategy from all perspectives and allows thedivision of the strategic objectives in individualobjectives and actions down to the lastoperational level. The BSC can contain bothquantitative and qualitative objectives.The strongest point of this instrument is the factthat it binds long-term strategic objectives withshort-term actions. Most control andmanagement systems of companies are builtaround financial indicatives and targets whichplace little emphasis on the long-term strategicobjectives, thus a discrepancy being createdbetween strategy elaboration and itsimplementation.The managers who use the BSC do no longercount only on the short-term financialindicatives to evaluate company performances.The BSC allows them to use the 4 processeswhich, used separately or together, contribute tothe correlation of long-term objectives with theshort-term actions [2].Fig. 1. The BSC principle fromthe 4 perspectives [1]The first process, “Vision translation” is theprocess which helps managers reach consensusin the organization regarding organization visionand strategy. Most times, despite the goodintentions of top-management, assertions of thefollowing type: the best in the x category,number 1 supplier, cannot be easily translated inoperational terms which deliver actiondirections at the local level. So as people to actaccording to the statements from the vision andstrategy, they must be expressed in an integratedset of objectives and measures, agreed upon byall the executive directors, which shoulddescribe the success factors on the long-term.The second process, “Communication andrelating”, allows managers to communicate theirstrategy upward and downward the organizationsteps and to tie it to individual objectives and thedepartment objectives. Traditionally, thedepartments are evaluated according to thefinancial performances and the financialmotivations are tied to the short-term financialobjectives. The BSC gives managers the certaintythat all the organization levels understand thelong-term strategy and that both the individual582008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGobjectives and the departmental ones are in linewith it.The third process, “Business Planning”, makes itpossible for companies to integrate theirfinancial and business plans. Almost allcompanies implement changing plans, eachwith their managers and project counselors,competing for the executive seniors’ time,energy and resources, frequently leading todisappointments regarding the program result.But when the managers use ambitious objectivesfor the BSC, as a means for resource allotmentand priority settlement, they can understandand coordinate those initiatives which lead tothe long-term strategies previously set.“Development and learning”, the fourth BSCprocess offers the company the possibility ofstrategic learning. The existence of feedback andthe process evaluation focused on the company,its departments or the individual employees,ensures meeting the financial objectivespreviously set.THE BSC WITHIN THE ORGANIZATIONThe BSC offers a valuable instrument to theemployees for a better perception of theorganizational environment. It also suppliesinformation to the management when theorganization starts to document itself anddevelop the control measurement indicatives,which will shortly lead to reaching the desiredgoals and fulfilling the organizational visions.The result is that the day-to-day operations arecreated starting from a common point of viewabout where the organization is heading to onthe long-term. If the scorecard is segmented onactivity areas, the operation control will beperceived as being a lot more relevant than inthe previous models. The employees willbecome more cooperative and motivated andthus more open to change and decided toimplement the new decisions of theorganization.Thus, the organization becomes more open tothe learning process, more receptive and it isdeveloping its competences permanently.All this make it necessary for the scorecard to beintroduced and used continuously in bestconditions. Taking into consideration the factthat the use of the scorecard is simple, theresource involvement and top managementcontribution are often underestimated. Thescorecard project is easily perceived as a moreelaborated project on the measurement oforganization performances. It can also meet withopposition from the employees, who could seein this project only a method of work inspection.So, how can then this process be conceived so asto avoid these impediments? The followingstructure can be used [3]:For what type of activities must thescorecards be created? The first decisionswhich must be reached are connected to thestarting point. The scorecard usefulness fornonprofit organizations is also taken intoconsideration: personnel units,governmental agencies, etc.Initial scorecard development. Launchingthe project in the adequate direction is ofvital importance.Scorecard introduction and use – processvisualization. Continuing the previous item,the wished connection between strategythrough control and learning and back tostrategy is shown.Only by continuous use of the scorecards canreal wins be obtained for the organization. In thisstage, the support for the project can decrease,because the managers believe that thescorecards have been introduced successfully.THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THEBSCBalanced Scorecard is a tool of managementwhich facilitates making decisions and gathers acoherent set of indicators which provide highdirectives and the responsible functions. It is alsoa comprehensive vision of the business and itsarea of responsibility. The informationcontributed by the BSC allows to focus on thedirective equipment, on the units of business, onthe resources and the processes with thestrategies and organization.The Balanced Scorecard has proven to be anefficient management work frame. It has thefollowing functions [1]:Transforming strategy into action;Aligning the organization to the strategy;Strategy performance as everybody’s task;Continuity of strategy performance;The system is the basis of the organization’sstrategic success, but the strategy is implementedthrough initiative, innovation processes, by2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 59

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGheading the activities in the direction oforganization development.The following ten assertions come to support theargumentation of using the Balanced Scorecardmethod:1. Cost reduction, productivity increase;2. Such a valuable measurement systemenables an organization to align its activityto the suggested strategy. With this system,the organization can receive the desiredanswer so as to guide its future actions.3. The measurement of process efficiencyenables a rational settlement of the processfulfillment order.4. Enables managers to identify the bestpractices for activity performance.5. The information obtained based on thesystem allow quicker and better budgetdecisions, and also offer control on theprocesses made in the organization. It canalso reduce the risk.6. The accountancy and the financialdepartment are working with concrete data.7. Performance indicatives are obtained,which can be compared with the financialresults of the competition, thus setting theorganization situation and position.8. The estimation of future costs can be donewith great accuracy, all this due to theexperience gained in previous projects.9. The method allows the measurement ofperformances and initiatives following thestrategy.10. The system makes it possible to measure theindicatives and to determine the likelihoodof their increase in value.Since its first appearance in 1992, the BalancedScorecard concept has been adopted as a newapproach of the control management both inbusiness and by governments.It is used to describe the ambitions andachievements of the organization. It has provenuseful for [2]:Communicating the strategy of both theemployees and managers;Fulfilling the activities that follow thestrategy before the fulfillment of theactivities whose end is to meet currentneeds;Monitoring and awarding these activities;The Balanced Scorecard is based on thefollowing principle: “doing the things that arenecessary, doing them properly, rewards will beobtained in the future”.The benefits of using this method can besynthesized as follows:The Balanced Scorecard contributes toaligning the performance indicatives withthe strategy at all organization levels;Offers management a full business image;The method facilitates communication andunderstanding the business goals as well asthe strategy at all organization levels;Some authors state that the system is not a newmethod of measuring and interpreting a firm’ssituation, but rather a logical presentation ofwhat has to be done so as to follow the chosenstrategy. The Balanced Scorecard is an organizedsplit work frame which enables the strategyimplementation and fulfillment at all the levelsof an enterprise by binding the initiative with theobjectives and actions. The system offers a fullimage of the enterprise performance, combiningthe financial indicatives with other importantperformance indicatives within the relationshipswith customers, internal processes, research anddevelopment.As any other method, the Balanced Scorecardhas certain disadvantages:This approach is not fix, it takes a lot of timeto define a set of scorecards;The implementation of a BalancedScorecard system in an organization impliesthe detailed study of all the existingproblems, then defining an action plan, allthese involving a long period of time.For example, Kalpan and Norton divide the lifecycle of a business in three stages: growth,maturity and decline. Three financial themes arealso usually set: income growth, cost reduction /productivity increase, and resource user. In fact,instead of wishing to increase the level of theperformance indicatives, a lot of companiesconcentrate on the risk of not fulfilling theseindicatives.Then, when it is strategically important, theseorganizations will want to incorporate themanagement risks within the financialperspective. In conclusion, it is important for allobjectives and indicatives set in the otherperspectives to be tied to one or more objectivesof the financial perspective.The creation of a Balanced Scorecard involves aconsiderable period of time for everybodywhose performances are being measured.602008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSetting the strategy is time-consuming, but itdoes not use so much time as finding anddefining the performance measurementindicatives for each perspective does. Usually,people hardly agree on what and how is beingmeasured.Moreover, a large number of people areinvolved in building a BSC, and these people’sapproval is very important both for building andimplementing the instrument. It can happenthat a Balanced Scorecard is well-built, but itsdisapproval by the employees, as well as theirlack of involvement will make the modeluseless. There is also the risk of too manyindicatives being selected. This is a problembecause it is very difficult to use and interprettoo many results.Before the described perspective, we need toolsto describe the intangible assts, the BalancedScorecard by means of elaborating an strategicmap, relates and transforms these intangiblesassets into tangibles, as money. The BalancedScorecard through his four perspectives, usesindicators to describe the intangible assets,therefore we can monitor and control theintangible activities which add value to thecompany.Fig. 2. The BSC strategic maps and the organizationsassets [4]The intangible assets are the most importantsources of the organization that grantcompetitive advantages to other companies. Theorganization that has an excellent operativeprocess, knows their segment in the market andpossess the knowledge to develop a uniqueproduct, and has the ability of motivating theiremployers, will have a guaranteed success.The tangible assets are considered the goods ofmaterial nature they can be perceived by senseslike :Row material and stocksThe furnitureThe machinesThe landsThe moneyThe intangible assets are considered the goods ofimmaterial nature:The science of knowing what to doOur relations with the clientsOur operative processesThe technology of information anddatabases.Capacities, abilities and innovations ofthe employers.Certain indicatives can by objective, otherssubjective. The subjective indicatives, bydefinition, involve the judgment of a person, sothere are chances for them to be wrong. There isalways a question, namely “must the indicativesset subjectively be used”?The Balanced Scorecard is a managementsystem, not only a measurement one whichallows the organization to set its strategy andvision and to put them into practice. Theinstrument offers the feedback of the businessinternal process and external indicatives, insteadof wishing to continuously increase the strategicperformances and results. After being fullydeveloped, the Balanced Scorecard instrumenttransforms the strategic planning from anacademic exercise into a nervous center of theorganization.In terms of Customer Satisfaction, the approachanalyzes the organization’s ability to providequality goods and services and their effectivedelivery, while the financial perspective of theBalanced Scorecard generally represents theclear long-range targets. Now in order to lead tothe success of the above two mentionedperspectives, the internal business indicatorprovides data regarding the internal businessresults against its measures. The fourth and thelast major perspective concerns with learningand growth, which aims to align all of the abovetoward an overall organization’s success.2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 61

