ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS - Bulletin of Engineering

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEMEMBERS FROM SLOVAKIASTEFAN NIZNIKTechnical University of KOSICE, Faculty of Metallurgy,Department of Materials Science – KOSICEKAROL VELISEKSlovak University of Technology in BRATISLAVA,Faculty of Materials Science and Technology – TRNAVAVLADIMIR MODRAKTechnical University of KOSICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PRESOVJOZEF NOVAK-MARCINCINTechnical University of KOSICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PRESOVIMRICH KISSInstitute of Economic &Environmental Security,University of Security Management – KOŠICESTANISLAV FABIANTechnical University of KOŠICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PREŠOVJURAJ SPALEKUniversity of ZILINA, Faculty ofElectrical Engineering – ZILINAMICHAL HAVRILATechnical University of KOSICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PRESOVTIBOR KVAČKAJTechnical University KOŠICE,Faculty of Metallurgy – KOŠICEĽUDOVÍT KOLLÁTHSlovak University of Technology in BRATISLAVA,Institute of Manufacturing Systems – BRATISLAVAMIROSLAV BADIDATechnical University of KOŠICE,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – KOŠICEMIROSLAV RIMÁRTechnical University of KOŠICE,Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies – PREŠOVMEMBERS FROM HUNGARYBÉLA ILLÉSUniversity of MISKOLC, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering and Information Science – MISKOLCIMRE J. RUDASBUDAPEST University of Technology and Economics,Department of Structural Engineering – BUDAPESTTAMÁS KISSUniversity of SZEGED, Department of Inorganicand Analytical Chemistry – SZEGEDTAMÁS ENDRŐDYDepartment of Technical &Process Engineering,University of SZEGED, Faculty of Engineering – SZEGEDIMRE DEKÁNYUniversity of SZEGED, Departmentof Colloid Chemistry – SZEGEDCECILIA HODURUniversity of SZEGED, College Facultyof Food Engineering – SZEGEDFERENCZ ARPADCollege of KECSKEMÉT, Faculty of Horticulture,Department of Economics – KECSKEMÉTANDRÁS BAKÓSzéchenyi István University,Department of Logistics & Forwarding – GYŐRMEMBERS FROM POLANDLESZEK A. DOBRZANSKISilesian University of Technology – GLIWICEInstitute of Engineering Materials and BiomaterialsSTANISŁAW LEGUTKOInstitute of Mechanical Technology,Polytechnic University – POZNANANDRZEJ WYCISLIKSilesian University of Technology in KATOWICE,Faculty of Materials Science and Metallurgy – KATOWICE© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 5

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGMEMBERS FROM BULGARIANIKOLAY MIHAILOVAnghel Kanchev University of ROUSSE, Faculty ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering – ROUSSEKRASSIMIR GEORGIEVInstitute of Mechanics, Department of MechatronicSystems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – SOFIAMEMBERS FROM GREECEGIORGIOS PETROPOULOSUniversity of THESSALY, Departament of Mechanicaland Industrial Engineering – VOLOSHRISTO BELOEVAnghel Kanchev University of ROUSSE, Faculty ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering – ROUSSEVELIZARA IVANOVA PENCHEVAAnghel Kanchev University, Faculty of Electrical andElectronic Engineering – ROUSSEMEMBERS FROM INDIASUGATA SANYALSchool of Technology & Computer ScienceTata Institute of Fundamental Research – MUMBAIMEMBERS FROM ARGENTINAGREGORIO PERICHINSKYUniversity of BUENOS AIRES,Faculty of Engineering – BUENOS AIRESMEMBERS FROM CZECH REPUBLICVLADIMIR ZEMANDepartment of Mechanics, Faculty of AppliedSciences, University of West Bohemia – PILSENIMRICH LUKOVICSDepartment of Production Engineering, Facultyof Technology, Tomas Bata Univerzity – ZLÍNJAN VIMMRDepartment of Mechanics, Faculty of AppliedSciences, University of West Bohemia – PILSENIVO SCHINDLERTechnical University of OSTRAVA, Faculty ofMetallurgy and Materials Engineering – OSTRAVAMEMBERS FROM BRAZILALEXANDRO MENDES ABRÃOUniversidade Federal de MINAS GERAISEscola de Engenharia – BELO HORIZONTEMÁRCIO BACCI DA SILVAUniversidade Federal de UBERLÂNDIAEngenharia Mecânica – UBERLÂNDIAMEMBERS FROM BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINATIHOMIR LATINOVICUniversity in BANJA LUKA,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – BANJA LUKAMEMBERS FROM FRANCEBERNARD GRUZZAUniversite Blaise Pascal CLERMONT-FERRAND,Institut des Sciences de L'Ingenieur (CUST) – CLERMONT-FERRAND2010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III 7

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGneeds of customers so that all conditions of market by minimal costs and capital expenses, whilemaximizing income of the enterprise. These facts lead to the demand for a qualitative and efficientinformation system of the enterprise, which is at present becoming the key factor of success onthe market. The enterprises that do not put their attention to inclusion of modern informationtechnologies are getting themselves into strategic disadvantage compared to their competition.15. V. RAJESHMHD FREE CONVECTION FLOW PAST AN ACCELERATED VERTICAL POROUS PLATEWITH VARIABLE TEMPERATURE THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUM 91Abstract:The effect of a uniform transverse magnetic field on the free convection flow of an electricallyconductingfluid past an uniformly accelerated infinite, vertical, porous plate through a porousmedium is discussed. The plate temperature is raised linearly with time. Expressions for thevelocity field and skin friction are obtained by the Laplace transform technique. The influence ofthe various parameters, entering into the problem, on the velocity field and skin friction isextensively discussed with the help of graphs.16. SONIA PETRILA, TITUS PETRILAFLUID FLOW INDUCED BY A MOBILE PROFILE WITH NON-CONSTANTCIRCULATION 97Abstract:This paper deals with an approach of the inviscid 2-dimensional fluid flow induced by therototranslation of a profile (with a cuspidal point) in the fluid mass, by accepting a non-constantcirculation Γ(t) around the profile, i.e., multiformity for the pressure field. Some aerodynamiccharacteristics of a flow induced by an oscillatory motion of a Joukovski profile are calculated.17. ANJAN KUMAR KUNDU, BIJOY BANDYOPADHYAYAN IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION AND ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR MICROWAVETOMOGRAPHY 101Abstract:An inverse iterative algorithm for microwave imaging based on moment method solution ispresented here. This algorithm is based on Levenberg-Marquardt method. Different mesh size ofthe model has been used here to overcome the inverse crime. The reconstructed image is thenprocessed through different image enhancement tools.18. SALAHALDEIN ALSADEY, ABDELNASER OMRAN, ABDUL HAMID KADIR PAKIRDEFECTS IN THE LIBYAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF BANIWALID CITY 105Abstract:Defects in newly completed buildings are fast becoming serious phenomena as more low cost andmedium cost houses are being built. One of the many approaches that have been utilized toalleviate defects is the introduction of the zero defects concept in construction. This research isundertaken to find out the level of awareness and perception of construction industry playersabout this concept, and whether zero defects or an aim towards achieving zero defects isattainable. A review of the relevant literature on the subject of defects and the zero defectsconcepts was executed, followed by a field research in the form of a questionnaire. The scope ofthis paper encompasses a study of defects in construction industry, and the concept and itsapplication in the local construction scene in Libya. This paper has managed to ascertain thatdespite the unenthusiastic responses from members in the industry towards this concept ingeneral, most industry players are optimistic that defects can be reduced if certain constructivemeasures are taken. In summary, the findings of this paper are suggested that absolute zero defectsmay not be attainable, in concurrence with the literature review earlier. However, if proactivesteps are taken, the quest towards achieving zero defects can be obtained.19. VERONICA A. KUMURURTHE CITY DEVELOPMENT EFFECT ON WORK BURDEN OF WOMEN POOR INJAKARTA 109Abstract:Development is done on the ecosystem of Jakarta generate increased economic growth withenough significant of years. However, economic growth cannot be enjoyed by the whole122010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcommunity of Jakarta. Urban development not only generates economic growth andenvironmental degradation, such as air pollution, pollution of river water and ground water. Bothof these constitute a social gap for the city of Jakarta. Where these gaps become a heavy burdenfor the poor city of Jakarta. Heaviness of the same was not felt by the poor men and poor womenof Jakarta. Women, who have experienced poverty in the city of Jakarta, received a heavierburden than men. These burdens perceived internally and externally. Internal burden is theburden that is felt in the lives of female domestic shutter and external load is felt in the publicshutter poor women. This burden is also due to women living in poverty will try to keep life inmany ways. Poor women must work to maintain family life and her husband, though the choice isvery limited work. Poor women are important actors in sustainable urban development throughmake community sustain. As a result of job choices, poor women are behind the effect andbecome input (input) for the balance of the ecosystem of Jakarta. If the input quality of theecosystem conditions will lead to a balanced process that ultimately sustainable. This sustainabilitywill be transmitted to the sustainability of ecosystems nationally, regionally and globally.20. RENY SYAFRINY, T. SANGKERTADITHE CITY DEVELOPMENT EFFECT ON WORK BURDEN OF WOMEN POOR INJAKARTA 119Abstract:In many cases, public open spaces in the cities have been designed and modified in very shorttermgoals, under the consideration of local situation. The style of public open space design hasevolved in recent years to promote a more environmentally -friendly method of enjoying ouroutdoor property. As an enjoyable place in the cities, open space design should begin with anunderstanding of the future use of the property, and the proper design will be unique to a specificsite and should be based on a careful review process. Objectives of the research is to develop amethod of design review for outdoor space, by using Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method,which has been mostly applied in a single building or simple setting only. POE is a process ofevaluation concerning the effectiveness of spatial design creation and its fixtures after theconstruction and operational function. The evaluation took place in some public open space inManado which had most population in the cities. Research focused on 3 elements of spaceperformances: technical, functional and behavioral aspects. The result shows that, technically,design performance of space could successfully bring pleasant for the visitor. Although itsfunctions are very limited, the quality of environment is poor because of the thermal comfort andcleanliness problems.BOOK REVIEW – ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND HUMANITY ISSUES IN THE DOWN DANUBIANREGION – MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9 TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUMON INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL RESEARCH 127EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP,INNOVATION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT – ICEIRD 2010 131EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – THE 1 ST CONFERENCE "MAINTENANCE 2010" 137EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – THE VII th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS "MACHINERY, TECHNOLOGY,MATERIALS" – INNOVATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY 139EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – THE 2 ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY –STEP TO SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION – MOTSP 2010 141EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – THE 4 THINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MASS CUSTOMIZATION ANDPERSONALIZATION IN CENTRAL EUROPE (MCP – CE 2010) 143EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – THE 10 th INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC GEO-CONFERENCE & EXPO – SGEM 2010 – MODERN MANAGEMENT OF MINE PRODUCING, GEOLOGYAND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 145EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – THE 6 THINTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “SHAPE, MECHANICAL ANDINDUSTRIAL DESIGN OF PRODUCTS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2010” – KOD 2010 147EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – 5 THINTERNATIONAL ICQME CONFERENCE (QUALITY, MANAGEMENT,ENVIRONMENT, EDUCATION, ENGINEERING) 1492010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III 13

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGEVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED ENGINEERING & APPLIEDMANAGEMENT – 40th ANNIVERSARY in HIGHER EDUCATION (1970-2010) 151EVENT ANNOUNCEMENT – 153GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING THE MANUSCRIPTS 157INDEXES 159ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering is an international and interdisciplinaryjournal which reports on scientific and technical contributions.ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering is a scientific supplement of ANNALSOF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING.ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering is covered by the following indexes:INDEX COPERNICUS – JOURNAL MASTER LISTGENAMICS JOURNALSEEK DATABASEEVISA DATABASEACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro142010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

1. PIOTR CZECH, 2. BOGUSŁAW ŁAZARZ,3. HENRYK MADEJ, 4. GRZEGORZ WOJNARCLASSIFICATION OF TOOTH GEAR WHEEL FAULTSOF GEARBOX WORKING IN THE CIRCULATING POWERTEST RIG BY MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON ANDCONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORMAbstract:In the article the results of the attempts are presented to build a classifier of the local teeth damagesin gear wheels, based on artificial neural networks. In the tests the neural networks of a multilayerperceptron type (MLP) were used. The research object was a toothed gear with straight teeth, workingon a rotating power stand FZG. Both the undamaged gears and gears with local teeth damages in theform of crack in the tooth base and the crumbling of a tooth tip were tested. In the article, it issuggested to build a descriptor of wheel teeth local damages with the use of vibration signals whichwere properly filtered and processed.Keywords:gearbox, diagnosis, neural networksINTRODUCTIONMonitoring and diagnosing the state of technicalobjects is one of the basic actions in theconstruction of a strategy for their properexploitation. Very often, when a failure occurs,not only is it connected with economic loss, butalso with danger to human life. It is necessary,then, to create the proper diagnostic toolsenabling the early detection of all the threats.The tests conducted for many years, both innational and foreign research laboratories, areaimed at creating proper tools, helpful in therecognition process of the power transmissionsystem damages [1-6,8-11,13-15,17]. Currently,all over the world, methods are developed toenable the diagnosis of the condition of thedrive transfer system elements without the needof their disassembly.Among such methods we find the vibroacousticmethod, where the sources of information aboutthe object condition are the vibrations and/ornoise emitted by it. Literature points at hugepossibilities of vibroacoustic signals use in thediagnostic process and their proper filtration,preliminary processing and analysis allowgetting information about the object condition.Novelty described in literature is an expertsystem which uses the artificial intelligenceelements [5-9,12-14,16]. Properly constructedand taught system can automatically recognisethe occurring defects.RESEARCH OBJECTThe research object was a toothed gear workingin the power transmission system, whichconsisted of an electric engine, belt transmission,© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 15

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGtested toothed gear, closing gear and stretchingclutch. The electric engine with a power of 15[kW] with the use of belt transmission poweredthe closing gear. The gear load was regulated bythe levers with weights, stretching clutch andtorsional shafts. The work speed of the gear wasset with the use of frequency converter steeringthe work of the electric engine. The tested gearand the closing gear had the same transmissionratio and the same wheel base.TestedgearboxTensionclutchClosinggearboxBelttransmissionElectricalengineFig. 1 Scheme of the circulating power test rigIn fig.1 the tested toothed gear is presentedworking in the rotating power system.The toothed gear with straight teeth was tested,where the number of teeth in the pinion and thewheel equalled 16 and 24 respectively. In thetests the toothed wheels made of 20H2N4A wereused, which were carburizated and hardened tothe hardness equalling 60-62 HRC.THE EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTIONThe aim of the experiment was an attempt toclassify the type and stage of teeth damages ingear wheels with the use of artificial neuralnetworks [5-9,12-14,16].In the experiments it was decided to use thediagnostic information about the objectcondition included in the vibration signal. Onthe basis of literature [2-6,9-11,13-15,17] thesignal assumed as the information carriercorrectly reflecting the damages of toothed gearwas the transverse vibration speed signal of thewheel shaft. The measures were taken in thedirection of inter-teeth force interaction.The measurement system consisted of angularposition sensors of shafts, a logic unit, a laservibrometer, the signal analyser and a computer.The measurement of the transverse vibrations ofthe gear wheel was conducted with the use oflaser vibrometer Ometron VH300+. The logicunit with two angular position sensors of shaftsenabled the precise definition of the connectionmoment of the same pair of teeth. The registeredvibration speed signal and the reference signalfrom the logic unit were processed in the signalanalyser DSPT SigLab. The measured signalswere sampled with frequency of 25600 [Hz] andregistered on a PC computer.In order to check the functioning correctness ofthe neural classifiers in the task of defect stageidentification of the toothed gear, a series oftransverse vibrations measurements wasconducted of the wheel shaft in an undamagedgear and in a gear with modelled damages:• cracks at the tooth base (1 and 3 [mm]),• crumblings on the tooth tip (0,75 and 1,5 and2 [mm]).The measurements were conducted for atoothed gear working at two rotational speeds ofthe wheel shaft (900 and 1800[obr/min]) and withtwo loads (138 and 206 [Nm]).The result of the conducted process of signalregistration was the achievement of the matrixconsisting of 971 transverse vibrations speedsignals of the wheel shaft.The vibration signals registered on FZG standwere put under the influence of five filters.Filters number 1 and 2 were low-pass filters withthe range of 6 and 12 kHz. Next filters enabledgetting the residual signals (filter number 3) andthe differential signals (filter number 4). The lastfilter enabled getting the signal of meshingfrequency range from 0.5-1.5 [5,6,9-11].Signal in time domain, known as residual signalwas achieved by the removal from the spectrumof bands including the rotational constituents ofthe wheel shafts and their harmonics and theconstituents of the meshing frequencies andtheir harmonics, and next by the use of theinverse Fourier transform. The differential signalwas achieved similarly to the residual signal, butin this case the removed bands around themeshing frequency and their harmonics werewider and included the sidebands connectedwith the rotational frequencies of the toothedwheels.In the next stage of tooth damage modelscreation the vibration signals achieved with theuse of five filters were put under the influence ofcontinuous wavelet transform (CWT) [1,4-6,8,13,15].162010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGIn the next stage of tooth damage modelscreation the vibration signals achieved with theuse of five filters were put under the influence ofcontinuous wavelet transform (CWT).Wavelet analysis consists of signaldecomposition and presenting it in the form oflinear combination of basic functions, calledwavelets. The feature which distinguishes thismethod of signal analysis from other methods isthe multi-stage signal decomposition, variableresolution in time and frequency domain andpossibility to use basic functions other thanharmonic functions. Continuous wavelettransform is defined as follows:1+∞⎛ t − b ⎞CWT(a,b) = ∫ ψ⎜⎟⋅xa −∞ ⎝ a ⎠where:ψ t – the analyzing wavelet,a, b()()dt t(1)a – the scale parameter, a ∈ R , a ≠ 0 ,b – the time parameter, b ∈ R .Wavelet frequency is regulated by the parameterof scale a, whereas using parameter b one cantest the local properties of the time runs.This method, due to the possibility of adjustmentof the window width to the analysed frequencyrange enables testing the non-stationary signals.For the long-term variation runs the windowexpands in time domain, whereas with highfrequencies it narrows preserving a constantsurface area. The authors in paper [8] states thatthe proper choice of the basic wavelet and thearray of the scale value determine thecorrectness of the diagnosis process of theobject technical condition with the use ofwavelet analysis.In the preliminary test the usefulness of 83 basicwavelets was checked, which belonged to series:haar, daubechies, biorthogonal, coiflets, symlets,morlet, mexican hat, meyer, reversebiorthogonal, gaussian, complex gaussian,shannon, frequency b-spline, complex morlet,discrete approximation of meyer.In order to describe the change character of thesignal amplitude under the influence of CWT for20 scale analyses, chosen in preliminary stage, ameasure was marked. This measure describedthe change course of the amplitude CWTdistribution in time domain. In the tests theusefulness of 35 diagnostic measures commonlyused in literature was checked (variationcoefficient, peak coefficient, clearance+coefficient, shape coefficient, impulsing andasymmetry coefficient, quarter and averagedeviation; arithmetic, geometric and harmonicaverages; quartiles, non-dimensionaldiscriminants, central moments, cumulants,signal energy, efficiency values, inter-peakvalues, maximum and minimum, variance,positional variation coefficient) [5,6].As a result of tests 14525 sets of models werebuilt. Each set of models had the size of 971x20.This size reflected the number of cases (numberof measured on FZG stand vibration signals) andthe number of network inputs (number of scales,in which the measure was marked). Each optionof model sets was divided into halves and it thisway teaching and testing data were achieved.In preliminary investigations were chosenfollowing wavelets [5,6]:• Daubechies Wavelet 9 (wavelet no. = 9),• Morlet Wavelet (wavelet no. = 37),• Reverse Biorthogonal Wavelet 3.7 (waveletno. = 50),and estimators [5,6]:• impulse ratio (estimator no. = 5),• root mean square (estimator no. = 14),• value of range between maximum andminimum (estimator no. = 25).In the tests performed in order to build adiagnostic classifier the artificial neural networksof multilayer perceptron type (MLP) were used.In case of application of such neural networks,one needs to define the architecture, the methodof network teaching and the type of neuronsused in hidden layers of the network [7,12,16]. Itshould be remembered, however, that the stagesshould not be divided, because they are directlyconnected. At the same time literature shows thelack of rules connected with the choice of theparameters and points out the necessity of theirsetting with the use of experimental method –trial and-error method [7,12,16].In the conducted experiments for each set ofmodels the best option of network architecturewas chosen. By the selection of networkarchitecture the usefulness of classifiers build ofone and of two hidden layers was checked. Onthe basis of preliminary tests [5,6] it was assumedthat for each hidden layer there is a possibility ofexisting of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 neurons.Simultaneously, an attempt was made to check,if for an analysed diagnostic task an optimumarchitecture can be defined, independently fromthe way models are built.2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 17

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGNext element, which was supposed to bedefined, was the kind of the applied teachingmethod. By its choice one should take intoaccount both the criterion of the error value, aswell as the time requirements needed fornetwork teaching. At the same time it should benoticed that the efficiency of the teachingmethods is dependent on: the particular task,the number of the accessible models and thenetwork architecture. That is why it is notpossible to decide a priori, which method is themost efficient one. In the tests it was decided tocheck the usefulness of different networkteaching methods (Table 1).Tab. 1: MLP network teaching methods.NoName of algorithm1 Gradient descent backpropagationGradient descent with momentum2backpropagationGradient descent with momentum and adaptive3learning rate backpropagation4 Resilient backpropagationConjugate gradient backpropagation with5Fletcher-Reeves updatesConjugate gradient backpropagation with Polak-6Ribiere updatesConjugate gradient backpropagation with7Powell-Beale restarts8 Scaled conjugate gradient backpropagation9 One step secant backpropagation10 BFGS quasi-Newton backpropagation11 Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation12 Bayesian regularization backpropagationIt was checked what influence the appliedalgorithm of network teaching has on thecorrectness of the achieved results.In each of the experiments two types of neuronsused in hidden layers were checked. For thetests sigma neurons and tangent curve typeneurons were chosen [7,12,16].THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTIn the first trials it was decided to build anartificial neural network capable of recognitionof the following classes of damages:• an undamaged gear,• a gear with a tooth cracked at its base,• a gear with a crumbled tooth.Tests with the use of MLP type classifiers taughtwith the use of data gathered in CWT analysisled to construction of classifiers characterised bythe error-free diagnosis of the damage type in atoothed gear. Independently from the neurontypes used in the hidden layers of the MLPnetwork, the lowest classification error valueswere achieved in case of application of theeffective value (number of measure = 14) to thedescription of change character in the CWTdistribution. The highest error values ofclassifiers diagnosing the type of gear teethdamages were achieved with the use of methodsnumber 1, 2, and 3 in the teaching process (Table1).Because it was possible to build a classifier,which could faultlessly assess the type of theexisting teeth damage of the gear wheels, it wasdecided to proceed to the research target infurther experiments, that is to the task ofchecking the MLP network usefulness in theclassification process of teeth damage type andadvancement in gear wheels. In the conductedtests the neural network of MLP type was taughtto identify the following classes:• no damages,• crack at the tooth base at a depth of 1 [mm],• crack at the tooth base at a depth of 3 [mm],• 0,75 [mm] crumbling of the tooth tip,• 1,5 [mm] crumbling of the tooth tip,• 2 [mm] crumbling of the tooth tip.The results of the conducted experiments aimingat the choice of optimum architecture of MLPnetwork showed the relationships resulting fromthe extension of the number of neurons. Somecases were noticed, where with the rise of theneurons number in first hidden layer, the errorinitially drops and then rises. It occurs due to thefact that the network was over-taught and lostthe ability to generalise. Such situations are alsovisible, where the increase in the number ofhidden layers with the appropriately big numberof neurons improves the efficiency of theclassification.On the basis of the achieved results one cannotice, that independently from the usedteaching algorithm of a network, type ofneurons applied in hidden layers and the chosenbasic wavelet, the lowest testing error levelappeared in case of classifiers taught on dataachieved from the CWT distributioncharacterised with the use of effective value(measure number = 14). The highest testingerror level was visible with the use of inter-peakvalue (measure number = 25).It can be noticed during the analysis of theclassification results with regard to the filtrationmethod of the vibration signal used duringmodels creation that independently from the182010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGused algorithm of network teaching, the types ofneurons applied in hidden layers and the chosenbasic wavelet the least precise classifiers werecreated on the basis of the residual signals andthe differential signals (filter number 3 and 4).Neural networks taught with the use of gradientmethod showed big sensitivity to the neuronstype used in hidden layers. By application ofmodels created in the same way in the teachingprocess, the classifiers built of tangent neuronsdistinguished themselves with a far better levelof results consistence with the model, than theclassifiers built of sigma neurons. Suchdependence did not occur in case of networkstaught with the use of Levenberg-Marquardtmethod.CONCLUSIONSAs a result of the conducted research it waspossible to build a correctly working classifier ofboth the kind, as well as the kind andadvancement of the gear damage.On the basis of the conducted research one cannotice, that a significant influence on theachieved classification error is exerted both bythe way of damage models preparation(filtration method, type of applied basic wavelet,applied measure) and by the architecture andthe artificial neural network teaching method.REFERENCES[1] BATKO W., ZIÓŁKO M.: Zastosowanie teorii falek wdiagnostyce technicznej. Problemy InżynieriiMechanicznej i Robotyki. AGH. Kraków 2002.[2] BAYDAR N., BALL A.: Detection of gear failures viavibration and acoustic signals using wavelettransform. Mechanical Systems and SignalProcessing (2003) 17(4), str. 787-804.[3] CEMPEL C.: Diagnostyka wibroakustycznamaszyn. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.Warszawa 1989.[4] CHEN D., WANG W. J.: Classification of waveletmap pattern using multi-layer neural networksfor gear fault detection. Mechanical Systemsand Signal Processing (2002) 16(4), str. 695-704.[5] CZECH P.: Wykrywanie uszkodzeń przekładnizębatych za pomocą metod sztucznejinteligencji. Rozprawa doktorska. Katowice2006.[6] CZECH P., ŁAZARZ B., WOJNAR G.: Wykrywanielokalnych uszkodzeń zębów kół przekładni zwykorzystaniem sztucznych sieci neuronowychi algorytmów genetycznych. Wydawnictwo ITE,Radom 2007.[7] HU Y. H., HWANG J. N.: Handbook of neuralnetwork signal processing. CRC Press 2002.[8] KORBICZ J., KOŚCIELNY J., Kowalczuk Z., CholewaW. (praca zbiorowa): Diagnostyka procesów.Modele. Metody sztucznej inteligencji.Zastosowania. Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne. Warszawa 2002.[9] ŁAZARZ B., CZECH P.: Wykorzystanie siecineuronowych do identyfikacji pęknięcia stopyzęba. Diagnostyka Vol. 31, 2004, str. 79-88.[10] ŁAZARZ B., WOJNAR G.: Bezkontaktowe pomiarylaserowe drgań w diagnostyce wibroakustycznej.XI Seminarium Naukowe „Nowe Technologie iMateriały w Metalurgii i Inżynierii Materiałowej”.Katowice 2003.[11] ŁAZARZ B., WOJNAR G., CZECH P.: Wibrometrialaserowa i modelowanie – narzędziawspółczesnej diagnostyki przekładni zębatych.Wydawnictwo ITE, Radom 2007.[12] OSOWSKI St.: Sieci neuronowe do przetwarzaniainformacji. Oficyna Wydawnicza PolitechnikiWarszawskiej. Warszawa 2000.[13] PAYA B. A., ESAT I. I., BADI M. N. M.: Artificialneural network based fault diagnostics ofrotating machinery using wavelet transforms asa preprocessor. Mechanical Systems and SignalProcessing (1997) 11(5), str. 751-765.[14] SAMANTA B., AL-BALUSHI K. R.: Artificial neuralnetwork based fault diagnostics of rollingelement bearings using time-domain features.Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing(2003) 17(2), str. 317-328.[15] SUNG C. K., TAI H. M., CHEN C. W.: Location defectsof gear system by the technique of wavelettransform. Mechanism and Machine Theory 35(2000), str. 1169-1182.[16] TADEUSIEWICZ R.: Sieci neuronowe. AkademickaOficyna Wydawnicza. Warszawa 1993.[17] WANG W. Q., ISMAIL F., GOLNARAGHI M. F.:Assessment of gear damage monitoringtechniques using vibration measurements.Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing(2001) 15(5), str. 905-922AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1. PIOTR CZECH,2. BOGUSŁAW ŁAZARZ,3. HENRYK MADEJ,4. GRZEGORZ WOJNAR1. 3. 3., 4. FACULTY OF TRANSPORT, SILESIAN UNIVERSITY OFTECHNOLOGY, GLIWICE, POLAND2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 19

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro202010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.JIŘÍ BOBEKINJECTION MOLDED BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER STUDYAbstract:This paper is next of the papers series which is biodegradable plastics properties considering.Concretely biopolymer HL103 was chosen for this series. Biologic degradation was realized in naturecompost and acid and alkaline solution. Mechanical properties change was observed in dependenceon time after production. Testing specimen production was realized by injection molding.Keywords:biodegradable, plastics, mechanical, testsINTRODUCTIONThe world most used plastics PE and PPbiodegradability improving modification issearched due to their large produced volume. Itis not easy to find right PE or PP modificationwhich is acceptable with regard to ecologic site.Some PE and PP applications – concretelyvarious packaging application is possible tosubstitute not with modified PE or PP but withentirely different materials – fully biodegradableplastics. Behavior knowledge of these materialsis necessary to successful using these materials.Fully biodegradability of all materialcomponents is the basic advantage comparingto conventional petrolic polymers.For this study was proposed experiment whichshould simulate concrete conditions of plasticparts using. Biodegradable polymer behaviorduring this conditions (which are describedbelow) is observed in dependence to time afterproduction.Experiment is using for observation normalizedtesting specimens which were produced bynormalized molds with injection molding onconventional molding machine – ENGELVICTORY 80/25.Observation is based on next mechanicalproperties tests:• tensile test (ČSN EN ISO 527-1,2,• flexural test (ČSN EN ISO 178),• impact IZOD test (ČSN EN ISO 180),• Shore D hardness test (ČSN EN ISO 868)[1][2][3][4]and specimens (see fig. 1) surface analysis.flexural test specimenimpact strength test specimentensile test specimenFig. 1 Mechanical properties test specimensMechanical properties as same as surfaceappearance are observed 1 st , 10 th , 20 th , 30 th , 40 th ,50 th and 60 th day after production.Specimens (see fig. 1) are immediately afterproduction placed to four another areas whichshould simulate real plastics using conditions.The first area is water solution with neutral pH(7±0,2), second area is water solution with acidic© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 21

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGpH (2±0,2) third area is water solution withalcalic pH (11±0,2) and fourth is area of naturalcompost with compost activator based onbacteria and enzyme combination (biocatalyst)improving biodegradation. pH of water solutionwas periodically measured with ACIDIMETR 333and possible changes of pH was regulated thatpH was constant during experiment in interval±0,2 from nominal value.Scheme of whole experiment is shown below:SPECIMEN PRODUCTION → IMMEDIATELYPLACING SPECIMENS TO CHOSEN AREASflexural strength σ f[MPa]20151050flexural strength change by time afterproduction1 10 20 30 40 50 60days after productionFig. 3 Flexural strength resultsneutral areaacidic areaalcalic areanatural compost→ after 1 day – mechanical properties tests,surface analysis→ after 10 days - mechanical properties tests,surface analysis→ ...→ after 60 days - mechanical properties tests,surface analysisTHE RESULTSThe flexural modulus made the biggestmechanical properties change as specimenswere longer in each area. This is probablycaused of high sensitivity of this mechanicalproperty to property of skin part of specimenwhich is the first degradated part of thespecimen. Fig. 2 shows flexural modulusdependence on time by each area specimenplacement.flexural modulus E f[MPa]1800150012009006003000flexural modulus change by time afterproduction1 10 20 30 40 50 60days after productionFig. 2 Flexural modulus resultsneutral areaacidic areaalcalic areanatural compostSame reason of flexural modulus change causedrelatively high decrease of flexural strength asshown on fig. 3.In the opposite of mentioned above, somemechanical properties did not make significantchange. The first of them is tensile strength as isshown on fig. 4.tensile strength σ y[MPa]12840tensile strength change by time afterproduction1 10 20 30 40 50 60days after productionFig. 4 Tensile strength resultsneutral areaacidic areaalcalic areanatural compostFlexural strength values are virtually withoutsome change regardless area, where is justspecimen placed. Second property which is notsensitive to placement in biodegradable area (inchosen time interval) is SHORE D hardness. Ispossible to say that changes in this case are instatistical deviation. See fig. 5. Light change wasobserved in case of IZOD impact strength. Thisdependence is shown on fig. 7.hardness SHORE D706050403020100hardness SHORE D change by time afterproduction1 10 20 30 40 50 60days after productionFig. 5 Hardness SHORE D resultsneutral areaacidic areaalcalic areanatural compostDuring whole experiment was also specimensurface analyzed. In case of water solution wasobserved same changes with increasing timeafter production in each area regardless water222010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGpH. These changes of surface are shown on fig.7, fig. 8., fig 9 and fig. 10.IZOD impact strengtha iA [kJ•m -2 ]IZOD impact strength by time after production54321neutral areaacidic areaalcalic areanatural compost1 st day10 th day20 th day30 th day40 th day50 th day60 th dayFig. 9 Specimens biodegradation in NEUTRAL area01 10 20 30 40 50 60days after productionFig. 6 Hardness SHORE D resultsFor better clearness were fig. 7 and fig 9.graphically exposed a color saturated. Result ofthis graphic changes sharpening is fig. 8 (basedon fig. 7) and fig. 10 (based on fig. 9). Specimensurface placed in water solution(neutral/acidic/alcalic) is by time afterproduction turning to light. Final surface after 60days is absolutely white. This is caused bygradual starch separation. After 30 days periodwas also observed surface change to surfacesimilar to chalk surface. Fig. 11 shows gradualspecimen degradation in nature compost.Surface changes in this case are obvious.1 st day10 th day20 th day30 th day40 th day50 th day60 th dayFig. 10 Specimens biodegradation in NEUTRALarea - graphically exposed1 st day10 th day20 th day30 th day40 th day50 th day60 th dayFig. 11 Specimens biodegradation in NATURECOMPOST1 st day10 th day20 th day30 th day40 th day50 th day60 th dayFig. 7 Specimens biodegradation in ACIDIC/ALCALIC area.1 st day10 th day20 th day30 th day40 th day50 th day60 th dayFig. 8 Specimens biodegradation in ACIDIC/ALCALICarea – graphically exposedCONCLUSIONSGetting knowledge of behavior biodegradableplastic PSM HL 103 in different areas is main goalof this paper. Just this knowledge is important tomaterial selection during plastic part proposal orconstruction. Is obvious that exists plastic partswhere is acceptable significant flexural modulusand flexural strength change without anysignificant change of tensile properties, hardnessor light impact strength as same as probablyexists parts, where this is not acceptable. Isnecessary to remind, that mentioneddependences are valid for mentioned 60 daysperiod after specimen / part production.Probable application of observed biodegradablematerial as same as of all fully biodegradablematerials is application where is plastic part lifecycle very short. As mentioned above it is the2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 23

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGmost probably application in packaging field,where goods are using (are performing function)only for some days and after it is problem“WHAT WITH THEM”? This problem in case of PEand PP materials is very complicated and nevercould not be absolutely solved. Biodegradableplastics advantage in this case is obvious. Due totheir comfortable (for unpretentiousapplications as packaging etc.) properties canperform plastic part function without anyproblem and after end of part life cycle (whereconventional petrolic polymers becomesproblem) is able to resolve to nature componentwithout any “ecologic print”. In next studies willbe observated technological parametersinfluence to degradation behavior of thematerial HL-103. Because of relatively high priceof this material, next studies will be also focusedto price decreasing possibilities. The simplestway is to fill this basic material with anotherbiodegradable material which is much cheaperthan basic polymeric material. For example itcould be wood powder. It is question, how canthis filler affect mechanical properties andproperties during biodegradation. Probablywood powder will decrease mechanicalproperties of specimen made of compound HL-103 and wood powder, but on other side will bedecreased time of complete degradation. Rate ofthese influences is of course in volumepercentage of added wood powder. And this isthe question will be solved in next studies, wherewill be used various wood powder percentagesin basic HL-103 and similar propertiesobservated in this study will be observated foreach compound.AUTHOR & AFFILIATION1.JIŘÍ BOBEK1. KATEDRA STROJÍRENSKÉ TECHNOLOGIE, ODDĚLENÍ TVÁŘENÍKOVŮ A PLASTŮ, TECHNICKÁ UNIVERZITA V LIBERCI, CZECHREPUBLICREFERENCES[1] ČSN EN ISO 527-1,2 (640604). Plasty – Stanovenítahových vlastností. Praha: ČNI Praha, 2003.[2] ČS N EN ISO 178 (640607). Plasty – Stanoveniohybových vlastností. Praha: ČNI Praha, 2003.[3] ČSN EN ISO 180 (640604). Plasty – Stanovenírázové houževnatosti metodou Izod. Praha: ČNIPraha, 2001.[4] ČSN EN ISO 868 (640624). Plasty a ebonit –Stanovení tvrdosti vtlačováním hrotutvrdoměru (tvrdost Shore). Praha: ČNI Praha,2003ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro242010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.TADEUSZ ZABOROWSKIANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALSSCIENCE FOR ADVANCES IN DESIGNFOR MANUFACTURING PROCESSESAbstract:This paper decribed role of materials selection for the design and manufacturing processes of new,needed products, having the highest attainable quality and performance at the optimum andreasonably set - possibly lowest cost level. The review of the long history of human civilisationindicates that the significant increase of the level of living and production is connected most oftenwith introduction of new material groups, having their properties adjusted better and better to thereal customers requirements that get more sophisticated nearly each day, and having also thetechnological processes relevant to them. The reasons given, make it possible to forecast that thefuture of the market and products on it, with the required properties, are inseparably connected withthe development of Engineering Materials.Keywords:design, engineering materials, production process, productINTRODUCTIONModern products could not be often designedand manufactured without employing manymaterials, just as that they could not operate inrequired service conditions and with therequired very high reliability. One has to realisethat the contemporary product is composed of ahost of elements made from materials varying agreat deal. As an example, the average car iscomposed of about 15,000 elements, whereasthe passenger aircraft has more than 4,000,000elements. Many people, even today, do theirwork at home, without leaving it. Houses willhave to be organised and furnished in a totallyother way within several years' time span.Towns, transportation and telecom systems willbe organised differently than nowadays. Townsand transport system will be organised inanother way, including novel urbantransportation systems connecting the sky-highbuildings, electrically powered cars, robotizedsafety systems and municipal wastes utilisationsystems. Health care system will be based ondiagnoses made at home, non-allergic nutrition,early detection of serious illnesses and theirprevention, and also on implanting of artificialorgans-heart, and of a new generation ofbiomaterials. Future agriculture, forestry and fishindustry will be based on genetic engineeringachievements, mastering fanning new plants,employing other processes than photosynthesis,and also comprehensive robotisation. Miningand manufacturing industries will be based on atotal robotisation of processes of industrial© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 25