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGCREATION AND DESIGN OF THE BALANCEDSCORECARD (BSC)The steps to follow the making up, the creationand the development of the Balanced ScorecardBSC must proceed from the steps presented infig.3.As we can see the methodology to create theBalanced Scorecard BSC, has many the first one(blue), we define the plan of the company, laterwe go the confection of the own BalancedScorecard BSC (green).If in the organizations has already an strategicplan well defined, it will not be necessary torealize the blue stage, anyway it is convenient tomake an internal and strategic analysis of yourcompany, to check our mission and vision, toknow the current situation and objectives wehave to reach.Frequently, the process of creation of theBalanced Scorecard allows the executives toreview the strategies and to define new ones,according to the situation where the business isdeveloped.Fig. 3. Creation and the development of the BalancedScorecard [4]CONCLUSIONThe Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a conceptualframework enabling an organization in clarifyingits vision and strategy, thus effectively translatingthem into action. This performancemanagement approach provides feedbackaround both the internal processes and externaloutcomes, essentially focusing on fourindicators: Customer Perspective, Internal-Business Processes, Learning and Growth andFinancials.For the present-day organizations information isno longer the basic component. Because theorganizations administer a too big volume ofdata and information, the manner in which therelevant information is selected and used withinthe organizational actions and in decision-takingis of extreme importance. The ecosystem thatunderlies a Balanced Scorecard is made up ofvisions, missions, organizational values andcompetences, strategies.It is important for certain fundamentalobservations which express the BSC’simportance and value to be reiterated:Only 10% of the organizations that define astrategy are capable of successfully fulfillingit;The strategy of an organization must be clearand synthetic;The BSC is a strategic management andperformance system;The BSC translates the organization’s strategyinto concrete actions;The BSC explains and clarifies anorganization’s strategy from both themanagement’s and employees’ point ofview;The BSC is a communication instrument, notone of control/constraint;The BSC allows the alignment of the componentstructures and organization members to thestrategy set by the management team.Implementing the balanced scorecardmethodology in the projects gives quick accessto important metrics - for example cost,expected return of investment (IRR) for theproject, customer satisfaction, innovation etc. Allthese help continously monitor the performanceof the projects.622008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGREFERENCES[1] OLVE, N., ş.a. – Making ScorecardsActionable. Balancing Strategy andControl, Editura John Wiley&Sons,England;[2] http:// www.balancedscorecard.com[3] http:// www.balancedscorecard.org[4] http:// www.webandmacros.net/Balanced-Scorecard[5] AKKERMANS, H. A. and OORSCHOT, K. E., ACase Study of Balanced ScorecardDevelopment Using System Dynamics,Journal of the Operational ResearchSociety, Vol. 56, No. 8, pp. 931–941, (2005)[6] AKKERMANS, H. A. and van OORSCHOT, K. E.,“Developing a Balanced Scorecard withSystem Dynamics”, Proceeding of 2002International System DynamicsConference, 2002[7] MOORAJ, S. and OYON, D. H. D., TheBalanced Scorecard: a Necessary Good oran Unnecessary Evil?, EuropeanManagement Journal, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp.481-491, (1999)[8] RICHARD D. HANKS and JOHN CROFTS, TheBalanced Scorecard: A Practical Approach,2002–2009, Mindshare Technologies[9] KAPLAN, R. and D. NORTON, “The BalancedScorecard: Measures that DrivePerformance,”, HBR, Jan 1992[10] KAPLAN, R. and D. NORTON, “The BalancedScorecard: Translating Strategy intoAction”, HBS Press, 1996[11] KAPLAN, R. S., & NORTON, D. P. Strategymaps: Converting intangible assets intotangible outcomes. Boston: HarvardBusiness School Press, 2004[12] * * * The Balanced Scorecard - Measuresthat Drive Performance", Harvard BusinessReview, Feb. 1992[13] COBBOLD, I. and LAWRIE, G., “TheDevelopment of the Balanced Scorecard asa Strategic Management Tool”, 2002[14] COBBOLD, I. and LAWRIE, G., “Classificationof Balanced Scorecards based on theireffectiveness as strategic control ormanagement control tools”., 2002[15] NIVEN, PAUL R., "Balanced Scorecard. Stepby-step.Maximizing Performance andMaintaining Results", 2006[16] PAPALEXANDRIS, A., IOANNOU, G. andPRASTACOS, G.P. (2004), Implementing theBalanced Scorecard in Greece: a softwarefirm’s experience. Long Range Planning,37(4), 347-362[17] PAPALEXANDRIS, A., IOANNOU, G., PRASTACOS,G.P. and SODERQUIST, K.E. (2005), Anintegrated methodology for putting theBalanced Scorecard into action. EuropeanManagement Journal, 23(2), 214-227[18] NORREKLIT H. (2000), The balance on thebalanced scorecard - a critical analysis ofsome of its assumptions, ManagementAccounting Research, 11, pp. 65-88AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.VASILE ALEXA,2.CONSTANTIN GRIGORE1.“POLITECHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA,DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,ROMANIA2“POLITECHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA,DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ANDINDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, ROMANIAACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 63

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro642008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

1.VERONICA ARGESANU, 2. MIHAELA JULA, 3. IOAN LAZATHERMO ELASTIC INSTABILITYWITHIN A CLASS IV FRICITON JOINTAbstract:With a class IV couple of friction joint there are conditions when the disturbances of the pressures onthe interface increase, decrease or remain unchanged. When the two materials of the joint areidentical a relative stability is formed regarding this phenomenon, while a good heat-conductingmaterial coupled with a heat insulator, depending on certain characteristics of sliding speed, createsinstability.Materials of the same type making the joint tend to a relative stability when speaking of thisphenomenon, while a joint composed of a good heat conductor material and a insulator will alwaysshow characteristics of relative sliding speed, from which instability appears.Equation of this paper specifies the threshold for instability. The equations serve to provide the termsdepending on which the pressure disturbance in a frontal sealing interface increases. In this case loadconcentrations occur in small portions of the contact surfaces, resulting in damage or separation ofthe rings.Keywords:Thermo elastic instability; Solutions; Temperature waveINTRODUCTIONWith a class IV friction joint (annular joint),which is the primary sealing of a frontal sealing,may appear situations in which pressuredisturbances within the interface decrease,increase, or remain constant. These in turn areinfluenced by the properties of the materials incontact, coefficient of friction and relativesliding velocity.The increase of the pressure disturbances in theinterface leads to an increase in contact pressureand the local temperature. Adjacent to the zoneswith low pressure the surfaces can detachleading to important losses by leakage.Materials of the same type making the joint tendto a relative stability when speaking of thisphenomenon, while a joint composed of a goodheat conductor material and a insulator willalways show characteristics of relative slidingspeed, from which instability appears.The sliding contact at relatively high speeds isassociated with a macroscopic instability, so thaton a flat and uniform contact area will appeardisturbances of local pressure.This leads to negative effects upon the contactarea from the point of view of heating and wear.The simplified configuration of the primarysealing (class IV friction joint) is presented in Fig.1. For such geometry, if the pressure is uniform© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 65

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGin the interface, the temperature slowly risesuntil it hits a nominal value determined by theoperating parameters.If instead the uniform distribution of thepressure is disturbed even sparsely (which canbe expressed as a Fourier series or waves alongthe contact surface) the disturbance maydiminish, may remain unchanged or may rise.Thus, the stability of the pressure distributioncan be investigated according to the behavior ofwaves of initial disturbance.The problem is assumed to be ideal linear, witha linear heat transfer, thermal expansion andelastic displacement so that:the solution found is for the pressure waveproduced at the surface of the semi-infinitering extremity when there is a temperaturewave of constant amplitude moving withconstant speed;there is a relationship between the pressurewave and the heat produced by friction,generated at the limiting value, where it isassumed that another plate slides over andtakes over the pressure distribution.As an additional restriction of harmful waves it isassumed that there is no disruption at theextremities of the distance corresponding to thecircumference of the tube (fig 1).wavelength disturbance, without diminution oramplification.SOLUTIONS FOR A TEMPERATURE WAVE WITHCONSTANT MOVEMENTIf referred to one of the plates marked with 1, theedge temperature perturbation can beexpressed:T = T 0 * sin ω(x-vt) (1)where:T 0 is the constant for temperatureω =2nπ/L the measure of wave numberx – is measured along the contact surfacev - Instantaneous transverse velocity of thewave along the contact surfaceHeat transfer equation:δ 2 T/ δx 2 + δ 2 T/ δy 2 -(δT/ δt)/k=0 (2)-∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞0 ≤ y ≤ ∞with T=0 when y→∞; y is measuredperpendicular to the contact surfaceSolution for body number 1:T 1 = T 0 e -b1y1 sin (ωx - ωv 1 t + a 1 y) (3)where:b 1 = {ω 2 /2 + ω/2 [ω2 + (v 1 /k 1 ) 2 ] ½ } ½ (4)a 1 = {- (ω 2 /2) + ω/2 [ω 2 + (v 1 /k 1 ) 2 ] ½ } ½ (5)where:k – material diffusion capabilityK - material conductivityp - pressurec p – specific heatThe heat flow (q 1 ) is given by the equation:q = - K(δT/ δy) y1=0 = -KT [a 1 cos(ωx- ωv 1 t) - b 1 sin(ωx - ωv 1 t)] (6)Figure 1This implies that the harmonic components ofthe disturbance, complete one or more numbersof cycles over the specified length.The combination of properties of materials incontact and operating conditions which satisfythe entire set of conditions will be considered todefine the circumstances of a specifiedSurface temperature will be:andT=T 0 sin ωt (7)q 1 = K 1 T 0 (b 1 sin ωx - a 1 cos ωx) (8)For the second body (which moves in theopposite direction relatively to the temperaturewave with the speed v 2 ):662008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGT 2 = T 0 e -b1y1 sin(ωx - ωv 2 t - a 2 t) (9)As a result:where a 2 and b 2 correspond to the (4) and (5)equations with the correct changes for indices.Thus:q 2 = - K 2 (δT 2 / δy 2 ) y2->0 = K 2 T 0 [a 2 cos(ωx - ωv 2 t)– b 2 sin(ωx + ωv 2 t)] (10)If the wave is stationary and plate is movingrelative to it:andq 2 = K 2 T 0 (b 2 sin ωx + a 2 cos ωx) (11)q = q 1 + q 2 =T 0 [(K 1 b 1 + K 2 b 2 ) sin ωx+(K 2 a 2 - K 1 a 1 ) cos ωx] (12)STATE OF THERMO ELASTIC STRESS IN A PLATESUBJECTED TO A WAVE OF TEMPERATURE THATMOVES UNIFORMLYThe thermo elastic equation of a platedepending on the potential of displacement Ψis:δ 2 Ψ / δx 2 + δ 2 Ψ / δy 2 =(1+ ν 0 )αT 0 e -by sin (ωx + ay- ωvt) (13)where:α - coefficient of thermal expansionν 0 – Poisson’s coefficientThe speed v of the surface on the direction of yis zero (v y->0 ) and Ψ→0 when y→∞, δ Ψ / δy ≡v,resulting in:Ψ 1 = (Ae - ωy)(C cosωx+D sinωx) +(k 1 /vω)(1+v 1 ) α 1 T 0 e -b1y cos(ωx+ a 1 y) (14)Coefficients C and D are evaluated to meet thecondition on the limit. Results that the surfacepressure p 1’will be:p 1’ = E 1 α 1 T 0 k 1 [-(ω-b 1 ) cosωx+ a 1 inωx]/v 1 (15)A similar equation can be written for the bodynumbered 2. At the moment of contact betweenthe two bodies each surface will suffer adisplacement equal and contrary till theequalization of tensions:p 1” = Eωδ/2with δ= δ 0 sinωx ← thermal layer thicknessp= - E 1 ωδ/2 = p 1 ’+ p ” (16)p= E 1 ωδ/2 = p 2 ’+ p ” (17)Given the fact that p must be identical for thetwo bodies (according to the law of balance) δcan be eliminatedp=E 1 E 2 T 0 {[α 2 k 2 (ω-b 2 )/v 2 - α 1 k 1 (ω-b 1 )/v 1 ] cosωx+ [α 2 k 2 a 2 /v 2 +α 1 k 1 a 1 /v 1 ] sinωx}/(E 1 +E 2 ) (18)According to the principles of equilibrium, theheat generated by friction must be equal to theheat from the interface if:mp (v 1 + v 2 )= q (19)(K 1 b 1 +K 2 b 2 )sinωx +(K 2 b 2 -K 1 b 1 ) cosωx =(v 1 + v 2 )μE 1 E 2 {[α 2 k 2 (ω-b 2 )/v 2 - α 1 k 1 (ω-b 1 )/v 1 ] cosωx+[α 2 k 2 a 2 /v 2 +α 1 k 1 a 1 /v 1 ] sinωx }/(E 1 +E 2 ) (20)To satisfy the equation (2):K 1 b 1 +K 2 b 2 =(v 1 +v 2 )μE 1 E 2 [α 2 k 2 a 2 /v 2 +α 1 k 1 a 1 /v 1 ]/(E 1 +E 2 ) (21)K 2 b 2 -K 1 b 1 =(v 1 + v 2 )μE 1 E 2 [α 2 k 2 a 2 (ω-b 2 )/v 2- α 1 k 1 a 1 (ω-b 1 )/v 1 ]/(E 1 +E 2 ) (22)So for bodies of the same material: v 1 =v 2 =v/2,and equation (21) reduces to:μEαka/bK =1= μEαka{[1+[1+(v/kω) 2 ] 1/2 ]/[1+[1+(v/kω) 2 ] 1/2 ] } 1/2 /K (23)and for two bodies of which, one is good conduitfor heat and other heat isolated:k 1 →0, K→0, v 2 →0, and v 1 →v. If v>1,a 1 →ω(v 1 /2k 1 ω) 1/2a 2 →v 2 2k 2 ; b1→ω(v 1 /2k 1 ω) 1/2 ; b 2 →ω[1+(c 2 /k 2 ω) 2 /8]and equation (21) reduces to:CONCLUSIONv 1 =v=2K 2 ω(E 1 +E 2 )/ μE 1 E 2 α 2 (24)The equations from above serve to provide theterms depending on which the pressuredisturbance in a frontal sealing interfaceincreases. In this case load concentrations occur2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 67

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGin small portions of the contact surfaces,resulting in damage or separation of the rings.For materials of the same type, instability occursonly at a high coefficient of friction. Initial sizeof the uniform load has little influence on thegeneral temperature which may alter theproperties of the materials. Role of slip velocityis also small.In case the material has different propertiesfrom the point of view of transfer of heatproduced by friction will be taken from the heatconductingbody and the limit between stabilityand instability depends on the relative slidingvelocity.REFERENCES[1] DOW, T.A; BURTON, R.A. “Initiation ofthermo elastic instabilities of slidingcontact in the absence of wear”, Wear, 19(1972)[2] DOW, T.A; BURTON, R.A. “The role of wearin the initiation of thermo elasticinstabilities in sliding contact”, J. Lubric.Technol; 95(1973); ASME Paper No 72- Lub.-45[3] MAYER, E. “Mechanical Seals”, NewnessButterworths London-Boston, 1973AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.VERONICA ARGESANU,2.MIHAELA JULA,3.IOAN LAZA1. 2. 3FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIA682008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

GENERAL GUIDELINESFOR PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTSFOR REVIEW INACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN OF ENGINEERINGAbstract:a maximum 100 words abstract will be written, simple spaced, in ENGLISHKeywords:a maximum 10 representative words for the paperTHE TEXTThe submitted manuscript must be content INTRODUCTIVE NOTES (INTRODUCTIONS), follow bythe METHODOLOGY, the PRELIMINARY RESULTS or the FINAL RESULTS, and, in final, theCONCLUSIONS about the presented notes.Also, the paper included the ABSTRACT, KEYWORDS, and REFERENCES.The conclusions must be clear, relevant and must be indicate some the empirical, theoretical,methodological or scientific aspects of the research, and the author’s contributions, or the futurepreliminaries of our research. It will publish empirical, theoretical and methodological articles.THE TABLES, FIGURES, GRAPHS AND EQUATIONSTables and Figures should be numbered, titled and the resource should be mentioned below them.Photographs in the text are preferable to be in black and white, but must be clear, with a highcontrast. Under each figure there will be typed, centered, “Figure X. Name of the figure”.Tables will be part of the text, designed as “Table y. Name of the table”, written above the table,centered.The equations will be inserted in the text – left aligned – and will be numbered with Arabian figures, inround brackets, right aligned. Before and after the equation a blank line will be left.SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTSThe original of the technical paper will be sent through e-mail as attaché document (*.doc, Windows95 or higher).© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 69

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACKNOWLEDGMENTIf is necessary, please write yours works based research [Title, Contract no., Team, Year etc]REFERENCES[1] AUTHORS. YEAR. TITLE OF REFERENCE, JOURNALS NAME, VOLUME, PAGES[2] AUTHORS. YEAR. TITLE OF BOOK, EDITING HOUSE[3] AUTHORS. YEAR. TITLE OF REFERENCE, CONFERENCE NAME, VOLUME OR PROCEEDING, PAGESAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.NAME SURNAME2.NAME SURNAME1.DEPARTMENT, FACULTY, UNIVERSITY, COUNTRY2.INSTITUTION OR COMPANY, COUNTRYACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcopyright ©UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro702008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC EVENTINTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM“INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL RESEARCH”– ISIRR 2009 –HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA,23 - 24 APRIL, 2009FIRST ANNOUNCEMENTIt is our great privilege and pleasure to extend a cordial and sincerely invitation to you and yourcolleagues to attend the 10 th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONALRESEARCH” – ISIRR 2009 – JUBILEE EDITION, which will be held in Hunedoara – Romania, inApril, 23 rd – 24 th , 2009.The 10 th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL RESEARCH” – ISIRR2009 – JUBILEE EDITION, will ensure an exchange of scientific information and didactical opinionsin fields with an impressive dynamic considering the research and the technological progress.The Symposium will also provide the opportunity for exchanging ideas and experience with ourcolleagues coming from HUNGARY, SERBIA and ROMANIA and for developing new scientificcollaboration.KEYWORDS:Scientific events, Multidisciplinarity, Symposium, Scientific collaborations© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 71

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGGENERAL INFORMATIONSData: THURSDAY, 23 RD– FRIDAY, 24 th of APRIL,2009.The official language at the SYMPOSIUM isENGLISH, and the papers will be acceptedonly in ENGLISH.The Symposium includes PLENARY SESSIONS,WORK-SHOPS, POSTER PRESENTATIONS,INFORMATIVE and AGREEMENT ACTIONS.The papers of a high scientific level will bepresented during the SYMPOSIUM, while therest of the papers will have a poster-formpresentation.The papers, classified according to the topicsand presented in the SYMPOSIUM sections,will be collected in the CD VOLUMEPROCEEDINGS.Also, the selected papers will be appear in aspecial number of the multidisciplinaryengineering journal ANNALS OF FACULTY OFENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL OFENGINEERING (FASCICULE 4/2009, PRINTVERSION, ISSN 1584-2665).A selected lot of papers from the SYMPOSIUMsections will be collected in the ONLINESUPPLEMENT of ANNALS OF FACULTY OFENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL OFENGINEERING, in the ACTA TECHNICACORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN OF ENGINEERING.The papers will have to frame into topics, tohave an interdisciplinary character, and tobe at the level of an internationalsymposium.The selected papers will have to bepresented in the SYMPOSIUM sectionstherefore the presence of one of the authorsis required.It is preferable for the papers to have aninterdisciplinary characteristic and to treatthemes of mutual interest for ourgeographical area: eastern HUNGARY,northern SERBIA and western ROMANIA.Priority is given to papers produced by amixed team of researchers from the threecountries.Researchers from other countries mayparticipate as well, on the condition ofapplicability for their results on the abovementioned geographical areas.ORGANIZERSThe 10 th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM“INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL RESEARCH” – ISIRR2009 organizers are:• FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,• UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARA• ASSOCIATION FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHOF THE WEST ZONE OF ROMANIA (ACM-V) –TIMISOARA• GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF ROMANIANENGINEERS (AGIR) – branch of HUNEDOARA• ROMANIAN NATIONAL PARK “RETEZAT”with kindly support of our partners:• HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE – branch ofSZEGED, HUNGARYand• UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD, NOVI SAD, SERBIAINTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE• Prof. dr. NICOLAE FARBAŞ – head ofASSOCIATION FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHOF THE WEST ZONE OF ROMANIA (ACM-V) –TIMIŞOARA, ROMANIA• Prof. h.c. dr. eng. GALLIA BUTNARU – „BANAT”UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ANDVETERINARY MEDICINE TIMISOARA, ROMANIA• Prof. dr. eng. TEODOR HEPUT – dean of theFACULTY OF ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA,ROMANIA• Prof. dr. IMRE DEKANY – president ofHUNGARIAN REGIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,SZEGED, HUNGARY• Prof. dr. MARIA HOMOKI-NAGY – scientificsecretary of HUNGARIAN REGIONAL ACADEMY OFSCIENCES, SZEGED, HUNGARY• Prof. dr. CECILIA HODUR – member ofHUNGARIAN REGIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,SZEGED, HUNGARY• Prof. dr. Radmila MARINKOVIC-NEDUCIN –rector of the UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD, NOVISAD, SERBIA• Prof. dr. Mirjana VOJINOVIC-MILORADOV –UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD, INSTITUTE OFCHEMISTRY, NOVI SAD, SERBIA• Prof. dr. VLADIMIR KATIC – UNIVERSITY OF NOVISAD, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, NOVI SAD,SERBIA• Prof. dr. eng. FRANCISC WEBER – head of theGENERAL ASSOCIATION OF THE ROMANIAN722008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGENGINEERS (AGIR) – branch of HUNEDOARA,ROMANIA• Prof. dr. JECU AVRAM – UNIVERSITY OFMEDICINE AND FARMACY „VICTOR BABEŞ”,TIMIŞOARA, ROMANIA• Assoc. Prof. dr. eng. NICOLAE RUSU – vicedeanof FACULTY OF ENGINEERING –HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA• Assoc. Prof. dr. eng. CAIUS PĂNOIU• vice-dean of FACULTY OF ENGINEERING –HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA• Prof. dr. STEFAN MAKSAY – FACULTY OFENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA• Prof. dr. ing. ŞTEFAN BARTZER – UniversityPolitehnica Timişoara, ROMANIA• Prof. dr. DORIN BRATU – ,,VICTOR BABEŞ”UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND FARMACY,TIMIŞOARA, ROMANIA• Prof. dr. ing. MARIAN BURA – „BANAT”UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ANDVETERINARY MEDICINE TIMISOARA, ROMANIAREGIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEEAssoc. Prof. dr. eng. IMRE KISS– scientific secretary of the SYMPOSIUMAssoc. Prof. dr. eng. ANA VIRGINIA SOCALICI– scientific secretary of the FACULTY OFENGINEERING – HUNEDOARAAssist. Prof. ec. dr. eng. VASILE ALEXA– co-coordinator of organizing activitiesAssist. Prof. dr. eng. SORIN RATIU– co-coordinator of organizing activitiesAssist. Prof. dr. eng. VASILE GEORGE CIOATĂ– co-coordinator of organizing activitiesSYMPOSIUM TOPICS• SECTION 1.ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIES INOUR REGIONS AND ABROAD, focusing onproblems concerning the general field ofeconomics and management, the EuropeanIntegration of our countries, the differencesbetween the development of the regions fromEastern Europe and the management ofdiminishing unfavorable differences, includingaspects regarding the globalization andeconomy of small and medium enterprises,human resources, management strategies andorganization behavior, provides a leading forumfor interaction and research on the competitivestrategies of managers and the organizationalstructure of firms;• SECTION 2.MEDICAL ISSUES, LABOR HEALTH AND VETERINARYMEDICINE, focusing on novelties in medicalstudies and veterinary medicine, medical advice,diagnoses and treatment, including newknowledge on pathogens, immunity topathogenic micro-organisms, epidemiologyrelated to infections, specific aspects oftreatment of diseases, pathological and clinicalstudies (including case reports), diagnosis testsand technical reports, as well as labor relatedaccidents and professional diseases• SECTION 3.APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION IN THE REGION, focusing on themanagement of the city and on industrial wastematerials, debating issues concerning theenvironmental engineering, the environmentalimpact analysis and assessment, the industrialand urban environmental management, thecleaning process, pollution agents and pollutionsources, water – air – soil quality analysis, the reutilizationof industrial wastes and thediminishing of pollution and the environmentalplanning and environmental protection in theregions of the Eastern Europe area;• SECTION 4.USES OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN REGIONS,MINING, ENERGY CONSERVATION AND PLANNING,focusing on general fields of industry, mining,agriculture, forestry, botany and horticulture,hydrology, biotechnology, material andenergetically resources, including energyconservation and planning and alternate energydevelopment, in multidisciplinary studies;• SECTION 5.APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES –MANUFACTURING AND RESEARCH IN ENGINEERINGFIELDS, focusing on engineering science andpractice, covering the full spectrum ofengineering theory and practice, includingstudies involving the application of physical andmathematical techniques to fundamentalinvestigations and emerging areas within theengineering fields, incoming with informationfrom a wide variety of applied science specialtiesin multidisciplinary studies;2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 73