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGrecycling of water and air, on development ofthe ultra-microprocessor technology, and alsoon the high-throughput power transmissionsystems employing organic materialssubstituting copper. Earth protection systemsfighting climatic effects, implementing recoveryfrom damages caused by torrential rains,fighting droughts, and exploitation of thetropical forests, as well as decreasing the ozonelayer discontinuity effects, will undergosignificant changes. Systems for surveillance ofoceans and seas and monitoring theircontamination, and for observations ofearthquakes will be developed, moreover,robots will be introduced to underwater service.Many of these materials are already availablenowadays, some of them should be developedsoon according to the outlined requirements.SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR TECHNICALAPPLICATIONS AND PRODUCTION PROCESSESThe selection of the product manufacturingprocesses, closely related to the selection ofmaterials for its parts, is a very important stageof the engineering design process. The maincriterion for these selections is maximum ofproduct quality with the simultaneous minimumof costs of its elements. The selection of amaterial decides often selection of feasiblemanufacturing processes that may be used forproducing elements from the particularmaterial. The selection of the technologicalprocess is connected with the materialsperformance and limited by its hardness,brittleness or plasticity, and meltingtemperature. Functional properties of a productare obtained only when the right material isused, manufactured in the properly selectedtechnological process, imparting both therequired shape and other geometrical features,including dimensional tolerances of particularelements, making the final assembly of theproduct possible, and also forming the requiredmaterial structure, ensuring the expectedmechanical, physical and chemical properties ofthe product, see Fig.1. Each production processis connected with the product shape range thatmay be made using this process. The generalgoal of the actually employed technologicalprocesses is to make the net-shaped productsthat make mediate assembly possible, or-infinishing-usually by machining-before installingthem into the final product.propertiesstructurematerialprocessshapefunctionsFig. 1. Relationships among some factors connectedwith mate-case it is not feasible-the near-net-rial,processes and functions of aproduct [1], [3], [10]It is possible to select the manufacturingprocesses of the product elements basing on theanalysis of the relationship among the employedtechnological process, size of elements, andcomplexity of their shapes, see in Fig.2, [3], [4],[5], [6], [7], [8]. Variety of materials availablenowadays, makes it necessary to select themproperly for the constructional or functionalelements, tools and eventually other products ortheir elements.Fig. 2. Options of the product formingtechnological processesThis selection should be carried out basing onthe multi-criterion optimalization. Functionalproperties of engineering materials are usuallyding on its shape complexity level and weight262010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING(prepared according defined by their physical,to [2], [9]) mechanical, thermal, electrical,magnetic, and optical properties. Theseproperties depend on structure and chemicalcomposition of the material and on serviceconditions of the element. The aim of materialsscience is to investigate the effect of theirstructure in various scales (electron, crystalline,micro, and macro) on materials properties. Thenumerous grades of the actually availablematerials yield new innovative potential inimplementation of products. Determining therelationships among structure, techno-logicalprocess, and functional properties, and also theselection of materials and technologicalprocesses forming their structure and propertiesfor use in complex manufacturing systems,feature the main focus of materials engineering.The vast majority of engineering materials arederived from raw materials obtained from thecrust of the earth, raised in mines as ores andthen enriched to make possible their extractionor synthesis. Figure 4 illustrates the relation ofstrength and the specific energy consumption ofmaterials (defined as the product of energyrequired to make (he material, i.e., obtaining theraw materials, their refining, and shaping of theproduced material, related to 1 kg of thematerial, and its density). This coefficientexpresses indirectly the influence of the materialmanufacturing process on degradation of theenvironment. The specific energy consumptionshows linear dependence with the materialstrength. The situation as it is now and currentforecasts require from engineers thecoordinated activities aimed at saving theavailable raw materials, consisting in:• designing with the economical use ofmaterials, mostly those hardly available andclose to be depleted, with minimum of theirenergy consumption,• using easier to acquire alternatives with thelarge margin of the half-life of their rawmaterials depletion and with lower energyconsumption, instead of those hardlyavailable and close to be depleted,• making full use of the energy savingrecycling for their reuse and full recovery ofmaterials in all possible and economicallyjustified cases.The selection of the proper material along withthe appropriate technological process is vital, asit ensures the longest product life with thelowest costs, considering that one has to accountfor more than 100,000 engineering materialspossible and available on the market, and yet,the average engineer has a detailed knowledgeabout the practical applications of some 50-100engineering materials. Because of thesignificantly diversified conditions of use ofvarious products, and also their diversifieddesign features, collecting many detailedinformation is required for proper materialselection. Two approaches are possible to theselection of combinations of materials and thetechnological process of the particular element.First, one may select either the material, which ismore frequently preferred by engineers, or thetechno-logical process, whose consequence isselection of the technological process ormaterials respectively in the second move.GENERAL BASES OF PRODUCTS DESIGNING FORPREPARING THEIR PRODUCTION PROCESSESManufacturing is the process of transforming ofraw materials into products. Manufacturingconsists in making products from the rawmaterials in various processes, using variousmachines and in operations organised accordingto the well-prepared plan. Therefore, themanufacturing process consists in a proper useof resources like: materials, energy, capital, andpeople. Nowadays, manufacturing is a complexactivity merging people working in variousprofessions and carrying out miscellaneous jobsusing diverse machines, equipment, and tools,automated to a various extent, includingcomputers and robots. The technical aspect ofthis effort pertains to the engineering design of aproduct. Engineering design of a product is tomerge in itself three equally important andindivisible elements, Fig.3:• structural design, whose goal is to work outthe shape and geometrical features ofproducts satisfying human needs,• materials design for the selection therequired physical and chemical, as well astechnological properties, ensuring the expectedlife of the product or its elements, andthe• technological design making it possible toimpose the required geometrical featuresand properties to the particular product elements,and also to ensure their correctmating after assembly, accounting for the2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 27

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGproduction volume, its automation level andcomputer assistance, and also with ensuringthe lowest possible costs of the product.relevant factors of safety are used, whose task isto account for the expected variability of thesedesign parameters.Materials design,properties,availability, costEngineeringdesign, serviceconditions,Technologicaldesign, Equipmentselection, costmarketResearchEducationmarketingProgressiveTechnologyIndustrialdesignEngineeringdesignDesignProductionLogisticFig.3. Engineering design of a productEngineering design is connected withdetermining the shape of the product and itselements, selection of materials from which theyare to be made, and the selection of the relevanttechnological processes. The designed producthas to meet the parameters pertaining fully to itsfunctionality, and also requirements connectedwith its shape and dimensional tolerances;moreover, the design has to include the list ofmaterials used, manufacturing methods, andother necessary information. One has toaccount for, among other, consequences andrisk of product failure, resulting from itsforeseen, however probable misuse, or theimperfection of the manufacturing process.Possible consequences of product failure affectthe evaluation of the significance of its assumedreliability. Economical aspects do not imposeexcessively demanding reliability requirements ifthere is no risk of injuries or incurring losses dueto product failure in use, Fig.4. Each productshape version imposes some requirementspertaining to the material properties that canmeet them, to which one may include therelationships between stresses resulting from theproduct shape and its load, and the materialstrength. The change of the manufacturingprocess may change the material properties, andsome product-material combinations may beinfeasible using some technological processes.Relationships between product shaperequirements and material properties may beevaluated using the deterministic or stochasticmethods. In the deterministic methods one usesthe nominal or average stress, dimension, andstrength values for calculations, moreover, thePlanningOrganiziingManagementMotivatingControlFig.4. Design of the product is located between itsmarketing and manufacturing in the process of itsintroducing into the marketThe reasons of some 90% failures caused by materialfatigue in service are connected with thefaulty design and manufacturing faults, and only10% result from material faults, its improperchemical composition or heat treatment errors.Even the seemingly insignificant reasons mayresult in serious consequences. In one case, forinstance, the fatigue damage of the aircraft inflight was caused by the inspection stampthat was imprinted too heavily on one of itselements. The failure modes that might directlyendanger life or limb or else damage or destroyproducts or their elements should not beallowed. The experimental verification enablesto check the computer simulation in variousscales and using the artificial intelligencemethods, for employing the new materials andtheir manufacturing processes. The ComputerAided Materials Selection Systems (CAMS) andthe Computer Aided Materials Design ones(CAMD) have found their right position withinthe framework of the Computer Aided Design(CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing(CAM) systems. Progress in this area isparticularly important as the computer systemsmade available eliminate the gross errors madenot infrequently using the traditional methods,and also feature the indispensable elements of282010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGthe computer aided design/ manufacturing/material selection systems – CA-X.STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVITIES OF THEFUTURE IN THE AREA OF MATERIALS SCIENCEAND ENGINEERING AS THE BASIS OF DESIGN ANDMANUFACTURING OF THE NEW DEVELOPEDPRODUCTSThe process of implementing the new materialsis connected with improving the existingmaterials or with taking into account thecontemporary achievements connected withworking out of the new compounds, structure,and ensuring the new properties. Thefundamental feature is the possibility ofdesigning the new materials focused on theirsmall scale, inclusive the nanometric one, theoptimisation of their applications, and also theoptimisation of their manufacturing, includingmodelling of properties and processes. Themodern theory of materials science andmodelling specific for the computationalmaterials science, are used for development ofnew materials. Introduction of new materialsand improvement of the properties of materialsmanufactured to date call also for working outand implementing the new synthesis andprocessing methods. One should estimate, inparticular, that the further progress ofcivilisation connected with introducing newproducts with the required high functionalproperties, will be-to a great extent-dependenton development of the engineering materials,making it possible to use them in engineeringdesign of many new products expected on themarket, encompassing, among others:• development of modelling the relationshipsamong chemical composition, structure,parameters of the technological processes,and service conditions of the engineeringmaterials,• development of the pro-ecologicalmanufacturing technologies with the possiblelowest harmful environmental impact and/orinfluencing the environment and atmosphere,• development of surface engineering andrelated technologies in order to increasesignificantly the competitiveness of productsand technological processes,• development and deployment of the industrialapplications of the ,,smart” materials andautomatically supervised technologicalprocesses,• development of manufacturing technologiesmaking it possible employing the existing hightemperaturesuperconductors in marketproducts,• introduction of the new heat resistant andhigh-temperature creep resisting materials forservice at elevated and high temperatures,especially for the space,• development of the composite materials andothers obtained using other non-conventionaltechnologies,• introduction of new generations ofbiomaterials and biomimetic materials thatwill render it possible to extend the range ofpossible medical interventions and implantingthe artificial organs and limbs to improve thelevel of treatment of diseases and injuries.CONCLUSIONSMaterials connected issues play surely animportant role in carrying out these tasks of theengineers' circles, deciding thus directly thedevelopment potential of their societies.Integration of the advanced design andmanufacturing processes of the state-of-the-artproducts and consumer goods features animportant determinant of this development,encompassing the progress in the area of thedesign methodology and new designs createdusing the computer assisted technique methods(CAD). One should add to that development ofnew technologies and manufacturing processes,of the technological design methodology ofmodem manufacturing organization andoperational management along with thecomputer assisted manufacturing (CAM), andalso development of the materials designmethodology, working out the completely newengineering materials with the required - betterand better-functional properties, with the proecologicalfeatures and minimised energyconsumption, along with the development of thecomputerised materials science and thecomputer assisted materials design methodology(CAMD). This integration is expressed best in thecomputer integrated manufacturing (CIM).Among the all main development trends of theadvanced design and manufacturing processesof the novel advanced products in theforthcoming decades of the 21 sl century, one can2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 29

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGsingle out the importance of materials scienceand engineering, boiling down to materialsdesign connected with adjusting the materials,starting from their chemical composition,constituent phases and micro-structure, to theset of properties required to use them in thefinal products, computational materials scienceas the indispensable materials' properties andmanufacturing processes affecting themprediction tool, advanced analytical techniquesemployed in investigation and synthesis ofmaterials to their nanocrystalline and atomicscales inclusive, techniques of the future formanufacturing the engineering materialscomposed of atoms and molecules, anddevelopment of nanomaterials, smart materialsand the biomimetic ones. The essentialchallenges facing the academic circles in thearea of the advanced design and manufacturingprocesses of the novel advanced products andconsumer goods call for convincing the world ofindustry, management, and politics about theneed of investing in science for acquiring thecontemporary technological progress. It isimportant that the time span between thescientific discoveries and their practicalapplications is made as short as possible, andthat the societies are convinced that there existlinks between the current fundamental researchand future welfare.[7] JURKO, J.-LUKOVICS, I.: Obrábateľnosťmateriálov. 1. vyd., Zlín : Univerzita Tomáše Bati,2008. 144 p.[8] JURKO, J.-PANDA, A.: Výrobný proces - montáž ademontáž v strojárstve. 1. vyd - Prešov : FVT TU,2008. - 140 p.[9] PANDA, A.-JURKO, J.-PANDOVÁ, I.: Vývoj, výrobaa overenie nových výrobkov pre automobilovýpriemysel. 3. časť, 1.vyd., Prešov : FVT TU, 2009.79 p.[10] RUHLE, M.-DOSCH, H.-MITTEMEIJER,E.J.-Van deVOORDE,M.H.: European White Book on FundamentalResearch in Materials Science. Max-Planck-Institute fuer Metallforschung, Stuttgart,2001AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.TADEUSZ ZABOROWSKI1. SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTEPOLITECHNIKA GORZOW WLKP., POLANDREFERENCES[1] ASHBY, M.F.: Materials Selection in MechanicalDesign, Pergamon Press, Oxford - New York -Seoul-Tokyo, 1992[2] DIETER, G.E.: ASM Handbook - MaterialsSelection and Design, ASM International, Vol. 20,Metals Park, 1997[3] DOBRZARISKI, L.A.: Fundamentals of MaterialsScience and Physical Metallurgy. EngineeringMaterials and Fundamentals of Materials Design,WNT, Gliwice - Warszawa, 2002[4] JURKO, J.-GAJDOŠ, M.: Zvyšovanie produktivitypri obrábaní v reálnych podmienkach firmy. In:Proceedings of conference „Management ofmanufacturing systems, Prešov, 2008, pp.225-228[5] JURKO, J.: Vŕtanie austenitickýchnehrdzavejúcich ocelí. Prešov, D.A.H. Prešov,2005, 101 p.[6] JURKO, J.-LUKOVICS, I.: Vŕtanie-Technologickámetóda výroby dier. 1. vyd., Zlín : UTB, 2007. 191p.ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro302010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.IMRE KISS, 2. VASILE GEORGE CIOATA, 3. VASILE ALEXAINCREASING THE ROLLING-MILL ROLLS QUALITY -IN SOME MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHAbstract:Quality assurance is the activity of providing evidence needed to establish quality in work, and thatactivities that require good quality are being performed effectively. All those planned or systematicactions necessary to provide enough confidence that a product or service will satisfy the givenrequirements for quality. Quality assurance covers all activities from design, development,production, installation, servicing and documentation. It includes the regulation of the quality of rawmaterials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management,production, and inspection processes.Our approaches the issue of quality assurance of the rolling mills rolls, from the viewpoint of thequality of materials, which feature can cause duration and safety in exploitation. The experimenteddurability research, as well as the optimization of the manufacturing technology, allows theconclusion of direct results for the rolls. The beneficiaries of these results are the unit in which therolls are manufactured, as well as the unit that exploits them. The technological manufacturingprocess of the rolling mills rolls, as well as the quality of material used in manufacturing them, canhave a different influence upon the quality and the safety in the exploitation.Keywords:quality assurance, cast-iron rolls, manufacturing, laboratory research, mathematical modelingINTRODUCTORY NOTESRoll makers always ask about rolling conditionsand the necessity to choose the right grade of rollmaterial and roll users always ask about themechanical and physical properties of rollmaterial. Sometimes they feed these figures intotheir rolling model, but sometimes they alsoneed them for unknown reasons. Thisinformation is very rarely useful for selecting theright supplier. Roll makers and roll usersfrequently have to discuss experiences,performance results, and special requirementsof the mill. Roll failure problems can be solvedby good co-operation. In engineering andmanufacturing, quality control and qualityengineering are involved in developing systemsto ensure products or services are designed andproduced to meet or exceed customerrequirements. These systems are oftendeveloped in conjunction with other businessand engineering disciplines using a crossfunctionalapproach. By collecting data fromsamples at various points within the process,variations in the process that may affect thequality of the end product can be detected andcorrected, thus reducing waste as well as thelikelihood that problems will be passed on to thecustomer.Quality assurance covers all activities fromdesign, development, production, installation,servicing and documentation. It includes theregulation of the quality of raw materials,assemblies, products and components, servicesrelated to production and inspection processes.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 31

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGProduction logistics is the term used fordescribing logistic processes within an industry.Also, the purpose of production logistics is toensure that each equipment and technologies isbeing fed with the right product in the rightquantity and quality at the right point in time.What materials, products, or information comeinto the activity? What materials, products, orinformation flow out of the activity? Qualityengineers use the D-M-A-I-C model (define,measure, analyze, improve, and control) todocument processes before beginning processimprovement. If processes are documented,another series of logical questions apply: Are theprocesses being followed? Are they withinacceptable control and performanceparameters? Are they outdated? Can they beimproved? Those are the questions whichdetermine the correlations between the logisticsprocess and the quality assurance.a different influence upon the quality and thesafety in the exploitation. Our approaches theissue of quality assurance of the rolling millsrolls, from the viewpoint of the quality ofmaterials, which feature can cause duration andsafety in exploitation. The quality assuranceresearch fields can be defined through thegeneral research area, through the differentexperiments effectuated in the laboratories, and,also, through the modern calculation programs,optimization technologies and the bettercapitalization of the manufacturing data (seeFigure 2).QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE ROLL INDUSTRYThe manufacture of rolls (see Figure 1) is incontinuously perfecting, the requirements forsuperior quality rolls are not yet completelysatisfied, in many cases, the absence of qualityrolls preventing the realization of qualitylaminates or the realization of productivities ofwhich rolling mills are capable. Basic propertiesof rolls and properties of the material are twototally different sides of a problem and veryoften this difference is ignored. However, whenwe start to discuss about the rolls mechanicalproperties, we have to analyze the rolls materialor the roll-properties.Figure 2. Quality assurance research fieldsFigure 3. Quality assurance in rolling industryIn the rolling industry, the quality of the rolls isin directly accordance with the quality oftechnologies (defined by the casting equipments,materials, applied procedures, etc), and also, bythe quality of the manufacturing process(charging, melting, inoculation, ladle treatment,casting, cleaning, etc), which are presented inFigure 3.Figure 1. Casting technology of the iron rollsThe technological manufacturing process of therolling mills rolls, as well as the quality ofmaterial used in manufacturing them, can haveQUALITY OF ROLLS ASSURED BY MODELLING OFMANUFACTURINGIndustrial engineering is also operationsmanagement, systems engineering, productionengineering, manufacturing engineering ormanufacturing systems engineering, where asmost engineering disciplines apply skills to very322010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGspecific areas, industrial engineering is appliedin every industry. Industrial engineers typicallyuse computer simulation, especially discreteevent simulation, for system analysis andevaluation. The computer is used to generate anumerical model of reality for the purposes ofdescribing complex interaction amongcomponents of a system.Starting from the principle of modeling process,used as necessary basic instrument, both inphase of conception, as well as in the industrialtechnologies analysis, is determined theoptimum regimes of the cast rolls, from the viewfrom chemical composition, as one as the mostimportant parameters of disturbance of themanufacturing process. The enunciation ofsome mathematically modeling results,described through a number of multicomponentequations determined for the spaces with 3 theand 4 dimensions, as well as the generation ofsome regression surfaces, of some curves oflevels, of the volumes of variation, of the lines ofoutlines of the volumes of variation of surfacesand the areas of variation of these, can berepresented and interpreted by technologistsand can be considerate diagrams of correlationbetween the analyzed variables. From this pointof view the project is inscribes in context ofscientific capitalization of the process and theindustrial technologies optimizations, on theway of the analysis and the mathematicalexperiment. The quality assurance through themodeling phenomenon is presented in Figure 4.Figure 4. Quality assurance through themodeling phenomenonThe character of the metallurgical processesoptimization is influenced by the complexpeculiarities of these, which take place into agreat number of variables (parameters) thatoperates independently or cumulate.For this reason, to analyze the metallurgicalprocesses is used, mainly, the statisticalfundamental methods that permit to drawnconclusions, from the observed values, about therepartition of the frequencies of variousparameters, about their interaction, aboutverification validity of certain premises, andabout the research of the dependencies amongdifferent parameters. However, the statisticalmethods of the metallurgical process analysesdo not solve a series of aspects regarding themode of establish the decisions for themanagement of the process. Thereof, parallelwith the statistical methods it was developedoptimization methods.The optimization of any technological processhas, as a base, a mathematical model. Thesearch for the best solution, for the truth,requests either to find, on the way of a study,definitive truths, or of relative valid truths, validonly in certain conditions, and which, in relationwith the definitive truths, include implicationsand errors.QUALITY OF ROLLS ASSURED BY THE LABORATORYEXPERIMENTSThe researches of durability in the exploitationof cast from cast-iron rolls, constitute ascientifically novelty, and experimentally definean important chapter from the thermal fatigue ofthe organs of machines in the movement ofrotation, in variable temperature mediums. Hotrolling mills rolls work the in the variablecompound solicitations, due to laminationprocess and which repeated to regular intervalsof time.All these phenomena, which are more or lessemphases depending on the type and typical ofrolling mills, are not taking into consideration inthe classic calculus of rolls. If the study of therolls resistance is extended upon their durability,we must consider the whole complex of tensionswith mechanic-thermal influences.The research on durability in exploitation of hotrolling mills rolls assures relevant conditions forthe appropriation of the research methods of thethermal regimes that are submitted the rolls or2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 33

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGother organs of machines, that works inconstant (symmetrical) or variables(asymmetrical) thermal solicitation conditions.The recommendations for the increase of theduration of exploitation and remove of thedamages through the accidental rupture of rollsfrom the stands of lamination, the attenuation ofrolls thermal fatigue, the avoiding of thermalshock and their rational exploitation areactuality issues that must be continuouslyresearched.In this trend is situated the research of thethermal fatigue phenomena, materialized intechnical reports, whose beneficiary is the unitin which the rolls are exploited, as well asthrough scientific papers, that can develop theframework of scientific research. Theseresearches results lead to direct conclusionsabout the cast-iron rolls, and permit theircomparison with date about steel rolls, areastudied thoroughly researched of specialists. Thequality assurance through the laboratory andindustrial experiments is presented in Figure 5.Figure 5. Quality assurance through thelaboratory and industrial experimentsThe work is of practical immediate utility,inscribing itself in the context of technicalcapitalization of the manufacturing technologiesand of exploitation of cast-iron rolling mill rolls,for which exists an attentive preoccupation bothfrom foundry sectors, as well as from laminationsectors, having as determinate aim the qualityassurance and increase the durability inexploitation.CONCLUSIONThe aim of the propose research is to answer toas many questions possible regarding the qualityof rolls. In this sense, durability in exploitation isextremely current, both for immediate practice,and for the scientific research attributed to thecast-iron. Also, the realization of optimumchemical compositions of the cast-iron canconstitute a technical efficient way to assure theexploitation properties, the material from whichthe rolling mills rolls are manufactured havingan important role in this sense.In these sense, our researches propose, on aside,to analyze the durability in industrialexploitation of rolling mills rolls – analysismaterialized from prism of the laboratoryexperiment (see Figure 4), and on another side,the optimization of manufacturing technology ofthe cast rolls, especially those from cast-iron –using electronic calculus technique as themodeling phenomenon (see Figure 5) andmathematical interpretation of the technologicalprocesses.The research on durability in exploitation of hotrolling mills rolls assures relevant conditions forthe appropriation of the research methods of thethermal regimes that are submitted the rolls orother organs of machines, that works in constant(symmetrical) or variables (asymmetrical)thermal solicitation conditions. Also, it can beemphasized the thermal shock, phenomenonthat constitutes a permanent danger, whichleads to rupture, specific to rolling mills rolls.On another hand, the realization of an optimalchemical composition can constitute a technicalefficient mode to assure the exploitationproperties, the material from which the rollingmills rolls are manufactured having animportant role in this sense. From this point ofview is applied the mathematical modeling,witch is achieved starting from thedifferentiation on rolls component parts, takinginto consideration the industrial data obtainedfrom the hardness on rolls, as well as thenational standards reglementations, whichrecommends the hardness, for differentchemical compositions.Through its nature, the quality assurance in therolls manufacturing is a research withinterdisciplinary character. It approaches, onaside, the technical area of manufacturing and342010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGexploitation of rolls, both in theory and practice,and on the other hand, the areas of thestatistical mathematic analysis, of the algorithmsand the numerical calculus methods, as well asthe mathematically molding and optimizationarea, applied to a product so simple from pointof view of the geometry, but so complex, asstructure, property and characteristics ensumed,as the rolling mills rolls are.These results are immediate practical utility boththe cast-iron rolling mills cylindersmanufacturing industry, and the rolling sectors.In this sense, these researches results can beused in the collective framework of thefoundries and the rolling mills sectors, forassurances quality of rolls as far back as phase ofproduction, as well as in exploitation these, whatlead to, inevitably, to the assurance quality ofproduced laminates.Through the original aimed elements mentionedabove, the suggested researches allow theenunciation of new approaches in the areaafferent to the theme. The best way for rollmakers to achieve better rolls is to ensure thatbetter materials and improved manufacturingprocesses are used and that roll users takeaccount of rolling conditions and improvedrolling processes. When we start to discussabout the rolls mechanical properties, we have toanalyze the rolls material or the rollproperties.In conclusion, the rolls qualityproblems can be solved by good co-operationbetween the rolls manufacturers and roll users.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis works is based on experiments made in theNational Contract No 5889/2005, financed by CNCSIS-CENAPOSS Romania, entitled: “Researches regardingthe quality assurance of the rolling mills cast-ironcylinders through mathematical molding of themanufacturing process and the experimental study ofdurability in exploitation” [KISS, I.(project manager),CIOATĂ, V.G. and ALEXA, V. (collaborators), betweenthe years 2005-2008],REFERENCES[1] COELLO, C., BECERRA, R.L. 2009. Evolutionarymulti-objective optimization in materials science& engineering, Materials & ManufacturingProcesses, 24/2, 119-129[2] de LADURANTAYE, D., GENDREAU, M., POTVIN, J-Y.2007. Scheduling a hot rolling mill, Journal of theOperational Research Society, 58/3, 288-300[3] JOHN, S., SIKDAR, S., MUKHOPADHYAY, A., PANDIT, A.2006. Roll wear prediction model for finishingstands of hot strip mill, Ironmaking &Steelmaking, 33/2, 169-175[4] KERR, E.J., WEBBER, R. 2003. Roll performance -present overview and look to the future, at:International Symposium “Rolls 2003” -International Convention Centre, Birmingham[5] KERR, E., WEBBER, R., MCCAW, D. 2004. Rollperformance – technical overview and futureoutlook, Ironmaking & Steelmaking, 31/4, 295-299[6] KISS, I. 2005. The quality of rolling mills cylinderscast by iron with nodular graphite, Mirton,Timisoara[7] KISS, I. 2005. Researches regarding the qualityassurance of the rolling mills cast-iron cylindersthrough mathematical molding of themanufacturing process and the experimentalstudy of durability in exploitation, Nationalcontract No 5889/2005, Bucuresti[8] KISS, I., CIOATĂ, V.G., ALEXA, V. 2003. The mainalloyed elements influences upon the nodularcast iron semihard rolls hardness, Annals of theFaculty of Engineering Hunedoara, Fasc. 2, pp.145...150[9] KISS, I., 2008, Rolling Rolls – Approaches ofquality in the multidisciplinary research, MirtonPublishing House, Timisoara[10] KLING, S. 2009. Advanced process and qualitycontrol in hot rolling mills using eddy currentinspection, 4 th Panamerica Conference, BuenosAires[11] PELLIZZARI, M., MOLINARI, A., BIGGI, A. 2002.Optimization of the hot roll performancesthrough microstructural tailoring, at Conferenceof University Trento, Brescia[12] SCHRODER, K. H. 1988. Rolling conditions in hotstrip mills and their influence on the performanceof work rolls, Metallurgical Plant and Technology,no.4/88, 44-56, Dusseldorf[13] SCHRODER, K. H. 2000. Questions, answers, morequestions – Twenty-five years of experience indiscussing rolls and rolling technology, 42 ndMechanical Working and Steel ProcessingConference Proceedings, Toronto[14] STEVENS-OOST, B. 2003. Roll quality and roll costdevelopment: where do we come from andwhere are we going?, at International Symposium“Rolls 2003” - International Convention Centre,Birmingham[15] SEISIMBINOV, T.S., ANNOYAROV, A.V., IVANTSOV,O.V., VITUSHCHENKO, M.F., KASKIN, B.K. 2002.Modernization of the equipment of thecontinuous strip caster of a hot-rolling mill,Metallurgist, 46/5-6, 181-1842010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 35

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING[16] SHA, X.C., LI, D.Z., ZHANG, Y.T., ZHANG, X.G., LI, Y.Y.2004. Modelling effect of hot rolling processvariables on microstructure and mechanicalproperties of low carbon strip steels, Ironmaking& Steelmaking, 31/2, 169-175[17] SERAJZADEH, S., MIRBAGHERI, S.M.H. 2008. Study onmicrostructural events during hot rod rolling ofsteels using mathematical modeling, Ironmaking& Steelmaking, 35/2, 115-123[18] THACKRAY, R., STEEPER, M., RIDAL, K. 2009,Influence of rolling and forging on productquality and properties, Ironmaking &Steelmaking, 36/4, 265-272[19] TAMMINEN, P., RUHA, P., KÖMI, J.I., KATAJARINNE,T., KAUPPI, T.A., MARTTILA, J.P., KARJALAINEN, L.P.2007. System for on/offline prediction ofmechanical properties and microstructuralevolution in hot rolled steel strip, Ironmaking &Steelmaking, 34/2, 157-165[20] WAKAMIYA, Y., NITTA, I. 2000. A quality control anddiagnostic system for hot-rolling mills, MitsubishiElectr. Adv., 30...33[21] WANG, X.D., YANG, Q., HE, A.R., WANG, R.Z. 2007.Comprehensive contour prediction model ofwork roll used in online strip shape controlmodel during hot rolling, Ironmaking &Steelmaking, 34/4, 303-311ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.IMRE KISS2.VASILE GEORGE CIOATA3.VASILE ALEXA1. 2. 3DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIAANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro362010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1. CARMEN HĂRĂUTHE ECONOMIC CRISIS ANDTHE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAbstract:One of the constituents of the sustainable development is economic sustainability, along with thesocial, environmental and institutional dimensions.In business, there are only companies which manage their economic sustainability as no amount ofexcellent social and environmental performance will prolong the life of a company that iseconomically unsustainable.It is only obvious that economies and communities are to a high degree affected by business failureand economic instability having a disastrous effect on people. However, businesses that only measuresuccess against financial indicators, such as turnover and profit, increasingly risk failure. A broaderperspective on sustainability is now emerging, based around reputation, full cost accounting, abilityto add value and the management of knowledge.Summarizing specific challenges, it is critically important that the European Union has resident(citizen) capacity to carry out strategic planning on a continuing basis. While this capacity will in theshort-term necessarily have to depend on externally supplied expertise, more institutionalstrengthening will be required to ensure the development and institutionalization of planning andpolicymaking capacity at both national and state levels.Keywords:Sustainable development, economic crisis, strategic planningGENERAL CONCEPTS REGARDING THESUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe term of „sustainable development”appeared in earlier decades due to a highnumber of environmental movements. It wasfirst defined by World Commission onEnvironment and Development (WCED) as thedevelopment that “meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs.” [1]This definition is clear enough, not requiring anyfurther explanations. But there are two morequestions worth thinking about: Why should wethink about the future generations and how canwe implement a sustainable development?Referring to the first problem, taking intoconsideration the sustainable development notonly helps our children, grand-children, grandgrand-childrenand so on, but also helps us. Ithelps us live a better life in a better worldreducing pollution, uncontrolled wastedumping, controlling the resources which, in theend, reflects in the increase of our lifeexpectancy. Moreover, from the economicalpoint of view, we will be able to better fulfill our© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 37

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGneeds, as individuals, as long as we take intoconsideration a good management of ourpersonal resources and we keep ourconsumption levels under control.However, how do we get to the sustainabledevelopment? Starting with 1992, at the EarthSummit, held in Rio de Janeiro, the EU identifiedthe need for sustainable development in Europe.There has been developed a strategy (which wasrenewed in June, 2006) that focuses on climatechange and biodiversity. The challengesidentified which European Union has to faceare:• Climate change and clean energy• Sustainable transport• Sustainable consumption and production• Conservation and management of naturalresources• Public health• Social inclusion, demography and migration• Global povertyUnfortunately, although the first summitconcerning sustainable development took place17 years ago, the progress in this direction is stillnot very significant and visible. This is also dueto the different ways of understanding andimplementing the concept of sustainabledevelopment in EU’s state members mostlycharacterized by the reticence towards thisconcept met in poorer countries. Many statemembers tend to believe that theimplementation of a good sustainabledevelopment strategy is expensive, thusunaffordable or they even consider it “a brake todevelopment”. In this situation, it is no wonderthat the strategy did not achieve its goals. Still,new goals have been set, among which thelimitation of the climate change and thereduction of the greenhouse gases by 20 percentby 2020. How and if this targets will be met,remains to be seen.EU SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICYThe main focus of the European UnionSustainable Development Strategy (EU SDS) is toprogressively achieve the change in the currentunsustainable consumption and productionpatterns and the non-integrated approach topolicy making. Of course this can be obtainedonly by succeeding in raising awareness amongcommunities in order to improve the quality oflife for both the nowadays generations and thefuture ones. Being able to efficiently manage anduse resources to trigger the ecological and socialinnovation potential of the economy, buildingup a prosperous and protected environment, aswell as social cohesion. The cross cuttingpolicies are:1. Education and training.2. Research and development.3. Financial and economic instruments.4. Communication, mobilizing actors andmultiplying success.Obviously three main actions are mostsignificant in achieving the goal and these are –implementation, monitoring and follow up.Starting September 2007 a new rule has been set– the Commission has to submit every two yearsa progress report on the success of theimplementation of the above mentioneddirections in the European Union and theMember States, as well as on future actions andtargets.The two issues that keep coming up in thedebate are the quantification of the progressmade by EU and the Member States inimplementing EU SDS and the setting of futuretargets.In this respect, a very high importance is givento the climate change and clean energy. All theMember States, as well as EU, agree that this is avery important theme, therefore the number ofinitiatives that have been taken. One examplewould be the focus on renewable energy andbiofuels which has caught the public’s eye.Unfortunately, not so much attention is beingpaid to post-2012 emission reduction andadaptation to climate change, which isbecoming a more and more urgent matter. Inwhat concerns the climate change and cleanenergy there is a lack of coherence betweenobjectives and actions. Thus the adaptation toclimate change has no corresponding actionsattached to it and therefore we need strategies toreach the already mentioned objectives. Thereare policies such as agriculture, trade policy,research and technology development whichalthough are not directly connected to theclimate change issues can influence thesustainable development and mainstreamingenergy.In the field of sustainable tourism the energy useand the greenhouse gas emissions are in focus.The problems concerning the sustainabletourism refer to separating the economic growth382010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGand energy consumption from the increase indemand for transport. This can be helped byproviding a real market price for the differentmeans of transport. Improving the technology inthe field is another way to help the sustainabletourism in what concerns the obvious energyconsumption and emissions. The transport byair demand is highly increasing in Europe, beingestimated to double by 2020.With regard to the progress, there are limitedreasons for showing optimism in the area ofsustainable transport. The growth of freighttransport volumes has outpaced economicgrowth since 1995 and growth of passengerfreight transport has exceeded economic growthbetween 1990 and 2002. Growth in transportrelated energy use has exceeded growth inenergy use in all sectors: transport’s share oftotal energy consumption is rising and oilprovides 98% of the energy used by the transportsector . Greenhouse gas emissions fromtransport are increasing and it is questionablewhether targets in this area can be met.Although harmful, polluting emissions aredecreasing, air quality problems in Europeancities still persist. A shift to environmentallyfriendly means of transport is unfortunately nota reality at the moment: road freight transport isstill dominant and continues to grow; passengerair transport has increased significantly;passenger car transport shares have remainedconstant. The pollution through noise is as wellon debate, although there is not, at the date, avalid data in support of the negative effect it hason the quality of life.Obviously, the challenge faced by all theMember States to apply the measures for asustainable development is great. It requiresgood inter-ministerial cooperation andhorizontal methods of working, along with theability to synthesize all outputs variesconsiderably between the Member States.ECONOMIC RECESSION – AN OPPORTUNITY FORTRANSFORMATIONThe issue of origin and nature of economiccycle is one of the most important and theoldest unsettled problem of economy theory,still a very actual problem. A lot of the mostfamous scientists-economists studiedphenomena of economic cycles, economicdynamics and development. Among them onecan name: Karl Marx, Wicksell, Mitchell, Tugan-Baranovsky, Gassel, Schumpeter, Kondratyev,Harrod, Hansen, Aftalion, Clark, Spiethof,Kuznets, Pigou et al. and, according to Hansen,this problem had not been solved till the time ofhis work (40s of the 20th century) (Hansen, 1997).By analyzing, comparing and contrasting theworks of economists of the second half of the20th century, it is possible to say that hisstatement remains true until now. Methodologythat exists today in economics and its sections –theory of economic dynamics and theory ofeconomic development – has come fromclassical mechanics [Kondratyev, 1998;Schumpeter, 1982). Today is a time ofcomplexities. It looks that the organization ofuniversal system is complex, intricate andfunctions according to non-linear laws. The ideaof complexity itself became the focus ofscientific thought. Non-linear physics andphysics of open systems have occupied theirplace in educational and research processes ofphysics (Zaslavsky and Sagdeev, 1988;Klymantovich, 1999; Bar Yam,1997). The conceptof self-organization of physical objects isconfirmed as open dissipation systems.Fundamental categories of physics are newlyinterpreted from the position of new knowledgeof complexity. The same phenomenon can beobserved in economics as well. Wide diffusion ofknowledge, including methods, occurs amongdifferent branches of science. Interdisciplinarityof research is one of the fastest spreadingscientific methods. Our work is interdisciplinary.It is an attempt to considereconomic problem from position of non-linearphysics, or, more exactly, - from position ofphysics of non-linear wave processes. So we areaware that “pure” physicists interested ineconomics can reveal triviality and evendilettantism in stated context and they will beright.Economists, acquainted with physics, can rejectthe very method of approach and they will beright as well. It is due to the fact that economicsstudies human objects, the ones possessingreason and right to choose and makingdecisions, i.e. biological objects, while physicsstudies physical objects.In such times, when companies struggle toremain on the market, a good question arises:can we still afford to focus on sustainabledevelopment?2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 39