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING• SUBSECTION 5.AAPPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES –MANUFACTURING AND RESEARCH IN MECHANICALENGINEERING, focusing on mechanicalengineering science and practice, covering thefull spectrum of mechanical field.• SUBSECTION 5.AAPPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES –MANUFACTURING AND RESEARCH IN INFORMATICS& ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, focusing onelectrical engineering and informatics, coveringthe full spectrum of electrical field.• SUBSECTION 5.AAPPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES –MANUFACTURING AND RESEARCH IN MATERIALSCIENCE ENGINEERING, focusing on materialscience and engineering, theory and practice,covering the full spectrum of metallurgy fields,including raw materials and waste managementin this industry.• SECTION 6.METHODS AND TECHNIQUES, INSTRUMENTS ANDSUPPLIES IN THE NATURAL SCIENCE FIELDS,focusing on the theory and practice of chemistryand physics, covering the full spectrum ofnatural sciences in multidisciplinary studies;• SUBSECTION 6.AMETHODS AND TECHNIQUES, INSTRUMENTS ANDSUPPLIES IN THE FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY ANDPHYSICS, focusing on the general chemistry andphysics, including the multidisciplinarity inthese areas.• SUBSECTION 6.AMETHODS AND TECHNIQUES, INSTRUMENTS ANDSUPPLIES IN THE FIELD OF MATHEMATICS,focusing on the mathematic fields and theapplication of mathematics in the engineering.• INFORMATIVE MEETING,discussing the topic: REGIONAL INTEGRATION,concerning the expanding of the applicationarea for the transferable credit system betweenthe specialized faculties and universities fromHUNGARY, SERBIA and ROMANIA, educational andpedagogical issues common for this countries,as well as problems regarding the extending ofconnections between the institutions oneducational matters, teaching and specializingprocesses and co-operation between professorsand students.The SYMPOSIUM is an open invitation for allspecialists, professors, researchers and experts inall scientific fields, who can produce a freepresentation of the results in their activities. It ispreferable for the papers to have aninterdisciplinary characteristic and to treatthemes of mutual interest for our geographicalarea: eastern HUNGARY, northern SERBIA andwestern ROMANIA.Priority is given to papers produced by a mixedteam of researchers from the three countries.Researchers from other countries mayparticipate as well, on the condition ofapplicability for their results on the abovementioned geographical areas.DEADLINESFor the paper selection, you are kindlyinvited to submit a maximum 200 wordsabstract and post it to the address of theSYMPOSIUM by 15 FEBRUARY 2009, stating thesection in which the papers will bepresented.Notification of acceptance, instructions forpreparing camera-ready manuscripts,financial and other details will be sent by 15MARCH 2009.The camera-ready manuscript must be sentto the ISIRR 2009 – SECRETARY OFFICE by 30MARCH 2009.The final announcement of confirmation forpublishing and the day of presentation willbe sent by 10 APRIL 2009.INVITATIONThe SYMPOSIUM is an open invitation for allspecialists, professors, researchers and experts inall scientific fields, who can produce a freepresentation of the results in their activities.For more information please contact theFACULTY OF ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, SECRETARYOFFICE OF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE.An e-mail address was be opened to receive yourcorrespondence: redactie@fih.upt.roAll information on the conference will also beavailable on the web athttp://annals.fih.upt.ro/sustained-events.742008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSCHEDULE OF EVENTS1 ST DAY, THURSDAY, 23 RD APRIL, 200908.00 –10.0010.00 –11.3011.30 –12.0012.00 –12.3012.30 –14.00Welcoming of guests and registration ofparticipants – in the HALL of FACULTY OFENGINEERING – HUNEDOARAOpening Ceremony – in theAMPHITHEATRE of FACULTY OFENGINEERING – HUNEDOARAPlenary Lecture # 1FROM THE RETEZAT NATIONAL PARK TOEUROPE'S "YELLOWSTONE" - SEEDS FORTHOUGHTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT ANDEFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF EUROPE'SLARGEST PROTECTED AREA COVERING THESOUTHERN AND WESTERN CARPATHIANS INROMANIA AND SERBIADr. ERIKA STANCIU – WWF DANUBECARPATHIAN PROGRAMME, CARPATHIAN,FORESTS AND PROTECTED AREA LEADER,RETEZAT NATIONAL PARK PRESIDENTPlenary Lecture # 2SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THEECONOMIC CRISISDr. CARMEN HĂRĂU – UNIVERSITYPOLITEHNICA TIMIŞOARA, FACULTY OFENGINEERING – HUNEDOARAPlenary Lecture # 3SLAG – UTILIZATION IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION– EXPERIENCE AND SOLUTIONSEng. RODICA ISTRATE – BUSINESSSERVICES PREST SRL HUNEDOARAPlenary Lecture # 4ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN ELECTRONSPECTROSCOPY FOR SURFACE AND INTERFACESTUDIES,Prof. Dr. BERNARD GRUZZA –POLYTECH'CLERMONT-FERRAND UFRSCIENCES, UNIVERSITÉ BLAISE PASCAL –CLERMONT II CLERMONT-FERRAND, HEAD OFTHE RESEARCH GROUP “SURFACES ANDINTERFACES”, LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCESDES MATÉRIAUX POUR L'ELECTRONIQUE ETD'AUTOMATIQUE , LASMEA, FRANCECoffee break – in the HALLS of FACULTYOF ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARASetting of posters by sections – in theHALLS of the FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGPresentations and debates by sections –in the AMPHITHEATRES of the FACULTYOF ENGINEERING14.00 –16.0016.00 –19.00Break for lunch – in the STUDENTRESTAURANT of the Faculty ofEngineering – HunedoaraDebates by sections – in theAmphitheatres of FACULTY OFENGINEERING19.00 Festive dinner – in the HOTEL MAIER –HUNEDOARA ***2 ND DAY, FRIDAY, 24 TH APRIL, 200908.00 –10.0010.00 –11.3011.30 –12.3012.30 –13.3013.30 –14.00Breakfast – in the HOTEL MAIER –HUNEDOARA *** and in the STUDENTRESTAURANT of the FACULTY OFENGINEERING – HUNEDOARAPresentations and debates by sectionsand posters – in Halls and inAmphitheatres of the FACULTYInformative Meeting – in the COUNCILCHAMBER of the FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGFinal debates and CLOSING CEREMONY –in the Amphitheatre of FACULTY OFENGINEERINGBreak for lunch – in the STUDENTRESTAURANT of the FACULTY OFENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA14.00 Visit to tourist sights (CORVIN CASTLE andsurroundings)PROGRAM SCHEDULEFaculty of Engineering – HunedoaraAmphitheatre # 1 – # 6Group C, Floor 1Group B, Floor 2Group F, Floor 1Presentations and debates by sections1 ST DAY, THURSDAY, 23 RD APRIL, 200912.30 – 14.00 and 16.00 – 19.00Faculty of Engineering – HunedoaraCentral Hall # 1 – Group C , Floor 1Presentations and debates by posters1 ST DAY, THURSDAY, 23 RD APRIL, 200916.00 – 19.002 ND DAY, FRIDAY, 24 TH APRIL, 200910.00 – 12.002008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 75

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGTHE INFORMATIVE MEETING- discussing the topics:REGIONAL INTEGRATION, concerning theexpanding of the application area for thetransferable credit system between thespecialized faculties and universities fromHUNGARY, SERBIA and ROMANIA,educational and pedagogical issuescommon for this countries, as well asproblems regarding the extending ofconnections between the institutions oneducational matters, teaching andspecializing processes and co-operationbetween professors and students.EXTEND AREA OF ISIRR, discussing about theexpanding possibilities of the ISIRR inBULGARIA and SLOVAKIA.ISIRR for ISI PROCEEDINGS APPLICATION,discussing about the possibilities to accedeinto international databases for recognizethe ISIRR as important Symposium in thisarea.THE 11 th ISIRR, organized in SZEGED,HUNGARY, in preliminary discussionsSECRETARY OFFICEOF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEEUNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMIŞOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI,331128, HUNEDOARAROMANIAphone: + 40 254 207522;fax: + 40 254 207501e-mail: redactie@fih.upt.roCOPYRIGHT© Copyright by Faculty of Engineering – Hunedoara762008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC EVENT3 RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUMON TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE FOOD CHAIN –DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS OF TRACE ELEMENTSIN THE ENVIRONMENT AS A RISK OF HEALTH- TEFC 2009BUDAPEST, HUNGARY21-23 May 2009INVITATIONYou are cordially invited to attend the3 RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE FOOD CHAIN –DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT AS A RISK OFHEALTH (TEFC – 2009)to be organized by the Working Committee on Trace Elements of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences(HAS), as well as the Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry of the HAS, inBUDAPEST, HUNGARY21-23 May 2009.The purpose of the Symposium is to congregate experts interested in the investigation of traceelements of the food chain, involving analytical, metabolic, toxicological aspects, focussing on theenvironmental and health concerns.Accordingly, following our traditions we intend to provide a multidisciplinary forum for exchange ofexperiences and expertise.Special attention will be given to the deficiency or excess in the environment as a risk of health, thespeciation and transfer of trace elements in the food chain, to the factors influencing these processes.GENERAL SUBJECT AREAS, TOPICSScientific sessions are expected to cover thefollowing general subject areas:METHODICAL ASPECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTRESEARCH. SPECIATION.NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR TRACE ELEMENTRESEARCH.ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF TRACEELEMENTS CONCERNING AIR, WATER, SOIL,MICROORGANISMS AND PLANTS.TRACE ELEMENT STATUS AND RISK OF HEALTHIN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND MAN.FOOD AND FEED SAFETY IN HUMAN ANDANIMAL NUTRITION.OTHER TOPICSPOSSIBILITIES AND DIFFICULTIES IN THEANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS.TRACE ELEMENTS AS AIR POLLUTANTS.SEWAGE SLUDGES AS TRACE ELEMENTSOURCES.BIOAVAILABILITY AND MOBILITY OF TRACEELEMENTS IN SOILS.REMEDIATION OF TRACE ELEMENTCONTAMINATED SOILS.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 77

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGBIOACCUMULATION AND TRANSLOCATION OFTRACE ELEMENTS IN PLANTS.TRACE ELEMENTS IN MEDICINAL PLANTS.TRACE ELEMENT DEFICIENCY: GENETICAND/OR DIETARY BACKGROUND.BIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICALIMPORTANCE OF TRACE ELEMENTS.TARGETS OF HEAVY METAL TOXICITY.NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTDEFICIENCY OR EXCESS.MICRONUTRIENTS AND CARDIOVASCULARDISEASES.DEFICIENCY – EXCESS – METABOLICDISORDERS.DEFICIENCY – EXCESS – ANTIOXIDANT STATUS.HOW MANY IS INSUFFICIENT, OPTIMAL,EXCESS?TRACE ELEMENTS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS.TRACE ELEMENTS AS ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTANTS.TRACE ELEMENT SUPPLEMENTATION ANDFOOD SAFETY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONSCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEFARKAS J. (CHAIR, HUNGARY)ANKE M. (GERMANY)LENG L. (SLOVAKIA)NECHIFOR M. (RUMANIA)SKESTERS A. (LATVIA)THEOPHANIDES T. (GREECE)TLUSTOS P. (CZECH)NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARDSZILÁGYI M. (CHAIR, BUDAPEST)SZENTMIHÁLYI K. (SECRETARY, BUDAPEST)ANTAL M. (BUDAPEST)BÁNÁTI D. (BUDAPEST)BÉRES J. (BUDAPEST)FÁRI M. (DEBRECEN)FEKETE S. (BUDAPEST)FODOR P. (BUDAPEST)GYŐRI Z. (DEBRECEN)HUSZTI ZS. (BUDAPEST)KÁDÁR I. (BUDAPEST)KISS F. (NYÍREGYHÁZA)KÓNYA CS. (BUDAPEST)LAKATOS GY. (DEBRECEN)MÉZES M. (GÖDÖLLŐ)NAGYMAJTÉNYI L. (SZEGED)NÉMETH T. (BUDAPEST)RŐTH E. (PÉCS)SCHMIDT R. (MOSONMAGYARÓVÁR)SZAKÁL P. (MOSONMAGYARÓVÁR)SZALAY, F. (BUDAPEST)SZEITZNÉ SZABÓ M. (BUDAPEST)SZÉPVÖLGYI J. (BUDAPEST)SZŐKE É. (BUDAPEST)TYIHÁK E. (BUDAPEST)ZÁRAY GY. (BUDAPEST)ORGANISING COMMITTEESZILÁGYI M. (CHAIR, BUDAPEST)SZENTMIHÁLYI K. (SECRETARY, BUDAPEST)FÉBEL H. (HERCEGHALOM)GERGELY A. (BUDAPEST)MÉZES M. (GÖDÖLLŐ)MOLNÁR J. (BUDAPEST)PAPP A. (SZEGED)SIMON L. (NYÍREGYHÁZA)DEADLINESAbstract submission: JANUARY 15, 2009.Information on paper acceptance: FEBRUARY 1,2009Early registration: FEBRUARY 28, 2009Contribution submission: FEBRUARY 28, 2009.Further information:http://www.chemres.hu/tefc2009SECRETARY OFFICEOF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEEDr. KLÁRA SZENTMIHÁLYI, PhD.szklari@chemres.huSYMPOSIUM SECRETARIATe-mail: tefc2009@chemres.huOn behalf of the Organising Committee we lookforward to meeting you in the more than elevenhundred year old HUNGARY.Prof. Dr. MIHÁLY SZILÁGYI, PhD, DSc. ChairDr. KLÁRA SZENTMIHÁLYI, PhD. Secretary782008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC EVENTINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEON ENERGY EFFICIENCYAND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERINGOCTOBER 1-3, 2009ROUSSE, BULGARIAORGANIZED BY:BULGARIAN NATIONAL SOCIETY OFAGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS - “Engineeringand Research for Agriculture”with the support ofINTERNATIONAL COMISSION OFAGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING – CIGREurAgEng (SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP 23)ASSOCIATION OF AGRICULTURALENGINEERING IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPEUNION OF SCIENTISTS - ROUSSEFEDERATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC TECHNICALUNIONS- ROUSSEANGEL KANCHEV UNIVERSITY OF ROUSSEINVITATION:On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we wouldlike to invite you to attend the Energy Efficiencyand Agricultural Engineering Conference,organized by the Bulgarian national society ofagricultural engineers (ERA) in co-operation withthe 4 th section of CIGR, EurAgEng (Special InterestGroup 23), Union of Scientists, Association ofAgricultural Engineering in South-Eastern Europe(AESEE), Federation of the Scientific TechnicalUnions, Angel Kanchev University of Rousse.We are looking forward to meet you in Rousse.CONFERENCE GOALS:The main objectives of the Conference are topromote exchange of research results,scientific ideas and their practicalimplementation concerning Energy Efficiencyand Education in Agriculture and to assistpersonal contacts between scientists andspecialists, especially from South-EasternEurope and the developing countries. Studentsand young scientists will be encouraged toparticipate in the Conference.CONFERENCE TOPICS:AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENTCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTUREELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTUREENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT IN AGRICULTUREFOOD ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGYHIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAININGINFORMATION SYSTEMS AND PRECISIONFARMINGLAND, WATER AND AGRO-PROCESSINGENGINEERING© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 79

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGMANAGEMENT AND ERGONOMICSPLANT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION ENGINEERINGPOWER AND MACHINERYRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESOTHER ALLIED TOPICSIMPORTANT DATES:FULL PAPER SUBMISSION: AUGUST 31 ST 2009FEE PAYMENT: AUGUST 31 ST 2009ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: PRESIDENT:NICOLAY MIHAILOV MEMBERS:ANDONOV K.BORISOV B.KANGALOV P.SMRIKAROV A.STANCHEV D.STOYANOV V.TZONEV R.VEZIROV C.VICHEV N.TECHNICAL CONFERENCE CHAIR: ASSOC. PROF. NICOLAY MIHAILOV, PRESIDENT OFORGANIZING COMMITTEE ASSOC. PROF. HRISTO BELOEV, RECTOR OF ANGELKANCHEV UNIVERSITY OF ROUSSEINTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:BEKE J., HUNGARYDE WRACHIEN D., ITALYDIPROSE M., UKDJEVIC M., SERBIAGEMTOS T., GREECEKOSUTIC S., CROATIAMARTINOV M., SERBIANEDEFF V., ROMANIAPAPADAKIS G., GREECEPEREIRA L., PORTUGALPOPESCU S., ROMANIAROSE P., UKSCHULZE L., GERMANYSINDIR K., TURKEYSKALIC S., BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINAVAIDELIENE A., LITHUANIAINSTRUCTION TO AUTHOR:The title of the paper should be in Arial 14,Bold, centered, followed by the authors’ namesin Arial 12, centered, .spacing before - 1 line.The abstract, no longer than 200 words, shouldbe Arial 10, Italic, followed by 5-6 keywords ona new line.The paper should include Introduction,Presentation (1 or more parts), Conclusions,References, About the authors. The part titlesshould be Arial 12, Bold, spacing before - 0.8line, left aligned and the content – Arial 12,First line - 1.25 cm, Single spacing, justified.The figures should be Centered and with thetitle under them set to Arial 12. Tables shouldhave Right aligned description above them.Formulas should be numbered with the indexright of them at 15 cm. The references shouldbe numbered in square brackets and in Arial 12and no other formatting.LOCATION:The Conference venue will be at AngelKanchev University of Rousse, 330 kilometersNorth East from the Bulgarian capital Sofia,and 70 kilometers South from the Romaniancapital Bucharest. The transport betweenRousse and Sofia is regular and fast (approx.3,5 h by bus). Timetables can be found at theConference Secretariat.SECRETARIAT:CONFERENCE SECRETARIAT OF ERA8, Studentska streetAngel Kanchev University of Rousse7017 Rousse, BulgariaE-mail: vivanova@ru.acad.bgPhone: +359 82 888 650,Fax: +359 82 888 650.CONFERENCE WEB SITE:http://www.ru.acad.bg/baer/EE&AE-2009/conference.htm802008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC EVENT1 st CONVEEESHINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING,ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC, SAFETY & HEALTH&10 th SENVARINTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ONENVIRONMENT & ARCHITECTURESCIENCE & ENGINEERING FOR BETTER LIFE26 – 27 OCTOBER 2009MANADO, INDONESIAORGANIZED BY:Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sam Ratulangi,Manado in Indonesia at the celebration of 45 thAnniversary of Establishing the Faculty ofEngineeringAIMS:Sustainable development is one the key issues formodern society and requiring new ideas toadvance the technologies and strategies currentlyin use. The main fields, which are the focus ofmany research efforts, are engineering,ecosystems, planning sustainability and manyothers. These and others aspects are the focus ofthe presentation and discussions that will becarrying out at the Conference.The way in which our society exists, operates anddevelops is strongly influenced by the way inwhich sustainable development is applied andimplemented. No function in sustainabledevelopment can be created without sufficientknowledge, and without sustainable developmentthere can be no innovation on which theexistence of modern society depends.However, this international Conference willfocus on topics related to SustainableDevelopment in Engineering, Ecology,Ecosystems, Economics andPlanning.CONFERENCE TOPICS:ARCHITECTURE Indoor Comfort (Thermal, Light, Sound) Green Building/ Green Architecture Traditional & Vernacular Architecture Energy Efficient Architecture Waterfront Architecture/ CoastalArchitecture Healthy & Convenience Living Space Smart Building Bioclimatic Architecture Role of Architectural Education inSustainable DevelopmentTOWN PLANNING, HOUSING & REGIONDEVELOPMENT Ecological Coastal Planning Disaster Management© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 81

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING Energy Efficient City Low-Cost & Healthy Housing Landscape & Townscape for UrbanSustainability Traditional Settlement & Cultural Heritage Rural Development Tourism Management Outdoor ComfortCIVIL ENGINEERING & INFRASTRUCTURE Coastal Engineering Ecological Construction Material Construction Management & Work Safety River Management & Engineering Urban Electricity & Telecommunication System Urban Fire Safety Management Urban Drainage Engineering Traffic Management & Safety Road Engineering GIS, Remote sensing & Geo-mapping Soil science, Geotechnical & UndergroundConstructionENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & PUBLIC HEALTH Governmental Policy in Climate Change &Global Warming Waste Management (re-use, reduction &recycling) Pollution Control Technology Urban Pollution & Health effects Environmental Education Environmental Impact Assessment Models Ecosystems analysis, Ecotoxicology andprotection for the living environment Environmental economics Ecosystems analysis, Ecotoxicology andprotection for the living environment Environmental economics Environmental Management, Restoration &LegislationMECHANICAL ENGINEERING Ergonomics /Biomechanics Renewable Energy Automatic/ Robotic Energy Conversion Technology Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Industrial Management & Processing Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Material Properties & DurabilityELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Hydro electric technology Photovoltaic Technology Expert System Lighting Technology Electricity Forecasting System Stability, Analysis & Protection Power Plants technology & management Economic Evaluation of Power Systems andUtilities Informatics TechnologyCONFERENCE COMMITTEE:CONFERENCE ADVISOR: Professor Dr. Ir. Ellen J. Kumaat, Dean ofFaculty of Engineering, Sam RatulangiUniversity, Manado,ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: Professor Dr. Sangkertadi, Faculty ofEngineering, Sam Ratulangi University, Prof. Dr. Doddy Sumajouw, Faculty ofEngineering, Sam Ratulangi University, Dr. Linda Tondobala, Faculty of Engineering,Sam Ratulangi University Dr. Aristotulus E. Tungka, Faculty ofEngineering, Sam Ratulangi University, Dr. Steenie Wallah, Faculty of Engineering,Sam Ratulangi University, Dr. Veronica Kumurur, Faculty ofEngineering, Sam Ratulangi University, Dr. Tiny Mananoma, Faculty of Engineering,Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Cynthia Wuisang, M.Sc, Faculty ofEngineering, Sam Ratulangi University S T Gideon Kaunang, M.Eng, Faculty ofEngineering, Sam Ratulangi University Kenny Lempoy, M.Eng, Faculty ofEngineering, Sam Ratulangi UniversityTECHNICAL CONFERENCE CHAIR: Dr. Abdelnaser Omran Al Amroni, School ofHousing, Building and Planning, UniversitiSains Malaysia.INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEMEMBERS: Professor Ir. Dr. Mahyuddin Ramli, Schoolof Housing, Building and Planning, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Malaysia. Professor Dr. Hamidi Abdul Aziz,Environmental Engineering, School of CivilEngineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Malaysia.822008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING Professor Dr. Mariana Gavrilescu, Chemical andEnvironmental Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi”Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of CheemicalEngineering and Environmental Protection,Department of Environmental Engineering andManagement, Iasi, Romania. Professor Dr. Abdullah Mahmood, ProjectManagement, College of Planning andArchitecture, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Associate Professor Dr. Said Mohammed AlAbidi, Dental Science and Materials, Faculty ofMedicine, Department of Dental, GaryounisUniversity, Libya. Associate Professor Dr. Claudiu Chiru, ComputeSciences, University Spiru Haret, Costanta,Romania. Professor Dr. Ismail Said, Dep. Of LandscapeArchitecture, Faculty of Buklt Environment,Universiti Technology Malaysia, Skudai, Johor,Malaysia Dr. Odile Schwarz-Herion, MBA, SustainableDevelopment Consultant, Germany Dr. Julijana SILJANUSKA, Faculty ofAdministration and Management InformationSystem, University of “St. Kliment Ohridski” –Bitola, Republic of Macedonia. Associate Professor Dr. Julaihi bin Wahid,School of Housing, Building and Planning,Universiti Sains Malaysia. Associate Professor Dr. KISS Imre, UniversityPolytechnic Timisoara, Faculty of EngineeringHunedoara, Department of Engineering andManagement, Romania. Prof.Dr.RM.Soegijanto, Bandung Institute ofTechnology (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia. Prof.Dr.H.M. Ramli Rahim, HasanuddinUniversity, Makassar, Indonesia. Prof.Dr.Prasasto Satwiko, Atma Jaya ChristianUniversity, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Prof.Dr. Tri Harso Karyono,BPPT/Tarumanagara University, Indonesia Dr. Ing. Eka Setiadi Rasyad, Department ofArchitecture, Trisakti University, Jakarta,Indonesia. Dr. Egor Sidorov, Jan Evangelista PurkyneUniversity, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic. Associate Professor Dr. Macjei GORA, Faculty ofChemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry,Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. Professor Dr. Elena Druica, Department ofEconomics, Faculty of Administration andBusiness, University of Bucharest, Romania. Dr. Violaine Mijno, Laboratoire de GéologieHydrASA, Limoges Cedex, France. Dr. Abdelhaq Kabbabi, Centre for Studiesand Research Mineral Phosphate, Casablanca,Morocco. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Giovanni Dotelli,Department of Chemistry and ChemicalEngineering “G. INSTM R.U. – Polimi,Politecnico di Milano, Milano Italy. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Hamdan Ahmad, Dept. ofArchitecture, Faculty of Built Environment,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai,Johor, MalaysiaIMPORTANT DATES:Deadline for Abstract submission 20 Aug 2009Reply to Authors for Abstracts acceptance 31Aug 2009Full paper submission 10 Sep 2009Reply to Authors with reviewer’s comments 20Sep 2009Final paper submission 30 Sep 2009Conference date 26-27 Oct 2009INSTRUCTION TO AUTHOR:An abstract should consist of 250-300 words,and the author should state the objective,theoretical framework, methodology, datasources, results, and applications in his/herpaper.Please write your name (s), affiliation (s),address (es), phone, fax, e-mail address at theend of the page.Full Papers of not more than 14 pages, singledspaced with Times New Roman Font 10 (2.5cm all margins) should reach the TechnicalConference Chair not later than 10, September2009. All the papers presented at theconference will appear in the proceedings. CD-ROM and abstracts will be distributed to theconference participants.BENEFITS OF ATTENDING:The conference will be of interest to planners,environmentalists, engineers, architects,ecologist, economists, policy makers and othergovernmental officials, researchers andacademics involved in the field of thesustainability. However, attending thisconference will benefit you as follows:2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 83