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSome claim that now is the best time to do thatand that right now it should be clear toeveryone that we can not go on as we havebeen.Always in the face of challenge, a lot of newopportunities appear. We just need to seize themoment and make the most of them. Our future(as individuals and as a society, as a whole)depends on it.The “big questions” here are: how do we build amore sustainable society with lower energy andresource use? How do we create the “green jobs”that will be needed to deliver these solutions?And how do we create a societal infrastructurethat will be more resilient to the challenges ofclimate change and its impacts on our food andwater supplies?The amount of investment needed for energy,urban infrastructure, water, transport and foodsupply, to mention a few, will be tremendous,but we can not allow these investments to lockus into an unsustainable future. Theinfrastructure we invest in today will be with usa long time (50 years or even more). It is vitalthat governments remember this whendesigning the future infrastructure. They need tolook forward to the low-carbon economy of thefuture and focus on investments in new energysystems, transport solutions, energy-efficientbuildings and water and urban infrastructure.Making the right decisions now will spur newindustries, create “green jobs”, change our livesand secure our future.We need to be thinking across the board, andoutside of the usual constraints. With vision,foresight and planning, the world can be reshaped.Imagine, for instance, a life in thefuture, where our homes and industries arepowered by low-carbon energy, where transportruns on clean fuels, where even the poorestpeople have easy access to clean water, whereour buildings and household appliancesconsume less energy, and where workersequipped with new, “green” skills are employedin the abundant jobs these new industries create.All these represent opportunities for newbusinesses and growth. But the achievement isnot possible by thinking in silos and withinnarrow national borders. A global view isrequired. We must take advantage of theseopportunities. Future generations will not thankus if we fail.ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITYOne of the constituents of the sustainabledevelopment is economic sustainability, alongwith the social, environmental and institutionaldimensions.The term of economic sustainability does notonly refer to achieving economic growth everyyear, but also at understanding that economicgrowth is only sustainable if it simultaneouslyimproves our quality of life and theenvironment.Along with ways of a business to operate and itsfinancial stability, economic sustainabilityinvolves the generation of community capital,such as local sourcing, employment,partnerships and investment.In business, there are only companies whichmanage their economic sustainability as noamount of excellent social and environmentalperformance will prolong the life of a companythat is economically unsustainable.In time, there have been set certain models ofthe sustainable development, therefore it is wellknownthat in order to obtain the sustainabilityeach of the four subsystems (economic, social,environmental and institutional) has to maintainits capability to survive and evolve, while theconnections of the subsystems must enable apermanent co-evolution. It has always been achallenge to identify the perfect level ofcomplexity for descriptions and models in orderto develop adequate analysis and to avoid wrongprognoses and this is sometimes beyond theanalytical capacities of current economictheories. In this way, a system analysisperspective is presented as a framework fordebating the co-evolution of economy, society,and nature. In this context, the economic, social,environmental and institutional sustainability ofthe economy can be defined and economictheories can be assessed regarding theirusefulness for the description of a complexevolving system, like the economy.In business, there are only companies whichmanage their economic sustainability as noamount of excellent social and environmentalperformance will prolong the life of a companythat is economically unsustainable.It is only obvious that economies andcommunities are to a high degree affected bybusiness failure and economic instability having402010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGa disastrous effect on people. However,businesses that only measure success againstfinancial indicators, such as turnover and profit,increasingly risk failure. A broader perspectiveon sustainability is now emerging, based aroundreputation, full cost accounting, ability to addvalue and the management of knowledge.However, the present tax system acts in thedirection of discouraging small business as itencourages waste, discourages conservation,and rewards consumption. The tax system needsa major overhaul to favor the legitimate andcritical needs of the small business community.Retention of capital through retained earnings,efficiencies, and savings is central to smallbusiness competitiveness. Current tax policiesoften act to unfairly penalize small business.To sum up, sustainable development is andalways will have to be taken into account as itdecides not only the economical welfare andgrowth, but also the quality of life.Summarizing specific challenges, it is criticallyimportant that the European Union has resident(citizen) capacity to carry out strategic planningon a continuing basis. While this capacity will inthe short-term necessarily have to depend onexternally supplied expertise, more institutionalstrengthening will be required to ensure thedevelopment and institutionalization ofplanning and policymaking capacity at bothnational and state levels.AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.CARMEN HĂRĂU1. 3DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIAREFERENCES[1] EKINS, PAUL, Economic growth andenvironmental sustainability: the prospects forgreen growth, Routledge, ISBN 0415173337,London, 2000[2] DHAMIJA, URVASHI; GAPAL JAYAL, NIRAJA, pref. ,Sustainable solid waste management: Issuespolicies and structures, Academic Foundation ,ISBN 9788171884285 New Delhi, 2006[3] JURGEN SCHMANDT, CALVIN HERBERT WARD, MARILUHASTINGS, Contributor Marilu Hastings,Sustainable development: the challenge oftransition, Cambridge University Press, 2000,ISBN 0521653053, 9780521653053[4] LELE, SHARACHCHANDRA M., Sustainabledevelopment: A critical review, WorldDevelopment, 19 (1991)[5] BARBIER, E, The concept of sustainableeconomic development, EnvironmentalConservation [ENVIRON. CONSERV.]. Vol. 14,no. 2, pp. 101-110. 1987copyright © University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 41

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro422010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1. IOAN BACIU, 2. CORINA DANIELA CUNŢAN, 3. ANGELA IAGĂRDETERMINATION OF THE CURRENT HARMONICSINTRODUCED IN THE GRID BY THE D.C.- SUPPLIED CONSUMERSAbstract:This work is presenting a determination mode of the current harmonics for a supply circuit of a d.c.motor, to which the loading is adjusted by another identical motor, connected as generator. Theirdetermination is achieved by direct measurement with an energy analyzer CA8334.Keywords:current harmonics, single-phased power rectifier, distortion factorWORK’S PRESENTATIONFor the current harmonics’ study it wasachieved a circuit of relatively reduced powerusing a d.c. motor of 750 W coupled directlywith another motor, identically with the firstone, which is connected as generator, to whichthe loading can be adjusted by means of a sliderheostat. The electric circuit’s diagram (fig. 1)allows the adjustment of the motor’s supplyvoltage using a single-phased autotransformer.Will be analyzed the current harmonics for threedifferent loading situations of the generator,respectively three values for the slidepotentiometer, at three different supply voltages.Determinations of the current harmonics, as wellas the THD factor, are made with a three-phasedenergy analyzer CA8334 which alows thecalculation of these parameters as follows:1 sec RMS values for voltage and current1 NechSec=⋅ ∑− 1V2rms i]V [ i,n]NechSec n=0[(1)where: Vrmssingle rms voltage i + 1 phase;Vavg i = Vrms i[ ] [ ]1 NechSec=⋅ ∑− 1U2rms i]U[i,n]NechSec n=0[(2)where: Urmscompound rms voltage i + 1 phaseUavg i = Urms i[ ] [ ]Arms1NechSecNechSec[] i =⋅ ∑ A[ i n]n=0where: Arms [ i]- Effective current phasei + 1 ; Aavg [ i] = Arms[ i],2 (3)Calculation of harmonic bins:By FFT (16 bits) 1024 samples on 4 cycles withoutwindowing (CEI 1000 –4-7). From real andimaginary parts, each bin calculated on eachphase Vharm, Uharm and Aharm in proportionto the fundamental value and the angles Vph,Uph, and Aph between each bin and thefundamental.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 43

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGAR=0B#1 #2Tr. single phase220/220 VCDDTr 3 phase380/220 Vn11n12n133 phaseR,S,TDDIs+75[ohm]+100 [ohm]Ign21n22n23+--+++IaRIaSIaT1000.0 [ohm]-wTeTew-Figure 1 The d.c. motor’s control circuit1000.0 [ohm]ATSource 220 VccUexThis calculation is done with the followingckprinciple: Module in % : modk= × 100 anglecin degree: ϕk⎛ a= arctan⎜⎝ bk1⎟ ⎞⎠50[ , ]2∑ Vharm i nVthd [ i]=n = 2Vharm;[ i,1]1R=0Uthd [ i ] =Athd [i] =Vdf [i] =Udf [i] =Adf [i] =12121250∑ Uharmn = 2Uharmn502[ i, n ][ i,1]2Aharm [ i, n ]= 2(5)Aharm [ i,1]50∑∑ VharmVrms2[ i,n ][] in = 2;50∑ Uharmn = 2Urms2[ i, n ][] i502∑ Aharm [ i, n]n = 2(6)Arms [] iMultiplying the voltage’s harmonics factor withthe current’s harmonics factor, results the power’sharmonics factor. Differentiating the voltage’sharmonic phase angle with the current’sharmonic phase angle, results the power’s phaseangle.- different ratios[ ][]W iPF [] i = power factor, phase i + 1VA icos( ϕ[]i )=NechSec∑− 1VFn=0N sec∑ − 1VFn=0[ i,n] ⋅ AF [ i,n]N sec∑ − 1n=0[ i,n] 2⋅ AF [ i,n]⎧2 2ck= bk+ jak= ak+ bkCosinus angle between the voltage’s fundamental⎪⎪ 1 1024 ⎛ kπ⎞ and the phase current i + 1⎪bk= ∑ Fs× sin⎜s + ϕk⎟with⎪ 512 s=0 ⎝ 512 ⎠(4)PF[ 0] + PF[ 1] + PF[ 2]⎨ 1 1024 ⎛ kπ⎞PF 3 = (8)⎪ak= ∑ Fs× cos⎜s + ϕk⎟ 3⎪ 512 s=0 ⎝ 512 ⎠⎪1024⎪1c0= ∑ FTotal power factor various types of energys⎪⎩1024 s=0W[ ][ i]Wh 0,i =k∑ active energy consumed i + 1T intckis the amplitude of frequency fk= f1, F sis36004 phase;sampled signal, c 0is the DC component, k isVAR[ ][ i]VARhL 0,i = ∑ for VAR[] i ≥ 0 Reactivethe ordinal number (spectral bin).T int 3600Calculation of the distortion factor (DF):inductive energy consumed i + 1 phase;There are calculated two global values which giveVARthe relative quantity of harmonics: total [ ][ i]VARhC 0,i = ∑ for VAR[] i ≤ 0 ReactiveT int 3600harmonic distortion (THD) against thecapacitive energy consumed i + 1 phase.fundamental and the distortion factor (DF) andDF against the effective value (RMS).Table 1MotorloadingIs [A] Ig [A] IaR[A] THD[%]min 2.4 1.2 2.1 14.6med 3.1 1.8 3 15.1max 4.1 2.5 3.8 15.52(7)442010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGThere are obtained the amplitude values of theharmonics of rank 3,5,7,9, 11..... and the THDfactor calculated for there values of theharmonics. In the first stage, are determined thecurrent harmonics and the THD for the situationwhen the insulation transformer is missing (Trsingle-phase). The results will be written in atable (table 1) and, for exemplification, there arepresented two graphics with the harmonics’values and the THD’s value for a medium loading(fig. 2), respectively for a maximum loading (fig.3).d.c. motor of 50 V, 100 V, 150 V at loading of thegenerator with minimum, medium andmaximum load. The values are written in thetable (table 2) and for the supply voltage of 100 Vwill be presented two distinct situations, at amedium loading of 50 % from the value of thegenerator’s loading potentiometer (fig.4)respectively maximum, 10% from 75 Ω (fig.5).Fig. 4 Harmonics spectrum for a loading of 50% withinsulation transformerFig. 2 Harmonics spectrum for a loading of 50%Fig. 5 Harmonics spectrum for a loading of 100% withinsulation transformerFig. 3 Harmonics spectrum for a loading of 100%Voltage [V]50100150Table 2MotorloadingIs [A] Ig [A] THD [%]min 0.8 0.5 13.2med 0.9 0.65 14.8max 1.1 1 16.3min 5.9 1.5 6med 6.7 1.8 5.9max 7.9 2.75 3.5min 8.4 1.55 4.8med 9 2 4.7max 10.4 2.7 4.6In the circuit is introduced the insulationtransformer (Tr single-phase), and are rerunnedthe measurements for the supply voltages of theCONCLUSIONSIn case of the circuit without insulationtransformer from fig. 2 and fig. 3 can ne noticeda relatively small reduction of the distortionfactor regarding the load currents at mediumand maximum loading.In case of the circuit with insulation transformerfrom fig. 4 and fig. 5, beside the pronouncedTHD’s reduction, is noticed also a morepronounced reduction between the situation ofmedium loading and maximum loading of thed.c motor.It can be easily noticed the reduction of thedistortion factor in case of introducing theinsulation transformer. Although the harmonics’values are relatively reduced related to the2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 45

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGfundamental, is obtained a relatively high THDfactor, especially at small load currents. Byincreasing the load current, the harmonics’effective value is not realy reducing. The findingof the THD’s reduction is due to the relativereduction of the ration between the harmonics’values and fundamental. Reduction of THD isachieved by using of passive filters at small rankharmonics, completed by a power active filter.REFERENCES[1] MANUELA PANOIU, CAIUS PANOIU, MIHAELA OSACI,IONEL MUSCALAGIU, Simulation Result aboutHarmonics Filtering using Measurement of SomeElectrical Items in Electrical Installation on uhpeaf, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on CIRCUITS andSYSTEMS, Volume 7, 2008, ISSN: 1109-2734,January 2008.[2] ANGELA IAGAR, GABRIEL NICOLAE POPA, IOAN ŞORA,Analysis of electromagnetic pollution producedby line frequency coreless induction furnaces,WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS,January2009,volume 8, Issue 1 ISSN 1109-2777;[3] DEV PAUL, D.C. Traction Power SystemGrounding, IEEE TRANSACTIONS on INDUDTRYAPPLICATIONS, vol.38, no.3, May-June 2002;[4] HEINZ W. van der BROECK, HANS-CHRISTOPHSKUDELNY, Analytical Analysis of the Harmoniceffects of a PWM A.C. DRIVE, IEEETRANSACTIONS on POWER ELECTRONICS, vol3, no.2, April 1988;[5] ALAN K. WALLACE, RENE SPEE, The Effects of MotorParameters on the Performance of BrushlessD.C. Drives, IEEE TRANSACTIONS on POWERELECTRONICS, vol.5, no.1, January 1990ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1. IOAN BACIU,2. CORINA DANIELA CUNŢAN, ANNALS3.ANGELA IAGĂR of1. 3 3.FACULTY ENGINEERING OF HUNEDOARA,ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & INDUSTRIALINFORMATICS DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY“POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIAFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro462010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.CARMEN ALIC, 2. CRISTINA MIKLOS, 3. I. ZSOLT MIKLOSINTERACTIVE AND COLLABORATIVE LEARNINGIN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING USING INTERNETAbstract:In the process of preparing tomorrow's engineers and scientists, the universities are facing thechallenge of gradually teaching students a reality of modern mechanical engineering, namely themechanisms that occur from the interaction between different parts of complex technical systems.The use of Internet in the classroom offers the opportunity of efficiently adopting methodologies andadvanced learning systems that can help the students to expand their views and explore newfrontiers. This paper describes our experience concerning the possibility of using dedicated software(via Internet), for an interactive and collaborative learning in mechanical engineering.Keywords:mechanical engineering, educational dedicated software resourcesINTRODUCTIONGlobalization and advances in informationtechnology have prompted a change in thecredentials of the engineers today. Industryneeds engineers who can work in a distributed,multifunctional, cross-cultural andmultidisciplinary avenue. For responded to thischange, in the process of preparing tomorrow'sengineers and scientists, the universities arefacing the challenge of gradually teachingstudents a reality of modern engineering,namely the mechanisms that occur from theinteraction between different parts of complextechnical systems.The formal lecture, the oldest teaching methods,has been widely use in higher education forcenturies. But lecturing alone cannot ensure thatstudents become active learners. Generally,using lectures in combination with other kindsof instruction, such as discussion andcooperative learning, can increase theireffectiveness.The activities used to reach students withdifferent learning styles are very important,while people have different preferences forprocessing new information. One recent "hottopic" in higher education has been the differentways in which students learn: some studentsprefer to learn by listening, others like visualrepresentations, and still others learn by doing.Incorporating of various resources into lecturesand seminar applications improves the chanceof understanding of concepts by students withdifferent learning styles. Possibilities includedemonstrations, role plays, discussions,simulations, problem-solving, real-worldapplications, or multi-media.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 47

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGUSING OF THE DEDICATED EDUCATIONALSOFTWARE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGEDUCATIONIn mechanical engineering education, theconcepts developed in the mechanics ofmaterials course, essential in preparation fordesign courses in the engineering technologydisciplines, provide the designer with the toolsneeded to choose an appropriate material andto establish the necessary sizes for the machineor structure. For the student, the key to successin the course is to develop technical problemsolvingskills by working a number of problemstaken from a wide variety of mechanical andstructural situations.This paper exposed our experience on the use ofthe educational software, exemplified with thesoftware called MDSolids, [2], a computerprogram dedicated to aid students in the studyof Mechanics of Deformable Solid. MDSolids wasconceived as a tool to help students solve andunderstand homework problems typically usedin the mechanics of materials course andconsists of a number of modules, Figure 1a, eachfocusing on a type of problem typically studied.The software features educational routines forbeams, flexure, torsion members, columns, axialstructures, statically indeterminate structures,trusses, section properties, Mohr's circle analysisand stress and strain transformations.Figure 2. MDSolids Modules - Tools ModulesAlso, MDSolids contains modules of AnimatedGames and Learning Tools, Figure 1b, for topicssuch as: Shear force and bending momentdiagrams, Section properties (centroids, momentof inertia, Q), Stress transformation equationsand Mohr's circle stress and straintransformations.Concerning the MDSolids style, this educationalsoftware varies from a slideshow presentation oflecture notes to a MathCAD- or TKSolver-type ofequation worksheet to a full structural analysissoftware package. The analysis routines aregrouped in modules devoted to particularproblem types. These modules focus on specificmechanics of materials concepts and problemsolvingmethods. MDSolids is powerful enoughso that many different combinations of structureconfiguration and loading can be solved withineach module and it is coordinated so that resultsfrom one module can be used in relatedmodules. The modules are constructed so thatdata for a particular problem can be entereddirectly and intuitively from a textbook (seeFigure 3). MDSolids does not require the user toknow a particular sign convention or to enterthe data in a particular set of units. Wherenecessary, the software presents these options ineither a pictorial or descriptive fashion.MDSolids' solutions give the final number and,also, show a picture of how the structuredeforms and how the stresses are distributed.Figure 1. MDSolids Modules - Games and Learning482010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGfrom a program such as MDSolids so thatthey can get themselves on the right trackfrom the start.Figure 3. Sample of particular values enteringSo, for the student, MDSolids can be helpful inseveral ways:The MDSolids solution can confirm theresults obtained by hand calculations. If thehand calculations are incorrect, thecomplete solution provided by MDSolids canbe used to track down errors in the handcalculations.The solution of typical mechanics ofmaterials problems can be somewhatlengthy. With the MDSolids solution as areference to keep the hand calculations ontrack, more problems can be attempted andsolved. This problem-solving practice isessential to firmly understand the concepts.MDSolids can build confidence in theproblem-solving method needed for thevarious types of problems included in themodules. The software can also help thestudent to develop a "feel" or intuition forwhat the correct answer should be.Confidence in the method plus engineeringintuition about the outcome will conquermost of the difficulties commonlyencountered in the mechanics of materialscourse. (Figure 4 and Figure 5).MDSolids provides brief text commentarydescribing the solution, Figure 6. Theseexplanations can help students develop theproblem solving skills needed to succeed inthe mechanics of materials course. Themechanics of materials course can be amuch more satisfying educationalexperience if students get some extra helpFigure 4. The Safety factor Conceptin MecMovies ModuleFigure 5. Beam analysis in the Design ConceptsModule of MecMoviesMDSolids has a Help folder to provideadditional information about using thesoftware and the software “navigator”. TheHelp folder also contain a number of fileswith worked examples that describe theprocedures used to solve the problems. TheMDSolids Navigator is intended to help thesoftware in the context of Mechanics ofMaterials studies. At opening of a book thatcorresponds to class textbook, will find a list2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 49

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGof problems that can be solved andexplained by MDSolids. By click on aproblem number, the MDSolids Navigatorwill briefly describe the steps that arerequired to make MDSolids solve theproblem.Figure 6. Comments on the solutionin the describing boxDISCUSSIONS, APPROACHES ANDINTERPRETATIONSTo develop the student understands of themechanics of materials topics, homeworkassignments are the primary device used. Thetypical assignment can be somewhat lengthy;therefore, only selected problems can beassigned. Professors may expect that theirstudents will work enough extra problems sothat the fundamentals are firmly grasped, butstudents sometimes struggle just to keep up withthe homework and exam schedule. Tosupplement the student’s educationaldevelopment, the self-study potential offered bysoftware would seem to be the ideal means offilling the gap between the material presented inlectures and the understanding and skillsexpected in homework and exams.Educational Benefits to use dedicated software,with on-line accessibility:This can help students study mechanics ofmaterials and develop the necessaryproblem solving, skills in several ways thatare not inherent in lectures or customaryassignments.Obtain correct Solutions and IntermediateResults: when learning a new concept, it’svery helpful to use the correct solution as abenchmark. Knowing that the problem hasbeen solved correctly gives the studentconfidence in their problem-solving skillsand thereby provides a foundation for morechallenging problems. Every textbookprovides answers to selected problems forthis reason. Software can provide the studentwith the correct solution for a particularproblem, but in addition to the final answer,software can provide intermediate solutionsthat can be used to confirm the calculationsalong the way. These intermediate resultscan be helpful in tracking down faults in theproblem-solving approach.What-If Analyses: Observing a cause-andeffectrelationship can be quite helpful tostudents. For example, a student can developa sense of the column bucklingphenomenon without calculating a singlenumber by assuming various end supportconditions and then observing the effects onthe buckled shape. This can help students todevelop engineering intuition that will helpthem know what the correct solution shouldbe before they calculate a single number.Availability: In the evening hours, duringweekends or when working at home (whichmay be distant from the classroom), studentsdon’t have access to professors, graduateassistants, or others who can help themunderstand the course material. Having aversatile software tool at hand to supplementthe textbook and lecture notes can be a bigasset.Repetition: Some people must see orperform more repetitions involving aconcept before they begin to fullyunderstand it. Time limits the number ofexamples that can be presented in lecturesand textbooks can present only a fewexamples. With software, students can drillthemselves, trying various numericcombinations for a particular problem typeuntil they feel confident in theirunderstanding of the concepts.Visualization: Software can depictdeformations or show stress distributions502010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGproduced in the problem being considered.Visualization of the material’s behavior inresponse to the loads acting on it can helpthe student to understand the relevanttheory and to develop engineering intuition.CONCLUSIONSAccording to the exposed ideas, for a moderneducation in mechanical engineering field, thereis a need to change the traditional lecture basedof a passive learning methodology to an activetechnology using interactive and collaborativelearning and the facilities offered by theinformation technology.A very good and already experienced examplecan be the using of MDSolids software (byTimothy A. Philpot at Murray State University,[2]). That offers students numerical, descriptive,and visual results and details that illustrate andexplain many types of problems in introductorymechanics of solids courses.Compared with traditional instructiontechniques, the using of educational softwaresupports a learner’s development of basicconcepts and problem-solving skills throughself-study.Mechanics, American Society forEngineering Education, Annual Conference& Exposition 2002AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.CARMEN ALIC,2.CRISTINA MIKLOS,3.I. ZSOLT MIKLOS1. 2., 3.DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIAREFERENCES[1] http://cee.mines.edu/Online_Resources.htm,On-line Resources inEducation[2] http://www.mdsolids.com/ MDSolidsEducational Software[3] http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm,Merlot, Multimedia Educational Resourcefor Learning and Online Teaching[4] http://www.needs.org, MDSolids, PremierAward for Excellence in EngineeringEducation Courseware.[5] Alic, C., Miklos, C. – Fundamente demecanica. Teorie si aplicatii. ISBN 978-973-52-0478-5, Ed. Mirton Timisoara, 2008.[6] Staab, G., Harper, B.-Use of Computers inMechanics Education at Ohio StateUniversity, Int. J. Engng Ed. Vol. 16,No. 5,pp. 394, 2000 0949-149X/91, Great Britain.[7] Jennifer Kadlowec, J., Von Lockette, P.,Constans, E., Sukumaran, B., Cleary, D. -Hands-on Learning Tools for Engineering2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 51

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro522010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.ADRIANA TOKAR, 2. ION SPOREA, 3. ARINA NEGOIŢESCUSTUDIES AND TESTS CONCERNING SMELTINGCASTING ALLOY OF UNIVERSAL ALUMINIUMAbstract:The direct consequence use on a major scale a silumin alloy type at casting pieces which working athigh temperatures, e.g. thermal engine pistons, is: finding, smelting an alloy that possess goodmechanical and technological properties, with preservation of those properties for a long time. Themost recommended are Al-Si alloys type, allied with addition agent (Ea) such as Cu, Mg, Mn, B, Ti, Cr,etc. Large used alloys are ATSi 9 Cu 2 MgB and ATSi 10 MgMn but with the shortcoming technology andmechanical properties, has been necessary to find a “universal” cast alloy that has proven to beATSi 9 Cu 3 MgMnB, which is studied in this paper and responded well to the demands of constructorsand technologists requirements of the non-ferrous foundries.Keywords:alloy, aluminium, thermal engine, pistons, castingINTRODUCTIONIn automotive industry is good to have a castaluminium alloy (AAT) which correspond to therequirements of foundries technology, to havehigh mechanical strength both at ambienttemperature and at high temperatures(resistance duration), dimensional stability overtime, regardless of operating conditions, etc.For developing (creating) a new alloy (made ofAAT), with high technological and mechanicalproprieties called UNIVERSAL DESTINATIONAlloy, the basis for it had in mind the followingconsiderations [1]....[4]:1. Si content should be around 8-10%, to ensurehigh casting properties, which allow castingof PT by any method (in FAF, in shell, withlost models (fusible), centrifugal, under lowor high pressure, etc.) without appearcasting cracks.2. Solid solution α must have a high quality ofsupersaturate in Ea, to allow during theaging process to obtain a high density ofultra-dispersed particles (microheterogeneousness)inside s.s.α grains. Thisallows achieving high flow limits andmechanical resistance.3. Alloy components -Ea- and inclusion, in thealloy crystallization should not form particlesoccur on the separation of the s.s.α. [5]… [7].Following research [1], [2] developed a new alloycast in AAT, which possesses a chemicalcomposition (8-11%Si; 3-4%Cu; 0.13-0.35%Mg;0.1-0.3%Mn; 0.01-0.1B; 0.4%Fe, rest aluminium)and notes ATSi9,5Cu3MgMnB. Alloy has receiveda fast use at casting the various PT. In figure 1(2.78) is shown typical PT, cast of this alloy,pieces that once was made by plasticdeformation with very high costs.To note that the proportion of Mg and Cucontent in this alloy is other compared toATSi 9 Cu 2 MgB. That alloy has characteristics ofresistance much higher, both at ambienttemperature and at higher temperatures. Thecomplex configuration of PT and walls thickness,© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 53

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGand the operation of the PT must be consideredon load composition of the alloy development.As before, the highest is Si content (but Si>>0). The second hardening regime isrecommended for large size PT with thermalnode (joints massifs).acdFig.2 ATSi 9 Cu 3 MgMnB alloy structure: a- cast (100:1);b- cast (500:1); over TT; c- 100:1; d- 500:1b542010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGof the alloy as ATSi 10 MgMn. The cutting processis better [5], than the two mentioned alloys. Thewelding is good.To confirm the correctness of the choice ofaging regime is shown in figure 6 (2.83) s.s.αalloy structure ATSi9Cu3MgMnB in hardeningstate and cast in forms of mixture formation.Fig.3 Type of crystallization phaseW(Al x Mg 5 Cu 4 Si 4 ) la 500:1aFig.4 Direct thermal analysis curves (1) anddifferential (2) of the ATSi 9 Cu 3 MgBTibFig. 6 ATSi 9 Cu 3 MgMnB structure alloy in hardeningstate after casting in: a- FAT and b- shell (10000:1)Fig.5 ATSi 9 Cu 3 MgMnB proprieties determined onsample of Φ12mm cast in shellMechanical properties of ATSi 9 Cu 3 MgMnBhardening after the first regime and the agingafter the regime 165°C/22h or 175°C/7h, with aircooling are shown in figure 5 (2.82). At 20°C hasHB=120daN/mm 2 and decrease with testtemperature increase.CONCLUSIONSThe physical properties of the alloyATSi 9 Cu 3 MgMnB practically are the same asthose of the alloy ATSi 9 Cu 2 MgB, and the castingNote that the cooling was the first stage of aging,this mean that, they have managed to form ZGPand agglomerations of Si ultra-dispersedparticles what were separately from s.s.α. Incomparing these pictures, you can see that ZGPdensity in solid solution alloy ATSi 9 Cu 3 MgMnB,cast in FT, is much reduced, comparative to s.s.αof the alloy cast in shell. This can be explainedby the fact that: supersaturate degree of s.s.α inthe last sample, in all probability, is higher, andthe degree of distortion R cr of s.s.α also higher,which accelerates the process of form ZGP, andultra-dispersed particle of elementary Si.REFERENCES[1] SPOREA ION, Bordeaşu Ilare, Mandek Francisc,Aliaje de aluminiu refractare turnate în pistoanede motoare termice, Ed. Politehnica,Timişoara,ISBN 2008[2] TOKAR ADRIANA, SPOREA, ION, ş.a Influence of heattreatment on the alpha coeficient, the pistonczlinderclearance with Dacia engines, Scientific2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 55

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGConference-13 th -edition with internationalparticipation, Engineering series, no.2, ISSN1844-4856,Tîrgu Jiu, 2008.[3] TOKAR ADRIANA, SPOREA ION, OLARIU MIRCEA ş.a,Considerations regarding the refractoriness ofaluminium alloys intended for casting into heatengine pistons, The 14th InternationalConference, The Knowledge-BasedOrganization,ISSN 1843-6722 Sibiu, 2008.[4] TOKAR ADRIANA, BUJOR VICTOR, SPOREA, ION,Refractoriness of alloz from the polznar szstemAl-Cu-Mg-Si-Mn-Ti etc used on piston casting forheat engines, International CongressAutomotive Safetz and Environment SMAT,Tom II, E19(97), ISBN 978-606-510-253-8,Craiova, 2008[5] SPOREA ION, GHIŢĂ MIHAI, UROŞU D., O vlianiipoperecinâh vânuya kolebanii na kacestroobrâb. rezaniem aluminiemvâh splarov., TT iTS-98, Nr,7-8, Penza, 1998, Rassia.[6] SPOREA ION, ş.a., Studiul prelucrării prinaşchiere a aliajelor de tip siluminiu, BST al IPT,Tom. 22(36), Fasc.1, Timişoara 1977.[7] SPOREA ION, DREUCEANU AUREL, PAULESCUGHEORGHE, Contribuţii la studiul aşchiabilităţiiprin strunjire a unor aliaje de tip silumin,Conferinţa a-III-a PUPR, Timişoara, 1978A CTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.ADRIANA TOKAR,2.ION SPOREA,3.ARINA NEGOIŢESCU1. 2 , 3.FACULTY OF MECHANICS TIMISOARA,NIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIAUANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro562010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.MARTIN FRIEDMANN, 2. LUCIAN MOLDOVANCONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE TESTING OFELECTRICAL APPARATUS WITH THE TYPE OFPROTECTION “INCREASED SAFETY”Abstract:Increased safety “e” represent a type of protection applied to electrical apparatus in which additionalmeasures are applied so as to give increased security against the possibility of excessive temperaturesand of the occurrence of arcs and sparks in normal service or under specified abnormal conditions.Keywords:type of protection, increased safety, type testsGENERALITIESEvaluation and testing of equipments thatcompose an explosion-proof system, in purposeof certification, is very important consideringthe existing explosion risk which has to beminimized to ensure peoples health andsecurity, as well as to prevent goods damageand, not in the last instance, to protect theenvironment.The type of protection increased safety “e”applies to electrical apparatus with a rated valueof supply voltage not exceeding 11 kV r.m.s. a.c.or d.c. Additional measures are applied toensure that the apparatus does not producearcs, sparks, or excessive temperatures innormal operation or under specified abnormalconditions.The principle for the type of protectionincreased safety is represented by carefullychoose of the materials used for construction ofsuch kind of apparatus, assurance of certainclearances and creepage distances in suchmanner that the probability of a failure to occurand to result an electric arc or spark to bereduced at an acceptable level; as well as toensure an adequate degree of protection for theapparatus enclosure.For the certification of electrical apparatus withtype of protection increased safety, this shouldbe submitted to type tests and routine tests.In the type tests category are included the teststo determine the maximum surface temperature(to include the apparatus in a certaintemperature class), tests for resistance to impact,dielectric strength test, tests for degree ofprotection (IP) and, if necessary, tests for thermalendurance to heat and cold, resistance to light,resistance to chemical agents and other testswhich are specific for different types ofapparatus.The tests for thermal endurance to heat andcold, determination of surface temperature forluminaries and electric motors; anddetermination of time t E for electrical rotatingmachines now can be done at INCD-INSEMEX.The apparatus needed to run these tests was inpart acquired with funds from National© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 57

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGAuthority for Scientific Research in the NucleuProgram.TESTS FOR THERMAL ENDURANCETO HEAT AND COLDThe thermal endurance to heat shall bedetermined by submitting the enclosures orparts of enclosures in non-metallic materials, onwhich the integrity of the type of protectiondepends, to continuous storage for four weeks at(90 ± 5) % relative humidity at a temperature of(20 ± 2) K above the maximum servicetemperature, but at least 80 °C.In case of a maximum service temperatureabove 75 °C, the period of four weeks specifiedabove shall be replaced by a period of twoweeks at (95 ± 2) °C and (90 ± 5) % relativehumidity followed by a period of two weeks inan air oven at a temperature of (20 ± 2) K higherthan the maximum service temperature.The thermal endurance to cold shall bedetermined by submitting the enclosures andparts of enclosures of non-metallic materials, onwhich the type of protection depends, to storagefor 24 h in an ambient temperaturecorresponding to the minimum servicetemperature reduced by at least 5 K but at most10 K.Figure1. Control and monitoring panel for climaticchamber Vötsch, type VC 7060The test rig designed for these tests consists in aclimatic chamber Votsch type VC 7060, having acapacity of 0,6 m 3 , and the temperature can beadjusted in the range -70 ÷ +180 ˚C. The resultof test is considered positive if the exposedapparatus shows no deteriorations that affectthe type of protection.TEST OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES.DETERMINATION OF TIME, t ETime t E represents the time taken for an a.c.rotor or stator winding, when carrying the initialstarting current IA, to be heated up to thelimiting temperature from the temperaturereached in rated service at the maximumambient temperature.The diagram illustrating determination of time t Eis given in figure 2.Figure 2 – Diagram illustratingthe determination of time t EKey: A Highest permissible ambient temperatureB Temperature in rated service; C Limiting temperature;t Time; θ Temperature; 1 Temperature rise in ratedservice; 2 Temperature rise during stalled rotor testThe temperature rise in stalled motors shall bedetermined experimentally as follows:With the stalled motor initially at ambienttemperature, rated voltage and ratedfrequency shall be applied.The stator current measured 5 s afterswitching on shall be considered to be thestarting current I A .The temperature rise in the rotor cage (barsand rings) shall be measured bythermocouples and measuring instrumentshaving a small time constant compared withthe rate of temperature rise, or bytemperature detectors or other means. Thehighest of the temperatures obtained duringthese measurements is the one to beconsidered.The average temperature rise of the stator,determined from resistance measurements,is taken as the temperature rise of thewinding.When the stalled motor test is made at a voltageless than rated voltage, the measured valuesshall be increased proportionally to the ratio ofthose voltages, directly for the starting current582010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGand according to the square of the temperaturerise. Saturation effects, if any, shall be taken intoaccount.The block diagram for the test rig used todetermine time t E is given in figure 3. To fulfil thetest rig the following apparatus was acquired:power analyzer Fluke 435, milliohmmeterCropico DO5001, data acquisition system Agilent34970A with thermocouples, laptop Dell LatitudeD830.Figure 4. Test rig to determine maximum surfacetemperature for electrical rotating machinesFigure 3. Block diagram of the test rig used todetermine time t EThe role of Fluke 435 power analyzer is tomeasure and record the important parameters(voltage, current, frequency, power factor, etc.)during the test.The Cropico DO5001 milliommmeter measureand record the values for the stator windingresistance in cold state and after the test..The data acquisition system Agilent 34970A withthermocouples is used to measure and monitortemperature during test.DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM SURFACETEMPERATURE FOR ELECTRICAL ROTATINGMACHINESIn order to determine the maximum surfacetemperature the following apparatus is used:power analyzer Fluke 435, milliohmmeterCropico DO5001, data acquisition system Agilent34970A with thermocouples, tachometer LutronL1236L, laptop Dell Latitude D830.To determine the maximumsurfacetemperature the following steps should becovered:build-up experimental mounting accordingblock diagram from figure 4, and connectthe electric motor to adjustable load test rig;the stator winding resistance is measuredand recorded, in „cold” state, with the helpof Cropico DO 5001 microohmmeter;the thermocouples connected to Agilent34970A data acquisition system are placed inpoints considered to be the hottest pointsduring motor running;the adjustable load test rig is powered-onand the electric motor is driven on lowspeed;the electric motor is powered-on through a3-phase contactor;the load is adjusted until the motor speedreaches nominal speed (rotation speed ismeasured with the help of Lutron 1236Ltachometer);in this configuration, the system will functionuntil the maximum temperature in normalfunctioning is reached, according SR EN60079-0 and SR EN 60079-7 (temperaturerising is lower than 2 K/ hour);after reaching the maximum surfacetemperature, the motor is powered-off andthe adjustable load rig is driven so as to givea quick stop of the motor.the stator winding resistance is measuredand recorded, with the help of Cropico DO5001 microohmmeter;The rotor temperature is measured withthermocouples placed on the rotor throughsome holes affected in the drive-part shield.Delay time after power-off to determineovertemperature in rated service is presented intable 1.2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 59

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGTable 1: Delay time after power-off required todetermine temperature in rated serviceRated power, (kW)/(kVA)Delay time afterpower-off, (s)P ≤ 50 3050 < P ≤ 200 90200 < P ≤ 5000120Temperature and winding resistance recordingis mad e for at least 2 minutes after motor power-in reason to set-up the cooling curve foroff,rotor and stator winding.Data referring to electrical parameters duringtest (voltage, current, frequency, power factor,etc.) are viewed and recorded through thepower analyzer, and transferred to a PC after thetest.The maximum temperature reached in statorwinding at rated service is determined with thefollowing formula:DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM SURFACETEMPERATURE FOR LUMINAIRES DESIGNED FORMAIN SUPPLYIn order to determine the maximum surfacetemperature for luminaires the followingapparatus is used: ac power source Kikusui typePCR 1000M, data acquisition system Agilent34970A with thermocouples, laptop Dell LatitudeD830.θ 2 = Δθ + θ awhereΔ θ=R2− RR11× (k + θ1) + θ1− θR 1 – winding resistance value in cold state, in Ω;R 2 – winding resistance value in warm state, inΩ;θ 1 – winding temperature value in cold state,in °C;θ 2 – winding temperature value after heatingtest, in °C;θa – temperature value for the coolingenvironment (ambient);k – reciprocal temperature coefficient forresistance at 0 °C for conductive material; k =235 – for copper; k = 225 for aluminium;T amb – maximum ambient temperature(generally 40°C);The maximum surface temperatureisdetermined as the temperature measured in thehottest point of the motor, with the followingformula:T max = T amb + Δθin this case Δθ represents the highest rise oftemperature (measured in points where thethermocouples were placed).aFigure 5. Test rig to determine maximum surfacetemperature for luminaires designed for main supplyTo determine the maximum surface temperatureof luminaires designed for main supply thefollowing steps should be covered:build-up experimental mounting accordingblock diagram from figure 5;the thermocouples connected to Agilent34970A data acquisition system are placed inpoints considered to be the hottest pointsduring functioning.for tubular fluorescent lamps with mainsupply a diode will be connected in serieswith the lamp, and the luminaire suppliedwith a voltage equal to 110% of rated voltage;the luminaire is powered-on through KikusuiPCR 1000M ac power supply at voltage andfrequency required by standard;in this configuration, the all system willfunction until the maximum temperature innormal functioning is reached (temperaturerising is lower than 2 K/ hour). Thetemperature is monitored by data acquisitionsystem Agilent 34970A with thermocouples;when thermal equilibrium is reached the acpower source output of powered-off, and thedata corresponding to electrical parametersduring test are saved on PC;after approximately 1 minute from power-offthe ac power source output the temperature602010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGrecording is stopped and the data is savedon computer;the maximum surface temperature isdetermined with the following formula:t max = t inc + (t amb max - t amb inc )where:t inc – temperature recorded during test (°C) in thehottest spot;t amb max – maximumambient temperature towhich the equipment is designed to work;t amb inc – ambient temperature during test;[4] S. BURIAN, J. IONESCU, M. DARIE, L. MOLDOVAN, etal., Technical apparatus for potentiallyexplosive atmospheres. Group II, 2 nd editionrevised, Europrint Oradea publishing house,2006, ISBN 973-7735-32-3AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.MARTIN FRIEDMANN,2.LUCIAN MOLDOVAN1INCD-INSEMEX PETROŞANI,ROMANIAIn the end of the test, the temperature shouldnot exceed the temperature specified for thespecific temperature class (80 °C for T6, 95°C forT5, 130°C for T4, 195°C for T3). The temperatureat the rim of the lamp cap and at the solderingpoint of the lamp cap shall not exceed thelimiting temperature.CONCLUSIONSThe purpose of the paper is to underline the newtest that can be done at INCD INSEMEXPetrosani for electrical apparatus with increasedsafety „e” type of protection. These tests are:thermal endurance to heat and cold,determination of surface temperature forluminaries and electric motors; anddetermination of time t E for electrical rotatingmachines. The apparatus needed to run thesetests was in part acquired with funds fromNational Authority for Scientific Research in theNucleu Program.REFERENCES[1] M. FRIEDMANN, L. MOLDOVAN, M. MAGYARI, A.MARTINESCU, Implementation of new evaluationand testing methods for electrical apparatuswith type of protection increased safety inorder to correlate with European legislationand conformation with HG 753/2004, Phase IVReport, 2008, INCD-INSEMEX Petrosani[2] SR EN 60079-0:2007, Electrical apparatus forexplosive gas atmospheres. Part 0: Generalrequirements[3] SR EN 60079-7:2004, Electrical apparatus forexplosive gas atmospheres. Part 7: Increasedsafety “e”2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 61