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGKeep up to date with the latest advances in thefield.Present your research within a unique forum.Collaborate with experts from around theworld.Your conference paper will be reviewed bymembers of the committee and othercolleagues and best quality of the papers willbe selected for publication in the JOURNAL OFARCHITECTURAL, SCIENCE, URBAN SETTLEMENT ANDENVIRONMENT, ISSN 1858-1137. Dr. AristotulusE. Tungka (matrasain@yahoo.com), theEDITOR-IN-CHIEF, will be in charge of thecommunication with the members of theinternational Scientific Committee andauthors.Participants who presented papers atCONVEEESH’09 conference will beconsidered for waiving their fees in the upcomingevents of CONVEEESH’ 2011.SECRETARIAT:LAB. SAINS & TEKNOLOGI BANGUNAN,FAKULTAS TEKNIK,UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI,JALAN KAMPUS, BAHU, MANADO 95115, INDONESIASUBMISSION:An abstract should consist of 250-300 words,and the author should state the objective,theoretical framework, methodology, datasources, results, and applications in his/herpaper. Please write your name (s), affiliation(s), address (es), phone, fax, e-mail address atthe end of the page.Full Papers of not more than 12 pages, singledspaced with Times New Roman Font shouldreach the Technical Conference Chair not laterthan 10, September 2009. All the paperspresented at the conference will appear in theproceedings. CD-ROM and abstracts will bedistributed to the conference participants.All professionals, environmentalists,researchers, and policy makers involved orinterested in the area of the conference areinvited to present papers relating to theconference topics. Authors are requested tosubmit abstracts, preferably by e-mail as aWord File attachment to the TechnicalConference Chair (E-mail:naser_elamroni@yahoo.co.uk), by not laterthan August 20, 2009.842008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC EVENTVII th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS" MACHINЕRY, TECHNOLОGY, MATERIALS"– INNOVATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY26. – 28.05.2010SOFIA, BULGARIAINVITATIONThe SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS "MACHINERY, TECHNOLОGY, MATERIALS’10" will be carriedout together with the EXHIBITION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHTECH’10 in Inter Expo CenterSofia.Together and collaborating these two events will form the industrial forum "MACHINERY,TECHNOLGY, MATERIALS – INNOVATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY”. We hope that in this way theCongress will become a bigger innovation mediator between scientific research and industry.The program of the Congress offers you different ways to present the results of your research in frontof you colleagues and the representatives of the industry. We invite you to take advantage of theseopportunities.Beside the international congress MTM''10 and MECHTECH’10 the INDUSTRIAL FORUM includes:EXHIBITION MECHTECH in the halls of INTER EXPO & CONGRESS CENTER OF SOFIA and Innovationsexchange and consulting services for the Industry.We invite you to take part (personally or by correspondence) in the VII INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSMTM''10 with publishing of your papers or messages on innovative technical solutions for theindustry. You are welcome to participate either in the common stand “SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONSFOR THE INDUSTRY” which is organized by us.TOPICS:01. MACHINES02. TECHNOLOGIES03. MATERIALS© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 85

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSCIENTIFIC PROGRAM:PLENARY SESSION with ordered papersSECTIONAL SESSIONS in the congress halls of Inter Expo & Congress centerPOSTER PRESENTATIONS OF PAPERS at the congress stand in the exposition of the ForumParticipation with models, prospects, samples and/or multimedia presentations at the“SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY stand in the Forum’s exposition.OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AT MTM''10: BULGARIAN, RUSSIAN, ENGLISHPUBLICATIONS:In separate volume ISSN 1310-3946 of the proceedings for each topic session, which will belodged in St.St. Cyril and Methodius National Library and Central Scientific-technical Library inBulgariaIn CD, containing all papers.Detached issue of the International virtual scientific-technical journal “MACHINERY,TECHNOLOGY MATERIALS” (ISSN 1313-0226). This publishing is at will and requires additionalpayment.Author’s scroll, containing the title page, the content of the volume and printed copy of theauthor’s paper with the page numbers from the Proceedings.IMPORTANT DATES:Sending the full text of the paper and Application Form “A”:15.02.2010Confirmation of the paper receiving: 01.03.2010Payments and Application Form “B”: 15.03.2010Announcement of the plenary and sectional sessions program on our web page: 15.04.2010The Organizing Committee will receive posters up to: 15.04.2010Receiving of the application for transfer: 14.05.2010Registration of the participants: 25 and 26.05.2010Opening of the congress: 26.05.201TIME AND SPACE:26 - 28. 05. 2010,Inter Expo Centre,bul. „Tzarigradsko shose” №147,SOFIA – BULGARIASECRETARIAT:SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL UNION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING108 RAKOVSKI STR.,1000 SOFIATEL./FAX (+359 2) 986 22 40,TEL. (+359 2) 987 72 90nts-bg@mech-ing.com ,www.mech-ing.com/mtmSkype: NTSMashinostroene862008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC EVENT2 ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEFOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATIONAND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT- ICEIRD 2009THEME:ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION CROSSROADS:TRIGGERS, CATALYST AND ACCALERATORSFOR SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT24-25 APRIL 2009,THESSALONIKI, GREECESCOPE AND AIMSICEIRD 2009 aims to provide an effective channel of communication between decision-makers(government, ministries and state agencies), researchers (universities, research and developmentcentres, start-up centres and incubators), practitioners (SME leaders and managers) and personsconcerned with the latest research, scientific development and practice on innovation andentrepreneurship in order to discuss topics that are of currency, relevance and significance fornational competitiveness as well as sustainable, robust , and equitable regional development.ICEIRD09 aims to:• address key factors in regional economic development, entrepreneurial vitality and innovationprocesses• raise the level of awareness about innovation, entrepreneurship and competitive advantage© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 87

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING• strengthen the regional and international network among representatives from SEE countries andthose from EU member states• consolidate intra-SEE networks of SMEs, Start-up Centers and Incubators• understand cultural and national barriers of entrepreneurship in the global economy• promote best practices in innovation research and business development• facilitate regional partnerships and innovation networksMISSION:Mission of the International Conference for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development(ICEIRD) is to strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit and help develop and sustain economic growth byfostering innovation, through the academic knowledge and expertise. ICEIRD Consortium has beenestablished to provide a multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral forum for researchers, practitioners, andpolicy makers in the field of innovation and regional development, and a means for sharing findingsthat promote innovation and therefore enhance economic, technological and regional socioeconomicdevelopment through new economic activities that stimulate generation of wealth throughentrepreneurial and sustainable employment and growth and thus increase competitiveness as wellas civil society development and enhancement via the inter-networking of disciplines, researchers,policy makers and practitioners in diverse countries in the region.The ICEIRD Consortium drives research agenda in the field of technology, innovation andentrepreneurship and regional economic development. It is one of the premium and pioneeringconsortia that successfully and effectively link theory and practice through well-established researchoutputs and annual meetings.GOALS:The objective of ICEIRD Consortium is to establish an effective channel of communication betweenpolicy makers, government agendas, academic and research institutions and persons concerned withthe latest research, scientific development and practice on innovation and regional development,with the following goals:• To bridge the gap between academic and industry through applied research on technology,innovation and entrepreneurship and regional economic development• To foster knowledge transfer and collaboration between the academic and industry sectors inemergent technology, system and model contexts• To organize annual conferences/workshops to meet with members and participants anddisseminate latest research and practice• To publish results of projects in quality academic and professional journals, books, handbooks,proceedings, and reports.• To generate funding from sources such as local government and research councils for furtheringand developing new projects that could benefit the regional and country economy and industryby sharing of experiences and know-how between regions and countries• To work in partnership with industry on specific entrepreneurial challenges, or innovative ideas• To drive international research collaboration on projects related to innovation and regionaldevelopment.• To serve as the resources and expertise’s hub on entrepreneurship and innovation by providingan ICEIRD consortium platform and a knowledge bank.• To infuse and pump knowledge and expertise into improving the competitiveness of enterprisesin developing countries.• To be the first successful international network that enables exchange and transfer of knowledge,expertise and resources between developed and developing countries (the real global innovativechain)882008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGTOPICS:CREATIVITY, COMPLEXITY AND COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) INSEE VS. OTHER REGIONS (EU AND OTHER)• Managing and Leveraging Complexity, Creativity and Innovation in SMEs• Trust, Respect, Culture and Collaboration Issues for SMEs in SEE vs. other regions (EU and other)• Leadership and Management practices that can be applied to SMEs• SME Knowledge management and technology transfer• SME Business process modeling• New Technology Ventures Financing• Business incubation management and leadership• Human Resources Practices for promoting innovation for SMEsSOUTH EAST EUROPEAN ENTREPRENEURIAL INNOVATION CLUSTERS• SMEs’ Entrepreneurship as an Innovation Driver• Opportunities and barriers for closer cooperation between South East European SMEs inInnovation & Entrepreneurship:• Strategic Integration vs. Flexibility and SME Competitiveness• Innovation Clusters, Technology Transfer and Social Entrepreneurship• Social Networking as Driver of EICs formation• Science & Technology Parks and EICs• Young and Women Entrepreneurs development via EICs• Benchmarking of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Best Practices in the region• Innovation policy in SMEsTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION, TRANSFER AND COMMERCIALIZATION ACROSS GOVERNEMENT, UNIVERSITY,INDUSTRY DOMAINS• The role of the State and Public Policy with regards to SME Innovation and Entrepreneurship• Governmental and regional policies on entrepreneurship and innovation• Entrepreneurial Universities and Entrepreneurial Innovation Clusters• Entrepreneurship education, University – Industry collaboration• ICT and SME Regional competitiveness• SMEs and the role of the Innovation Zone (business centers and incubators)• Intangibles Valuation and Intellectual Property RightsCONFERENCE CHAIR:PANOS KETIKIDIS (CITY COLLEGE),CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS (ORGANISATION):THANOS HATZIAPOSTOLOU (CITY COLLEGE),FOTIS MISOPOULOS (CITY COLLEGE)PROGRAMME COMMITTEE:ELIAS CARAYANNIS (GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY),SIAU CHING LENNY KOH (UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD),NICOS KOMNINOS (ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI),RADMIL POLENAKOVIK (SS. CYRIL AND METHODIUS UNIVERSITY),JAKA VADNJAL (GEA COLLEGE FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP),COTET DOMNICA (MECHANICAL RESEARCH ENGINEERING INSTITUTE),PETKO RUSKOV (SOFIA UNIVERSITY),ZORAN ANISIC (UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD),2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 89

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGLUKE PITTAWAY (GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY),COLLIN WILLIAMS (UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD),ARI-VEIKKO ANTTIROIKO (UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE),ROBERT HUGGINS (UNIVERSITY OF WALES INSTITUTE),ROUMEN NIKOLOV (UNIVERSITY OF SOFIA),ZENON MICHAELIDES (UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL),LEON OERLEMANS (TILBURG UNIVERSITY)LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE:ANNA SOTIRIADOU (CITY COLLEGE),NIKOS ZAHARIS (SEERC),STELIOS KEHAGHIAS (CITY COLLEGE),LESLIE SZAMOZI (CITY COLLEGE),ALEXANDROS PSYCHOGIOS (CITY COLLEGE)SUBMISSIONS, REVIEW AND PROCEEDINGS:Authors are invited to submit a full paper of 6-10 pages. Submitted papers, which will go under blindreview by at least two referees.Following acceptance, authors are asked to prepare a camera ready paper in a predefined format.The Conference Proceedings, including all papers presented will be published as a SEERC bookedited by the Conference Chairs. Selected papers will be published in a special issue of theInternational Journal for Innovation and Regional Development (IJIRD) Interscience Publisher Ltd.The official language of the conference is English.IMPORTANT DATES:SUBMISSION OF FULL PAPERS: 12 JANUARY 2009NOTIFICATION OF ACCEPTANCE: 23 FEBRUARY 2009SUBMISSION OF CAMERA READY PAPER: 10 MARCH 2009EARLY REGISTRATION AND AUTHOR REGISTRATION: 16 MARCH 2009SECRETARIAT:2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP,INNOVATION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTCITY COLLEGE, AFFILIATED INSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELDSOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH CENTER SEERCTHESSALONIKI,24-25 APRIL 2009Contact: iceird2009@seerc.org902008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC EVENT3 RD CONFERENCE with INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATIONMANAGEMENT of MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS11 -12 th , SEPTEMBER, 2008PREŠOV, SLOVAKIALAST CALL – ANNOUNCEMENTThe main topic of the conference is ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT. TheConference is conceived to contribute to fruitful exchange of the update theoretical and practicalknowledge in the area of ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT. The conference enablesparticipants to establish the contacts among scholastic, consulting and other researchers andpractitioners from relevant disciplines related to the main topics of the conference. In thisconnection, the conference program will be focused on the environmental protection and workplacesafety.MAIN TOPICS:1 – MODERN WASTE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES2 – RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES IN MANUFACTURING3 – AIR, WATER AND SOIL PROTECTION IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES4 – ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN MANUFACTURING5 – RISK MANAGEMENT IN MANUFACTURING6 – TECHNOLOGIES AND EQUIPMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION7 – QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS8 – MODERN APPROACHES IN MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT9 – ENTERPRISE FIRE AND CIVIL PROTECTION10 – ALTERNATIVE SOURCES IN MANUFACTURING – BIOMASS11 – SAFETY, HYGIENE AND DESIGN OF WORKING ENVIRONMENTCONFERENCE IS ORGANISED UNDER PATRONAGE OF:Prof. Ing. JOZEF NOVÁK-MARCINČIN, PhD.Dean of FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIESTU KOŠICE WITH A SEAT IN PREŠOV.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 91

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGCONFERENCE IS ORGANIZED BY:DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT (KMV)FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES TU KOŠICE WITH A SEAT IN PREŠOVCONFERENCE CHAIRMEN:doc. Ing. Peter Oravec, CSc., KMV FVT TU v Košiciach with a seat in PrešovIng. František Kurilla, DrSc. , KMV FVT TU v Košiciach with a seat in PrešovIng. Marián Flimel, CSc., KMV FVT TU v Košiciach with a seat in PrešovPROGRAMME COMMITTEE:prof. Dr. Herbert SONNTAG TFH WILDAU Dprof. Ing. Ján ŠTEFÁNIK, CSC. TU TRENČÍN SRprof. Ing. Dr. RÓBERT ŠTEFKO, PHD. PU PREŠOV SRprof. Dr. Béla ILLÉS UNIVERZITA MISKOLC HUprof. Ing. Peter FEČKO, CSC. VŠB – TU OSTRAVA ČRprof. Dr. hab. Maria NOWICKA-SKOWRON CZESTOCHOWA UNIVERSITY PLprof.Dr. Zdravko KRIVOKAPIČ UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO ČHdoc. Ing. Václav CEMPIREK, CSC. UNIVERSITY OF PARDUBICE ČRprof. Ing. Vladimír MODRÁK, CSC. TU KOŠICE SRDr. Gert GOLTZ LEEDS UNIVERSITY UKprof. Vasil PETROVIČ MIKLOVDA EKONOMICKÁ FAKULTA UŽHOROD UADr. Imre KISS UNIVERSITY POLITECHNICA TIMISOARA ROORGANIZING COMMITTEE – Chairman:Ing. Marián FLIMEL, CSc.ORGANIZING COMMITTEE – Members:doc. Ing. Sergej HLOCH, PhD.Ing. Ladislav KOKOŠKA, CSc.Ing. Agáta RADVANSKÁ, PhD.RNDr. Iveta PANDOVÁ, PhD.Ing. Romana HRICOVÁ, PhD.Ing. Peter ŠEBEJ, PhD.Ing. Renáta MADZINOVÁIng. Daniela SALAIOVÁIng. Peter KNUTHIng. Lucia MICHALOVÁIng. Jozef HUSÁRIng. Tomáš MAČEJThe conference will be on 11 - 12 SEPTEMBER 2008 under patronage of prof. Ing. JOZEF NOVÁK -MARCINČIN, PhD. - Dean of FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES TU KOŠICE WITH A SEAT INPREŠOV. Conference organizator is DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT (KMV) of FACULTYOF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KOSICE WITH THE SEAT IN PRESOV922008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

SCIENTIFIC EVENTThe X th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM"YOUNG PEOPLE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH"13 th – 14 th NOVEMBER 2008TIMISOARA, ROMANIAANNOUNCEMENTThe SYMPOSIUM will be organised by the NATIONAL R&D INSTITUTE FOR WELDING AND MATERIAL TESTING –ISIM TIMIŞOARA, ASSOCIATION FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH (ACM-V), UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” OFTIMISOARA under de aegis of MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION.Specialists from SERBIA, HUNGARY and BULGARIA will participate in the SYMPOSIUM together with theROMANIAN specialists.You are invited to participate at the X th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “YOUNG PEOPLE ANDMULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH".KEYWORDS:Scientific events, Multidisciplinarity Research, Symposium, Scientific collaborations, Young PeopleGENERAL INFORMATIONS – AIMSThe aim of the SYMPOSIUM is to create the framework for the presentation, debate and publication ofthe valuable scientific results obtained by both the young members of ACM-V and from other regions,beside those from SERBIA, HUNGARY and BULGARIA.The Organization Committee propose that the X th SYMPOSIUM to be one of high scientific level andquality.The criteria for the papers' estimation by the Scientific Committee are:interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary technical – scientific characterhigh scientific levelcontribution brought to the solution of the proposed problem and/or development of the field.You are invited to participate at the X th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “YOUNG PEOPLE ANDMULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH".The participants are asked to fill-in and mail the Registration form to the Secretariat of theASSOCIATION FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH OF THE WEST ZONE OF ROMANIA (ACM-V) located atTIMISOARA, Bv. MIHAI VITEAZUL nr. 30 and also to mail an abstract of the paper in ENGLISH (200 words atthe most) specifying the section.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 93

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGORGANIZERSNATIONAL R&D INSTITUTE FOR WELDING AND MATERIAL TESTING – ISIM TIMIŞOARA,ASSOCIATION FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH (ACM-V),UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” OF TIMISOARABANAT’S UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE – TIMISOARATHE LOCAL COUNCIL OF TIMISOARA, TIMISOARA CITY HALLTHE COUNTY COUNCIL OF TIMISunder de aegis ofMINISTRY OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONMODEL FOR PAPER’S ELABORATION The paper should contain max. 6 pages, size A4 (with figures and tables included in the text,including bibliography), with an even number of pages; The paper should be edited on computer with Arial font, 12 pt. on size A4 with useful area of 24cm × 16 cm (left, right and up 2.5 cm, down 3.0 cm); The pages should be numbered by pencil; The papers should be written in Word format; The title of the paper should be written with capital letters (14 pt. - Bold), centred; The paragraph title should be written with 12 pt. bold fonts and it might be centred. Graphic materials should be exposed on transparent slides or Power Point presentation, The presentation should take 10 minutes at the mostThe paper will be transmitted on CD and listed in one copy.An author can participate with two papers at the most.TOPICSThe programme of the Symposium contains papers in Plenary Session on the topic: „PRIORITIES OFTHE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH”Papers in sections of the X th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “YOUNG PEOPLE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARYRESEARCH" will on the following topics:TECHNICAL SCIENCESCHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICSBIOLOGY, AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCEHEALTH (HUMAN AND VETERINARY)ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTIONSOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES.ECONOMIC SCIENCESINTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE• PROF. DR. AVRAM JECU – MEDICINE AND PHARMACEUTICS UNIVERSITY “VICTOR BABEŞ” TIMISOARA -ROMANIA• PROF. DR. ENG. BARTZER ŞTEFAN – “POLITEHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• PROF. DR. BORŢUN CRISTINA – MEDICINE AND PHARMACEUTICS UNIVERSITY “VICTOR BABEŞ” TIMISOARA -ROMANIA• LECT. DR. BUNOIU OCTAVIAN – WEST UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• PROF. DR. ENG. BUTNARU GALLIA – UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY ACADEMY OFBANAT - USAMVB TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• PROF. DR. ENG. CHIRIAC ADRIAN – WEST UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• DR. COSTIŞOR OTILIA – INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY TIMISOARA - ROMANIA942008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING• DR. FARBAŞ NICOLAE – NATIONAL R&D INSTITUTE OF WELDING AND MATERIAL TESTING TIMISOARA -ROMÂNIA• PROF. DR. ENG. HODUR CECILIA – UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED - HUNGARY• PROF. DR. ENG. KILYENI ŞTEFAN – “POLITEHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• PROF. DR. ENG. KUZMANOVIC SINISA – UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD - SERBIA• PROF. DR. ENG. MITELEA IOAN – “POLITEHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• PROF. DR. OSTAFE VASILE – WEST UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• PROF. DR. ENG. POPA HORIA – “POLITEHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• DR. PURNHAUSER LASZLO – CEREAL RESEARCH NON-PROFIT COMPANY, SZEGED – HUNGARY• READER DR. ENG. RUSU NICOLAE – FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA - ROMANIA• PROF. DR. TIBRU IOAN – USAMVB TIMISOARA - ROMANIAPRESIDENT OF THE ORGANISING COMMITTEELECTURER DR. ENG. FLAVIU FRIGURĂ ILIASA – UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” OF TIMIŞOARAREGIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE• LECT. DR. ENG. ALBU ADRIANA – UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• LECT. DR. ENG. ALEXA VASILE – FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA - ROMANIA• LECT. DR. ENG. ANGHEL CORNELIA – UNIVERSITY “EFTIMIE MURGU” REŞIŢA - ROMANIA• LECT. DR. ENG. ANISIC ZORAN – UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD - SERBIA• DR. ENG. ATANASOV ATANAS – INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND SEED SCIENCE „OBRAZCOV CHIFLIK” RUSSE -BULGARIA• LECT. DR. ENG. BIKIC SINISA – UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD - SERBIA• READER DR. ENG. BIRIŞ SORIN – POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST - ROMANIA• DR. BORA ALINA – INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• LECT. DR. ENG. BORUZ SORIN – UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA - ROMANIA• READER DR. ENG. BUNGESCU SORIN – TIBERIU – USAMVB TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• ASSIST ENG. BUJANCĂ GABRIEL – USAMVB TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• DR. CRIŞAN MANUELA – INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• ASSIST LECT. DR. ENG. DANCI OANA – USAMVB TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• DIPL. PHYS. FARBAŞ VALERIA – ASSOCIATION FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN THE WEST ZONE OFROMANIA• PROF. DR. ENG. GRUNEANŢU IOSIF – UNIVERSITY OF PETROSANI - ROMANIA• LECT. DR. ENG. IMBREA ILINCA – USAMVB TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• READER DR. ENG. KISS IMRE – FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA - ROMANIA• READER DR. NEGRUŢIU MEDA – MEDICINE AND PHARMACEUTICS UNIVERSITY “VICTOR BABEŞ” TIMISOARA –ROMANIA• DR. NYARI TEREZIA – NATIONAL R&D INSTITUTE FOR ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CONDENSED MATTER -ROMÂNIA• LECT. DR. ENG. POPESCU IONEL – UNIVERSITY “AUREL VLAICU” OF ARAD - ROMANIA• DIPL. ENG. PRICOP ANCA – USAMVB TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• READER DR. PUTZ MIHAI – WEST UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• LECT. DR. ENG RAŢIU SORIN – FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA - ROMANIA• DR. ENG. ROSU RADU – ISIM TIMISOARA - ROMANIA• LECT. DR. ENG. RACKOV MILAN – UNIVERSITATEA NOVI-SAD – SERBIADEADLINESThe deadline for mailing the abstracts, in which, it will be showed the personal contribution of theauthors and the interdisciplinary character: JULY 10 TH 2008.2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 95