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro622010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.CRISTIAN P. CHIONCEL, 2. DIETER KOHAKE, 3. LADISLAU AUGUSTINOV,4.PETRU CHIONCEL, 5 . GELU OVIDIU TIRIAN .YIELD FACTORS OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANTAbstract:The paper gives the definition of the main yield factors that characterizes the performances of aphotovoltaic plant. This are analyzed for a grid connected photovoltaic plant at the University inResita, in use since spring 2008, were the main climatic and technique parameters of the photovoltaicplant are monitoriesed and heaped in an data base for further analysis.Keywords:yield factors, photovoltaic plant, photovoltaic systemINTRODUCTIONAccurate and consistent evaluations ofphotovoltaic (PV) system performance arecritical for the continuing development of thePV industry. These performance parametersallow the detection of operational problems;facilitate the comparison of systems that differwith respect to design, technology orgeographic locations.SPECIFIC YIELD FOR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICPLANTSParameters describing energy quantities for thePV system and its components have beenestablished by the International Energy Agency(IEA) Photovoltaic power System Program andare described in the IEC standard [1]. Thegenerally definition of yield factors of powerplants, expressed in simplified terms, describeshow many times energy generated during plantoperation covers the energy used forconstructing the plant. An exact definitionwould be: 'The yield factor is the ratio of netenergy production during plant life and thecumulative energy used for construction,operation and operating supply items'. Thisconcept is only meaningful in the context ofusing regenerative energy sources, asphotovoltaic plants, insular ore grid connected.Three of the IEC standard 61724 performanceparameters [2] may be used to define the overallsystem performance with respect to the energyproduction, solar resource and overall effect ofsystem losses. These parameters are theperformance ratio, final PV system yield andreference yield.The final PV system yield Y f is the net energyoutput E PV divided by the nameplate d.c powerP maxG,STC (STC – Standard Test Condition 1000W/m 2 , 25 0 C) of the installed PV array. Itrepresents the number of hours that the PV arraywould need to operate at its rated power toprovide the same energy. The units are hours orkWh/kW:AC − GridinjectedEnergyPR = (1)PVSystemEnergyInSTCThe Y f normalizes the energy produced withrespect to the system size, being a convenient© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 63

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGway to compare the energy produced by PVsystems of differing size.The specific plant losses are describedthrough L C - capture losses, losses that arecaused by obfuscation, temperature grown,mismatching, limitation through dust, lossesgenerated by energy conduction in thephotovoltaic modules and L S – system losses,caused by inverter, conduction and loses ofpassive circuit elements.The reference yield Y r is the total in-planeirradiance H divided by the PV’s referenceirradiance G. It represents the under idealconditions obtainable energy. If G equals 1kW/m 2 , then Y r is the number of peak sunhours or the solar radiation in units ofkWh/m 2 . The Y r defines the solar radiationresource for the PV system. It is a function ofthe location, orientation of the PV array, andmonth-to month and year-to-year whethervariability:E PVY A = (2)PmaxG,STCTo compare on different locations mountedgrid connected PV systems, the performanceratio is a decisive value [2]. The performanceratio is the Yf divided by the Yr. Bynormalizing with respect to irradiance, itquantifies the overall effect of losses on therated output due to: inverter inefficiency,wiring, mismatch and other losses whenconverting from d.c. to a.c power, PV moduletemperature, incomplete use of irradiance byreflection from the module front surface,soiling or snow, system down-time andcomponent failures.E PV,ACY f = (3)Pmax G,STCPerformance ratio PR values are typicallyreported on a monthly or yearly basis. Valuescalculated for smaller intervals, such asweekly or daily, may be useful for identifyingoccurrences of component failures. Becauseof losses due the PV module temperature, PRvalues are greater in the winter than in thesummer and normally fall within the range0.6 to 0.8. If the PV module soiling isseasonal, it may also impact differences in PRfrom summer to winter. Decreasing yearlyvalues may indicate a permanent loss inperformance. Considering the increasingdegree of effectiveness, the performance ratioPR factor can reach ideal annual valuesbetween 0.8 and 0.84.The PR being a dimensionless quantity thatindicates the overall effect of losses [5] on therated output, does not represent the amountof produced energy, because a system withlow PR in a high solar resource locationmight produce more energy than a systemwith a high PR in a low solar resourcelocation. However, for any given system,location and time if a change in componentor design increase the performance ratio PR,the final yield Yf increase accordingly. PRvalues are useful for determinations if thesystem is operating as expected. Largedecrease in PR indicates events thatsignificantly impact performance, such asinverters not operating or circuit-breakertrips. If the PR decrease moderate or small, itindicates that a less sever problem exists. Theperformance ratio PR can identify theexistence of a problem, but not the cause. Toidentify the cause of the existing problem, aresearch at the site is needed.GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANT ATTHE UNIVERSITY ‘EFTIMIE MURGU’ RESITAThe grid connected photovoltaic system [3]mounted at the ‘summer theater’ of theUniversity `Eftimie Murgu` Resita, sincemiddle of may 2008, is putted together fromfour high performance standard solarmodules of type Multisol 150, manufacturedby Scheuten Solar – Germany [6], with a totalcapacity of 600W/h. The system is completedwith a Sunny Boy 1100 inverter and acompletely online monitoring system of thePV, made from a Sunny Webbox and theSunny Sensorbox. This monitoring system [4],build up like in figure 1, allows a detailedsupervision of the PV plant, produced energy,measuring and saving values of solarradiation, ambient and module temperature,wind speed and direction.The measured values and the current energyyield are visualized and archieved in theInternet, through the sunny web portal [7], figure2.642010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGdetailed, daily, overview of the yield factor in theanalyzed period is given in table 1.Table 1 Daily Specific Yield FactorFigure 1 Complete scheme, photovoltaic andmonitoring systemSPECIFIC YIELD FOR THE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICGRID CONNECTED SYSTEM AT THE EFTIMIEMURGU UNIVERSITYThis paragraph allows us an overview of thespecific yield factor Y A for the grid connectedphotovoltaic system, for a time period of almostone year, from middle of May 2008 until the endof March 2009.Figure 2 Sunny web portal on-line monitoringkWh, 180kWh/kW 160140120100806040200Energy production and Specific Yieldmay 08jun 08jul 08aug.08sep.08oct.08nov 08dec.08jan 09feb.09mar.09MonthEnergy prduction[kWh]YA [kWh/kWp]Figure 3. Energy production and array yieldFigure 3 represents the energy production andthe specific yield factor for this period. A more160,00140,00120,00100,0080,0060,0040,0020,000,00Specific Yield FactorkWh / kW 180,003130may2008jun.2008jul .2008aug.2008sept .2008oct .2008nov.2008dec.2008jan .2009febr.2009mart.2009Figure 4 Daily yield factor, May 2008 – March 2009CONCLUSIONSAnalyzing the specific yield factor, thephotovoltaic plant owner can have apermanent look of the time, in hoursexpressed, that the system works in STC andobtains indicate or a higher energy29282726252423222120191817161514131211109876543212010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 65

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGproduction. As shown, during summer theyield factor has a much higher density inJune, July and August and the lowest inDecember, January and February.REFERENCES[1] IEC, `Photovoltaic System PerformanceMonitoring – Guidlines for measurement,Data Exchange and Analysis, IEC Standard61724`, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998[2] Energy yield factors for the generation ofelectrical energy, www.sealnet.org[3] CRISTIAN P. CHIONCEL, PETRU CHIONCEL,BERINDE FLORIN, GILBERT-RAINER GILLICHMonitoring system for photovoltaic powerplant, Analele Universităţii “Eftimie Murgu”Reşiţa, Fascicola de Inginerie, ISSN 1453-7394, 2006[4] CRISTIAN P. CHIONCEL, DIETER KOHAKE, PETRUCHIONCEL, NICOLETA GILLICH Solarphotovoltaic monitoring systemimplemented on the location Resita,Analele Universităţii “Eftimie Murgu” Reşiţa,Fascicola de Inginerie, ISSN 1453 – 7394,2008[5] www.iea-pvps-task2.org Performance ofPhotovoltaic-Anlagen: Resultate einerinternationalen Zusammenarbeit im IEA-PVPS Task 2[6] www.scheutensolar.com[7] www.sunnyportal.comACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.CRISTIAN P. CHIONCEL,2.DIETER KOHAKE,3.LADISLAU AUGUSTINOV,4.PETRU CHIONCEL,5 .GELU OVIDIU TIRIAN .1,3,4“EFTIMIE MURGU” UNIVERSITY, RESITA, ROMANIA2FH GELSENKIRCHEN, GERMANY,5“POLITECHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA, FACULTY OFENGINEERING HUNEDOARA, ROMANIAANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro662010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.ABDESSALEM LAMARI .COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE TRANSIENTSIN ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES IN THE CASEOF SHORT-CIRCUIT AND CONNECTION TO NETWORKSAbstract:The mathematical models of the Asynchronous Electrical machines developed on the basis of theexperimental frequency-response characteristics are proposed in this paper. The latter ones arerecommended for investigating the transient processes occurring at short-circuits and connections ofthe electrical machines to the bus bars of electrical system taking account of their rotor speedchanges.Keywords:Asynchronous machines, frequency-response, networks connections, short-circuitINTRODUCTIONIt is a matter of familiar experience that themethods of frequency-response characteristics[1, 2, 8, 9, 13 and 14] have received wideacceptance in the scientific-research andengineering practical activity for investigatingand evaluating the transient conditions of theAC machines in electrical systems. The abovementioned methods make possible to carry outthe direct application of the experimental initialdata in the form of frequency-responsecharacteristics of the separate electrical systemelements or of the system as a whole. Such anapproach, in the special cases that the systeminternal structure is indeterminate, has muchpotential for yielding the more precisecalculations of the transient processes.The calculation technique for determining thetransients by the use of the frequency-responsecharacteristics of synchronous machine statoradmittance in the direct, Y d (js), and quadrature,Y q (js), axes or the circle diagram of an inductionmotor was proposed in [1,2,3 and 4]. Thegraphic-analytical methods for determining thearmature current and electromagnetic torque ofthe synchronous machine were developed in thecited monograph too. The methods beingconsidered allow carrying out more accuratecalculations of the transient processes takinginto account the following characteristicfeatures• electromagnetic asymmetry of the rotor;• representation of the turbogenerator solidrotor by means of the equivalent circuitscorresponding to the high order transferfunction of the damper system;• current displacement in the windings ofelectrical machines;• saturation phenomenon in the main andleakage paths of the magnetic fluxes of the ACmachines;• external impedance inserted in the armaturewinding of the AC machine.The above mentioned methods did not get widedissemination in due course though.The great amount of information on thefrequency-response characteristics of the© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 67

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGsynchronous machines and induction motorscompiled by now and availability of thedeveloped method designed for synthesising theequivalent circuits adequately reflecting theinitial frequency-response characteristics of theAC electrical machines open up freshopportunities for improving and furtherdevelopment of the frequency-responsemethods for investigating the transients inelectrical machines.The objective of the paper is to develop themathematical models of the AC machines basedon the experimental frequency-responsecharacteristics for investigating the transients atshort-circuits and connections of the ACmachines in electrical system taking intoconsideration the occurring speed changes ofthe AC machine rotor.BASIC RELATIONSThe mathematical relations realising thegraphic-analytical approach [1,2 and 3] todetermining the components of the stator phasecurrent and electromagnetic torque at shortcircuitsor connections of the synchronousmachines rotating at the synchronous speed tothe electrical system are obtained in [5, 10, 11and 18]. When the machine with the rotorasymmetry operates at the short-circuit with thespeed changes relative to the synchronousspeed or it is connected to the network at thegiven slip, determining the components of thegeneralised stator current vector is carried outin the following way:We find the average value of the steady-statecurrent I sfor the s at the first instant of the0 avtransient processI = Y (js(1)avwhereYavs 0 av)s0Yd(js) + Yq(js)(js) =2We determine the pulsating component of thesteady-state current− j2δ0Δ Is0= (Re[ ΔY(js)s0] − j.Im[ ΔY(js)s0]).e (2)whereYd (js) + Yq(js)Δ Y (js) =, δ0=angle between2The q-axis of the rotor and the voltage vector atthe infinite bus of an electrical system;We find the changes in the steady-state currentwith time, taking into account the difference inthe rotor parameters on axes of its electrical andmagnetic symmetry,IS 0(t)− j2 st j. ω.t= (IS 0+ ΔIS 0e ). e(3)avWe determine the aperiodic current componentIS 1 avYav(js)−(1−s)= (4)And the periodic current of the frequency closeto the doubled one− j.2. δ0Δ IS1= (Re[ ΔY(js)−(1−s)]j.Im[ ΔY(js)−(1−s)]). e (5)Aperiodic current and the current componentcaused by the rotor asymmetry are changed inaccordance with the following expressionIS1(t)j. ωn. ω.t−j2(1−S−ωn ) ω.t−t / τa= −[IS1.e −ΔIavS1.e]. e (6)The natural angular frequency of the aperiodeccurrent vector, ω and the time constant of itsndecaying, τa, are defined for the averagecomplex admittance Y av(js) at the slips = −(1− s) by equationsω = Im[ Y (js) ]. R(7)navs=−(1−s)1τa=(8)ω = Im[Y (js) ].R ωnavS0s= −(1−s)S0.The initial value of the periodic component ofthe transient current, is determined byrecognizing thatI S 2I0(t)t=0+ IS1(t)t=0+ IS2(t)t=0S=Generally, the initial value of the current vectorI St does not coincide with the d-axis of a2( )t=0rotor (including the connections of thesynchronous machine occurring at theangle ( δ 0= 0)resulting in aperiodic currentcomponents in both axes of the rotor symmetry.Implementation of the method proposed isassociated with representing the initialfrequency-response characteristics in the form ofequivalent circuits in the d- and q-axis of asynchronous machine. The latter ones, e.g., theequivalent circuit in d-axis shown in Figure1may be used for determining the changes in theperiodic current components with time [6].0682010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGFigure 1. Equivalent circuit of the synchronousmachine rotor in d-axisThe mentioned equivalent circuits allow toobtain the initial values I S, I ) and the timeconstants(dkτ ql )(2dkS 2qlτ , ) of the exponentialcomponents of the periodic armaturecurrent I ( t S 2) So in the d-and q-axis we haveττdkqlx=ω .rkDxlQ=ω .rkDlQ, I, IS 2 dkS 2 ql==1x1xlQkD, l, k= 1 ,2 ,...,= 1 ,2 ,...,MN ;(9)From the above, it might be assumed that thetime-dependence of the periodic current followsthe lawNt / dk 1 S ) . t j 0Ij.(S 2( t ) =⎛ − τIS 2.e⎞ − ω δ⎜ ∑⎟.e.edk⎝ k = 1⎠(10)M− t / τ+⎛ ql j.( 1 − S ) ω . t jδ0IS 2.e⎞⎜ ∑⎟.e.eqll = 1⎝⎠Where N, M =quantity of the elementaryequivalent circuits of the rotor in d- and q-axis,respectively.In the general case the initial currentcomponents in the d- and q-axis should beconverted in proportion to the projection of theI current vector on the direct, , andS 2quadrature IS 2 qrotor axes, e.g.,IS2d= mod[IS2(t)t=0].cos( ϕ − δ0),I = mod[I (t) ].sin( ϕ − δ )S2qS2t=0Whereϕ = argument of the I St0I S 2I S 2d2( )t=0(11)currentvector (the angle between the current vectorand the real axis of the complex plain).Then1 IS2dIS2= . ,dkx 1kD∑xkD(12)1 IS2qIS2= .qlx 1lQ∑xThe total generalized vector of the transientarmature current comprises the vector sum ofseparate components:lQI( t)= U.[IS 0(t)+ IS1(t)IS 2(t)]S+(13)Where V= voltage across the terminals of anarmature winding at the short-circuit conditionor connection of a synchronous machine to thenetwork.The instantaneous values of the phase currentsare determined as a projection of thegeneralized current vector on the motionlesstime axes of the appropriate phases:ii (t) = mod[I (t)].cos( α(t)+ γiABC(t) = mod[I (t)].cos( α(t)+ γSS(t) = mod[I (t)].cos( α(t)+ γS000),2− π),32+ π)3(14)Where α (t)=time-dependent argument of thetotal generalized vector of the armature current.It is evident that the dynamic properties of aninduction machine can be described in fullmeasure by means of a single frequencyresponsecharacteristic Y(js) . In this case, theexpressions obtained above will not contain theadditional current components and Δ theare no needs in decomposition of theΔI S0I S 1I S 2currenton the d- and q-axis components either [20, 21].In accordance with the general approach theelectromagnetic torque is determined using thecurrent and flux linkage complexes, regardless ofthe rotor symmetry of the AC machine, by theexpression:** * *Ts e S0 S1+ 2= Re[jψ.Is]= R [j( ψ + ψ )(IS0+ IS1IS) (15)The magnetic linkages in (15) can be presentedmore detail as follows:j t jωn t −t/ τaψS= ψS0− ψS1= eω − e e(16)As may be seen from the equations (15) and (16),the electromagnetic torque can be presented asthe sum of the vector products of the currents byflux linkage components. For example, theproduct of the vector IS0by the vector ψS0produces the steady-state torque beingnumerically equal to the vertical projection ofthe current vector at the rated voltage across theterminals of the stator winding.The influence of the separate current and torquecomponents on the features of the transientprocess having been analyzed, it is possible tosimplify the mathematical model of an electricalmachine with the given accuracy.2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 69

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGAt researching the electromechanical transientsconnected with the speed variations of ACmachine rotor one should consider thesimultaneous solution of the equations deducedabove and the supplementary equation of therotor relative motion. The latter one can bewritten in the following form:dsM = T − T mech(17)dtWhere T mech=shaft torque developed by theprime mover; M =inertia constant.THE PARAMETERS OF THE ALGORITHMIf the influence of the rotor acceleration is nottaken into account the following problemalgorithm considering the rotor speed changescan be suggested:• The transient process is divided into smalluniform intervals of time ;• The speed increment over the given intervalis determined by solving the equation (17) asfollows :T − TΔ s =mech Δt;M• The sustained component of the IS0currentis calculated at the constant speed obtainedfor the given time interval ;• The amplitude of the IS1current componentdecaying with the time constant τaiscalculated at the initial value of the rotorspeed (at the beginning of the first interval) ;• The natural angular frequency, ωn, and thetime constant, τ a, of the aperiodic currantcomponent are re-counted using equation(7),(8) in relation to the slip changes of arotor ;• The amplitude of the IS2current componentcaused by the transient currents in the rotorcircuits is determined at the rotor slipcorresponding to the first instant of theprocess.• It should be pointed out that the angularspeed of the I S2current being taken intoaccount in (10) varies with the slip changes.The rotor slip dependence of the naturalangular frequency and the time constant ofdecaying the magnetic flux ψS1are takeninto account by equation (16).ESTIMATION OF MODEL VALIDITYThe efficiency of application of the frequencyresponsecharacteristics for calculating thetransient process can be demonstrated with thefollowing examples:1. Short-circuit at the terminals of the statorwinding and connection to the network withoutexcitation of the model turbo generator of theMT-3type:(Sxdn=30KVA , V= 1.453; xqn= 414 V, I= 1.394;RS0n= 41.8A,= 0.00624 p.u.)In the case being considered the influence of thesign and initial slip value at connecting thegenerator to the network as well as the influenceof the rotor speed changes at the transientconditions were analyzed.2. Connection to the network of the unexcitedturbo generator of the ТГВ-200 type:Sxnd= 235MVA , V= 1.9; xqn= 1.89;R= 15.75KV, IS0n= 0.0012p.u.= 8635 A,When calculating the electromechanicaltransients the errors being brought about bysimplifying the complicated equivalent circuits,reflecting the electromagnetic of the solid rotor,were considered.3. Starting of the induction motor of the ДАЗО-1914-10/12А type:Pn = 1500Kw;In= 204A; Vn= 6000V from the noloadcondition, and three-phase short-circuit atits terminals.Estimation of the results obtained, when usingthe techniques proposed above, was carried outby comparison with the appropriate calculationsmade by the use of algorithms based onnumerical integrating the system of thedifferential Parc-Gorev equations. Thefrequency-response characteristics reflecting thedynamic properties of the AC machines beingstudied were obtained experimentally from theDC decay in the armature winding at standstilltest [8, 7, 17].Computer programs realizing the abovementioned algorithms for calculating theelectromechanical transients in AC machineswere elaborated within the framework of theMathCAD 7.0.The time-dependence of changing thegeneralized stator current vector and theelectromagnetic running torque at connection702010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGthe unexcited model generator to the networkunder the various initial rotor slips were carriedout without the account and in view ofchanging the rotor speed at transient .Theinvariable rotor speed was simulated by way ofsetting the great value of the inertia constant [9].As follows from comparison of the resultsobtained for the given slip values, equal to 0 ;0.01 ; 0.03 ; 0.05 and 0.1 put., the changes in thetime-dependence of the generalized statorcurrent vector and electromagnetic torquepractically does not differ from the analogouscalculations made on the basis of the Parc-Gorev equations. In these cases the difference inthe maximum values of the similar operatingvariables being compared did not exceed 10.4%.The typical changes in the transients differ not atall. So, when making use of the static frequencyresponsecharacteristics, one can infer that theelectromagnetic processes may be identifiedwith a sufficiently high degree of accuracy.The analysis of the transients calculated withtaking into consideration the rotor speedchanges, following the connection of the modelgenerator, points to some differences in thetime-dependent variables. By way of example, inthe Figure 2 are shown the results of calculatingthe transients at connection the unexcitedmodel machine to the network with the fieldwinding short-circuited.The calculations carried out in compliance withthe system of Parc-Gorev equations (see dottedline) reflect the features connected with changesin the current, I s ,and electromagnetic torque,T , with the rotor speed changes. The timedependence of the slip in the case underconsideration has the oscillatory character.Mathematical simulation based on the staticcharacteristics (see solid line) brings about themonotonous changes in the rotor slip under thetransient process. Meanwhile, the resultant timeof approaching the rotor speed to thesynchronous one, being estimated at the instanta rotor slip for the second time passes throughzero, practically agrees with the time beingdetermined from the solid line obtained atsimulating the transients by means of themethod proposed. As may be seen from theFigure 2.Distinguishing features of the variables beingconsidered are in close agreement; theirmaximum values appearing at the initial stage ofthe transient process correlate well with the datagot without regard for speed changes of therotor. In the Figure 3 are given the curvesreflecting the changes in the variables at theshort-circuit on the terminals of the inductionmotor ДАЗО-1914-10/12А type.Figure 2 Connection to the network of the unexcitedmodel turbo generatorThe quantities of the motor equivalent circuitssynthesized in accordance with [4,10] havingthree parallel branches and the magnetizing one,separated in the manner as is shown in theFigure 1, are as follows (in per unit on machinebase) :RXδ+ Xγ= 2.19 ; X = 0.271 ; X2X3= 0 .717 ;R0 .6241== 0 .0055;R3 12=1.1790 .1139The comparative analysis of the results obtainedby calculating the generalized stator currentvector, Isand electromagnetic torque, T ,calculated by various methods points to theirclose agreement because of the maximumvalues of the mentioned variables differ less than7,8%.The analysis of the electromechanical transientsat starting the non-loaded motor also indicatesto the satisfactory coinciding of the resultsobtained by using the mentioned calculationtechniques. In particular, the starting timedetermined by the technique proposed differsfrom the same parameter obtained through theuse of the Parc Gorev equations less than 9, 2%.2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 71

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGAs is seen from the Figure 4, the electromagnetictransients within the time interval from 0 up to0,1 scorrespond closely with the results obtained bythe Parc Gorev equation (see dotted line).The mentioned acceptable results areattributable to the fact that the change in themotor speed takes place at the small rotoracceleration. In this case, the application of thefrequency-response characteristics of a machinedoes not introduce large errors into calculationof the transient processes. When the rotor speedis close to the rated value there are considerabledeviations in the changes of the current andelectromagnetic torque with time.As may be inferred from the research, thementioned deviations decrease with increasingthe inertia constant, M, and the loading factor ofthe induction motor. The transients in this caseare accompanied by the less acceleration of arotor.The investigation of the transients called forth byconnection of the unexcited turbo generatorТГВ-200 type to the network was carried outwith the use of the equivalent circuits containingfive parallel branches in d- and q-axis [6]. It wasascertained that the errors being introduced inthe transient processes by reducing the quantityof the circuit branches, describing the physicalproperties of the solid rotor, to three do notexceed the errors in a frequency domain equalto 11%.CONCLUSIONSThe proposed mathematical models of theasynchronous machines based on theexperimental frequency-response characteristicsallow to investigate the transients processes atshort-circuits and connection of themachines to the network without solution of theconventional differential equations.REFERENCESFigure 3 Short-circuit on the terminals of theinduction motor.Figure 4 The time –dependence of the generalizedvector of the stator current at connecting theinduction motor[1] KHEMLICHE, M.; LATRECHE, S.; KHELLAF, A.; Modellingand identification of the asynchronous machine,First International Symposium on Control,Communications and Signal Processing, 2004.Page(s):815 – 818.[2] SHIQIN DU; YUEJIN ZHANG; Jianzhong Jiang;Research on a novel combined permanentmagnet electrical machine, InternationalConference on Electrical Machines and Systems,2008. ICEMS 17-20 Oct. 2008 Page(s):3564 – 3567.[3] LIUCHEN CHANG; An improved FE inductancecalculation for electrical machines, IEEETransactions on Magnetics, Volume 32, Issue 4,Part 2, July 1996 Page(s):3237 – 3245.[4] GUHA, S.; KAR, N.C.; A New Method of ModelingMagnetic Saturation in Electrical Machines,Canadian Conference on Electrical andComputer Engineering, 2006. CCECE '06. May2006 Page(s):1094 – 1097.[5] BURAKOV, A.; ARKKIO, A.; Low-order parametricforce model for eccentric-rotor electricalmachine equipped with parallel stator windingsand rotor cage, IET Electric Power Applications,Volume 1, Issue 4, July 2007 Page(s):532 – 542.[6] RONKOWSKI, M.; Modelling of electrical machinesusing the Modelica Bond-Graph Library, 13thPower Electronics and Motion ControlConference, 2008. EPE-PEMC 2008. 1-3 Sept. 2008Page(s):880 – 886[7] SATISH, L.; SARAVANAKUMAR, A.; Identification ofTerminal Connection and System Function for722010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSensitive Frequency Response Measurement onTransformers, IEEE Transactions on PowerDelivery, Volume 23, Issue 2, April 2008Page(s):742 – 750.[8] CANAY, I.M.; Advance calculation of thecharacteristic quantities of synchronousmachines and comparison with measuredvalues, IEE Proceedings Electric PowerApplications, Volume 141, Issue 1, Jan. 1994Page(s):13 – 18.[9] BACALAO U, N.J.; DE ARIZON, P.; SANCHEZ L, R.O.; Amodel for the synchronous machine usingfrequency response measurements, IEEETransactions on Power Systems, Volume 10,Issue 1, Feb. 1995 Page(s):457 – 464.[10] LAM, D.M.; YEE, H.; A study of frequency responsesof generator electrical torques for power systemstabilizer design, IEEE Transactions on PowerSystems, Volume 13, Issue 3, Aug. 1998Page(s):1136 – 1142.[11] ARJONA L., M.A.; MACDONALD, D.C.; Characterisingthe d-axis machine model of a turbogeneratorusing finite elements, IEEE Transaction onEnergy Conversion, Volume 14, Issue 3, Sept.1999 Page(s):340 – 346.[12] SLEMON, G.R.; AWAD, M.L.; On equivalent circuitmodeling for synchronous machines, IEEETransaction on Energy Conversion, Volume 14,Issue 4, Dec. 1999 Page(s):982 – 988.[13] METWALLY, I.A.; Simulation of the impulseresponse of electrical machines, IEEETransaction on Energy Conversion, Volume 14,Issue 4, Dec. 1999 Page(s):861 – 867.[14] DIGGLE, R.; DINELEY, J.L.; Generator works testingSudden-short-circuit or standstill variablefrequency-responsemethod, IEE ProceedingsGeneration, Transmission and Distribution,Volume 128, Issue 4, July 1981 Page(s):177 – 182.[15] WALTON, A.; Characteristics of equivalent circuitsof synchronous machines, IEE ProceedingsElectric Power Applications, Volume 143, Issue1, Jan. 1996 Page(s):31 – 40.[16] LEI HAO; NAMUDURI, C.; Modeling of an alternatorusing Stand Still Frequency Response Test,IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference,2009. VPPC '09. 7-10 Sept. 2009 Page(s):1541 –1546.[17] A.B. DEHKORDI, A.M GOLE, and T.L. MAGUIRE,“Permanent Magnet Synchronous MachineModel for Real- Time Simulation”, InternationalPower System Transient Conference (IPST 2005),Montreal, June, 2005.[18] A. LAMARI, Simulation mathématique des régimesdynamiques des machines électriques à courantalternative à base des caractéristiquesfréquentielles statique, thèse doctorat del’université de Donetsk – 2004.[19] HOUDOUIN, GILLES, Contribution à la modélisationde la machine asynchrone en présence dedéfauts rotoriques thése doctorat de l’universitédu Havre – 2004.[20] S. WILE, M.W.DUNNIGAN, B.W. WILLAMS, Improvingthe accuracy of the rotor resistance Estimate forvector-controlled induction, IEE Proc. ElectricPower Applications, 1997, Vol.144, N°.5 pp.285-294.[21] J. L. KIRTLEY, “On turbine-generator rotorequivalent circuit structures for empiricalmodeling of turbine generators,” IEEE Trans. onEnergy Conversion, vol. PWRS-9, no. 1, pp. 269–271, 1994.AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.ABDESSALEM LAMARI1.Department of Electronics, ISSAT Mateur, Route deTabarka 7030, Tunisia2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 73

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro742010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.JIŘÍ ČUBAN, 2. JAROSLAV KOVALČÍKCOMPARISON OF CUTTING TOOLS INSERTSMADE OF COATED CARBIDE USEDIN TURNING OF GREY CAST IRONAbstract:This article presents comparisons of coated carbide cutting tool inserts used in machining of cylinderliners made of grey cast iron. The comparison has been realized through the tool life tests. Themeasurement has been carried out at three cutting speeds at constant cutting conditions. From theobtained values, the regression coefficients have been evaluated. Subsequently, extrapolation hasbeen carried out by means of the regression line for the cutting speed in the range of 250 – 500m/min, and for this the extended cutting speed range the interval reliability has been evaluated.Keywords:metal machining, coated carbides, cutting tool inserts, tool life tests, Taylor’s equationINTRODUCTIONCarbides are the most prevalent tool materials,they are tough and they can be used formachining using high feed rate speed, and fordifficult intermittent machining.Coated carbides consist of a hard carbide baseand coating, which increases the thermochemicalstability (carbides, nitrides, oxides andtheir combinations). As a result we get highqualitymaterials for a high rate of materialremoval and intermittent machining.The basic carbides for production of commontypes of carbides for machining are tungstencarbide (WC) and titanium carbide (TiC), thebonding metal is cobalt (Co). As the othercompounds the following are the most used:tantalum carbide (TaC), niobium carbide (NiC)and chromium carbide (Cr 3 C 2 ). Uncoatedcarbides are divided into three groups: K-grade,P-grade and M-grade. According to the ISOstandards, K-grade is a category that includescarbide cutting tools best suited for machiningcast irons and nonferrous metals and alloys; M-grade is a category that includes carbide cuttingtools best suited for machining ductile irons,harder steels, stainless steels, and hightemperaturealloys; P-grade is a category thatincludes carbide cutting tools best suited formachining a variety of steels. Coated carbidesare produced in the following way: the basemade from common carbide (K-grade, M-grade,or P-grade) is coated with a material with highhardness and excellent abrasion resistance.In the laboratories of the Department ofMachining and Assembly, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering, Technical University of Liberec,within various diploma thesis two types of thecoated carbide inserts (CCI) have beencompared. Both CCIs, type CNMA 12 04 08 AC300G and CNMA 12 04 08 AC 700G (thereinafterAC 300G, AC 700G), were manufactured by theSumitomo Electric Company. Through the longtimetool life tests the flank wear of the CCI havebeen evaluated.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 75

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGLONG-TIME TOOL LIFE TESTSTOOL LIFE DETERMINATIONThe life of the cutting tool is expressed by thetime of work of the cutting tool from itssharpening to its blunting. The tool life, T, isgiven as the time, at which the flank wearcriterion VB Crit is reached. To obtain the values ofthe flank wear criterion the method of the linearinterpolation was used. The interpolation wascounted from the nearest higher and the nearestlower wear value. The final tool life, T, at a givencutting speed v c , is expressed as:T⎡ t+ ⎢⎣ VBB− t⎤A= tA⋅ (VBkrit− VBA) ⎥ [min] (1)B− VBA⎦where:t A – time, at which the nearest lower value thanVB Crit of the flank wear VB A [min] was reached,t B – time, at which the nearest higher value thanVB Crit of the flank wear VB B [min] was reached.EVALUATION OF THE EXPONENT “M” IN THETAYLOR’S EQUATIONAn important criterion for comparison of theCCIs is the exponent m in the Taylor’s equation.It expresses the influence of the cutting speed onthe cutting edge life. The higher the value of them exponent, the more sensitive the CCIs to thecutting speed change. The value of thisexponent is usually listed in the cataloguesprovided by the manufacturers of the CCIs, andit is in a range of m = 1 to 12.To determine the values of the regressioncoefficients a, b in the linear regression equationit is possible to use the least square method.Subsequently, the standard deviations s a , s b areevaluated, as well as the intervals of reliabilityL (a)1,2 , L (b)1,2 for both regression coefficients. Theequations used for a, b, s a , s b L (a)1,2 , L (b)1,2evaluation are given in [9].The interval of reliability L 1,2 for a range of thecutting speeds is then determined from (2).L1,2= Y± t. s.1+n∑2( xi− x)( x )x2i−∑i α y,x2ni(2)where:Y i values counted from the regression equationfor corresponding x i valuest α critical value of the Student’s distributions y,x standard deviation, which characterizes thedispersion around the regression linen number of valuesx i value of the logarithm of the cutting speedx average value of the independent variable xTo evaluate the m exponent and the constantsC v , C t in the Taylor’s equation, the regressioncoefficients a, b are used according to therelations (3), (4), (5). Equations (3), (4) and (5),were according to sources [9].m = −b(3)C = (4)aT10EXPERIMENT PREPARATION1C mV= C T(5)BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARBIDESUNDER TESTAs mentioned above, for the life test we haveused CCIs manufactured by the SumitomoElectric Company: AC 300G, AC 700G. TheseCCIs are modern materials for machining thegrey cast iron and ductile cast iron. The AC 300GCCI is suitable for continuous machining and theAC 700G CCI is suitable for rough turning andintermittent machining.Among the main benefits of the AC 300G and AC700G CCI belongs the newly invented superfilmalpha - Al 2 O 3 , which increases the thermalresistance by up to 30% in comparison with thecommonly used Al 2 O 3 . These CCIs exhibit up to150% higher resistance to abrasive flank wear. Incomparison with other materials, these CCIshave, at the same machining conditions,considerably higher durability and they are idealfor dry machining.MATERIAL, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENTThe tool life tests were performed on thecylinder liners made from grey cast iron alloy,ČSN 42 24 25, that were produced by the AGSJičín Company (see Figure 1).The material was machined by a turningmachine SU 50, from the point A to the point B.The material was gripped in the machine by itsinner diameter, in the 3-jaw chuck on one sideof the cylinder, and in a supporting deviceclamped in a tailstock pin on the other side. Thetool wear was evaluated on its clearance faceout of the machine, with the aid of themicroscope CARL - ZEISS JENA with an accuracy762010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGof 0.01 mm. We used a digital revolution meterONO SOKKI HT – 3100, with the measuring pinpositioned in the spindle centreline, to measurethe revolutions.Fig. 1 Cylinder liner [3]Both types of the CCIs had a rhombic profile andthe same geometry of the cutting edge(clearance angle α 0 = 5°, cutting edge angleβ 0 = 90°, rake angle γ 0 = -5°, back rake angle λ 0= -5°, end cutting edge angle χ r = 95°). We useda tool holder, PCLNR 25 25 M12 T, for fasteningthe CCI.CHOSEN CUTTING CONDITIONSAmong the recommended machiningparameters for the AC 300G CCI are the cuttingspeed of v c = 100 to 350 m/min and the feed rateof f = 0.1 to 0.6 mm/rev. For the AC 700G CCIthe recommended cutting speed is ofv c = 100 to 350 m/min and the feed rate off = 0.1 to 0.8 mm/rev [7]. With respect to theseparameters, the cutting conditions wereestablished.The main influence on the cutting tool lifeexhibit the cutting speed, depth of cut, and thefeed rate speed. For both CCIs (AC 300G, AC700G) were chosen three series of the theoreticalcutting speeds: v c1 ≈ 280 m/min, v c2 ≈ 350m/min, v c3 ≈ 460 m/min. In Table 1, the cuttingconditions are shown for individual CCIs.Tab. 1 Cutting conditions of compared CCICCI f [mm/rev] a p [mm]AC 300G 0.1 2AC 700G 0.3 2We used so called dry machining. The benefits ofdry machining are: decreasing the investmentsin cutting fluids, environment and healthprotection and higher machining productivity.When using this method of machining, thetemperature is higher and also more stable. Thatoften means better chip formation, andtherefore the power needed is decreased.CCI EVALUATIONAC 300G CCITo specify the relation VB = f (t), it was necessaryto determine the average machining cuttingspeed. As the SU 50 turning machine does nothave a smooth range of revolutions, it was noteasy for the long-time tool life tests to secure aconstant cutting speed. The counted averagecutting speeds are shown in Table 2.Tab. 2 Average values of cutting speeds v c for theexperimental AC 300G cutting insertAC 300G CCIv c1 [m/min] v c2 [m/min] v c3 [m/min]285.5 348.3 434.5Within the solution it was necessary to choosethe value of the flank wear criterion VB Crit , whiledemanding the maximal use of the area of thestabilized machining at the same time. Inconsequence of the remarkably different coursesof wear for each tested CCI, it was necessary tochoose a different VB Crit value for each of them.The relation VB = f (t) was crucial forestablishing the value of the flank wear criterionVB Crit . Based on this relation, the value of theflank wear criterion VB Crit was set to VB Crit = 0.20mm for AC 300G. The dependence of the wearon time VB = f (t) is shown in Figure 2.Fig. 2 Graphic dependence of VB=f(t) for theexperimental AC 300G cutting insertThe cutting edge durability was for individualaverage cutting speeds determined by themethod of linear interpolation, using therelation (1). The durability counted for all cuttingedges AC 300G is listed in Table 3.2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 77

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGv c[m/min]Tab. 3 Values of calculated tool life for theexperimental AC 300G cutting insertVB Crit[mm]t A[min]t B[min]VB A[mm]VB B[mm]T[min]285.5 30.4 40.4 0.19 0.23 32.9348.3 0.20 20.1 24.1 0.19 0.23 21.1434.54.0 6.4 0.19 0.21 5.2The measurement was performed at threecutting speeds. Subsequently, extrapolation wascarried out with the aid of the regression line forvalues in a range of 250 – 500 m/min and theinterval reliability was determined for thisextended cutting speed band, see Table 4.Student’s distribution was used for thecalculation, for the significance level of t α =3.078, α = 90%, f = 1 [4,5].average cutting speeds for three sets of thecutting speeds are shown in Table 5.Tab. 5 Average values of cutting speeds v c for theexperimental AC 700G cutting insertAC 700G;v c1 [m/min] v c2 [m/min] v c3 [m/min]283.0 353.9/345.0 445.7Based on the relation VB = f (t), the value of theflank wear criterion VB Crit was set to VB Crit = 0.30mm for AC 700G. The dependence of the wearon time VB = f (t) is shown in Figure 4.When machining the AC 700G CCI, at the speedof v c2 = 353.92 m/min and time t = 17.2 minfrom the test start, the cutting edge broke at thepeak of the CCI. Then it was experimented withavarage cutting speed v c2 = 345.0 m/min.Tab. 4 Corresponding intervals of reliability for theexperimental AC 300G cutting insertv c [m/min] L 1 (-) L 2 (+) T [min]250.0 17.4 272.7 68.8285.5 14.5 101.2 32.9300.0 13.2 71.3 30.7348.3 8.5 29.6 21.1400.0 3.9 18.8 8.6434.5 2.2 16.1 5.2500.0 0.8 13.3 3.2Fig. 4 Graphic dependence of VB=f(t) for theexperimental AC 700G cutting insertFig. 3 Experimental relationship between tool lifedata and different cutting speeds for the experimentalAC 300G cutting insertIn Figure 3 you can see the dependency of thedurability on the cutting speed T = f(v c ) togetherwith the confidence band for the linearregression dependence.AC 700G CCIWhen evaluating the experiment performedwith AG 700G CCI we were following the samesteps as for the AC 300G CCI. The countedTab. 6 Values of calculated tool life for theexperimental AC 700G cutting insertv c VB Crit t A t B VB A VB B T[m/min] [mm] [min] [min] [mm] [mm] [min]283.00 14.20 35.50 0.29 0.33 19.50345.00 0.30 10.50 20.10 0.28 0.32 15.30445.703.25 7.00 0.29 0.31 5.10The durability counted for the CCI with the AC700G is listed in Table 6. To compare the CCIs wechose the value of the flank wear criterion VB Crit= 0.30 mm for the AC 700G. The intervalreliability for the extended cutting speed bandfor the AC 700G is shown in Table 7.Tab. 7 Corresponding intervals of reliability for theexperimental AC 700G cutting insertv c [m/min] L 1 (-) L 2 (+) T [min]250.0 11.4 90.8 32.2283.0 10.3 47.5 19.5300.0 9.7 35.7 18.6345.0 7.4 20.1 15.3400.0 4.3 14.3 7.8445.7 2.5 12.6 5.1500.0 1.4 11.5 4.0782010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGIn Figure 5 you can see the dependency of thedurability on the cutting speed T = f(v c ) togetherwith the confidence band for the linearregression dependence.Fig. 5 Experimental relationship between tool lifedata and different cutting speeds for the experimentalAC 700G cutting insertCOUNTED VALUES OF CCIConcrete counted values of the regressioncoefficients a, b, standard deviations s a , s b ,exponent m and the constants C T , C V in theTaylor’s equation are listed in Table 8.Tab. 8 Tabulated summary of resulting valuesCCI a b s a s b m C T C VAC300G12.45AC700G8.73-4.423.00 1.18 4.43-3.012.20 0.87 3.02ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION2.84E+125.49E+08650.45791.06We have performed long-time life tests forcoated carbide inserts (CCI) of a type CNMA 1204 08 AC 300G (AC 300G), CNMA 12 04 08 AC700G (AC 700G), which were manufactured bythe Sumitomo Electric Company. Themeasurement was performed with cylinderliners made from grey cast iron alloy ČSN 42 2425. Their evaluation was carried out withinlinear regression.The crucial influence on the tool life has thecutting speed. Therefore, the tool life of the CCIwas assessed at three cutting speeds. To gain anextended cutting speed band, we obtained toollife values from the regression relations. Wechose the cutting speed band for both CCIs of250 – 500 m/min.For each CCI we selected different values of theVB Crit when performing the experiment. Thereasons were extremely different courses ofwear for each tested CCI, and the use of the areaof stable machining.The highest evaluated tool life for the AC 300GCCI was T = 68.8 min for the cutting speed ofv c = 250 m/min, and the lowest tool life valuewas T = 3.2 min for the cutting speed of v c = 500m/min. The AC 300G CCI is intended for thecutting speed up to 350 m/min; this valuecorresponds with the manufacturer’s data. Forthe speed of v c > 500 m/min it is not possible torecommend this CCI, due to the low tool lifevalue. Under these measurement conditions it isnot possible to recommend the AC 300G CCI forhigh-speed machining.For the lower value of the cutting speed v c = 250m/min, the tool life of the AC 700G CCI wascounted as T = 32.2 min. In comparison with theAC 300G CCI, the tool life is, at the givenconditions, lower by 36.6 min. For the uppervalue of the cutting speed v c = 500 m/min, thetool life was counted as T = 4.0 min.The AC 700G CCI is, as well as the AC 300G,intended for the cutting speed up to 350 m/minmax. Under the conditions we used for ourexperiments we cannot recommend the AC700G CCI for high-speed machining.From the comparison of the two types of CCImade from carbides it seems that, in terms of thetool life attained within given conditions, thebetter CCI is the one identified as AC 300G.For machining the grey cast iron continuously itseems to be preferable to use the cutting toolinserts (CTI) made from cutting ceramics. Duringexperiments, it has been proved that these CTIshave, at the same cutting conditions, higher toollife [8]. When machining intermittently it seemsto be preferable to use the cutting tool insertsmade from carbides.This paper relates to the work on the MSM4674788501 project which is financed MŠMT.REFERENCES[1] HUMÁR, A. Slinuté karbidy a řezná keramika proobrábění CCB spol. s.r.o. Brno 1995 ISBN:80-85825-10-4.[2] VELECHOVSKÝ, J. Výběr povlakovanýchslinutých karbidů s aplikací v obrábění šedélitiny [Diplomová práce]. TU Liberec, 2005.Fakulta strojní.79s.[3] KOVALČÍK, J. Analiticko-syntetická studie nasouboru řezných destiček zkeramiky.[Diplomová práce]. TU Liberec, 2008.Fakulta strojní.104s.2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 79

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING[4] ANDĚL, J. Statistické metody. 4. vyd.MATFYZPRESS. Praha, 2007. ISBN 80-7378-003-8.[5] KOHOUT, V. Kritické hodnoty a tabulkyrozdělení – tabulka Studentovo rozdělení(podklad pro výuku předmětuPRAVDĚPODOBNOST A STATISTIKA). [online].Plzeň: Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, fakultapedagogická, katedra matematiky. Dostupnéna: http://www.kmt.zcu.cz/person/Kohout/info_soubory/letnisem/ruzne/tabst.htm.[červen2009].[6] MACHAČ, J., ŘASA, J., Příručka obrábění.1.vydání,Sandvik CZ za pomoci nakladatelstvíScientia, 1997. ISBN 91-97 22 99-4-6.[7] SUMITOMO ELECTRIC HARDMETAL:Hardmetalturning tools, 2004.[8] KOVALČÍK, J., ČUBAN, J. Comparison ofPerformance of Austrian made Si 3 N 4 - NitrideCeramic Tools Used to Machine Grey Cast IronWork-piece Materials. Modern Machinery (MM)Science Journal, October 2009. ISSN 1803-1269ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.JIŘÍ ČUBAN,2.JAROSLAV KOVALČÍK1. 2DEPARTMENT OF MACHINING AND ASSEMBLY, TECHNICALUNIVERSITY OF LIBEREC, CZECH REPUBLICANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro802010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.SORINA ŞERBAN .COMPUTER TRAINING IN CHEMISTRY:STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSESAbstract:Chemistry, as a subject of study, can not be taken into consideration without the computer science,especially nowadays. The issue of using computer in education has been deeply and multilateralresearched in many countries, and the proposed solutions were determined, on the one hand, by thestage of education within that country, and, on the other hand, by the computerization degree of thesociety.Within the information society, the use of information and communication technologies inthe educational system becomes a necessity. Interest in studying Chemical elements with the help ofcomputer is determined by a number of cases to be presented in this paper.Keywords:chemistry, computer assisted learning, method of training, educational software, computer andsoftware integration in school, AeL software platform, SIVECO RomaniaTEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONSComputer assisted learning, as a method oftraining, has a major function in increasing theeffectiveness of educational training process.Computer assisted training as a method oflearning-assessment certainly contributes tochanging the educational curriculum. It wasestablished that the computer and its facilitiesare still little explored within the educationalsystem in Romania. The computer, in this case,is used as a means of education which runseducational programs and thus assists theteacher in the act of teaching, formative andsummative assessment and the student inlearning and assessment process. It is obviousthat technology continues to develop rapidlysuggesting new possibilities to all sectors henceeducation also.Attraction for educational software consists incompetitiveness, dynamic design, user initiative,program documentation and flexibility to adapt.Computer and software integration in schooland thus in the educational process is a necessitydictated by current requirements. Theaccomplishment of educational programs is notan aim in itself. They are edited to be applied inteaching activities conducted by educators andeducated.The information era consists of three periods:the information society, knowledge society andawareness society. Increased IT knowledgeamong teachers and students is an importantstep towards the information society.Currently, the AeL software platform developedby SIVECO Romania is being used; it is based ona learning situation that revaluates theopportunity to present educational materials asnew, dynamic, interactive methods, induced bycomputer use and it presents a number ofbenefits directed to the favorable attitude of thestudent to study.New information technologies should beconsidered as a means of teaching (integrated inteaching various subjects, including Chemistry)© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 81

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGwith important role in improving the quality ofteaching and improving the educationalprocess.Patterns to use Computer Assisted Training inthe education process were traditionally thesame: setting and controlling knowledge,modeling and visualization of processes andphenomena in explaining the new materials,texts processing, development of logicalthinking, individual shaping of processes bystudents.It was established that the number and intensityof research on Computer Assisted Instruction invarious countries is directly proportional to thedegree of computerization of the educationalprocess and the readiness of teachers to applythe computer in teaching Chemistry. Despiteresearch that addresses a deeper or moresuperficial extent, the problem of computer usein studying chemistry, remains a less exploredarea.Chemistry, and other related disciplines(Physics, Mathematics, Biology) has alsobenefited from the e-Learning applications, thenew perspectives that the computer and theInternet bring in the training process. LearningChemistry through another method, ComputerAssisted Training, is a challenge and a“something else” in the same time, andcombining them with other methods ofteaching-learning is a necessity.Computer assisted learning involves twoimportant aspects:Developing a training program, which is theresult of educational programming, thus aneducational product;Transcription of this program in thecomputer program, which is an informaticsproduct.Teachers who want to use the project method inclass are forced to adopt new educationalstrategies to get results. Direct educationmethods that rely on manuals, presentationsand traditional assessments do not work toowell in an open learning process,interdisciplinary, that describes the projectbasedlearning.Most teachers are not prepared to assumethemselves the role of guide or facilitator and toteach this way. Those who make the transitionto project-based instruction are facing somechallenges to be overcome by the use of newteaching methods. As teachers and studentswork together on projects and integratetechnologies, their roles change, and theeducational space rearranges its performers.The projects require a change in the role ofteacher. Teachers who are familiar with theexposures and rely on existing textbooks ormaterials may have difficulties in switching to alearner-centered approach. This means to waivethe unidirectional control allowing students towork in multiple directions, in different activitiesin the same time. While the planning phase ofthe project requires more time to prepare, oncethe project is started, the teacher acts as a coachor facilitator. For teachers, this is interesting andit is a method to approach to individual stylesand creativity of students.EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE IN CHEMISTRYEducational software is the name of a programdesigned in relation to a series of teachingcoordinates (behavioral objectives, specificcontent) and technical coordinates (providingindividualized interaction, the feedbacksequence and formative assessment); broadly aneducational software is any program designedfor use in training and learning.Educational software in Chemistry is intendedfor students, or any person interested in thisarea. This software is designed to attract users byallowing them to conduct chemical experimentslacking the specific materials. With 3D modelslearners can see how chemicals look like, howcertain reactions take place and may viewcertain phenomena which can not be visiblevirtually.The various examples presented by SIVECO referto studying periodic system of elements, isotopesand nuclear reactions, the reactions equationsstoichiometry and analytical methods ofquantitative and qualitative ions in solutions. Byusing the simulation models the time needed toassimilate concepts and specific concepts ofanalysis is to be shortened and operating costs ofeach method are to be minimal. Furthermore,the large number of possibilities and parametersof the software used can give their users theflexibility needed to acquire a correct analysis onsamples with unknown compositions andconcentrations. Without replacing the directcontact with chemical substances andequipment, the works on computer enrich thepossibilities of acquiring knowledge and actively822010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGimplementing them. By using computer thelearning potential is huge. The computerprovides students and teachers "the opening" tothe world, to the others. He gives the student theway to overcome isolation. For teacher andstudent altogether, the computer represents agreat help during classes and elsewhere.Weaknesses for computer use:it affects the child's posture;it enlarges diopters;it determines aggressive behavior due togames;it allows the child to relate to unknownpersons.Strengths for computer use:the child learns to control an instrument byplaying;it improves hand eye coordination;it speeds up the reaction;it offers the opportunity to explore the worldand create original work;it facilitates the interpersonal relationships;the child gets a good opinion of himself;it improves his school performances.To students, the computer has only strengths.The interactive software has a strategy thatallows feedback and ongoing monitoring,resulting in an individualization of coursedepending on the subject's knowledge.Following the analysis we did to achieve thiswork, we can say that the main features ofcomputer assisted instruction are:ensure unity among the functions ofcommunication, storage and control,resulting in improved learning by feedbackeffect;exempt professor from teaching a series ofacts of routine (teaching, repetition,evaluation, etc.), thus giving him theopportunity to focus his efforts and time torefine studied material (by steps andinvestigation);require combining the study by reading themanual or the computer with otherbibliographic materials and experimentrequire maintaining the relationship"teacher-student" working in groups or withthe whole class to confront the results, tocreate that climate, develop a sense ofcommunity;provide an active reception of knowledge,depending on students working at their ownpace;teach students self-control and managementof their intellectual activitiescreate the possibility to revise the poorlyunderstood problems and thus to make aconscious approach to knowledge.The educational software designed forsimulations and virtual experiments to teachchemistry lessons has the following advantages:allows teachers and students to create fast,easy and secure virtual experiments neededto understand certain phenomena;there are no actually consumed substances,no broken utensils, no materials, which areusually very expensive;there is no toxic working environment as ina chemistry laboratory;accidents are eliminated when conductinghighly dangerous experiments;virtual experiments can be achieved in amuch shorter time, thus saving time;virtual experiment to determine thechemical nature of a solution cansuccessfully replace the real experimentwhen it does not exist in the laboratory.The use of AeL platform and its own programslead to a teaching-learning process moreefficient and attractive to students and teachers.The use of computer in teaching Chemistry hasboth advantages and disadvantages:ADVANTAGESthe use of computer provides a high degreeof individualization and independence oflearning, ensuring the reverse learning linkthrough feedback, the amount of acquiredknowledge is being increasedcomputer assisted learning provides a selfpacedlearningit ensures a conscious knowledgeacquirementit sequences the scientific contentit facilitates the ongoing evaluation of resultsDISADVANTAGESthe poor endowment with computers leadsto the fact that students can not worksimultaneously, moreover, not all studentshave the same skill in computer usea depersonalization of teaching-learning actexcessive individualization of learning canlead to denial of student-teacher dialogue2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 83

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGdue to content sequencing, the studentsmay not have the representation of thephenomenonwhen using the directed learning, thestudent may not express his spirit ofindependence and creativityCONCLUSIONSWe like to believe that the time we used thelaboratory only for experiments has gone, thatthere is no longer that exasperation of studentsforced to do well with little. But this is notcompletely true.In most schools in the country the activity takesplace in chemistry laboratories, in case that theyexist or are still functional. This is where thevirtual education with its computers andprograms comes into discussion. An instaurationof educational system has taken place.When designing software to perform a range ofexperiments, there should be as manyparameters as possible to study physicalphenomena. Thus the teacher can approachdifferent work strategies in the class accordingto the performances he wants to achieve.The real laboratory should not be removed fromthe process of training. The twotypes ofexperiments should complement each other.By using computer applications, an idealworking space is being created and humanerrors inherent in real experiments are beingeliminated.The main reasons for which we considerinteractive virtual experiment useful, would berelated to the assessment of rigorous scientificcontent by the students and to the developmentof investigative capacity, creativity, modeling,analysis, interpretation, generalization, andconfirmation of studied phenomena.[5.] BÂRZA, Silviu (2002): Bazele informaticii sinotiuni de birotica. Ed. Fundatiei Românieide mâine, Bucuresti[6.] HILTZ, S.R., The Virtual Classroom: LearningWithout Limits Via Computer Networks,Ablex, Norwood, N.J., 1994[7.] HARASIM, L., Online Education:Perspectives on a New Environment,L.Harasim, ed., Praeger, New York, 1990,pp. 39-66[8.] GROSKY, William I., JAIN, Ramesh,MEHROTRA, Rajiv (Eds.): Handbook ofMultimedia Information Management.Prentice-Hall 1997[9.] HARASIM, L. et al., Learning Networks: AField Guide to Teaching and LearningOnline, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.,1995[10.] FOLEY, J. U., VAN DAM, A., 1982:Fundamentals of Interactive ComputerGraphics, Addison WesleyAUTHOR & AFFILIATION1.SORINA ŞERBAN1.DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA,UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” TIMISOARA, ROMANIAREFERENCES[1.] ADĂSCĂLIŢIEI, A. Instruire asistata decalculator, IAC. Proiectarea sistemelorinformatice multimedia, sursa Internet.[2.] DRĂGĂNESCU, Mihai, 1986, Informatica şisocietatea, Editura Tehnica, Bucureşti[3.] IONESCU, Miron; CHIŞ, Vasile, 1992, Strategiide predare-învatare, Editura Ştiintifica,Bucureşti.[4.] www.siveco.roACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro842010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.SAMER KHOURIOPTIMIZATION OF ENTERPRISE PROCESSES BY MEANSOF IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EFFICIENT ERP SYSTEMAbstract:Optimal functioning of an enterprise in the present era of knowledge economy is related with thedemand of efficiency increase in organizing, planning, control and outputs of flows beginning withdevelopment and purchase and ending by manufacturing and distribution according to needs ofcustomers so that all conditions of market by minimal costs and capital expenses, while maximizingincome of the enterprise. These facts lead to the demand for a qualitative and efficient informationsystem of the enterprise, which is at present becoming the key factor of success on the market. Theenterprises that do not put their attention to inclusion of modern information technologies aregetting themselves into strategic disadvantage compared to their competition.Keywords:ERP system, optimization of enterprise processes, implementation, efficiencyINTRODUCTIONThe present economics is mainly characterizedby globalization and accelerating dynamics ofmarket and production cycles. The terms ofdeliveries are getting shorter, competition isincreasing, the complexity of services is gettingbroader and control of relations with customersis changing. The enterprises that do notcontinuously focus on implementation ofmodern information technologies are gettinginto competitive disadvantage and they caneasily find themselves in crisis. The importanceof information systems that are becoming a keyfactor of success is therefore increasing.The presented article deals with clarification offoundations of information systems, evaluationof demands on an efficient ERP system, theprocess o f design and approach of creation ofan efficient information system will also beclarified. The article also contains analysis ofincorporation of a chosen information system ina chosen enterprise, together with its situationbefore implementation of ERP system throughthe course of implementation of the system toevaluation of its advantages.THE FOUNDATIONS OF ERP SYSTEMSEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP) isdesignation for a software system that is set tosupport and automate processes in anorganization. It is usually a broad package thatcovers areas of production, distribution, humanresources management, project control, salariesand accounting. Companies usually do not useall the modules, just the part they need. ERPSpromises to integrate all sections and operationsof a company into a unified software package. Inthe last years, the definition of ERP is gettingbroader with new terms and areas. Modules likeCustomer Relationship Management or SupplyChain Management or business intelligence arebecoming parts of ERP systems. (Khouri et al.2009a)© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 85

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGDEMANDS ON EFFICIENT ERP SYSTEM OF ANENTERPRISEInformation systems have to fulfill certain basicdemands reflecting their quality. These onesbelong among them:information have to be representative ofsubstance and needs on individual levels ofcontrol,frequency and speed of data obtaining haveto allow their efficient use by decisionmaking,channels of delivery have to be modifiedtowards the organizational structure takingin account the need of shortest pathbetween sender and receiver,by delivery of data it is necessary to avoidmiddle elements, which deform and disturbinformation,forms of data presentation have to becommunicative and flexible to possibilitiesof their understanding by their recipients,information system has to fulfill integrativefunction and integrate mutually or units ofthe company and secure feedback,information system has to be able to adaptto changing conditions in inner and outerenvironment of a company.The basic demands on IS regarding the needs ofcontrol of an enterprise can be summarized inthe following way:the information system has to supply theneeded information inputs into theenterprise and information outputs intosurroundings,it has to prepare all inner informationneeded for control, it observes the course of controlledprocesses, obtains, measures andanalyses data about the real state of thecontrolled processes or deviations fromthe set values, it prepares the gathered data forprocessing on the appropriate media, it secures input of these data forprocessing and manages its ownprocessing for the needs of control.It has to supply to all organizational unitsand to every employee all informationneeded for their activities and this inappropriate form and needed time. Thedistribution of the processed data has tosecure information inevitable for decisionmaking for the managers. By exeucutiveemployees, it is giving orders and otherinformation that precisely specify theappointed work and create assumptions forits execution,.It has to fulfill integration role. It has tosecure interconnection of all workplaces inthe enterprise and to realize the closing offeedbacks without which, control cannotexist..IS has to be flexible, able to develop andadapt to inner and outer conditions andchanges in the control system.IS should be efficient, that can beunderstood as: Inner efficiency that is demanded byrational organization of the IS, it shouldbe the cheapest (but not at the expenseof quality) and Outer efficiency shown by the effect ofthe operation of the controlled systemthat is obtained on the ground ofinformation supplied to the control.(Khouri et al. 2009b)For any information system to fulfill its task andobtain selected aims, it has to be secured fromthe following sides:personal – qualified employeestechnical – information and othertechnologies,software organizational – means of practicaluse of the information system.(Al-Zabidi,2006)SELECTION OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEMThe selection of an information system is boundwith demands laid upon it. Regardingcomplexity and functionality of the system, itslevel is directly proportional to its price. Thebase of every system applied in manufacturing iscomplex observation of supplier-customerrelations, based on which operations needed forrealization of supplies are executed. By using ofinformation system, it is necessary to obtainother functions – be it the system of control andmaintenance planning or the actual system ofquality and production control (Khouri 2009)It is important to realize that even if there aredifferent types of information systems, that doesnot mean that only one of them can beoperational in an enterprise. However in862010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGenterprises, usually more types of IS areoperated at the same time. Every enterprise hasto have a transactional system. For this systemmany different products exist today, beginningwith simple accounting application to complexsolutions of the information system (suchsystems are usually differentiated according tothe type of the enterprise and employees count).By selection of an information system it isnecessary to take in account:adequacy of the system – how much time ittakes for a user to obtain the neededinformation, if the system is user friendly ormaintains the needed level of security.,expandability of the system – is theadaptively of the system regardingdevelopment of the company secured, doesthe system have recommendations orneeded attests. Is it clear that the moreunexpected malfunctions will occur themore serious will be results on totalincompetence to face such problems. Theinformation should be considered secureonly when the mentioned realities arereflected in its design and operation. Withongoing time, the information systembecomes a mixture of old and new elements.The ability to cooperate with specializedmodules of competitive suppliers of softwareis also very important and is realized by databridges,lot of hardware and database platforms,on which the system works,technologic openness – the author of theinformation system cooperates with externalsoftware companies on development ofspecific modules.System integrators help the big enterprises thatwill do the analysis of needs and will set thefuture – desired state and will completelyorganize and secure transformation of theinformation system to the desired state.Advantage of these services lies in decrease ofrisk of investments into a proprietary softwareby absence of the needed experience, whiletransferring the responsibility on the systemintegrator. The system integrator has to have theknowledge of not very related branches(information technologies, management,logistics, system analysis, quality). (Khouri et al.2009a)Before selection of the information system, it isdemanded to clear out your business strategyand aims that the enterprise wants to achieve.The analytics are trying to map official and alsoinformal flows of information. Routineinformation is found by filling of questionnaires.It is difficult to set the time horizon of a„common” analysis.DESIGN OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEMBy design of an efficient information system, it isinevitable to have information about everyimportant element of the system. In this case thesystem is the given organization – company.Every system has three basic elements: inputs,conversion process and outputs as shown in thefigure 1.Environment – social, economic, political, technicalfactors involved in operation of the systemFig 1. The scheme of an open systemIn the process of design of information system itis necessary to take in account that somesystems are deterministic, what means that theirelements operate in foreseeable or definablerelations like clock. Problems in suchdeterministic system can be easily diagnosed.However, most of systems involving humanfactor are hard to describe and hard to solveproblems in. Such more complex systems areknown as stochastic and succumb to highdeviations in quantity and quality of theiroutput. All organizations, like all companies arebased on human factor and are stochastic intheir character.In and ideal case the model organization systemshould be self regulative, with embeddedmethodology of output monitoring withfeedback signaling results so any neededmodifications could be executed – somethinglike a thermostat that automatically turns on afurnace when temperature gets below desiredpoint. But taking in account the reality thatevery organization has stochastic nature, designof self regulative system of control represents avery complex task.To be able to progress further in solution, it isnecessary to install sensors into every element ofthe system: into input, into the conversion2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 87

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGprocess and also into output. These sensors arepart of the data – so called “indicators”, whichrecord the course of operations and allowcomparing results to standard output.The input data have to be gatheredcontinuously, so the demand and resourcesutilized in services could be observed.Operational algorithms have to be monitoredcontinuously because of obtaining ofinformation about exceptions, errors count anderrors in operation of the system. Outputinformation about amount and quality ofservices is needed to be harmonized withaccording processes. Except this, there isinevitable need of observation of externalenvironment of organization – data likedemographic characteristics of population,which the organization offers it services, servicesoffered by other organization – development ofcompetition, newest changes in ladder of values.These data indicators offer the leadingemployees a key that can help them in furtherstudy of situation and give them means tocorrect current state. (Khouri et al. 2009a)The development of a real self regulativeinformation system is not achievable aim. It ishowever possible to design a system withfollowing qualities:Information system of control has toproduce information, not data. It isnecessary to process data and analyzes themaccording to set plans and only then thedata can become information usable forleading employees.The gathered data have to be relevant to apurpose of their use. Data have to besensitive and must supply leading employeeswith differential and sensible comparisons.Information has to be without bias. It shouldnot be gathered and analyzed only for thepurpose of acknowledgment of propheciesof ambitious and egoistic leading employees.The system should be understandable andsynoptic. The employees doing decisionmaking should get all important element ofthe system.Information has to be prepared in time andbe to disposal before execution of neededdecisions and steps.Information should be oriented on activitiesand should be in the form of such synthesis,which will make decisions easier, itshouldn’t present only passive facts aboutpresent operations.It is important to have data unified andprecise; it should give indicators that can becompared in time internally with previousoutput and externally with experiences andresults of other institutions.Data folders should be gathered with regardto aims set before.Expected advantages that can be obtained byusing information should be higher thancosts needed to get a process it. (Cehlár et al.2005)IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ERP SYSTEM IN THESELECTED ENTERPRISEThe function of a complex information systemwas insufficiently substituted by software fromthe office package. Except the classicsrepresented by Outlook, Word and Excelsoftware, the enterprise has also created by itsown means an application with the form ofenterprise portal in FrontPage. The base of theenterprises informational structure were uninterconnectedsystems of building manufacturecontrol, creation of building budgets, accountingsystem, salaries and human resourcesmanagement.Situation in the enterprise beforeimplementation of an ERP systemThe function of a complex information systemwas insufficiently substituted by software fromthe office package. Except the classicsrepresented by Outlook, Word and Excelsoftware, the enterprise has also created by itsown means an application with the form ofenterprise portal in FrontPage. The base of theenterprises informational structure were uninterconnectedsystems of building manufacturecontrol, creation of building budgets, accountingsystem, salaries and human resourcesmanagement.Evaluation of needs of the enterpriseThere was a tender executed on design andimplementation of a complex ERP system foroptimization of the most important processes inthe enterprise, mainly to improve control ofprojects and supply of complex services to882010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGcustomers. The customers (the chosenenterprise) demanded interconnection ofinformation by means of portal on the platformShare Point Portal Server. The new informationsystem should support obtaining of strategicaims of the enterprise, thus obtainingcompetitive advantage. Implementation ofactive planning was aimed to improve control ofeconomics and more efficient resources usage.The process of selection was very complicatedand it lasted three quarters of a year. Theenterprise has had a lot of experience withsuppliers and it has considered also in this casemany information systems. The main criteria ofselection was quality, scalability, know how inthe area of control of building manufacture andthe most user friendly interface. The othercriteria were complexity from the point of viewof demands on subsidiary processes andfunctioning of the enterprise. Support ofcreation, realization and optimization ofprojects and support of efficient cooperationwith a broad spectrum of external professionalpartners were also important factors.The course of implementation of theinformation systemAfter ending of the tender, before beginning ofimplementation, the enterprise had demanded aworkout of integration-implementation studythat mapped processes in the enterprise. Thisstudy was a important milestone beforeachieving agreement between enterprise aims ofthe customer and possibilities of the projectedinformation system. After negotiations andacceptation, the supplier offered a proposal ofsolution.The architecture of the system was proposedwith the aim to cover all enterprise processes –from search for customers, through bid andpreparation of contract, realization of building,handover of the building, to completion of theproject. The pillar of solution was the system forsupport of purchase, sales and finances. Thesystem had to be integrated with the system ofcontrol of building manufacture and tools ofCenkros software (the software of creation ofbuilding budgets), system for humans resourcesmanagement and salaries Human and with theenterprise portal offering subsidiary services, asevidence of contacts, management ofattendance, acceptance processes, etc. Thisconception would eliminate duplicity of data.All specialized demands were worked into theinformation system of the enterprise. Forexample, the module Finances demandeddeeper economic analyses, more detailedbudget planning, building specialties likemortgages, payment calendars, stoppers,workout of projects, observation of costs ofindividual projects, evaluation of projects,observation of commitments towards certaindate, or data acquisition for statistical needs.Every implementation of changes is facingmistrust at first. It was very important not toloose support from management of theenterprise during the course of the project.Usually the phases of analyzing and testing ofoutputs of the project are critical. In this process,it is inevitable to cooperate with the customer. Inthe chose enterprise, it was difficult for the keyemployees that had to dedicate main part oftheir work time to cooperation with theimplementer of the solution and they had to dotheir normal responsibilities.The course of the implementation wasmonitored on periodic seminars. The customerwanted to be sure, that capacities and financialmeans will be efficiently used with demandedresults, therefore it observed very precisely andconsulted the course and fulfillment of tasks. Inthis way, the project was lead to its final phase.Evaluation of assetsAfter implementation of the information system,the employees obtained a complex entry andquick overview of state of orders and projects.With information share, documents and forms ofShare Point Portal Server the duplicities werecancelled and teamwork was simplified.The solution fulfilled demands of the customeron mobility. The site managers that work onbuildings in terrain can connect to theenterprise’s portal by use of their notebooks. Inthis way they solve mainly exchange ofinformation that they need for their operation,like information about course of orders,economics and accounting documents,economics and accounting documents of theirprojects and similar ones.By use of online connection they can also reportabout the actual situation on the particularbuilding that shows a complex overview and2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 89

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGallows a coordinated control of realization of allprojects of the enterprise.The advantage of this ERP system is its ability ofhorizontal and vertical scaling, so the followingsystem is able to grow with the enterprise. In thefuture it is possible to implement newfunctionalities and create new modules.CONCLUSIONSA qualitative information system is inevitable inpresent economics. Time plays ever moreimportant role. Today, not the bigger ones overstronger win, but faster over slower ones win.Managers have to flexibly react on needs of themarket and take fast and correct decisions. Theyneed a simple access to actual, precise andcomplex information, which only a reliableinformation system based on moderntechnologies can supply. The qualitativeinformation system is a mean that allows betterorientation in market environment and tosimplify the process of decision making.The implementation of an efficient ERP systemin the selected enterprise has replaced severalincompatible programs and applications. Itallowed integration with specific systems forcontrol of building manufacturing and supportof the most important enterprise processes –control of projects and supply of complexservices to customers from its search up tocommitment of the project into operation. Italso contributed to more economic use of alldisposable resources of the enterprise bylowering workload and removing duplicateactivities. Naturally it also offers a complex andfast access to information and overview of stateof orders and economic complexes and analysisfor the needs of management.[3.] KHOURI, S. 2009. Analysis of information asthe content of an enterprise informationsystem. Annals of the Faculty ofEngineering Hunedoara - Journal ofEngineering. no. 2 ,ISSN: 1584-2665.[4.] Andrea LESNIAKOVÁ, Michal CEHLÁR,Katarína KYSEĽOVÁ, 2004. Vplyv riadeniarizík na podnikateľskú činnosť ťažobnejfirmy a na hodnotu využívania ložiska. In :In: Uhlí - Rudy - Geologický průzkum. -ISSN 1210-7697. - Vol. 11, no. 2 (2004), p.25-27[5.] Andrea LESNIAKOVÁ, Katarína KYSEĽOVÁ,2003. Environmentálna legislatívaEurópskeho spoločenstva a jej vplyv naoblasť nerastných zdrojov na Slovensku vrámci blížiaceho sa vstupu SR do EÚ. In:Zpravodaj Hnědé uhlí. - ISSN 1213-1660. -Č. 4 (2003), s. 11-21.[6.] www.hornex.skAUTHOR & AFFILIATION1.SAMER KHOURI1.THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KOŠICE,FACULTY OF MINING, ECOLOGY,PROCESS CONTROL AND GEOTECHNOLOGY,KOŠICE, SLOVAKIAREFERENCES[1.] AL-ZABIDI, D., AL-ZABIDI, A. 2006.Significance of the financial andmarketing controlling. Metalurgija. vol. 45,no. 3, p. 257. ISSN 0543-5846.[2.] CEHLÁR, M.; MIHOK, J.; KYSEĽOVÁ, K.;BOHUŠOVÁ, V. 2005. Informačný systémťažobného podniku a jeho vplyv nazhodnocovanie ložiska. Uhlí-Rudy-Geologický průzkum. vol. 12, no.4 p. 24-28. ISSN 1210-7697.ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro902010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.V. RAJESH .MHD FREE CONVECTION FLOW PAST AN ACCELERATEDVERTICAL POROUS PLATE WITH VARIABLETEMPERATURE THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUMAbstract:The effect of a uniform transverse magnetic field on the free convection flow of an electricallyconductingfluid past an uniformly accelerated infinite, vertical, porous plate through a porousmedium is discussed. The plate temperature is raised linearly with time. Expressions for the velocityfield and skin friction are obtained by the Laplace transform technique. The influence of the variousparameters, entering into the problem, on the velocity field and skin friction is extensively discussedwith the help of graphs.Keywords:Free convection, MHD, porous medium, Accelerated, Vertical porous plate, variable temperatureINTRODUCTIONBuoyancy forces that arise from densitydifferences in a fluid cause free convection.These density differences are a consequence oftemperature gradients with in a fluid. Freeconvection flow is a significant factor in severalpractical applications that include, for example,cooling of electronic components, in designsrelated to thermal insulation, materialprocessing, and geothermal systems. Transientnatural convection is of fundamental interest inmany industrial and environmental situationssuch as air conditioning systems, humancomfort in buildings, atmospheric flows, motors,thermal regulation process, cooling of electronicdevices, and security of energy systems. Hydromagnetic flow is encountered in heatexchangers, pumps, flow meters, in designingcommunications and radar systems, and innuclear engineering in connection with thecooling of reactor and MHD accelerators.Convective heat transfer in porous media hasreceived considerable attention in recent yearsowing to its importance in various technologicalapplications such as fibre and granularinsulation, electronic system cooling, coolcombustors, and porous material regenerativeheat exchangers.Gupta et al. [1] have studied free convection onflow past an linearly accelerated vertical plate inthe presence of viscous dissipative heat usingperturbation method. Kafousias and Raptis [2]extended this problem to include mass transfereffects subjected to variable suction or injection.Free convection effects on flow past anaccelerated vertical plate with variable suctionand uniform heat flux in the presence ofmagnetic field was studied by Raptis et al. [3].Mass transfer effects on flow past an uniformlyaccelerated vertical plate was studied bySoundalgekar [4]. Singh [5] studied MHD freeconvection flow in the stokes problem for aporous vertical plate. Mass transfer effects onflow past an accelerated vertical plate withuniform heat flux was analyzed by Singh and© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 91

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSingh [6]. Basant kumar Jha and RavindraPrasad [7] analyzed mass transfer effects on theflow past an accelerated infinite vertical platewith heat sources. Again Basant kumar Jha [8]discussed MHD free convection and masstransform flow through a porous medium.Recently Muthucumaraswamy et al. [9] studiedunsteady flow past an accelerated infinitevertical plate with variable temperature anduniform mass diffusion.The hydro magnetic free convection flow pastan accelerated vertical porous plate withvariable temperature through a porous mediumhas many technical applications. Hence it isproposed to study MHD free convection flowpast an accelerated vertical porous plate withvariable temperature through a porous medium.The dimensionless governing equations aresolved using the Laplace transform technique.MATHEMATICAL ANALYSISAn unsteady flow of an electrically conductingviscous incompressible fluid past an infinitevertical porous plate with variable temperaturethrough porous medium has been considered. Amagnetic field of uniform strength is assumed tobe applied transversely to the porous plate. Themagnetic Reynolds number of the flow is takento be small enough so that the inducedmagnetic field can be neglected. The flow isassumed to be in x′ - direction which is takenalong the vertical plate in the up ward direction.The y′ -axis is taken to be normal to the plate.Initially the plate and the fluid are at the sametemperatureT ′ . At time t ′ ∞>0, the plate isaccelerated with a velocity u′= u0t′in its ownplane and the plate temperature is raisedlinearly with time t. It is assumed that the effectof viscous dissipation is negligible. Then by usualBoussinesq’s approximation, the governingequations for the unsteady flow are2 2∂u′ ∂u′ ∂ u′σBu′0νu′+ v′ = gβ( T′ − T′∞)+ ν − −2∂t′ ∂y′ ∂y′ρ K′(1)2⎛∂T′ ∂T′⎞ ∂ T′ρCp⎜ + v′⎟=κ2⎝ ∂t′ ∂y′⎠ ∂y′(2)With the initial and boundary conditionst′ ≤ 0 , u′ = 0 , T ′= T ∞′ for all y′(3)t′ > 0 , u′ u0t′T′ = T′ ∞+ T′ w− T′∞At′ at y′ = 0u′ = 0 , T′ → T ∞′ as y′ →∞.= , ( )12⎛u 3where A 0⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ν ⎠Equation (1) is valid when the magnetic lines offorce are fixed relative to the fluid.On introducing the following non-dimensionalquantities:u′⎛u u = , t t 0⎞= ′ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ν ⎠( νu ) 1 3w0∞12 3T′ −T′μC∞pθ = , PT ′ − T ′r= , MκG( ′ − ′ )gβT Tw ∞r= ,u0⎛u30 ⎞, y = y′⎜ ν2 ⎟⎝ ⎠ ,1σ B= , (4)ρ( νu) 1 3012 30ν23u02⎛u30 ⎞= ′ ⎜ 2 ⎟−v′γ = , K K⎝ νin equations (1) to (3), leads to∂u 2− γ∂u = Gurθ+ ∂ −Mu−u2∂t ∂y ∂yK2⎛∂θ ∂θ ⎞ ∂ θP r ⎜ − γ ⎟=(6)2⎝ ∂t ∂y ⎠ ∂yWith the initial and boundary conditions :t ≤ 0: u = 0 , θ = 0 for all yt > 0: u = t , θ = t at y = 0(7)u = 0 , θ → 0 as y →∞All the physical variables are defined in thenomenclature. The solution of equations (5) and(6), subject to the boundary conditions (7) by thelaplace transform technique when the prandtlnumber Pr= 1, is given by⎡ γ⎤ ⎡ γ⎤Gy d2 2y drt−y t d− +⎛ ⎞ ⎡ ⎢ ⎥ ⎛ ⎢ 2⎥⎣ ⎦+ ⎞ ⎛⎣ ⎦y−2t d⎞⎤u= ⎜1− ⎟ ⎢e erfc + e erfc⎥⎝ M′⎠2 ⎜ 2 t ⎟ ⎜ 2 t ⎟⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦⎡ γ⎤ ⎡ γ⎤y G− y d+ 2 2y dry t d−⎡ ⎤⎡⎢ ⎥ ⎛ ⎢ 2⎥⎣ ⎦− ⎞ ⎛⎣ ⎦y+2t d⎞⎤− 1 e erfc e erfc4 d⎢− ⎢−⎥⎣ M′⎥⎦⎜ 2 t ⎟ ⎜ 2 t ⎟⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦Gt ⎡r ⎛ y+ tγ⎞ −γy ⎛ y−tγ⎞⎤+ erfc + e erfc2M ′⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥⎣ ⎝ 2 t ⎠ ⎝ 2 t ⎠⎦(8)Gy ⎡r −γy ⎛ y− tγ⎞ ⎛ y+tγ⎞⎤− e erfc −erfc2M ′⎢γ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥⎣ ⎝ 2 t ⎠ ⎝ 2 t ⎠⎦⎠(5)922010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGt ⎡ ⎛ y+ tγ⎞ −γy ⎛ y−tγ⎞⎤θ = ⎢erfc e erfc2⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎥⎣ ⎝ 2 t ⎠ ⎝ 2 t ⎠⎦(9)y ⎡−γy ⎛ y− tγ⎞ ⎛ y+tγ⎞⎤− ⎢e erfc −erfc⎥2γ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎣ ⎝ 2 t ⎠ ⎝ 2 t ⎠⎦21 γwhere M′ = M + , d = M′+K 4SKIN-FRICTIONWe now study skin-friction from velocity field. Itis given in non-dimensional form as−du⎤τ =dy⎥ (10)⎦y=0Then from equations (8) and (10), we have⎡ Gr⎤⎡ t ⎤td1 e−τ =⎢− + t d erf ( td )M ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ′ ⎦⎣ π⎦⎡ Gr⎤tγ+ 1 ⎡erfc( td ) erfc( td )⎤⎢− + −⎣ M ′ ⎥⎦ 4 ⎣ ⎦⎡ Gr⎤ 1G ⎛rγ t ⎞+ 1− erf ( td ) + erf⎣⎢ M′ ⎦⎥2 dγ M′⎜ 2 ⎟⎝ ⎠2ttG ⎡γr2 − ⎛ γ t ⎞⎤4+ ⎢ e + γ erfc − ⎥2M′ πt⎜⎣ ⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎟ ⎠⎦⎥DISCUSSION AND RESULTS(11)In order to get the physical insight into theproblem, we have plotted velocity profiles fordifferent parameters M (Magnetic parameter), K(permeability parameter), γ (suction parameter)andG r(thermal grashof number) in figures (1) to(8) for the cases of heating ( 0) of the plate. The heating and coolingtake place by setting up free convection currentdue to temperature gradient.Figures (1) and (2) illustrate the influences ofM(magnetic parameter) in cases of cooling andheating of the porous plate at t=0.2 and t=0.4respectively. It is observed that the velocitydecreases with increase of magnetic parameterM for both cases of cooling and heating of theplate. It is because that, the application oftransverse magnetic field will result a resistitivetype force(lorentz force) similar to drag force,which tends to resist the fluid flow and thusreducing its velocity. It is also observed that theG rvelocity is maximum near the plate anddecreases away from the plate and finally takesasymptotic value.VelocityVelocityVelocity0.30.250.20.150.10.050Figure 1. Velocity Profiles when Gamma=0.1,K=0.5,t=0.2M=1,Gr=5M=3,Gr=5M=5,Gr=5M=1,Gr=-5M=3,Gr=-5M=3,Gr=-5-0.050 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4y0.450.40.350.30.250.20.150.10.050Figure 2. Velocity Profiles when Gamma=0.1,K=0.5,t=0.4M=1,Gr=5M=3,Gr=5M=5,Gr=5M=1,Gr=-5M=3,Gr=-5M=3,Gr=-5-0.050 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2y0.250.20.150.10.05Figure 3. Velocity Profiles when M=1,K=0.5,t=0.2Gamma=0.1,Gr=5Gamma=0.5,Gr=5Gamma=1, Gr=5Gamma=0.1,Gr=-5Gamma=0.5,Gr=-5Gamma=1, Gr=-500 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4yFigures (3) and (4) reveal velocity variations withγ (suction parameter) in cases of cooling andheating of the porous plate at t=0.2 and t=0.4respectively. It is found that the velocity2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 93

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGdecreases as the suction parameterγ increasesfor both cases of cooling and heating of theporous plate. It is also found that the velocity ismaximum near the plate and decreases awayfrom the plate and finally takes asymptoticvalue.VelocityVelocityVelocity0.450.40.350.30.250.20.150.10.050Figure 4. Velocity Profiles when M=1,K= 0.5,t= 0.4Gamma=0.1,Gr=5Gamma=0.5,Gr=5Gamma=1, Gr=5Gamma=0. 1,Gr=-5Gamma=0. 5,Gr=-5Gamma=1, Gr=-5-0.050 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2y0.30.250.20.150.10.050Figure 5. Velocity Profiles when Gamma=0.5 ,M=1,t=0.2K=0.1,Gr=5K=0.3,Gr=5K=0.5,Gr=5K=0.1,Gr=-5K=0.3,Gr=-5K=0.5,Gr=-5-0.050 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2y0.450.40.350.30.250.20.150.10.050Figure 6. Velocity Profiles when Gamma=0.5,M=1,t=0.4K=0.1,Gr=5K=0.3,Gr=5K=0.5,Gr=5K=0.1,Gr=-5K=0.3,Gr=-5K=0.5,Gr=-5-0.050 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2yFigures(5) and (6) represent the velocity profilesdue to variations in K (permeability parameter)in cases of cooling and heating of the porousplate at t=0.2 and t=0.4 respectively. It isobserved that the velocity increases withincrease of permeability parameter K for bothcases of cooling and heating of the plate. This isdue to the fact that the presence of a porousmedium increases the resistance to flow. It isalso observed that the velocity is maximum nearthe plate and decreases away from the plate andfinally takes asymptotic value.Figures (7) and (8) reveal velocity variations withG r(thermal grashof number) in the cases ofcooling and heating of the porous plate at t=0.2and t=0.4 respectively. It is observed that thevelocity increases with increase of thermalgrashof number G rin the case of cooling of theplate. It is due to the fact increase in the valuesof thermal grashof number has the tendency toincrease the thermal buoyancy effect. This givesrise to an increase in the induced flow. But thereverse effect is observed in case of heating ofthe plate. It is also observed that the velocity ismaximum near the plate and decreases awayfrom the plate and finally takes asymptoticvalue.VelocityVelocity0.30.250.20.150.10.050Figure 7. Velocity Profiles when Gamma=0.5,K=0.5,M=1,t=0.2Gr=2Gr=5Gr=10Gr=-2Gr=-5Gr=-10-0.050 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2y0.450.40.350.30.250.20.150.10.050Figure 8. Velocity Profiles when Gamma=0.5,K=0.5,M=1,t=0.4Gr=2Gr=5Gr=10Gr=-2Gr=-5Gr=-10-0.050 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2y942010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSkin friction3.532.521.51Figure 9. Skin friction when Gamma=0.5,K=0.5,M=1,Gr=5M=3,Gr=5M=5,Gr=5M=1,Gr=-5M=3,Gr=-5M=5,Gr=-5G r(Thermal grashof number) for cooling of theporous plate. But the reverse effect is observed inthe case of heating of the porous plate.Skin friction5432Figure 12. Skin friction when M=1,Gamma=0.5,K=0.5Gr=2Gr=5Gr=10Gr=-2Gr=-5Gr=-100.50.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1t3.53Figure 10. Skin friction when M=1,K=0.5,10-10.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1tSkin friction2.521.510.5Gamma=0.1,Gr=5Gamma=0.5,Gr=5Gamma=1, Gr=5Gamma=0.1,Gr=-5Gamma=0.5,Gr=-5Gamma=1, Gr=-5ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI acknowledge with gratitude, the help andconstructive criticism offered by Dr. S. Vijayakumar varma, Professor of Mathematics,S.V.University, Tirupati (A.P), India, in the abovework.Skin friction00.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1t43.532.521.51Figure 11. Skin friction when M=1,Gamma=0.5,K=0.1,Gr=5K=0.3,Gr=5K=0.5,Gr=5K=0.1,Gr=-5K=0.3,Gr=-5K=0.5,Gr=-50.50.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1tThe skin friction is presented in figures (9) to(12). From these figures we conclude that theskin-friction increases with increase in M(Magnetic parameter) and γ (suctionparameter), but decreases with an increase in K(permeability parameter) for both cooling andheating of the porous plate. It is also observedthat skin-friction decreases with increase inNomenclatureA Constanty′ Coordinate axis normal to the platey Dimensionless coordinate axis normal to theplateu Dimensionless velocityB External magnetic field0PrCpPrandtl numberSpecific heat at constant pressureT ∞′Temperature of the fluid far away from theplateT′ Temperature of the fluid near the plateT′wTemperature of the plateκ Thermal conductivity of the fluidGrThermal Grashof numbert′ Timeu′ Velocity of the fluid in the x′ -directionv′ Velocity of the fluid in the y′ -directionu Velocity of the plategK0Acceleration due to gravitypermeability parameter2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 95

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGM Magnetic field parameter [9.] MUTHUCUMARASWAMY R, SUNDAR RAJ M ANDt Dimensionless timeSUBRAMANIAN VSA (2009) Unsteady flow past anGreek symbolsaccelerated infinite vertical plate with variableμ Coefficient of viscositytemperature and uniform mass diffusion. Int. J.erfc Complementary error functionof Appl. Math. and Mech. 5(6): 51-56ρ Density of the fluidγ Suction ParameterAUTHOR & AFFILIATIONτ Dimensionless skin frictionθ Dimensionless temperature1.σ Electric conductivityV. RAJESHerf Error function1.DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, NARAYANAν Kinematic viscosityENGINEERING COLLEGE, NELLORE- 524004, ANDHRAα Thermal diffusivityPRADESH, INDIAβ Volumetric coefficient of thermal expansionSubscriptsw Conditions on the wall∞ Free stream conditionsREFERENCES[1.] GUPTA AS, POP I, SOUNDALGEKAR VM (1979) Freeconvection effects on the flow past anaccelerated vertical plate in an incompressibledissipative fluid. Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn.- Mec.Apl. 24: 561-568[2.] KAFOUSIAS NG, RAPTIS AA (1981) Mass Transferand free convection effects on the flow past anaccelerated vertical infinite plate with variablesuction or injection. Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn.-Mec. Apl. 26:11-22.[3.] RAPTIS AA, TZIVANIDIS GT, PERIDIKIS CP (1981)Hydromagnetic free convection flow past anaccelerated vertical infinite plate with variablesuction and heat flux. Letters in Heat and Masstransfer 8:137-143[4.] SOUNDALGEKAR VM (1982) Effects of masstransfer on flow past a uniformly acceleratedvertical plate. Letters in Heat and Mass transfer9: 65-72.[5.] SINGH AK (1982) MHD free convection flow inthe stokes problem for a porous vertical plate.Astrophysics and Space science 87:455-461[6.] SINGH AK, SINGH J (1983) Mass transfer effectson the flow past an accelerated vertical platewith constant heat flux. Astrophysics andSpace science 97: 57-61.[7.] BASANT KUMAR JHA, RAVINDRA PRASAD (1990) Freeconvection and mass transfer effects on theflow past an accelerated vertical plate withheat sources. Mechanics Researchcommunication 17: 143-148.[8.] BASANT KUMAR JHA (1991) MHD free convectionand mass transform flow through a porousmedium. Astrophysics and Space science175:283-289ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro962010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1SONIA PETRILA, 2. TITUS PETRILAFLUID FLOW INDUCED BY A MOBILE PROFILEWITH NON-CONSTANT CIRCULATIONAbstract:This paper deals with an approach of the inviscid 2-dimensional fluid flow induced by therototranslation of a profile (with a cuspidal point) in the fluid mass, by accepting a non-constantcirculation Γ(t) around the profile, i.e., multiformity for the pressure field. Some aerodynamiccharacteristics of a flow induced by an oscillatory motion of a Joukovski profile are calculated.Keywords:Non-constant circulation; Joukovski J010 AirfoilGENERALITIES ON THE UNSTEADY FLOWv r , of a fluid particle, located at )INDUCED BY A MOBILE PROFILEr r r r rgiven by v = ui + vj = v t+ vr,r r rwhere v tv 0+ ω×r r r r rwhile v ruri + vrj ≡ xi & + y & jvelocity of the fluid particle M .mobile frame Oxy ), denoting by p ,∂c while the exterior massthe absolute velocity respectively, they arer⎧∂v⎛ 1 2r r ⎞ 1⎪ + grad⎜V − v ⋅ vt ⎟ + gradp = 0Ox 1y 1together with a mobile frame⎪∂t⎝ 2 ⎠ ρr⎨divv= 0⎪ rrotv= 0⎪,z0= x0+ iy0the affix of the origin of therOxy which has the velocity v0(u0,v0) , a non-constant circulation Γ(t)r r r r r= xi + yj ≡ x 1i1 + y1j the position vector r of contour ∂ c .r rM∈ ext(c) while (i, j)andr rf (z;t) ϕ( x,y;t) + iψ(x, y;t)( i 1, j 1) are the unit vectors of the mobile and∂ϕ ∂ψvelocity w = f'(z) = u − iv , where u = =ω r ∂x∂y(0, 0, ω)the instantaneous rotation of the ∂ϕ ∂ψv = −∂y∂xLet us consider the two-dimensional unsteadyirrotational flow of an inviscid incompressiblefluid, induced by the motion of a (wing) profile cwith a cuspidal point at the trailing edge, thefluid being supposed at rest at infinity. Thecontour of the profile c is a simple, closedrectifiable curveforces are neglected.By considering a fixed of rectangularcoordinatesOxy linked to the mobile profile, we denote atevery time t, bybysystemby1an arbitrary pointfixed coordinates system respectively, bymobile frame. We can write that the absolutevelocity,M(rr , is= is the transport velocity= is the relativeConcerning the fluid flow equations (within theρ , V thepressure, the mass density and the magnitude ofIn what follows we will accept the multiformityof the pressure field which leads to a period ofthe pressure around the profile and implicitly to.around theBy introducing the complex potential= and the complexand= , for solving the above proposed© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 97

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGflow problem, we are led to the followingboundary value problem for the complexpotential:Find the function f : d ≡ ext(c) → C so that1. f(z;t) is holomorphic in the unboundeddomain d, ∀t > 0 ,2. w (z, t) = f'(z, t) is a uniform holomorphicfunction in d and lim w(z) = 0 ,z →∞2⎡a ⎤∞RF2 (Z) = −i⎢H(Z)− a∞Z− a0− ⎥ ,⎣Z ⎦21 r ( ς)F3(Z)= ∫ dς,2πC ς − Z222where r ( ς)= x ( ς)+ y ( ς)= H( ς)⋅ H( ς)and21 1 dr ( ς)Ω( Z) = F3'(Z) = ∫ ,2i 4πiC ς − Z1 Z3. Im{ f(z, t)} ≡ ψ is continuous on ∂candF 4(Z) = Log .2πiR2 2x + yψ(x,y;t) = u0(t)⋅ y − v0(t)⋅ x − ω(t)⋅ . Considering the complex velocity∂ c2df(z;t) dF(Z;t) 1In order to solve this problem we will follow thew(z;t)= = ⋅ ,dz dZ H'(Z)classical conformal mapping technique.by imposing the Joukovski rule (at the image ofDenoting bydF(Z;t)a1a2the cuspidal point) = 0 , we get theH : D → d , z = H(Z) = a∞Z + a0 + + + ...2dZZ=RZ Zthe conformal mapping which applies thenecessary value of the circulation Γ(t) , namely,exterior D of a circumference C of centre O Γ( t) = 4πR(a∞v0+ Ω ⋅ ω).and radius R , i.e., C(O,R), of the plane OXY The velocity expression ( u − iv) becomes( Z = X + iY) , onto the physical flow domain d, u0K+ v0L+ ωM, where2 2the transformed complex potentiala∞(Z − R )K = 1 −,F (Z;t) = f(H(Z)) = Φ( X, Y;t) + iΨ ( X, Y;t) becomes2Z ⋅ H'(Z)a holomorphic function in D ≡ ext(C)which is⎡ a⎤∞regular at infinity and whose imaginary partL = −i⎢1− (Z − R) ⎥ ,2⎣ Z ⋅ q1(Z) ⎦Ψ = Im{ F(Z;t)} on the circumference satisfies2i ZΩ(Z)− RΩ(R)22x (X, Y) + y (X, Y)M = .Ψ = uC 0y(X,Y) − v0x(X,Y) − ωZq1(Z)Z − R2∂CThe velocity value at the trailing edge Z = R iswhere x (X, Y) + iy(X, Y) = H(X + iY) .⎡ 2a ⎤ 2i( Ω + RΩ')But this exterior Dirichlet problem for a circlew(b) = u0 ⎢1−∞⎥ − iv0+ ω,⎣ Rq1(R) ⎦Rq1(R)could be solved by considering the SchwartzwhereΩ = Ω(R)and Ω ' = Ω'(R).Villat formula for determining the flow withcirculation Γ(t) , i.e.,THE CASE OF JOUKOVSKI TYPE PROFILE1 dςΓ(t)ZF(Z;t) = − ∫ Ψ(ς)+ Log .π C ς − Z 2πiRLet us now consider the particular case of aAssuming that the cuspidal point at the trailing Joukovski type profile. To make precise by usingedge of our profile with the affix b = x b+ iyb a conformal mapping of the typecorresponds to the point Z = R of the plane Z ,2(1 − X0)the involved conformal mapping could be z = H(Z) = a0+ Z + , 0 < X0< 1 ,Z − X0represented in the formthe image of the circumference C(O,R) of thez = H(Z) = b + (Z − R)2 ⋅ q(Z) , q(R)≠ 0 ,plane Z becomes the considered Joukovskiand its derivative by H'(Z)= (Z − R)q1(Z)where profile whose rototranslation induces the fluidq 1(Z) = 2q(Z) + (Z − R)q'(Z) .flow. We denote by AB (A( a,0) , B(b,0),Following now the Couchet way [2] for a a = H( −1), b = H(1)), the profile chord, its trailingcomplete determining of the complex potential edge (cuspidal point) being z = b = H(1) .of the flow, we will express the unknown Using the developmentcomplex potential F(Z) under the form:22 22(1 − X0)X0(1− X0)X0(1 − X0)F(Z;t)= u0(t)F1(Z) + v0(t)F2(Z) + ω(t)F3(Z)+ Γ(t)F4(Z) H(Z)= Z + a0 + +++ ...23Z ZZ2a∞R2where F1(Z) = H(Z) − a∞Z− a0− ,we find a∞= 1 , a1= (1 − X0) andZ982010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGZ + 1 − 2X0H'(Z)= (Z − 1) .2(Z − X0)We also obtain the expressions2⎡ a⎤0a0(1 − X0)⎢ +22⎥⎢Z(Z − X0) ⎥⎢2 ⎥1⎢(1 − X0) (2Z − X0)Ω(Z) = +⎥222 ⎢ Z (Z − X ⎥0)⎢⎥3⎢ X0(1 − X0) ⎥⎢+2 ⎥⎣ (1 + X0)(Z − X0) ⎦21 + X0− X0Ω = Ω(1)= a0+.1 + X0The circulation and the complex potential are,respectively,⎡2⎛ a⎞⎤⎢ ⎜01 + X0− X0Γ = 4 π v + ω⎟0+⎥⎢⎣⎝ 2 1 + X0 ⎠⎥⎦22⎡(1−X) 1 ⎤ ⎡0(1 −X) 1 ⎤0F(t,Z) = u0⎢− ⎥ −iv0⎢+ ⎥ −⎣ Z −X0Z⎦⎣ Z −X0Z⎦23⎡a0a0(1−X0)(1 −X0)X0(1−X0)⎤−iω⎢+ + +⎥ −⎣ Z Z −X0Z(Z −X0)(1 + X0)(Z−X0)⎦⎡2⎛a01+X0− X ⎞⎤0−2i⎢v⎜⎟0+ω+ ⎥⋅LogZ.⎢⎣2 1 X⎝ +0 ⎠⎥⎦Consequently the complex velocity− iv = u K + v L + M , whereu0 0ωK(Z)(Z − X2Z + 10= 1 − ⋅ ,Z)Z + 1 − 2X2⎡ (Z − X ⎤0) (Z − 1)L(Z) = −i⎢1−⎥ ,2⎣ Z (Z + 1 − 2X0) ⎦22i (Z − X0) ZΩ(Z)− Ω(1)M(Z) ⋅⋅Z Z + 1 − 2X Z − 1= ,00FIGURE 1. Aerodynamic coefficients for oscillatingJoukovski J010 airfoilZΩ(Z ) − Ω(1)a0= −Z − 1 22⎡ 1 Z − X0⎢ +⎣ Z (Z − X0)2⎤⎥ +⎦22 4 3 222(X0−X0−1)Z−(X0+ X0−3X0−3X0+ 2)Z + X0(1−X0)(1 + X0)22(1+ X )Z(Z −X).00Putting then Z = 1 we have K = X 0, L = −i,ZΩ(Z)− Ω(1)M = i(1 − X ) ⋅ lim= −i(2+ a0X0)0 Z 1 Z − 1−→and the value of the velocity at the trailing edgeis u − iv = X u − iv − i(2 + a − X ) ωZ = 1 0 0 00 0.The non-constant circulation Γ(t) implies amultiform pressure field, the pressure admittinga period around the profile. So, from Bernoulliformula we obtaindΓ⎛ dv∫ dp = −ρ = −4πρ⎜C dt ⎝ dt0dω⎞+ Ω ⎟ .dt ⎠2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 99

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGAccording to the Blasius-Chapligin formulas andimposing the Joukovski rule we obtain thepressure resultant components and the momentmagnitude, i.e.2⎡−2v⎤0+ (B1− 2a0− 2Ω)v0ωR = 2πρ⎢⎥⎢2du0+ (C − 2a Ω)ω + A⎥⎢1 01⎣dt ⎥⎦RRRxy Rx1We denoted Cx= , C2 z= , C2 r= ,2ρaVρaVρaVRy1Cl= , where R2x 1= Rxcos α + Rysin α andρaVRy 1= −Rxsin α + Rycos α .The continuous line represents our results andthe dotted line in the diagram “ C zversusincidence”, represents the results obtained in thepaper [4].REFERENCES[1] Bratt, J.B., Flow patterns in the Wake ofOscillating Airfoil, Royal AeronauticalEstablishment, R & M 2773, 1953.[2] Couchet M.G., Mouvements plans d’un fluideen presence d’un profil mobil, Gauthier-VillarsParis, 1956.[3] Couchet M.G., La Condition de Joukovski enmouvements non stationnaire. Applications,Publications nr. 74, Universite de Montpellier,1969-1970.x [4] Leishman J.G., Seto L.Y., Galbraith McD.,Collected data for sinusoidal tests on NACA⎡dv23012 airfoil, vol. 2, Gil Aero-Report 800, 1986.0 ⎤⎢2 u0v0+ ( A1+ 2Ω)u0ω − (4 + B1− 2 X0) ⎥= πρ ⎢dt [5] Liiva J., Davenport F.J., Grey L., Walton I.C.,y2⎥⎢dω⎥Two-dimensional tests of airfoils oscillating⎢− (C1+ 4Ω − 2 X0Ω )⎣dt⎥⎦near stall, USAAVLABS, TR 68, 13, 1968.⎡2π(A[6] Petrila T., Trif. D., Basics of Fluid Mechanics and1+ B1− 2a0)u0v0− 4πa0Ωu0ω⎤M = −ρ⎢⎥Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics,0⎢dvdω,0+ (2πC+ Q) + ( πP+ QΩ)⎥Springer U.S.A., 2005.1⎢⎣dtdt ⎥⎦[7] Polotca O., Doctoral Thesis, Babes-BolyaiA B CUniversity of Cluj-Napoca, 2000.where A 1= , B 1= , C 1= and2iπ2 π 2 π[8] Sedov L.I., Theory of nonstationary airfoil in an2 2uniform stream (in Russian), Moscow, 1936.2 4πX0X (3 − X0)A = 2iπ[ (1 − X ] 00) − 1 + i = −2iπ22 [9] Theodorsen T., General Theory of(1 + X0) (1 + X0)Aerodynamic Instability and the Mechanism of4 22 4πX0X − X + 2B = 2π[ (1 − X ] 0 0Flutter, NACA Report 496, 1935.0) − 1 − = 2π22(1 + X ) (1 + X )2[(1− X ) + 1]03(1 − X0)C = 2πa0 0+ 2πX0AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1 + X024πX⎡ (1 − X ) ⎤00− ⎢a−12 0⎥SONIA PETRILA,(1 + X ) ⎢⎣2(1 + X0)0⎥⎦2.TITUS PETRILA2(1 − X0)Q = 4πa0+ 4πa0(1− X0) + 4π(1− X0) + 4πX01 + XThe final diagrams of this paper (figure 1)present the numerical results calculated with theabove method for the symmetrical JoukovskiJ010 airfoil in an oscillating motion defined bykVthe oscillation angle α t) = α + A sin t ,(0 m⋅aa = , k = 0,077 , V = 340⋅Mach.where AB / 2001.COMPUTER SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL, CLUJ-NAPOCA,2.ROMANIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENTISTS (AOSR), ROMANIA1002010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.ANJAN KUMAR KUNDU, 2 BIJOY BANDYOPADHYAYAN IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION AND ENHANCEMENTTECHNIQUE FOR MICROWAVE TOMOGRAPHYAbstract:An inverse iterative algorithm for microwave imaging based on moment method solution ispresented here. This algorithm is based on Levenberg-Marquardt method. Different mesh size of themodel has been used here to overcome the inverse crime. The reconstructed image is then processedthrough different image enhancement tools.Keywords:regularization, microwave tomography, Levenberg-Marquardt method, inverse crime,image processingINTRODUCTIONMicrowave tomography techniques forbiomedical applications have been subject tointensive research during the last few decades.The objective of microwave tomography is toreconstruct the dielectric properties of a bodyilluminated with microwaves from ameasurement of the scattered fields. Additionaladvantages include the fact that the probingradiation is not harmful at the low powersemployed. As the human body exhibits largevariations in the dielectric properties of itsvarious tissue types, microwave tomography isexpected to give information on the distributionof tissue types within the body in image form.Apart from our first generation algorithms [4, 5],we had proposed several algorithms [1, 2, 3, 6]which reconstructed the image without anymisfit under noise-free environment. However,in the above stated algorithms, the mesh sizeremains the same both in the forward problemand the inverse problem leading to inversecrime. In this paper, an iterative algorithm basedon Levenberg-Marquardt regularizationtechnique with necessary considerations toavoid inverse crime has been proposed. Thereconstructed image is then undergone throughseveral image enhancement mechanisms toreduce the noise.FORWARD PROBLEMThe structure of the forward problem is same asthat of our previous work [6]. A cylindricalobject of arbitrary cross section is consideredhere which is characterized by a complexpermittivity distribution ε(x,y).An electromagnetic wave radiated from anopen-ended waveguide is used here for theillumination. The incident electric field E inc isparallel to the axis of the cylinder.The expression for the total electric field E isE r = E inc + E s (1)where E s represents the scattered field which isgenerated by the equivalent electric currentradiating in free space.The total electric field can be calculated with anintegral representationE r (x, y) = E r inc( x , y)+ ∫∫ J ( x , y)G ( x, y;x′, y′)ssd x′d y′(2)© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 101

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGwhere the Green’s function can be given by( x, y;x , y )j 2G ′ ′ = - H0⎜⎛ 22k (x x′ ) + (y y′) ⎟⎞(3)4 ⎝⎠Here ( x , y ) and ( x', y') are the observation andsource points respectively.The solution of the forward are carried out bymoment method [7] using pulse-basis functionand point matching technique.INVERSE PROBLEMThe aim of the inverse problem is to find a stable*solution for permittivity distribution ε whichminimizes the squared error output at thereceivers i.e.2E(ε )-e(4)2nwhere e∈ C , the n electric fields we measure atmnreceiver points, E : C ⎯→C , a functionmapping the complex permittivity distributionwith m degrees of freedom into a set of napproximate electric field observations, and alsomε ∈ C , the complex permittivity distributionswith m degrees of freedom..The details of the Levenberg-Marquardtregularization technique has already beendiscussed in our earlier work [6]. The Levenberg-Marquardt regularization technique for theminimization of the (4) leads to an iterativesolutionε i+1 = εi+ Δ εi(5)where ε k+1 is the permittivity distribution at thek+1 th iteration.Δ ε can be written asΔ ε = ( E′ ( ε ) † E′ ( ε)+ λ I) -1 E′ ( ε)†( E(ε ) - e ) (6)where E′ is the Jacobian matrix, † denotes theconjugate transpose, λ is a monotonicallydecreasing regularization parameter, I is theidentity matrix, E(ε)is the calculated electricfields at the receivers.Figure1. Numerical modelThe target is illuminated with TE fields radiatingfrom an open ended dielectric filled wave guidehaving sinusoidal aperture field distribution. Thetransmitter is moved along four mutuallyorthogonal directions. For each of thetransmitter positions along a particulartransmitting plane, the received fields ateighteen locations in the other three orthogonalplanes were measured theoretically at afrequency of 1 GHzIf the same meshes are used both in thesimulation of the measured data and in thesolution of inverse problem, we may commit aso-called inverse crime, where numerical errorsmay be cancelled out inadvertently. To avoidinverse crime, different meshes are used asshown in figure 2. The finer mesh is used in theforward problem (Figure 2(a)) whereas theinverse solver uses the coarse mesh (Figure 2(b)).a)NUMERICAL MODELThe theoretical model used to test our algorithmis shown in Figure 1.It is a high contrast square biological object 9.6cm × 9.6 cm consisting of muscle and bonehaving complex dielectric constants 50-j23 and8-j1.2 respectively at a frequency of 1 GHz. Theobject is kept immersed in saline water havingcomplex dielectric constant 76-j40.b)Figure 2. Meshes used to overcome the inverse crime(a). Mesh used in forward problem (b). Mesh used ininverse problem1022010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGIn case of forward problem, the rectangularmodel is divided into 1024 square cells ofdimension 0.3cm X 0.3cm and the saline waterregion is divided into 32 cells of dimension0.6cm X 0.6cm. During the inverse problem, therectangular model together with saline waterregion is divided into 324 equal square cells 0.6cm × 0.6 cm. The measurement set contains 288independent data [3].During the iterative reconstruction, the complexpermittivity values of the cells filled up withsaline water were assumed to be known, thusrendering the problem of estimating thecomplex dielectric constants of the remaining256 cells.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSa) b)Figure 4. Reconstructed model with λ= 02 (a) Realpart (b) Imaginary partAfter applying the different image Arithmeticfilters and image enhancement filters to theabove reconstructed model, the quality of thereconstructed model have been improved interms of noise as shown in the Figure 5, Figure 6and Figure 7.To apply the reconstruction algorithm, it wasinitially assumed that the biological medium isfilled up with muscle only. The received fields atdifferent receiver locations were computed foreach transmitter position.In our earlier works, the regularizing parameterwas monotonically decreasing by a factor of 10.In this paper when the same decrement factor isused, the reconstructed model was notsatisfactory as shown in the figure 3. Instead,when the decrement factor is chosen as 2, thereconstructed model is quite acceptable. So, thedecrement factor for the regularizing parameteris chosen as 2 here.a) b)Figure 5. Reconstructed model after the imagearithmetic filter being used (using imageaddition/subtraction technique) (a) Real part (b)Imaginary parta) b)Figure. 3. Reconstructed model with λ=10 (a). Realpart (b). Imaginary partAs usual, the only priori information we haveused in our algorithm is that the real part of thecomplex dielectric constant cannot be negativeand the imaginary part cannot be positive.Figure 4 (a) and Figure 4(b) shows the real partand imaginary part of the reconstructed modelwith our present algorithm with λ =2.a) b)Figure 6. Reconstructed model after the imageenhancement filter being used (using imageadjustment technique) (a) Real part (b) Imaginary parta) b)Figure 7. Reconstructed model after the imageenhancement filter being used (using histogramequalization technique). (a) Real part (b) Imaginary part2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 103

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGThe clarity of an image can be highly improvedthrough different image enhancementtechniques. Reducing the noise, deblurring theimage and/or increasing the contrast canenhance the quality of an image in terms ofhuman viewing. Among the several imageenhancement techniques, the imageaddition/subtraction technique, the imageadjustment technique and the histogramequalization technique produced the desiredenhanced output in our present problem.In case of image addition or subtractiontechnique, the algorithm basically adds orsubtracts two images, or add/subtract a constantto image defined by the programmer.In case of image adjustment technique, thealgorithm maps the image intensity values tonew intensity values specified by theprogrammer. This increases the contrast of theoutput image.In case of histogram equalization technique, thealgorithm enhances the contrast of images bymapping the intensity values of an image, sothat the histogram of the output image matchesa specified histogram.Thus applying different image enhancementtechniques to our reconstructed model, theclarity of the image has been improvedsignificantly.microwave tomography”, Proc. IEEE. vol.,pp.604 - 605, 1986.[6] B.BANDYOPADHYAY, A.KUNDU, A.N.DATTA, “AnIterative Algorithm for Microwave TomographyUsing Levenberg-Marquardt RegularizationTechnique”, Ind J Pure & Appl Physics, 43, 649 –653, 2005[7] J.H. RICHMOND, "Scattering by a dielectriccylinder of arbitrary cross- section shape," IEEETrans. Antennas and Propagation, vol. 13, No. 3,334-341, 1965AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.ANJAN KUMAR KUNDU,2BIJOY BANDYOPADHYAY1.INSTITUTE OF RADIOPHYSICS & ELECTRONICS,UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA, KOLKATA, INDIA2.INSTITUTE OF RADIOPHYSICS & ELECTRONICS,UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA, KOLKATA, INDIA.REFERENCES[1] A.K.KUNDU, B.BANDYOPADHYAY “ReconstructionAlgorithm for Microwave Tomography UsingIterative Regularized Gauss-Newton Method”,International Conference on Computer anddevices for Communication (CODEC 06),Kolkata, 2006[2] A.K.KUNDU, B.BANDYOPADHYAY “ReconstructionAlgorithm for Microwave Tomography UsingLevenberg-Marquardt Regularization withMultiple Illuminations”-, IEEE AppliedElectromagnetic Conference, 978-1-4244-1864-0/07, 2007[3] A.K. KUNDU, B. BANDYOPADHYAY, S. SANYAL, “AnIterative Algorithm for Microwave TomographyUsing Modified Gauss Newton Method”, Biomed2008, Proceedings 21, pp. 511-514, 2008,Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008[4] A.N. DATTA, B. BANDYOPADHYAY, “An SIRT stylereconstruction algorithm for microwavetomography”, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engg., vol 32,pp 719-723, 1985[5] A.N. DATTA, B. BANDYOPADHYAY, “Non-linearextension of moment method solution forACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro1042010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.2., 3.SALAHALDEIN ALSADEY, ABDELNASER OMRANABDUL HAMID KADIR PAKIRDEFECTS IN THE LIBYAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY:A CASE STUDY OF BANI WALID CITYAbstract:Defects in newly completed buildings are fast becoming serious phenomena as more low cost andmedium cost houses are being built. One of the many approaches that have been utilized to alleviatedefects is the introduction of the zero defects concept in construction. This research is undertaken tofind out the level of awareness and perception of construction industry players about this concept,and whether zero defects or an aim towards achieving zero defects is attainable. A review of therelevant literature on the subject of defects and the zero defects concepts was executed, followed by afield research in the form of a questionnaire. The scope of this paper encompasses a study of defectsin construction industry, and the concept and its application in the local construction scene in Libya.This paper has managed to ascertain that despite the unenthusiastic responses from members in theindustry towards this concept in general, most industry players are optimistic that defects can bereduced if certain constructive measures are taken. In summary, the findings of this paper aresuggested that absolute zero defects may not be attainable, in concurrence with the literature reviewearlier. However, if proactive steps are taken, the quest towards achieving zero defects can beobtained.Keywords:zero defects, construction industry, awareness and perception, LibyaINTRODUCTIONThe construction industry all around the worldis getting modern, advance and growing day byday with the help of information technologyage. Libya has a very big covered land andaccordingly the requirement of the people is todevelop big and better facility in the houses aswell as in the housing society. One of thecompetition which government is facing ispeople want to pay more to buy better qualityhouses for the better living. To build anaffordable and good quality housing schemesgovernment has to use the strategic planning toover come this issue. Another important aspectof the construction industry is the residentialpart, the planning and the development ofresidential properties which hold special interestfor estate management surveyors. Buildingdesigners' decisions affect long term quality a lifecycle cost of buildings; the three most importantdesign-related failure causes were weatherimpact, impacts from occupants and loads aswell as moistures from the wet areas. Insufficientconsiderations for these failures causes werefound to be the key in preventing these defects.The design strategies that could successfullyprevent triggering these defects include aligningmaterial performance against adverse weatherconditions, preventing impact from occupants© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 105

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGand loads, preventing water leakage, improvingspecifications and improving design clarity,details, and layout. The Oxford Dictionary ofCurrent English (1984) defines defects as ‘lack ofsomething essential, imperfection, shortcoming,failing. A defect is defined in ISO 8402 as thenon-fulfillment of intended usage requirements.It means lacking and not meeting the requiredstandard. A defect is present when there is adifference the required standard and the actualdelivered standard. The concept of Zero defectsare performance to agreed specification (Eaton,1996; Al-Mahade et al., 2008). It literally means100% error free. Is it attainable, or is it goodenough to achieve a certain percentage ofacceptable defects? The zero defects conceptbecame popular when Crosby a quality managerdeveloped a concept based on his beliefs thatproduct should be defect-free when delivered tothe customer (Harrington, 1998). This conceptwas neither a technique nor a methodology; itembodied an attitude that Crosby sought toinstill in every individual. It focused on anindividual’s commitment to always meet theengineering specification. Defects may appearas a building is constructed or after an elementof work is completed. In most standard forms ofbuildings contractors, there are usuallyprovisions that require rectification of defects bythe contractor at his own costs. The defectsLiability Period (DLP) is a period of a number ofmonths s stated in the contract, commencingfrom the day a project is certified practicallycompleted and handed over to the client (Sikan,2001). Defects in construction can result in verylarge costs. Even with minor defects; theoperations of a quality may be impaired,resulting in increased costs and delays.Generally construction industry players believethat to achieve zero defects in construction isnot possible. However it must be highlighted thatthe concept of zero defects in not only aboutachieving zero effects as an absolute goal, butalso generating a different attitude towardswork. It is about looking at projects from acustomer’s point of view and catering for theirneeds. It is about getting the work right the firsttime and delivering the project on time (Costain,1998). Application of the zero defects concept inconstruction is relatively new, especially inLibya. It is a subject of discussion in manyforums and researchers overseas and is beingimplemented to a certain extent in other parts ofthe world, especially in western countries andsome Asian countries like Malaysia andSingapore. However, defects occur eitherbecause of poor design or low qualityworkmanship or because the building was notconstructed according to the design or becauseit has been subjected to factors not followed forin the design. These causes may operate singlyor in combination and result in defects indicatedby changes in composition of materials in theconstruction itself; in the size, shape or weight ofmaterials or parts of a building; or simply inappearance. One of the many approaches thathave been devised to reduce this problem ofdefects in newly completed buildings is theintroduction of the zero defects concept. Thisconcept, which is generally synonymous withthe manufacturing industry has become thesubject of discussions in many forums, and hasrecorded laudable results in selecteddemonstration projects overseas. Therefore, theobjective of this study is to identify the level ofawareness of local industry players towards zerodefects in Libyan construction, to find out theperception of local industry players towards zerodefects. To study on the perception of localindustry players in achieving zero. This study isexploratory and analytical in nature. Thepurpose is purely to provide some conclusiveevidence on the construction defects in Libya.RESEARCH PROBLEMThere are huge amount of standards and codesavailable internationally. However, each isdesigned specifically to overcome regionalproblems. There are some common problemsfrom construction defects in homes andcondominiums. As home buyer, it is the bestinterest to at least be aware of the potentialconstruction defects that can occur in a home ora condominium (Steven, 2005). There are somecommon construction defect lists Al-Mahade etal., 2008. However, the following are descriptionsof some common problems arising from someconstructions defects in homes andcondominiums in Libya (GPC, 2006; Al-Mahadeet al., 2008): (i) Construction defects could be theresult of improper design or installationdeficiencies; and (ii) Construction defects couldbe due to substandard construction strategies,faulty workmanship inside and outside house,1062010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGbad building materials, poor drainage systems orimproper soil analysis and preparation.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYAll the date and information was collected frombasically two sources. The first data sources arefrom published book, articles and journals, andinternet websites. Secondly, primary date to beanalyzed was collected from field researches,which are through questionnaires. Thequestionnaires were administrated over a periodof two (20 weeks and another two (2) weekswere used to collect and key in the data. Thisquestionnaire was distributed to 40 respondents,consisting of client’s developers, consultants andcontractors. The questionnaires were deliveredpersonally, sent out by fax and e-mailed to therespondents. From 40 questionnaires distributed,32 (80%) returned with completed answers. Datawas coded and transferred to the computer andanalyzed using the Statistical Package for SocialSciences (SPSS). The testing methods used wereDescriptive statistics.RESULTS ANALYSISFrom the responses gathered, it can be clearlyfigured out that the majority of respondentsagreed that the local construction industry isplagued with defective works, especially in lowcost and medium cost houses. Seventy ninepercent had answered 'yes' whist only theremaining 21% answered in the negative. Thiscorresponds with the increasing number ofcomplaints received by the Ministry of Housingand Local Government for the past severalyears. When questioned about what are the mostcommon defects often encountered in newlycompleted building? It resealed from that themost defects are cracks (70.7%) followed bydefects related to structural defects (14.6%) whiledefects related to water intrusion/damp andother defects were least selected (Table 1).However, cracks in building may appear inmany forms. Most cracks such as hairline cracksare not dangerous the appearance of a building.However, there are wide gaping cracks whichare not only eyesores, but also pose a danger toinhabitants.Thirty one and seven percent from therespondents selected poor workmanship as themajor cause of defects (Table 2). All therespondents grouping also indicated a largemajority for poor workmanship.Table 1. Illustrate the most common defects incompleted building in LibyaType of defersPercentagesCracks29 (70.7%)Defect related to waterintrusion / damp4 (9.8%)Detachment2(4.9%)Structural defects6 (14.6%)Table 2. What are the common causes oftenencounteredType of causesPercentagesPoor workmanship13 (31.7%)Poor supervision19 (46.3%)Inappropriate design /selection of materials7 (17.1%)Substandard materials2 (4.9%)The responded were also asked about theirsatisfaction with the overall quality of completedbuildings by their organization. However, themajority (43.8%) stated they were sometimessatisfied while the remaining 34.4% were satisfiedyes (Table 3).Table 3. Overall quality of completed buildings by theorganizations in LibyaType of causesYesSometimesMost of the timeNeverPercentages and Frequencies11 (26.8%)18 (43.9%)11 (26.8%)1 (2.4%)When asked whether the implementation ofquality programmes can help to reduce defectsin construction end products, 84.4% hadanswered 'yes', whilst only the remaining 15.6%answered in the negative. However, as results, itis clearly observed that a huge number of therespondents gave positive answers. Awarenessabout the zero defects concept in construction isnot relatively high because 44 % had answered'yes', whilst only the remaining 56% answerednegatively. When questioned ''are you aware ofthe zero defects house construction programmelaunched by the Ministry of Housing and LocalGovernment. The results of the survey showedthat the awareness of the clients. 54% hadanswered, ‘Yes’, whilst only the remaining 46 %answered in the negative. On the other hand,when we questioned '' Are you aware of theconstruction industry standard. Fifty six percentof the respondents were aware of these systemsfrom their responses to the above mentionedquestion. The respondents 80% surveyed2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 107

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGbelieved that the Ministry of Housing and LocalGovernment is not doing enough to increase theawareness of industry players to reduce defectsin newly completed building. This strengthensthe point that more need to be done on the partof the authorities to assist industry players inproducing better quality building with fewerdefects. A majority of the respondents (80%)have believed that quality programme can beimplemented effectively in the localconstruction industry which respondents arather optimistic view. Therefore to ensureeffective implementation, certain aspects whichare unique to the construction industry must beaddressed. To improve the quality inconstruction end products and eventuallypromote a zero defects culture in the industry.An overall large majority of 34.1% ofrespondents pointed towards that training andimplementation as the most important factorsfollowed by awareness programmes (Table4).Table 4. Contributing towards reducing defects, andeventually promote a zero defects culturePercentages andType of causesAwarenessTrainingImplementationAlternativeFrequencies10 (24.4%)14 (34.1%)14 (34.1%)3 (7.3%)Selection training programmes for both localand foreign workers as the next contributor isvery much related to the common causes ofdefects where, poor workmanship had beenchosen as the most common cause of defects inbuilding. Thus, proper and effective trainingprogrammes as well as stricter enforcementmust be devised by the relevant authorities toensure only qualified or skilled workman arefollowed on sites.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONDefects in buildings are numerous and varied,either in the local construction scenario, or inother parts of the world. The problem of theconsiderable extent of defects present in ournewly completed buildings must be overcomeas it severely affects the construction industry. Ithas been accomplished through this paper thatmany industry players agreed with theassumption that the local construction industryis plagued with defective works. If the presentsituation persists, the local industry will not beable to complete either locally orinternationally, given the current tend towardsglobalization. Therefore, this problem must begiven due consideration and not to be takenlightly by all the parties involved. The role ofauthorities such as MHLG was also found to belacking. More programmes to increaseawareness of the people involved in the industryshould be carried out. The result of this paperindicated that a fair majority of industry playersbelieve that, while 100% defect free, or zerodefects is not free attainable, the setting of a goaltowards zero defects is achievable. Stricterenforcement must also be employed inimplementing quality programmes.REFERENCES[1] Al Mahade K., Ilias S., Abdelnaser O. & AbdulAziz H. Toward Zero Defects in Construction.Proceeding paper presented at 2 nd internationalon Science and Technology, 2008.[2] Costain, B. The International Engineering andConstruction Group. Retrieved January 2, 2007http:// www.costain.co.uk/news, 1998.[3] Eaton, D. "Towards A Zero Defects Culture: TheCreation of a Zero Defects Model", retrievedNovember 13, 2006 http://www.bham.ac.uk/d.j.crook/lean.1996.[4] GPC. The General People's Committee ofFacilities and Housing in Libya, retrievedDecember 5, 2006 http:// www.gpc.gov.ly, 2006.[5] Harrington, H.J. “Performance improvement: therise and fall of re-engineering”; The TQMMagazine; 10, (2), 69-71, 1998.[6] Lian, O. S. Defective Works. InternationalConference on Construction Law & Arbitration.26th – 28th April, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2005.[7] Sikan, H.H. Delay and Extension of Time inConstruction Contract. The Malaysian Surveyor.3 rd Quarter, Malaysia, 34-40, 2001.[8] Steven, E.M. "The effects of a DefectiveConstruction Lawsuit on the Value ofCondominiums." Journal of Appraisal; 73, (4);391, 2005.AUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.2., 3.SALAHALDEIN ALSADEY,ABDELNASER OMRANABDUL HAMID KADIR PAKIR1.2., 3.SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING,UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800, MINDEN, PULAUPINANG, MALAYSIA1082010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.VERONICA A. KUMURUR .THE CITY DEVELOPMENT EFFECT ON WORK BURDENOF WOMEN POOR IN JAKARTAAbstract:Development is done on the ecosystem of Jakarta generate increased economic growth with enoughsignificant of years. However, economic growth cannot be enjoyed by the whole community ofJakarta. Urban development not only generates economic growth and environmental degradation,such as air pollution, pollution of river water and ground water. Both of these constitute a social gapfor the city of Jakarta. Where these gaps become a heavy burden for the poor city of Jakarta.Heaviness of the same was not felt by the poor men and poor women of Jakarta. Women, who haveexperienced poverty in the city of Jakarta, received a heavier burden than men. These burdensperceived internally and externally. Internal burden is the burden that is felt in the lives of femaledomestic shutter and external load is felt in the public shutter poor women. This burden is also due towomen living in poverty will try to keep life in many ways. Poor women must work to maintainfamily life and her husband, though the choice is very limited work. Poor women are importantactors in sustainable urban development through make community sustain. As a result of job choices,poor women are behind the effect and become input (input) for the balance of the ecosystem ofJakarta. If the input quality of the ecosystem conditions will lead to a balanced process that ultimatelysustainable. This sustainability will be transmitted to the sustainability of ecosystems nationally,regionally and globally.Keywords:city development, work burden, double burden, women poorINTRODUCTIONCurrent development, an essential element ofbuilding the physical and spiritual human beingand change the fate of mankind to be able to getout of the trap of poverty andunderdevelopment (Soetarjono Salim in 1985).Thus, development is a process in the state of asystem (Teune 1988:39). Where, in this process,the development not only related to a system ofeconomic and social development, but alsorelated to environmental protection system isthe responsibility of the entire worldcommunity.In fact, development is the result of theinteraction of social and economic subsystems,subsystem-made environment and naturalsubsystems in an urban ecosystem, gave to theambiguous condition in a society. On the onehand, development of city as a pride of thecommunity because it produces economicgrowth. While, it is the burden of life for certaingroups, namely: urban poor. This fact ishappening in the community of Jakarta.Another reality, that the development of Jakartawas still unable to eliminate poverty in the urbancommunity. Instead, today, a loss of quality of© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 109

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGlife of poor communities at Jakarta washappening. This is shown through a residentialland eviction of the poor in order ordering thecity of Jakarta. RUTRW Jakarta in 2010, allocatedland for settlements covering 37.21% of the areaof the city or 25,477,68 ha.Whereas in 2001, large settlements in the city ofJakarta is about 43,475,09 ha (Jakarta dalamangka 2001), it has been a reduction in landsettlement. If assumed that evicted the densitysettlements with 300 people per hectare (theslums), then that must be evicted is 5.4 millioninhabitants of urban poor. This meansstructuring the city instead displacing of theurban poor, and then eventually the urban poorwill get poorer.This is supported by data obtained INFID (2005)that the eviction efforts have been made poorDKI Jakarta government during the year 2001-2003. From the data the United Nations (1997)argued that the poverty situation of the mostwonderful place in developing countries, wherethere are 1.3 billion people around the worldwho are poor, 70% of whom are women. Thiscondition also supported by data that suggestedthe ILO ( 2004), that there are 550 millionworking poor in the world, or people who areunable to lift themselves and their familyincome above U.S. $ 1 per day, andapproximately 330 million, or 60 percent arewomen. Poverty has led to women bear aheavier burden than men. In addition toproviding 66% of her working hours, poorwomen obtain only 10% of their work(Tjokrowinoto 1996). Working hours of womenaround 30-50 per cent longer than men thesame age and to work paid or unpaid,compared with men the same age (Cahyono2005).It turned out that poverty cannot be separatedmerely because the burden of injustice forwomen's economic shortcomings. But there isalso oppression, deprivation of rights, whichgave birth to sorrow, grief, and deep wounds.Studies of the ILO-IPEC conducted in 2003estimated the number of commercial sexworkers under 18 years of approximately 1244children in Jakarta (TEMPO Interaktif 12 Juni2003). Found that one of six womenexperiencing abuse, and violence, is morepronounced in poor countries (Voice Reform,December 2, 2005).The aim of this research is to discover andunderstand the poverty living conditions ofwomen poor in the Jakarta city, where poorwomen has a heavier burden of poverty thanmen due to urban development and are unableto get out of these poor living conditions.Development is to build a human. Therefore,human became a major factor, both as subjectand object, because humans are basically themain of ecological factor (Soetaryono 1985:101).In the developing countries, development notonly increase the national income, not merelyincrease the production of goods and services,but the essential element of development,namely to build physical and spiritual humanbeing and change the fate of mankind to be ableto get out of the trap poverty andunderdevelopment (Soetarjono Salim in 1985).The result of development adding somedynamics and change together (Teune 1988:39-40). The development is a process that involvesmultiple dimensional major changes in socialstructures, attitudes, and national institutions,such as: accelerating economic growth,inequality reduction, and eradication of absolutepoverty (Todaro 1994), specifically developmenthave mean multidimensional (Keats 2004).However, most of the development dimension isimplemented as an increase in people's lifestylesby improving education, income, skillsdevelopment and employment (Keats 2004).According to the understanding of the unitarystate of Indonesia Republic is set forth in RI ActNo. 25 of 2004 concerning NationalDevelopment Planning System, the NationalDevelopment organized based on democracywith the principles of togetherness, equitable,sustainable, environment, and balancingindependence with the progress and nationalunity.Essentially, urban development is the result ofthe interaction process that occurs continuouslybetween the system of economic development,educational development system, health systemdevelopment, manpower development systemand subsystem of the natural environment inurban ecosystems. The results of the interactionprocess significantly affect the povertyconditions of women in Jakarta.The pattern work of patriarchy put women asmothers, women who keep house and the kidswithout the help of men, women risk losing itsown economic resources and become one of the1102010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGfactors that increase the "feminization ofpoverty" in which women typically getwages/income lower than men. Family is onepart of the various subsystems within thecommunity and in the community subsystemwill not escape from its interactions with othersub-systems that exist in society. (Megawangi1999:66). According Megawangi, each family(nuclear family), has duties as a social system,i.e.: tasks, achieving goals, integration andsolidarity, as well as patterns of continuity ormaintenance of the family.Is one of the major contributions of feministtheory that the sexual division of roles andsubordinated women by men are two things thathave relevance (Agger 2008:207). In Agger note,the sexual division of labor has helped explainhow the subordination of women in the labormarket, politics, and culture reflects andreinforces women's subordination in thehousehold. That due to the division of laborbased on sex has created the objectivity ofwomen by men. Where is the object for men inthe family, which acts both as a spouse or sexualpartner helpers, objectifications women in thepublic domain.Sexual division of labor is different in eachcommunity (Widanti 2005:410). There is awriting that, a harmonious society is notlayered and women have high authority insubsistence societies. But there are alsoillustrates that in a society, whereas the positionof women toward slaves. However, according toWidanti records that the general pattern divisionof labor, as follows:In hunting societies: women gathering foodand small animals, while men hunted.Pre capitalist society: women's subordinatedof the dominant classes, but in a nuclear,family in which the product and use value ismade, women continue to retain authority.In a capitalist society: especially, in the thirdworld, at the beginning of industrialization,where many industrial absorb labor andentering women from the domestic sector,in drag to the industrial sector.The types of work they do that has beensocialized domestic in the family such as sewing,serving, cooking, and others. After industrializedcapital intensive, then more men were recruitedin the factory. However, for the purpose ofexport industry, female workers are notreplaced by machines or male workers, so thatwomen workers with low wages, work light anddo not develop. Often, have not dignifiedtreatment by employers or male workers.Gender inequities resulting inferiority femaleworkers, and thus patriarchy as a social systemto join with the capitalism as economic system.According to Agger (2008), the division of laborof men and women actually based on ideologypatriarchy or male supremacy in the domesticand public area . Chodorow cited Agger (2008),considers the family as a place where combatsexual division of labor and expense of womenweaken and reproduce strictly the separation ofgender roles between men and women. Thesexual division of labor in the household and theworld of empirical shows that the differentiationof gender roles in families establish a pattern ofgender inequality in the world of work (Agger2008).Pattern of labor division in pre-capitalist societyto a capitalist, which marginalizes the essentialinterests of women as human beings, till now stillpreserved. Pattern preservation of labor divisionand gender bias against women both in therealm of domestic/private and the public sphere,the result of parenting parents from generationto generation (Widanti 2005:181). This is adefined social roles, in which the status and roleis the recognition given by the society for us,regardless of the individuals quality and ourefforts what we strive through our efforts alone(Young & Mack in Horton & Hunt 1984:121). As aresult of a determined social roles, according toClementine Dehwe in her essay "Double Burden"of published by www.ufa.se, that every womanin the world has a lot of work. Until now,women's work will never be finished, andsignificantly, when more women working thanworking time of men.Double burden by implication drawn fromwww.psychology.wikia.com, is one of describedaily life in Western Europe and the USA whichrefers to the work burden of women and menfor money (wages), but also has theresponsibility for household work related topeople who are not paid (not paid).The dichotomy of private (domestic) and public,females and males is the result of modern history(Ross Pole in Widanti 2005), Where, with theemergence of capitalism, the social productdistribution is determined by the workings of themarket and not by tradition, status or familyobligations. Thus, the concept of work is defined2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 111

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGas wage work outside the family and in thefactory. Also according to Pole, dichotomy ofproductive work (wage) and reproductive work(not wage). In fact, the house does notnecessarily work to reproductive work and workoutside the home into productive work (Widanti2005). With example, such as PKK jobs andemployment of women workers who cook foodto eat and foods to be sold at the factory.According to Oakley, quoted by Ollenburger &Moore (2002:119), domestic work dominated ofwomen takes the high time, is about 30-60 hoursper week and not paid (to 99 hours per week ifincluded parenting time). In which marriedcouples, wife majority use a lot of time inhousework, which is about 70% (Walker &Woods in Ollenburger & Moore 2002).Family labor, which also includes the urbanpoor, exacerbated by lack of money, poor dailyprotection, lack of economy, and lack ofautonomy at work hired, they pair must matcheach other duties of (Hochschild in Ollenburger& Moore 2002). Here, that the double burden ofwomen is more severe than in men caused bythe women labeling as domestic creatures(Widanti 2005:217). Where, on the family life ofworkers, women not only worked in thedomestic realm, but also are required to work inthe public domain, because the income is notenough. This opinion is supported also byHochschild (Ollenburger & Moore 2002:121),that women should work to get the wages formale partner was not enough to finance hisfamily's life.As a result of the division of labor based ongender, women are required to performdomestic chores / household (such as: washingdishes, laundry, babysitting, cleaning the house).Meanwhile, men are required to make a livingfor the family (public duties). This task will betough going on the urban poor who havetoward to sustain life in the city. Poor womennot only have a compulsory duty in thedomestic realm, but also they have to work inthe public domain. It is also suggested by Mead(1957) in Sajogjo (1983) that the burden is still onfamilies, because for all the work must be donealone. According to the Sari report (2004) that,for any full-time work (between 35-74 hours /week) is more widely accepted by men (71.6%)than women (48%), and the majority of workerswho work with the long hours (over 75 hours /week) was also female (44%).The high number of women who work in longhours to prove that women must work overtimeto cover / compensate for low wages shereceives. In the meantime, the small number offull time women worker is the result of necessityto do household work at the same time. In theUNFPA data (2002) cited in Kesrepro Dot Info(2003) that women in some countries to workwith working hours longer than men andprobably half of the total women working timewho used an unpaid job. To see double burdenconditions of women poor, captured data on thenumber of women poor who worked more than40 hours in one week. Typically workers whowork more than 40 hours of work is labor asfactory workers. if, assumed that working hoursbased on data from the UNFPA (2002 ) thatwomen in some countries to work with workinghours longer than men and probably half of thetotal working time of women who used anunpaid job.Thus, it is assumed that women working in thepublic s and the domestic sphere. Jobs in thepublic sphere are paid, while employment in thedomestic realm is not paid. Instead of men, inthe domestic realm with women, i.e. paidemployment, but not burdened domestic work,so there is no unpaid work for men. In thefamily, husband and wife worked, then the wifewho worked in the public sphere, should workwell in the domestic realm to serve her husbandand children. The job was never assessed orpaid, because it was already part of the work ofwomen and not men's workMETHODSThe research is qualitative research withparticipatory observation approach. Setting theassumption that all poor women of JakartaUrban area, has the same chance in life due tothe burden of Jakarta city development. Definethe poor women who become targets based onthe following characteristics:a. As a wage earner, mostly poor women threwthemselves on sectors such as marginal, asfactory workers, laundry workers, domesticservants, small traders (Westy 2008).b. Including vulnerable groups experiencingdomestic violence, whether it be physical,psychological, sexual, social, and negligenceof household (based on survey results in1122010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGRegency Bandung by SAPA quoted in theWesty in 2008).c. Has a weight of work burden (burden),which must be borne in work productive theoutside home, because she still had to carryout productive activities in the house, likewashing, cooking, and parenting and childcare (official Setia MS 2003).d. Dependent on micro businesses, and powerrelations that suppress women's groups, inwhich "power press" not just come from theman or the domestic space, but the greatestemphasis instead come from the marketstructure (Dewayanti 2003).e. Working at jobs that do not require skills andcapital, as street vendors, and on this streettrade, women occupy the poorest places(Murray 1995:53).f. Do not have time to attend meetings ofsewing classes, cooking is formed by thevillage government (Murray 1995:94).g. Working without an employment contract,are required to work on holidays, was firedwhen pregnant (Murray 1995:118).h. For young women (single), more like workthan on money. With hope of a rich manwho will marry him and make him rich(Murray 1995:119).i. Choosing a job as a lower-class prostitutesand working in the bars of Jakarta who didnot cover charge, the places in the hotel, thedisco and bars area at the time of "ladiesnight" or working on a more formalconditions anymore, namely as a bar waiter( (Murray 1995:125).Based on the characteristics of poor women, thechosen four categories, namely: women whowork as domestic servants, women who workedas a waitress in a bar, women who work as streetvendors and women sex workers. Observationsmade during 7 months (January-September2007) by using the observation participatorymethodRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe Double Burden of Women asDomestic ServantThe Yaya main job other than as a housewife(domestic sphere), as well as providers, asdomestic servants (DS). DS is a man who workedat a paid domestic realm. According toconsumer theory, that the services, includingresources that can be marketed in the labormarket. However, the fact that housework isnaturally identified with the women work, is aform of division of labor based on gender(socially constructed) where the man ispositioned to do paid work and women doingunpaid work. Jobs categorized as domesticworkers in the informal sector jobs, theprotection they are outside the context of laborlaws. They are task considered natural womenand the community's view that the housework isa job without professional skills. Yaya worked asa housekeeper at the rooming house "GC", whileher husband worked as a "motorcycle taxi",based in locations around the area where Yayafamily lived (around the area Cikini market ofCentral Jakarta). Make a living and havedependents, the two main reasons that makeYaya work as domestic servant. Yaya's husbandwithout a job since the layoffs in 2001.The use of working time (domestic realm andthe public sphere) and the rest Yaya and herhusband, as described in Table 76 and Table 77below. Double burden may be interpreted as awork burden of women and men for money(wages), but also has the responsibility forhousehold work related to people who are notpaid (not paid). The double burdenphenomenon, tend to only be seen from the"wage system" course. Tend also the familieswho are able (rich), in which women not to workin the public sphere, but it only works in thedomestic sphere. In the lives of urban poorfamilies in the Jakarta city, women are forced totake part in the work in the public sphere. So thedouble burden is not only limited to the wagesystem alone. The results of the research analysisof urban poor families in Jakarta, obtainedphenomenon of double burden experienced byYaya to work as domestic workers, because oftwo factors, namely:Internal Factors. Internal factor caused bydivision of labor is measured in the use of Yayaand husband work time (domestic and public).Where Yaya more often used than the husband'sworking time. And both worked in the informalsector (irregular income).External factors. While external factors by workactivities in the public sphere, such as: wagesystem, working mechanism, and the risk ofemployment. Wage system that is incompatiblewith UMP DKI Jakarta and the lack of healthbenefits, vacation and holidays. Also, working2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 113

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGmechanism, in which working hours and formsof Yaya work. And the risk of household work,who not tend to use safety equipmentthemselves (such as masks and gloves). Risk ofloss wages, because employers who are also GCresidents are "runaway/escape" due to avoidpaying boarders. Yaya did not have time tospare, for himself and for his family. Thus, shevulnerable to stress and depression due tofatigue. According to specialist doctors in theU.S. women's Jessica Anderson quoted inhttp://indonesian.irib.ir, that one other factor inthe cause of depression in women is stress andpressure experienced in the outdoors, where thelack of balance between the duties of wife andhousewives on one side and work on the otherside. This condition is according to Anderson,creating a is very bad atmosphere and magnifiesthe stress experienced by women. Anderson alsonoted that when women are required to workoutside the home just like men, they will sufferfrom depression more quickly since they arevery sensitive in dealing with all things. Both ofthese factors simultaneously affect the life ofYaya, who then these factors into a work burdenYaya each day (Fig. 1).Figure 1. The phenomenon of Yaya Double BurdenThe Double Burden of Women as a Waitress(hostess)Tika, besides as housewife, Tika also worked as awaitress in "EM" pubs & bars in Central Jakarta.Tika and her husband both worked in the publicdomain. They need the work, to feed thechildren and the father and mother's herhusband. From the time employed Tika and herhusband, obtained within 1 day that she usingwork time in the domestic realm as much as 12hours or 84 hours per week. She husband whileusing only 35 hours a week to work in thedomestic realm. From the observations made,the phenomenon of her double burden asfollows:Internal factors. Factor caused by the divisionof labor between the Tika and her husbandmeasured from the time both domestic workand the public. Where she more often used thanher husband's working hours, i.e. 55% and 45%.his happened, because it is still attached to thefamily of Indonesia that a woman should bedoing homework, even though women areworking as wage earners. These jobs, such as:cooking, laundry, take kids to school and helpchildren learn.External Factors. Factors caused by she workactivities in the public sphere are "EM" pubs &bars. External factors are: wage system, workingmechanism, and the risk of work. Wage system isdone by "EM" pubs & bars, does not meet thestandards of UMP DKI Jakarta, even the waitress(including Tika) tend not given wages.Remuneration by way of turnover systemapplied to Tika and the other women workingthe pubs & bars, while the officers of themanager who the men were not imposed such awage system. And that became an importantpart in the pub & bar business is the waitress, butthey who have the lowest wages in the businessarena. Working mechanism, where the shemust have "standby" to work at night until 21:00this morning at 04.00. She must accompany andserve the guests, who became regular customersand new guests to the pub & bar. Way of workingthat do not distinguish between a man whowants to be served or accompanied by her, hasmade this woman as a servant who no longerhave the dignity and self-esteem. This was doneso her turnover reached. Result or the mostimportant risk of this work, are: Her maternalhealth, both from infectious diseases, as well ashis endurance, also risk being harassed by everyman who came and received a negative stigmafrom surrounding communities as the womenworkers of the glittering night.The Double Burden of Women as a StreetVendorsIna and her husband worked as street hawkers(street vendors). Ina trading cigarettes, food andsoft drinks. They trade in the end "hallway" linethe sidewalks along Central Jakarta Wahid Hasim1142010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGusing carts that are not moveable or permanent(Fig. 83). Ina and her husband have work burdenand rest periods equal. Domestic and publicactivities for the family of Ina cannot beseparated, because they have to take placesimultaneously and at the same location,namely on the pavement (the road). From theabove description, the phenomenon of Inadouble burden, as follows:Internal factors. The phenomenon is caused byfactors from within the family, namely: thedivision of labor when the Ina and her husband.Both have the same time in the public domain.This is due to other work as street vendorsconducted by Ina, and then her husband alsojoined together in the work. Of the total time,Ina's husband use work time more than her,which is 51% and 49%. But these percentages,sometimes changing, that is, between Ina andher husband happens a fair division of labor andmutually adjust to each other.External Factors. Factors caused by workactivities in the public domain. Forms of work asstreet vendors, external factors that make thisphenomenon of double Burden, is mechanismsand risk work. Wage system, not a burden,because the street vendors is a form of self-helpefforts. Air pollution is a burden for the wholefamily the Ina’s family. Although the overallburden of the family, but because of theexpressive role, Ina should be sociallyresponsible to the entire family. Where due toair pollution in locations where they sell, willresult in increased expenditures for costs ofhealth care for this family. AccordingResosudarmo (1996) that air pollution is a wasteof production activities that use "toxic." Toxicmaterial here is defined as inputs, which areused in the production process, which pollutethe air. For example, such as gasoline and diesel.Threshold level of high air pollution causeshealth problems in the community. Forexample, various disorders of the throat, asthmaand high blood pressure. Health problemscaused by high levels of air pollution costs tosociety. Rather, those who are affected by thesehealth problems will be the cost of treatment.Health problems caused by high levels of airpollution will reduce the effectiveness ofproduction activities. The threat of losingbusiness due to evicted by the government ofJakarta, since they use the area's roads (DAMIJA),other external factors in the choice of Inajobs.Ina have not free time to mingle with thekids and her husband normally. They are moreinterested to work from the rest and share thejoys and sorrows of the family. In addition to thefree time, they do not have space for a familygathering, and space for personal activities(MCK). They are always together with other poorpeople who became a fellow street vendors.The Double Burden of Women Sex WorkersSex work is a phenomenon shift of the rolefemale body's from private areas to public areas,which are considered by society as a shift in therole of the sacred female body to the varioussecular activities (Kadir 2007:148). Kadir meaningprostitute who meets the prerequisites includedas an element work, because in it there areelements that are traded, namely sex. Where sexis considered private, is now moving into thepublic realm, and here there is a process ofexchange. Exchange is a process that involvesthe transfer of something tangible or intangible,real or symbolic, between two or more socialactors, in which this exchange has beenaccepted as a basis for marketing (Mowen &Minor, 2002a :14-15). Marketing, according toWroe Alderson cited in Mowen & Minor (2002a:14), is the exchange that occurs between groupsthat consume the group provides.From the analysis of the three women sexworkers, though different ways to practice, buthas a work burden that relatively similar forthese women, even without their knowing it. Thedouble burden included internal and externalfactors. Work as sex workers is a job thatinvolves the exchange of services and money.However, a social risks impoverishing even morepoor women. Because not only impoverishes thematerial, but also impoverishes the self-esteem(one of the basic human needs).Devaluated. That is, if they do not stop doingthese jobs, they will continue to waste and willcontinue to be the only item of economic valueand time. These women will continuedevaluated. Based on the theory of devaluation,rather than the neglect citizenship of women butalso in the context of being harassed and judgedthem low in the world of work, includinghousehold work and a variety of services andjobs in the area of wage labor (Agger Einstein in2008: 202).2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 115

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGAlienated from her work. In accordance withthe theory of alienation from work, then thephenomenon, the work as sex workers are nolonger to develop but alienate people, eitherfrom yourself or for others. Where's the sign ofalienation is the power of money, commonprostitutes, and human procuress nations.Humans are no longer acting for the sake ofsomething of value in itself or for other needs,but only insofar as his actions make money.Everything in terms of price.Where the work should be a source of pride,should reflect the skills of workers, because theproducts work, but this does not happen. Evenmore the worker produces the work, the moreshe, her inner world, to be poor.Dependence on others (the slaves of others).Occupation is a social function of humanexecution, in which men will feel that whendoing the work, which means the job is makingpeople even more advanced. However, incontrast to work as sex workers. In addition tothese impoverished women's work, also create anew system of slavery, through the "healer" as aprovider of spells with the practice of magicalscience. Where are the women sex workers,each time they will buy " mantra-mantra/gunaguna"they have to pay between Rp. 300,000 -Rp. 550.000, for any man who will work with(used to). Similarly to buy implant (as a charm),they have to pay Rp. 300,000 - Rp. 600.000, anddepending on the implant type, to witch.Losing confidence. Prone to lose selfconfidenceand tend to feel inferior. Accordingto the theory of self-esteem, that: when the priceof self-humiliation, the desire affiliates (join withothers) increases, and it will increasinglyresponsive to receiving the love of others (ElaineDayakisni & Hudainah in 2001). Thus, thesewomen will continue to be trapped in povertyand helplessness due to the job.Be an agent of sexually transmitted diseases.Since the work of sex workers, have the mainelements to be transacted is: sex and money, inwhich sex is considered private, but then movedinto public areas. Thus, the internal factors forfemale sex workers, is the disruption of thereproductive organs (sex) women. In fact, tobear children, women must have sex with menas a biological reproductive process.As a result, making the reproductive organs as amarketing element, then this organ is allowed tobe used publicly. This is an internal conflictoccurs. Women do not realize that maintainingreproductive rights are not an obligation.Women's rights became annoyed when thereproductive organs become affected his health,diseases such as sexually transmitted infections(STIs).Sexually transmitted diseases, such as: GO orgonorrhea, genital herpes, syphilis, the chicken'scomb, hepatitis and HIV/AIDS. These diseases areonly can be transmitted through sexual contact,which means that STIs disease can spreadthroughout the community who often do sexualtransactions. These diseases can cause infertility,miscarriage, cervical cancer, damage toeyesight, brain and heart, easily infected withHIV, hepatitis B and eventually cause death(Jurnal Perempuan 53:35).The situation of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia reportedin the "Business Achievement of the MDGs inIndonesia," in March 2008, at the mention thatsince it was first discovered in 2007, the numberof HIV sufferers continues to increase. Up toMarch 2007 almost 8988 cases of AIDS and 5640HIV cases were reported. According to someexperts, this number is only a small part of theoverall existing patients.Community groups most at risk for this diseaseare infected commercial sex workers and theirclients. In addition, awareness and correctknowledge about HIV and AIDS also remains amajor problem in Indonesia. More than a thirdof women and a fifth of men had never heard atall about HIV/AIDS. If this trend does not change,estimated at more than 1 million Indonesiapeople will be infected in 2010. External factorsreceived from the public domain coupled withinternal factors received from the domesticrealm, in which both of these factors are givenfor the three women suffering sex workers,although often they do not realize it.Because they really lack an understanding of themeaning of the rights and obligations as humanbeings who function as individuals and peoplewho have a social function. Work burden(double Burden) on poor women sex workersdifferent on poor women is not working sex.1162010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGCONCLUSIONSIt turned out that poor women (as well as selfemployedworkers) carry a heavier burden ofpoverty than poor men. From the analysisconducted, it was concluded that thephenomenon of women's work burden and thepoor man is the sum of external and internalfactor’s.The burden caused by external factors isinfluenced by the load wage system, the risk ofemployment and working mechanisms for poorwomen who become workers (for thehousekeeper, pubs & bars workers) plus theinternal load, i.e. the time the division of laborbetween husband and wife in one household.While the burden caused by internal factors isthe division of work time. The burden caused byexternal factors for women who work alone (selfemployment), is the risk of employment whileworking in the public sphere (such as streetvendors), which has no land and a location forwomen to perform activities in public spaceactivities. This burden coupled with the internalload, i.e. the division time of labor betweenhusband and wife in one household.Where both the burden heavily influenced bythe ideology of patriarchy, which is done bymen based on the interpretation of women byreligious experts.REFERENCES[1] MEGAWANGI, R. (1999). MembiarkanBerbeda?: Sudut Pandang Baru TentangRelasi Gender. Penerbit Mizan. Bandung.Bandung.[2] WIDANTI (2005). Hukum BerkeadilanJender. Penerbit Buku Kompas. JakartaJakarta[3] AGGER, B. (2008). Teori Sosial Kritis: Kritik,Penerapan dan Implikasinya. Terj dariCritical Social Theory: An Introductionoleh Nurhadi. Kreasi Wacana. Yogyakarta(436 hlm).[4] HORTON & HUNT (1984) Perempuan DalamAgama-agama Dunia. Terj.dari Women inWorld Religion, oleh Ade Halimah. SUKA-Press. Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta.[5] OLLENBURGER, JC & HA MOORE (2002)Sosiologi Wanita. Terj. Trans. dari ASociology of Women oleh Budi Sucahyono& Yan Sumaryana. PT. PT. Rineka Cipta.Rineka Notices. Jakarta (298 hlm).[6] SAJOGJO, P. (1983) Peranan Wanita dalamPerkembangan Masyarakat Desa. PenerbitCV Rajawali. Jakarta (379 hlm).[7] SOETARYONO RETNO (1985) PengaruhTingkat Kemiskinan Terhadap KerusakanSos-Ek – Suatu Studi kasus di KecamatanJatiujung Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat IITangerang Jakarta. Tesis Pascasarjana IlmuLingkungan-Ekologi Manusia. TidakDipublikasi. Universitas Indonesia.University of Indonesia. Jakarta. Jakarta.[8] SARI, D.I (2004) Hak-hak Sosial EkonomiBuruh Perempuan: Edisi I No.4 Desember2004[9] WESTY 2008). Westy, A. 2008. Kerelawanan:Pilar Pemberdayaan Perempuan yangSemakin Kokoh. Jurnal Galang Vol. 3 No.No. 3. 1, Pebruari 2008.[10] MURAY, J.A (1994) Pedagang Jalanan danPelacuran Jakarta. Terj. Dari No Money, NoHoney, a study a streed traders andprostitutes in Jakarta diterjemahkan. olehNasyith Majidi. Pustaka LP3ES Indonesia.Jakarta.[11] DEWAYANTI, R. Strategi AdaptasiPerempuan: Persoalan Ekonomi danUpaya Pengorganisasian. hal 77-90.[12] RESMI SETIA M.S (2003). Resmi Setia, MS2003. Perjalanan Seorang BuruhPerempuan: Antara Rumah Tangga,Tempat Kerja dan Komunitas. JurnalAnalisis Sosial Vol.8 No.2 Oktober 2003.Yayasan Akatiga. Bandung (hal 51-63).[13] KADIR, H.A (2007). Tangan Kuasa DalamKelamin: Telaah Homoseks, Pekerja Seksdan Seks Bebas di Indonesia. INSISTPress.Yogyakarta (309 hlm).[14] MOWEN, JC & M. MINOR (2002) PerilakuKonsumen. Jilid 2 Edisi Kelima. Terj. Trans.dari Consumen Behaviour, 5th Ed . OlehDr. Dwi Kartini Yahya, SE, Spec.,Lic. PT. PT.Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta. (432 hlm).[15] TEUNE, H (1988). Growth . Volume 167 SageLibrary of Social Research. London2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 117

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING[16] TODARO, M (1994) Pembangunan Ekonomidi Dunia Ketiga. Terj.dari EconomicDevelopment in The Third World FourthEdition, oleh Ir. Burhanuddin Abdulla, MAPenerbit Erlangga. Jakarta. Jakarta. (378hlm)[17] KEATS D. (2004) The Meaning ofDevelopment, Sustainable Developmentand Rural Development. South Africa.NetTel@Africa Off-Line.http://elearn.nettelafrica.org/ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSISAUTHORS & AFFILIATION– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©1.VERONICA A. KUMURUR University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,1.FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY SAM5, Revolutiei,RATULANGI, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAMANADO, INDONEZIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro1182010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

1.RENY SYAFRINY, 2. T. SANGKERTADITHE CITY DEVELOPMENT EFFECT ON WORK BURDENOF WOMEN POOR IN JAKARTAAbstract:In many cases, public open spaces in the cities have been designed and modified in very short-termgoals, under the consideration of local situation. The style of public open space design has evolved inrecent years to promote a more environmentally -friendly method of enjoying our outdoor property.As an enjoyable place in the cities, open space design should begin with an understanding of thefuture use of the property, and the proper design will be unique to a specific site and should be basedon a careful review process. Objectives of the research is to develop a method of design review foroutdoor space, by using Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method, which has been mostly appliedin a single building or simple setting only. POE is a process of evaluation concerning theeffectiveness of spatial design creation and its fixtures after the construction and operationalfunction. The evaluation took place in some public open space in Manado which had mostpopulation in the cities. Research focused on 3 elements of space performances: technical,functional and behavioral aspects. The result shows that, technically, design performance of spacecould successfully bring pleasant for the visitor. Although its functions are very limited, the quality ofenvironment is poor because of the thermal comfort and cleanliness problems.Keywords:public open space, design review, space performanceINTRODUCTIONUrbanization process in Manado city issignificantly running fast over last two decades,but public open spaces provision for communityactivities is still served by the open spaceheritage as well as Sparta Tikala, TamanKesatuan Bangsa, Sporting facilities in Sario andKlabat Stadium. As a waterfront city with 20 kmlong coastal lines, sloping landscape naturalscenery and plenty of small rivers flow into thesea, Manado has great opportunity to developoutdoor space as public places at some strategicareas for providing the need of outdooractivities . As an enjoyable place in the cities,open space design should begin with anunderstanding of the future use of the property,and the proper design will be unique to aspecific site and should be based on a carefulreview process. In case of Manado, urbanchanged occurred significantly in very shortterm. Some international events were held in thecity and in the coming years as a World TourismCity in 2010 revitalization of greeninfrastructures are presumed to be moreactivated. But the presences of public openspaces do not indicate significantly neitherqualitative nor quantitative differences in© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 119

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGchange. The government attentively focused onformer open space available in the city like TKB,Sparta Tikala and seaside area. Meanwhile greeninfrastructure at the housing areas has just beenthe complementary objects, either in planningand provision or in management. Objective ofthe study is to conduct a design review of somepublic open space available as a framework inwhich to evaluate the accessibility and usabilityof each space for the public, in order to promoteenvironmental quality. Preiser (1988) stated thatspace performance could be identified by 3elements; they are technical, function andbehavior aspects. Research tried to evaluatespace performance of public open space inManado, which emphasized on those 3 aspects.Technically, spatial design review focused ondimension of space in order to know adequacyratio of space, sanitation and fixtures throughenvironmental perception of the visitors.Functionally, evaluation was conducted byexamine spatial usability and accessibility, andkinds of activities expected from usersperspective. Behavioral aspects concern aboutobservation of behavior setting occurs in sites,orientation ability, users’ interaction with thewhole elements available in place, and user’ssatisfactory in using the place.METHODSSpace performance in architecture, indoor oroutdoor, determined by several things. In caseof outdoors, it could be designed by provisionsupporting elements like trees, sculpture, pond,or benches. All these elements should be wellinterpreted by individual senses. Explorationabout human perception against spaceperformance examines how far the combinationelements enable to stimulate the positivefeelings of human being. Method used in thisresearch is development of Post OccupancyEvaluation (POE) whereas the application ofPOE is frequently used for evaluation theeffectiveness of design interior in singlebuildings (Zimring C M, and Reizenstein J E,1980). POE for outdoor facilities and other builtenvironments could be ensured to promotephysical environment more human and couldimprove urban environment quality of life in thefuture. POE is defined as a systematic processfor evaluation of built environments from user’sperspectives. It is used to identify ways toimprove quality of environment, to raisecomfort and productivity of users, and to reducedesign and maintenance cost. In this study, POEwas conducted in 3 aspects of spatialperformances: physics, functions and behaviorto explore user-centered design guidelines forsuccessful design of similar objects. Phases ofPOE to evaluate spatial performance are:1. Observations of the place to identify who,where, when and, possibly, how users spendtheir time;2. Survey determination and administration tousers of the place for quantitative (statistical)measurement of the environment;(questionnaires)3. Interviews of users regarding theirexperiences with the place; this helps toqualify where and how people spend theirtime in certain places or corners and notothers;4. Behavioral and Preference Mapping of theplace, possibly at different scales, todelineate those areas that receive the mostand least amount of use, as well as toquantify and qualify the reasons for the use;5. Photographic analysis of how people use thespace, as well as key measurements thatdemonstrate how people are either engagedor not connected to the environment.Baker (1968) defined the basic unit for behaviormappings are behavior setting which arecomprised of suitable combination betweenactions and its place/milieu. Meanwhile Ittelsonmarked, in general, behavior mappings follows 5steps of procedures:1. Basic sketch of setting area2. Description and diagrams of behavior setting3. Duration of observation.4. Systematic procedures5. Notation / coding300 respondents from different age groups wereparticipated in the research for answering thequestionnaires, followed by interviews andobserved behavior setting to explore the properneed of open space users. Three types of urbanoutdoor spaces in Manado were observed. Firsttype is Urban Plaza in city central TamanKesatuan Bangsa (TKB) and Sparta Tikala,Secondly is waterfront areas (Bahu Mall andMegamall seaside area, and Neighborhood openspace in Ketang Baru and Bantik.1202010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGLOCATION OF RESEARCH OBJECTSlocal authority made a renovation on the TKB asa center of open air art and culturalperformance for public leisure.Figure 2: TKB and its surroundings, and Sparta TikalaCivic Square in ManadoFigure.1. Map of Manado CityRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSUMMARY DESCRIPTIONURBAN PLAZA / CENTRAL SQUARE (TKB ANDSPARTA TIKALA)TKB is an old square plaza on the CentralBusiness District area in Manado. Surrounded bycommercial building, this square has historicalbackground and become an important placebecause it has been designed since early periodof urban growth. It has been removed (renewed)from times to times according to urbanredevelopment process. During office hours, thissquare is intensively occupied by users forpassing through from one side to another. Mostof the visitors use the square as a pedestrian wayto reach the local transportation. Some othersused as a resting area to take a break after doingtheir shopping around the site. For the last fewyears, local authority has built an open theatrein the square for making this square moreattractive. On the evening hours, the placebecome so quiet because all the stores adjacentwere closed, and no activities surround. In 2007Sparta Tikala is a formal open space, a civicspace with lawn court and trees, created in frontof local government official buildings. It hasjogging track and benches insides. There arevarious decorative elements and functions onthe site. People use the park for playing or doingsome exercises, social gathering, ceremony, orother special events. Sometimes they use forexhibition and promotion affairs. During the day,this place is relatively quiet. On the north andsouth sides, outside the park, there arepedestrian ways with seats under big trees thatformed comfortable space for shading. Althoughthe park has lower density of usage, theexistence of place gives particular impression forinhabitants.Waterfront AreasAnother kind of open space in the city is coastalzones that exist along 20 km of Manado coastallines. One of the most successful design forpublic open space is Bahu Mall recreationcenter. People of Manado enjoy much havingmeals in many occasions, particularly duringrecreation time. This social phenomenon leadsthe authority to provide many cafeterias in therecreation center like Bahu Mall and Mega Masseaside area. Conception of the reclamation area2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 121

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGin coastal zones is multifunction area; consist ofrecreation, commercial and leisure. Morninghours, people do some exercises regularly, andduring the day, commercial and cafeteria arepredominant the whole area. Teenagersoccupied some interesting spot area after schoolhours, talking with friends or playing. Theyenjoy the beautiful scenery of the sun goesdown to the sea, and it is the best moment in thecity. Sunday morning and holidays, the placesare more crowded because some people fromthe region come to visit the area.Manado It plays important role for socialgathering. It has only 3654 squaremeters wide.People use the field mainly for sporting facilityparticularly playing football. Sometimes theyused for exhibition, social gathering andpromotion affairs, or ceremony religious on thecelebration day. There are pedestrian waysaround; outside the short fences enclosed thefield. Ketang Baru field has only one access fromneighborhood street.Figure 3: Bahu Mall and Mega Mall seaside areaResemble Bahu Mall, Mega Mall area is relativelynew development and still going underconstruction in some parts. The main activitiesin this area are commerce, sporting, publicentertainment and baystreet cafe for enjoyingbeautiful scenery of sunset. Some parts ofreclamation area (16%) belongs to the localgovernment of Manado and proposed to beallocated for urban greenery system.Community Open spaceTwo objects chosen as neighborhood openspace in Manado are Ketang Baru field inKampung Ternate and Bantik field in Malalayangdistrict. At Ketang Baru, a community openspace lies on the center of high density district inFigure 4: Ketang Baru and Bantik FieldAt Malalayang districts, a small public openspace 2378 m2 lies on the north side of maincorridor Trans Sulawesi. It is the only open spacein the middle of housing settlement area in thesouth part of Manado. Covering by grass court,people use it for playing in the afternoon or justwalking and passing through. Sometimes theyuse for special occasion like musical shows orcultural events. Maintenance of this space ismanaged by local authority; they create somedecorative garden as a borderline with TransSulawesi. This kind of community open spaceserved more than 50 000 habitants in theneighborhood.OBSERVATION APPRAISAL OF PARTICIPANTSUrban Community in Manado generally uses theopen space available for leisure andentertainment or doing some exercises in themorning. For particular groups, especially1222010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGteenagers, the need of public space is importantfor social activities or special occasion likeplaying games and friendship gathering. Fornew couple, the existence of public open spaceis necessary for doing some sport or playingwith children and other family. Obviously, theimportance of open space is to refresh urban airquality, however it has to be taking into accountits social aspect for accommodate the needs ofexpression and education for urban community.shopping, 50sport, 75w alkingentertainment,156through, 21Figure 5: People come to public open space inManado for discovering and entertainmentMost of the respondents stated that they enjoyedmuch the ambience of urban air quality, andthey felt inconvenient being in the objectsbecause of heats of microclimate and therubbish. Although there are some trees forshading, they do not function well to reducetemperature. Local authority has provided sometrash containers in each corner, but trash andwastepaper are scattered around.Usability, 81Others, 18Availability, 84Ambience, 117Figure 6: Personal interest being on public openspace in ManadoUrban Plaza / central square (TKB andSparta Tikala)Urban plaza is an urban form that draws peopletogether for passive enjoyment. (Jackson JB,1985). Lynch K (1981) suggested that the plaza isintended as an activity focus, at the heart ofsome intensive urban area. Typically, it will bepaved enclosed by high density structures andsurrounded by streets, or in contact with them.Observation of two plazas indicates that themost intensively area used are seating and stageperformance available on the sites. On TKB,linear seating was occupied in the afternoonhours. There are not enough plants or canopyfor shading that makes the place become veryhot during the day. Children under 12 years oldlikes to play on the stage in groups after school.The density of fixtures stays inattentively in TKBand space is very limited and narrow. Since2007, local government has eliminated the smallcafé and food vendors. Fences are demolished,substituted by change of level around the edges.Replacement of theatre has totally changeorientation of the space. Although two fountainswere added in the square, that could not help toreduce temperature of microclimate during theday. Meanwhile, at Sparta Tikala, some attractivefocal elements like statues and decorative plantsbring special interest which encourages peopleto stop by, stay a little longer for enjoying theatmosphere. Although these two plazas wereprovided by some trash containers, the placewas littering by food wrappers and soft drinkcans in the open areas.Table 1: Existing Condition of urban plazasSituation TKB (1) TIKALA (2)SpatialShapesAccessBorderlinesDimensionof spaceMaterialsusedHeightFixturesSquare74 x 33 m2 entrance gateson east and westsidesFences and trotoiraround andshopping arena innorth andWestside2442 m2concrete floorwith decorativegarden50 cm from streetlevelBenches, publictoilet, opentheatre,sculptures,fountain,decorative gardenTrapezium105 x 93 mMain entrance at theeast and west sides.Streets around withhigh traffic density9765 m2Grass court in themiddle, surroundingby pedestrian /lightconcrete anddecorative garden10 - 20 cm from streetlevelBenches, stage, trashcontainer, sculptures,series of flag posts,decorative garden2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 123

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGWaterfront AreasApparently urban waterfronts, whether naturalor artificial, are now essential ingredients informing a community image, valuable stages forarchitectural display and great places for publicrecreation (Grady Clay, 1998). Manado hassuccessfully built reclamation areas as parts ofurban waterfront development to improveenvironmental quality of seaside area. Majoruses of new spaces are commercial and publicentertainment, meanwhile people adores someoutdoor space for recreation, doing someexercises in the morning, and playing area aspublic amenity.City center, 11park and garden, 72shopping mall, 96cafetaria, 14seaside area, 147Figure 7: Place prefer to spend the leisureSeaside area has a special value of serial visionin the city. Design setting in this area for publicdomain does not need kinds of fixtures exceptbenches faced to the sea. Attractiveness of thesites is panorama of the sea which could interestpeople to join into the place. In bahu mall, theconstruction of promenade along the shorecould increase the environmental quality andsocial function of the place. Meanwhile path andsidewalk in Mega mal were not speciallydesigned for walkers; it was just covering byhard surface for the wheels, which makes theplace become hot during the day. Somebuildings and parking lots are still underconstruction in certain place on the site. Duringthe weekend, mega mal is very crowded in themorning. People used the road and parking lotsfor jogging or doing some sport.Community Open spaceUrbanization process, especially populationgrowth and construction development do notproportionally balance with public spaceprovision for accommodate the communityactivities. Divided into 9 districts official,Manado city has only 2 official public openspaces representing communal space asneighborhood space, they are Singkil andMalalayang. Both are very limited in use also insize. This situation is consequently lead theneighbors, mainly the children, to use other kindof public space like streets and pedestrian way toplay and doing some pleasant things on thedangerous area. Even though the usage anddimension are very limited, people areinterested to visit and expected somepleasurable things from the object. Doing fungames, talking with neighbors, sitting andwatching the kids play are setting of activities inthe object observed. Occasionally, they used forsocial gathering, religious ceremony, musicalconcert, or special events.Tabel.2. Physical condition of two neighborhoodspace in Bantik Malalayang dan Ketang BaruSituation BANTIK KETANG BARUSpatialShapesAccessBorder linesDimensionof spaceMaterialsusedHeightSquare58 x 41 m2 entrancegates onsouth andeast sidesFences andtrotoir atsouth side2378 m2grass courtwithdecorativegarden30 cm fromstreet levelSquare58 x 63 m2 entrance at north andsouth sides.Bollard and Streetsaround with mediumtraffic density3654 m2Grass court10 - 20 cm from streetlevelAccording to the adequacy of outdoor facility,respondents of neighborhood area felt the openspace in Manado are insufficient in quality andquantity to meet the public need.inadequate, 125lack, 30plenty, 72adequate, 72Figure 8: Adequacy of public open space in Manado1242010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGCONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONThis paper analyses the results of aninvestigation in Manado city, North Sulawesi,into local citizens aspirations for different typesof urban open space related to the socialfunctions. The result will serve in theimprovement of urban design decision formaking renovation of some public space designwhich will contribute urban greenery systemplanning in Manado city.In case of Manado, limitation of number andvarious activities are caused by spatial conditionwhich could not represent the real need ofusers. Some activities are taken in wrong placeslike playing on the parking area or on the street.Some elements of public open spaces areproperly unused and inattentive while someother are over capacity, like pedestrian andpaving for doing exercises. Public open space ispublicly accessible open space which includesstreets, civic spaces and parks. Well-designedand managed public space is an integral part ofthe character, economic attractiveness anduniqueness of a place. The quality of publicspace plays a major role in the economic, socialand environmental sustainability of our cities.According to UU no 27/2007, Indonesiaregulation on spatial planning, 30 % of urbanland use area should be reserved for urbangreenery system. Thus will consequently lead toplanning the open space not only as acomplementary object, but included in the mainsystem in planning and management of urbanland area.DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONBrief description of design and/or amenitychanges recommended to improve the qualityof settings as a place for people to use and enjoyin Manado open space are:Quantitatively, urban open space, mainlyneighborhood space, should be providedand well distributed in each cluster ofhuman settlement in appropriate sizeneeded and suitable density of population.One focus in one place could avoid visualcomplexity in urban plaza. Sculpturesshould be well scaled.Food vendors are supporting elements inpublic realm, and they should beaccommodated under the certainconditions.Jogging trail should be served in manycircumstances, and should be designseparately with vehicles.Since the microclimate is very hot, itshould be more vegetation and canopy forshading the area (Syafriny R andSangkertadi, 1999)Night lighting is important element shouldbe provided in each public places.REFERENCES[1] BARKER, R G, “Ecological psychology:Concepts and methods for studying theenvironment of human behavior”,University of California Press, Stanford,1968.[2] FRIEDMANN, A., ZIMRING, C. & ZUBE, E.“Environmental Design Evaluation”, NewYork: Plenum, 1978.[3] GRADY CLAY, “Real Places: AnUnconventional Guide to America'sGeneric Landscape”, University of ChicagoPress, 1998.[4] HARYADI and SETIAWAN, “Environmentarchitecture and behavior: theory,methods and application”, Project Reportfor the Development of The EnvironmentalStudy Centers, Directorate General ofHigher Education, Department ofEducation and Culture, Indonesia, 1995.[5] JACKSON, J.B. "Vernacular space", TexasArchitect, Vol. 35 No.2, 1985.[6] KAMPSCHROER K. AND WINDSOR, J.H."Strategic Post-Occupancy Evaluation"Paper for the International Conference onPost-Occupancy Evaluation: Closing theLoop, UK, 2004.[7] LYNCH, K. “A Theory of Good City Form”,MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London1981.[8] POLUAN, S.J. and SYAFRINY, R. “Quality ofopenspaces in Manado. Case study atcampuss and colleges area”. Researchreport, Sam Ratulangi University ResearchCenter, Manado, 1999.[9] PREISER, W. and RABINOWITZ, H. & WHITE,E.T. Post-Occupancy Evaluation”, (Eds.)New York: Van Nostrand ReinholdCompany, 1988.2010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III 125

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING[10] SYAFRINY, R. and SANGKERTADI, T. “Thermalcomfort investigation for pedestrian atpublic space in the center town ofManado”. Research report, Sam RatulangiUniversity Research Center, Manado, 1998.[11] SYAFRINY, R. and SANGKERTADI, T.“Contribution of sun shelter to achievethermal comfort for pedestrian in humidtropical city”, Journal of Research &Development, Sam Ratulangi University,Vol XXI No.20 June, 1999.[12] SYAFRINY, R. WUISANG, SANGKERTADI, T.“Perception of Urban CommunityConcerning Existence of PublicOpenspace”, Proceeding of the 11 thInternational Conference on Quality inResearch, University of Indonesia, Jakarta,3-6 August 2009.[13] ZIMRING, C .M. and REIZENSTEIN, J.E. “Post-Occupancy Evaluation”, Environmentand Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 4, 429-450,1980.ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.RENY SYAFRINY,2.T. SANGKERTADI1.2.DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, FACULTY OFENGINEERING, SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY,MANADO, INDONESIAANNALSofFACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONALJOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print, online]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro1262010/Fascicule 2/April­June /Tome III

BOOK REVIEWENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND HUMANITY ISSUES INTHE DOWN DANUBIAN REGION– MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHESPROCEEDINGS OF THE 9 TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ONINTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL RESEARCHedited by DRAGUTIN MIHAILOVIĆ(UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD, SERBIA)& MIRJANA VOJINOVIĆ MILORADOV(UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD, SERBIA)ISBN: 978-981-283-439-3981-283-439-7ISBN: 978-981-283-440-9 (ebook)981-283-440-0 (ebook)REVIEW:The book: Environmental, Health and Humanity Issues in the Down Danubian Region:Multidisciplinary Approaches, by editors: Dragutin Mihailovic and Mirjana Vojinovic Miloradov,published by World Scientific Publishing Co in 2009, consists of selected papers from the Proceedingof the 9th International Symposium on Interdisciplinary Regional Research, held on University ofNovi Sad, Serbia in june, 2007. This Symposium is the result of tripartite regional cooperation© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 127

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGbetween the University of Novi Sad, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences —Szeged (Hungary) branch and Interdisciplinary Committee for Research and Development of theRomanian West Zone — Timisoara (Romania), a cooperation that has been ongoing since 1996. Theresults of joint research projects are presented at the international symposia "InterdisciplinaryRegional Research — ISIRR", which are being held cyclically in one of the three countriesTHE BOOK — IN SHORT PRESENTATIONThe awareness about the changing world always introduces an amount of anxiety into man’s life thatcan be defined by the following question: Can man preserve the existing world for the future of hischildren)To preserve this world for the future of our children, we must all strive for sustainable development— a development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising options andresources the future generations will use to meet their own needs. It implies environmentally sounddevelopment in societies and regions free from threats to life and property. Human security is anessential ingredient of sustainability, which is increasingly threatened by extreme events, both naturaland human-induced.Regardless of the word balance being used either globally or locally in any given context, it isundoubtedly the keyword in the increasing number of environmental problems. The underlinedsketch is a proper introduction to the question: Why are the environmental problems in focus now)One particular answer can be found in the hierarchy of the main scientific problems for the 21stcentury as seen by the scientific community. According to them, in the 21st century the world ofscience will be occupied by the problems linked mainly to superconductivity, quantum teleology,extra-terrestrial contacts and environmental problems primarily expressed through the climatechange problems. A unique characteristic of those problems is the question of different aspects of theexistence of an individual human being. Those questions are: technological capability, origin of theconsciousness and survival on the Earth. This is the first time in the history of science that theenvironmental problems take place at the frontline of science. The question of why this happeningnow is and why it will go on happening in the future could be answered by the well known fact thatin the scientific as well as other worlds the main "drama of the event" takes place at the interfacebetween either two media or two states.Damages in lives lost and destroyed property are increasing in frequency and magnitude. Increasedpollution in the atmosphere is causing gradual increase of the temperature. The slowly rising sea levelis threatening low lying countries with more severe storm surges and some scientists suspect thatrecent large floods, heat waves and drought in Central Europe and the lower Danubian region areindicators of more severe hazardous events in the future. Even more dramatic are human-inducedenvironmental changes caused by population growth, uncontrolled urbanisation and development,and regional conflicts. They result in changes of social and cultural structures, public health, changesof land use and related phenomena, and generating environmental refugees. The environmentbecomes increasingly endangered, especially when man encroaches on and modifies fragileenvironments.THE BOOK — CHAPTERSThe book has 371 pages and it is thematically structured in 37 Chapters covering following topics:Part One – Medical Issues, Part Two – Agricultural and Food Technology Issues, Part Three – TheEcological Issues, Part Four – Humanity Issues.THE BOOK — PART ONEPart One deals with the medical problems in the lower Danubian region. Keynote papers considermedical imaging in general and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The following chapter papersare devoted to various problems related to the application of DICOM/JPEG2000 Client/Server1282010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGArchitecture, radionuclide application in therapy and diagnostics and densi tome try measurements.Other papers consider problems related to traveler’s thrombosis, acute limb ischemia and denturestechnology.THE BOOK — PART TWOPart Two considers the agricultural, technological and developmental open horizons in naturalresources of the lower Danubian region. Through applied and fundamental disciplines ranging frombiochemistry to physiology, microbiology, applied genetics and food technology, the authorssearched for innovations that promote sustainable management of crops and other natural resourcesin this agriculturally developed region of Europe. The first paper is devoted to the plant antioxidantactivity of wild and cultivated Allium species, while the second one deals with the antioxidantsystems in some rare and endangered species from the southern part of the Pannonian plain. Thegroup of biochemistry papers is closed with the studies of (i) distribution of different forms ofcadmium in the intercellular space and cadmium content in roots, stems and leaves of young sugarbeet plants and (ii) effect of nickel, cadmium and molybdenum on sugar beet nitrate and proteinmetabolisms.THE BOOK — PART THREEThe first paper that comes from the physiological background deals with the effect of short-termwater deficiency on vascular tissue of petiole and leaf lamina of sugar beet, while the other three treatthe effect of nitrate concentrations on physiology of different leaf age groups of poplar. Following isthe processes within current or future climate, such as the impact of different methods onuncertainties in lake water budget and (ii) modeling efforts in the pharmacokinetics system with timedelay. The last two papers of Part Three, without direct modeling efforts, give examples ofinvestigations, e.g. dealing with characterization of gas/ particle partitioning polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the area of Kragujevac during theNATO operation in Serbia, and the importance of possible corn production in Hungary in the future,seen through the lens of the climate change.THE BOOK — PART FOURIn Part Four, the papers deal with several aspects of interdisciplinary relation of humanity issues andsociety through ecology, economy, language and literature. The very first paper analyses statementsof interviewed citizens of the city of Novi Sad (Serbia) on measures of local environmental policy andstakeholders who participate in environmental policy actions. Following are two papers based oneconomic issues. They consider (i) job satisfaction in the state-owned sector of Serbia and (ii) the firstpublic private partnership in Serbia whose socio-economic environment is fruitful for theimplementation of new university-industry-government partnership. The last group of papersconcern gender relations, Balkan culture and literature. They are a kind of pioneering work whichaddresses the struggle of getting gender studies recognized as a degree programme in the lowerDanubian countries over the past two decades. The first paper from this group focuses on the role ofmale/female addresses on the same and opposite sexes and investigates how these addresses reflecttoday's Balkan culture, where women are traditionally in the background and men are in theforeground. The next paper deals with metaphors of cannibalism and the role they play in the femaleprotagonists' reconsideration of their identities in several novels, while in the last one the authordiscusses two novels from a double perspective: the feminine condition and the role that art plays inthe life of the characters.2010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III 129

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGTHE BOOK — GENERAL BACKROUNDThe book gives the scientific review and correct approach to the Environmental, Health andHumanity issues in a comprehensive and critical way.Multidisciplinary approaches of considered problems in the Down Danubian Region have beenpublished for the first time for this part of the Western Balkan Region.MIRJANA VOJINOVIĆ MILORADOV&IMRE KISSACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro1302010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENT3 RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEFOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATIONAND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT- ICEIRD 2010THEME:ENTREPRENEURSHIP BEYOND CRISIS- CHANNELLING CHANGES TO ADVANTAGENOVI SAD, SERBIA27 - 29 MAY 2010ORGANISED BYUNIVERSITY OD NOVI SAD,FACULTY OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES,DEPARTMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTUNIVERSITY OD NOVI SAD, UNESCO CHAIR IN ENTREPRENEURIAL STUDIESCISCO ENTREPRENEUR INSTITUTE, TRAINING CENTER SERBIAT ARGET A UDIENCEThe conference is addressed at national and regional government representatives in all countries ofSouth-East Europe, who are involved in the process of policy making in the area of Innovation,Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. Special target group are enterprises, as well as nongovernmentalorganizations active in conference topics.The conference brings together policy makers, experts, practitioners, professors, business people andscientists in this subject area. ICEIRD 2010 will make a contribution to policy making and new ideas© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 131

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGon competitiveness in the region. Special target audience are students, young researchers, scientists,and their supervisors from academia and industry to present actual research projects and results.O BJECTIVES AND S COPE OF THE C ONFERENCEWe live in a time of change, in a fast evolving, increasingly global and competitive economy.Sustaining a competitive advantage requires that individuals, companies, and nations anticipate,stimulate and manage change rather than simply react to it. This is what entrepreneurship is about:channeling change to your advantage. New ideas generate new realities and this requires knowledgefrom different disciplines and the ability to combine such insight with the daily practical realities ofbusiness life.We hope that ICEIRD 2010 will give small contribution how to achieve this delicate balance by itselfcombining both theory and practice, gathering in the same place decision makers (government,ministries- and state agencies), scientists (universities, research and development centres, start-up.centres and incubators) and practitioners (SME's) in order to discuss topic that are of crucialimportance for national competitiveness and increased regional development in the South EastEurope. The key areas of the conference are:• Entrepreneurship as a process of identifying opportunities and putting useful ideas into practice;Innovation as the driver of national, regional and global economy;• Regional development and the possibilities and barriers for closer cooperation between South EastEuropean economies.MISSION:Mission of the International Conference for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development(ICEIRD) is to strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit and help develop and sustain economic growth byfostering innovation, through the academic knowledge and expertise. ICEIRD Consortium has beenestablished to provide a multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral forum for researchers, practitioners, andpolicy makers in the field of innovation and regional development, and a means for sharing findingsthat promote innovation and therefore enhance economic, technological and regional socioeconomicdevelopment through new economic activities that stimulate generation of wealth throughentrepreneurial and sustainable employment and growth and thus increase competitiveness as wellas civil society development and enhancement via the inter-networking of disciplines, researchers,policy makers and practitioners in diverse countries in the region.The ICEIRD Consortium drives research agenda in the field of technology, innovation andentrepreneurship and regional economic development. It is one of the premium and pioneeringconsortia that successfully and effectively link theory and practice through well-established researchoutputs and annual meetings.T OPICS OF I NTERESTCreativity, Complexity and Competitiveness Issues for Small and Medium Enterprises (EU andother)Leveraging e-skills for Innovation in the Knowledge SocietyManaging and Leveraging Complexity, Creativity and Innovation in SMEsTrust, Respect, Culture and Collaboration Issues for SMEs in SEE vs. other regions (EU)Leadership and Management practices that can be applied to SMEsSME Business process modeling, SME Knowledge management and technology transferNew Technology Ventures FinancingBusiness incubation management and leadershipHuman Resources Practices for promoting innovation for SMEsSouth East European Entrepreneurial and Innovation ClustersSMEs’ Entrepreneurship as an Innovation Driver1322010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGOpportunities and barriers for closer cooperation between South East European SMEsStrategic Integration vs. Flexibility and SME CompetitivenessInnovation Clusters, Technology Transfer and Social EntrepreneurshipSocial Networking as Driver of EICs formationScience & Technology Parks and EICsYoung and Women Entrepreneurs development via EICsBenchmarking of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Best Practices in the regionInnovation policy in SMEsTechnology Innovation, Transfer and Commercialization across Governement, University,The role of the State and Public Policy with regards to SME Innovation and EntrepreneurshipGovernmental and regional policies on entrepreneurship and innovationEntrepreneurial Universities and Entrepreneurial Innovation ClustersEntrepreneurship education, University – Industry collaborationInnovative supply chains, Innovative Supply Chain Management practices in SEESMEs and the role of the Innovation Zone (business centers and incubators)Intangibles Valuation and Intellectual Property RightsI MPORTANT D ATESSubmission of camera ready full papers: 23rd April 2010Early egistration and author registration: 23rd April 2010S CIENTIFIC C OMMITTEE – Conference ChairDr. Zoran Anisic, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, SerbiaS CIENTIFIC C OMMITTEE – Conference ExecutivesDr. Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandProfessor Elias Carayannis, George Washington University, Washington DC, USAProfessor Ilija Cosic, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, SerbiaMrs. Cotet Domnica, Mechanical Research Engineering Institute, Bucharest, RomaniaProfessor Robert Huggins, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, United KingdomProfessor Panayiotis Ketikidis, City College, Thessaloniki, GreeceProfessor Nicos Komninos, Urban and Regional Innovation Research Unit, Thessaloniki, GreeceProfessor Siau Ching Lenny Koh, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United KingdomDr. Zenon Michaelides, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKProfessor Roumen Nikolov, University of Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaProfessor Leon Oerlemans, Tilburg University, Tilburg, NetherlandsDr. Luke Pittaway, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USADr. Radmil Polenakovik, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, MKProfessor Petko Ruskov, Sofia University, Sofia, BulgariaProfessor Vojin Senk, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, SerbiaDr. Jaka Vadnjal, GEA College for Entrepreneurship, Piran, SloveniaProfessor Colin Williams, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United KingdomS CIENTIFIC C OMMITTEE – Committee MembersMr. Adi Kovacevic, WUS Austria, Graz, AustriaMr. Anthony Gribben, European Training Foundation, Turin, ItalyDr. Anna Sotiriadou, CITY-College, Thessaloniki, GreeceDr. Anton Constantin Micu, Bucarest, RomaniaDr. Bozidar Lekovic, Faculty of Economy, Subotica, Serbia2010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III 133

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGMr. Bojan Lalic, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, SerbiaDr. Bobek Suklev, Faculty of Economy, Skopje, MacedoniaMr. Boris Curkovic, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and HerzegovinaDr. Christina Miariti, SEERC, Thessaloniki, GreeceMr. Darko Konjevic, Podgorica, MontenegroDr. Delco Jovanoski, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Skopje, MacedoniaDr. Denise Fletcher, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United KingdomMs. Efka Heder, European Training Foundation, Turin, ItalyDr. Elena Rodriguez-Falcon, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United KingdomDr. Fuada Stankovic, Faculty of Law, Novi Sad, SerbiaMr. Herbert Pock, Graz, AustriaMr. Igor Medic, BIOS, Osijek, CroatiaDr. Igor Pavlin, GEA College, Ljubljana, SloveniaDr. Ilija Cosic, Technical University, Novi Sad, SerbiaMr. Jack Bourke, University of Limerick, Limerick, IrelandDr. Karl Hainz-Fiedler, SPICE, Berlin, GermanyDr. Karolj Kasas, Regional Chamber of Commerce,SuboticaDr. Kiril Anguelov, Technical University, Sofia, BulgariaDr. Klaus Schuch, ZSI, Vienna, AustriaDr. Konstantin Dimitrov, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Skopje, MacedoniaDr. Konstantin Petkovski, University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bitola, MacedoniaDr. Lenny Koh, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United KingdomDr. Ljubica Shuturkova, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, MacedoniaDr. Ljubomir Drakulevski, Faculty of Economy, Skopje, MacedoniaDr. Luke Pitaway, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United KingdomMr. Martin Felix - Gajdusek, ASO Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaMr. Michel Richter, SENSI, Amsterdam, NederlandDr. Martha Muhlburger, University of Leoben, Leoben, AustriaAcademic Nikola Klusev, MASA, MacedoniaDr. Nenad Penezic, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, SerbiaDr. Nikos Zaharis, SEERC, Thessaloniki, GreeceMr. Peter Perkonigg, Styrean Development Agency, Graz, AustriaDr. Ricardo Pinto, Stratagem Consulting International, Hamburg, GermanyDr. Slavica Singer, JJ Strosmaer University, Osijek, CroatiaAcademic Taki Fiti, Skopje, MASA, MacedoniaDr. Todor Kralev, Faculty of Tourism, Skopje, MacedoniaDr. Valentina Gecevska, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Skopje, MacedoniaDr. Vasyl Gerasymchuk, National Technical University of Ukraine, Kiev, UkraineDr. Velimir Stojkovski, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, MacedoniaDr. VeraZelenovic, Regional Chamber of Commerce, Novi SadDr. Vojin Senk, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, SerbiaDr. Viktor Stefov, Faculty of Natural Science, Skopje, MacedoniaDr. Vladimir Dukovski, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Skopje, MacedoniaDr. Yannick Du Pont, SPARK, Amsterdam, NederlandDr. Zoran Anisic, Technical University, Novi Sad, SerbiaG OALSThe objective of ICEIRD Consortium is to establish an effective channel of communication betweenpolicy makers, government agendas, academic and research institutions and persons concerned withthe latest research, scientific development and practice on innovation and regional development,with the following goals:1342010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGTo bridge the gap between academic and industry through applied research on technology,innovation and entrepreneurship and regional economic developmentTo foster knowledge transfer and collaboration between the academic and industry sectors inemergent technology, system and model contextsTo organize annual conferences/workshops to meet with members and participants anddisseminate latest research and practiceTo publish results of projects in quality academic and professional journals, books,handbooks, proceedings, and reports.To generate funding from sources such as local government and research councils forfurthering and developing new projects that could benefit the regional and country economyand industry by sharing of experiences and know-how between regions and countriesTo work in partnership with industry on specific entrepreneurial challenges, or innovativeideasTo drive international research collaboration on projects related to innovation and regionaldevelopment.To serve as the resources and expertise’s hub on entrepreneurship and innovation byproviding an ICEIRD consortium platform and a knowledge bank.To infuse and pump knowledge and expertise into improving the competitiveness ofenterprises in developing countries.To be the first successful international network that enables exchange and transfer ofknowledge, expertise and resources between developed and developing countries (the realglobal innovative chain)B ACKGROUNDThe International Conference for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development (ICEIRD)Consortium was formally established in 2008. It is a multi - disciplinary and cross-sectoral networkcrossing several streams of theory and practice, namely entrepreneurship, innovation, regionaleconomic development and information systems. The ICEIRD Consortium was set-up with membersfrom institutions jointly researching and collaborating in strategising/organising the annual ICEIRDconference and managing joint projects focused on the theory, policy and practice ofentrepreneurship and innovation in particular as it pertains to information technologies.One of the higher concern features of the so-called European Innovation Paradox is the dividebetween academic research and policy-making, between thinkers and doers. The ICEIRD can becomean authoritative reference in bridging this gap by developing analysis in the field of innovation andregional policy, based on high-level academic research, but without neglecting the lessons learnt bypolicy makers and professionals in the field. Thus establishing experiential feedback learning loopsand cross fertilization among two communities which have lived too far away from each other for fartoo long, and in the European Union in particular.S UBMISSIONSPaper Submission - Academic papers accepted and presented at the conference will be published inthe Conference Proceedings. Selected papers will be also published in a special issue of theInternational Journal for Innovation and Regional Development (IJIRD), Interscience Publisher Ltd.As well as full academic papers, the following submissions are welcomed and will be published in theBooklet of Abstracts:• Case Study Submissions - Presentations from individuals or companies working in the field• Practitioner Contribution - Contributions, either presentations or demonstrations, fromindividuals or companies working in the field.• Institutional Contribution - Contributions, either presentations or demonstrations, frominstitutions working in the field (agencies, chambers, tehnoparks, incubators, municipal offices,etc.)2010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III 135

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGL OCATIONNovi Sad is located in the southern part of Europe, in Serbia and lies on the left bank of the riverDanube. It is the second largest city in Serbia.. In contrast to many other European destinations, hasthe reputation, by full right, of a multinational, multicultural and multi-confessional metropolis inwhich all differences are seen as advantages. The witnesses to that are Novi Sad Theatre/ÚjvidékiSzínház and University of Novi Sad with 19 faculties and specialized departments at which thelectures are held in languages of national minorities or were founded with that purpose. Still, thereare so many other things that represent a daily, lively routine of Novi Sad. Novi Sad is quite sensitiveto its bridges. 134 pontoon bridges have been constructed from 1720s until 1920s. The history of thesebridges is another story, a story so special that sometimes Novi Sad was called "the town where riverruns above the bridges". Novi Sad is a simple city, hospitable and open-hearted to all of