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGThe Scientific Committee will analyse the abstracts and communicate to the authors until the 10 th ofSEPTEMBER 2008 which are the selected papers, with a view to the final elaboration.The deadline for mailing of the complete papers, edited according to the annexed model and the CDuntil: OCTOBER 5 TH 2008The publication in volume or on CD of the papers will be decided by the Scientific Committeefollowing the analysis of the complete papers mailed in time, if these fulfill the technical-scientificcriteria and the elaboration mode.Any correspondence should be addressed to the secretariat of the SYMPOSIUM, located at theASSOCIATION FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH (ACM-V). Bd. MIHAI VITEAZUL nr. 30, 300222 TIMISOARA,ROMANIA, Tel. (+40) - 0256 - 491840, fax (+40) - 0256 – 499149INFORMATION - CORRESPONDENCEAny correspondence should be addressed to the secretariat of the Symposium, located at theASSOCIATION FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH (ACM-V).BD. MIHAI VITEAZUL NR. 30,300222 TIMISOARA, ROMANIATel. (+40) - 0256 - 491840Fax (+40) - 0256 - 499149Contact persons:Mr. Phys. NICOLAE FARBAŞ Ph.D.E-mail: nfarbas@isim.roMr. Lect. eng. SORIN-TIBERIU BUNGESCU Ph.D.E-mail: sobungi@yahoo.comTHE X TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM"YOUNG PEOPLE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH"962008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

JOURNALANNALS of FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– JOURNAL of ENGINEERING”since 2003DEAR COLLEAGUES,“ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING” is an international andinterdisciplinary journal which reports on scientific and technical contributions.Scientists and engineers with an interest in the respective interfaces of engineering fields, technologyand materials, information processes, research in various industrial applications are invited topublish in our journal. “ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING”publishes articles of interest to researchers and engineers and to other scientists involved withmaterials phenomena and computational modeling.ABOUT THE “ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING”The “ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING” (ISSN 1584 – 2665, forprinted version, ISSN 1584 – 2673, for electronic format) has been published since 2003, in English,replacing the “ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING” (ISSN 1454 –6531), that appeared regularly since 1999, in Romanian. The “ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERINGHUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING” has been issued on a regular basis since 2003, twice a year inprinted form (FASCICULE 1 and FASCICULE 2) and once a year in electronic format (FASCICULE 3). Wemention that our intention is to include the “ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL ofENGINEERING” in the international databases, and this is the main reason we are trying to advertise it inROMANIA and abroad. In the name of the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA, the entire professor’scollective, and, of course, in my personal name, we thank you for the attention. We are lookingforward to a fruitful collaboration and we welcome you to publish in our “ANNALS OF FACULTYENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING”. This JOURNAL is a good opportunity for theresearchers to exchange information and to present the results of their research activity. We hopethat it will be possible to initiate future research themes and projects in the frame of bilateral ormultilateral basis, including participation in EUROPEAN UNION programs.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 97

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGEvery year, in three issues, “ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING”publishes a series of reviews covering the most exciting and developing areas of engineering. Theresult is a journal that gives the scientists and engineers the opportunity to keep informed of all thecurrent developments in their own, and related, areas of research, ensuring the new ideas across anincreasingly the interdisciplinary field.“ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING” encourages the submission ofcomments on papers published particularly in our journal. The journal publishes articles focused ontopics of current interest within the scope of the journal and coordinated by invited guest editors.Interested authors are invited to contact one of the Editors for further details.ABOUT THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA”The INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA was founded in 1970, pursuant of theD[ecision of the].C[ouncil of].M[inisters]. 1271/1970. In the beginning, this institute functioned withday and evening courses in two profiles: Metallurgy, with special training in Blast Furnaces andSteelworks and Thermal Deformations and Treatments, respectively Electromechanics, with specialtraining in Technological Electromechanics. Along the years, we also had special training in CarbonchemicalTechnologies and Civil, Industrial and Agricultural Constructions in the profileConstructions. Students used to be trained in day courses (3 years) and evening courses (4 years).Until 1974, The INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA was subordinated to theMining Institute of Petroşani.Starting university year 1974 – 1975, once the network of Institutes and Faculties belonging to theMinistry of Education and Schooling was approved through the Decree of the State Council no.147/1974, The INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA was subordinated to thePOLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE "TRAIAN VUIA" OF TIMIŞOARA.The DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY appeared in 1974, and was originally the DEPARTMENT OFTECHNOLOGY, created in 1971 one year after the INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION was founded. Thedepartment ensures the education of the students of the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA in thefield of metallurgical processes, plastic working and thermal treatments, ferrous and non-ferrousalloy casting, metallurgical equipment and aggregates, economical engineering in the field ofmechanics, the chemical and material industry. The department coordinates the education in thefields of Engineering of Metallurgical Processes (Plastic Working and Thermal Treatments, MetalCasting), Economical Engineering in the Chemical and Material Industry and the Optimization ofMetallurgical Processes and Master, being in charge with the drawing up of the curricula and thecoordination of the professional instruction in these fields. Starting university year 1985 – 1986, theDEPARTMENT OF CASTING was added to the already existent profiles.The FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA started its activity in university year 1990 – 1991, when theINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ENGINEERING was restructured by Order of the Ministry of Education no.7751/1990, which approved of the long term (5 years) higher education courses at the FACULTY OFENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA. The evening courses for technological engineers were maintained inparallel with the engineering day courses until all the students that had started studies before 1990graduated.The DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICS was founded in 1995, by splitting the DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRO-MECHANICS. The teaching staff of the department covers both the fundamental objects (Linear Algebra,Analytical and Differential Geometry, Mathematical Analysis, Special Mathematics, NumericalAnalysis, Physical Education) and the technical objects in the field of study, according to therespective curricula: Electrical Engineering, Economical Engineering, Industrial Engineering,Mechanical Engineering, The Engineering of Transportation, Applied Sciences, and the Engineeringof Materials. The DEPARTMENT has been coordinating from its foundation the specialization in"Equipment for Hot Processing" then, since university year 2001-2002, the specialization in"Economical Engineering in the Field of Mechanics" and finally, since university year 2003-2004, thespecialization in "Automotive Vehicles", being particularly interested in the contents of the curriculaand the corresponding analytical programs, as well as in the carrying out of the didactical and982008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGpractical activities. For university year 2004-2005 we made the proper diligences meant to found andstart the activity of a new post-university - Master course: "Advanced Methods and Means of DesigningMechanical Systems”.The DEPARTMENT OF ELECTROTECHNICS functions within the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARAsince 1995 as a result of the splitting of the Department of Electromechanics, namely: the teachingstaff specialized in electricity, which at present constitutes most of the DEPARTMENT OFELECTROTECHNICS and the teaching staff specialized in mechanics, belonging now to the DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICS. Within the DEPARTMENT OF ELECTROTECHNICS, besides the teachers specialized inelectricity, also work the teachers of foreign languages, English and French and also the titular of thesubject Physics. Until 2001 to this department also belonged the teaching staff of economic subjects,at present belonging to the DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. This department is also in charge with theTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, which offers the following specializations: Technical ComputerScience, Electronics, IT and Applied Electronics.Starting university year 1993 – 1994, The TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE was founded, using the samehuman and material resources as the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA. Didactically andadministratively, the TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE is subordinated to the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING.University year 2000 – 2001 meant for the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA the opening of theDEPARTMENT FOR LIFE LONG EDUCATION whose target is post-university professional reconversion ofhigher education graduates.The research activity of the teaching staff is recognized by the NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFICRESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, which approved of the opening within the FACULTY OFENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA of a RESEARCH CENTER on “OPTIMIZATIONS IN THE INDUSTRY OF MATERIALS”.The CENTER is involved in activities of material obtaining, automation, computer-controlled processesin material industry, endurance and safety in exploitation of materials. Since the founding of thehigher education institution in HUNEDOARA, the research activity, alongside with the didactical onehave been carried out starting from the needs of the industrial zone and the needs of self endowmentof the departments. The DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRO-TECHNIQUES is endowed with laboratories specializedin the functioning of electric rotary machines and transformers, electric installations, electric andelectronic circuits, data acquisition and processing systems, the analysis of the quality of electricenergy for several consumers, the study of electromagnetic compatibility, the analysis and synthesisof automatic regulation systems for industrial processes using both classical regulation methods andmethods based on the fuzzy logic, neuronal networks and experts systems.In the laboratories of the DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY research can be made in the field of chemistry,plastic deformations, studies related to the elaboration of ferrous and non-ferrous materials andthermal treatments.The material resources and the infrastructure of the DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICS offer the possibility toperform mechanical trials at room and low temperatures, researches on the behavior of somemachine parts in function (belts, bearings, springs, etc.) and the tribological analysis of the lubricantsand various pairs of materials.The buildings where the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA carries out its activity are all next toone another and they are: four buildings meant for didactical activities, one administrative building,two buildings meant for production and maintenance. Besides, the Faculty has one hostel with 38rooms, 114 places and a canteen. Between 1973 – 1974, The IRON AND STEEL INTEGRATED PLANT OFHUNEDOARA donated the necessary funds for constructing three-storey building B, and thetechnological shed, having a total area of 1100 sq.m. Between 1977 – 1978, using funds offered by theMinistry of Education, we constructed in the same area three-storey building C, having a surface of990 sq.m. and a gym hall with a surface of 600 sq.m. In the six amphitheatres, one auditorium,fourteen seminar rooms, one gym hall and thirty laboratories, we can grant the teaching process, fivedays a week, 4-8 hours a day. The FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA has a library with a surfaceof 262 sq.m., and the book depot, with a surface of 130 sq.m. has over 95,000 volumes in store,respectively more than 42,000 titles.Starting 1999, our Faculty has been organizing sessions of scientific communications to whichparticipate teaching staff and researchers from numerous countries. The scientific papers presented2008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I 99

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGon these occasions are published in the "ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL ofENGINEERING", ISSN 1454 – 6531. The results of the research activities that are made public on theseoccasions lead to an increase of the prestige which the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA enjoys.The DEPARTMENT OF LIFE LONG EDUCATION of the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA was foundedin the spring of 2000 as a result of the need to create a center in this area, capable of offering thepossibility of initial or continuous professional formation, or for the re-conversion of the workforcelaid off, to top fields of activity or domains that offer a sure perspective in the near future.INVITATIONNow, when you know us, in this way, you are invited to present your activity covering the fullspectrum of engineering. “ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL of ENGINEERING” isan international and interdisciplinary journal which reports on scientific and technical contributions.Thank you in advance for selecting us.THE EDITORIAL BOARDANNALS of FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom]copyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro1002008/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS/Tome I

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– Bulletin of Engineeringcopyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roScientific supplement ofANNALS of FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom]copyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro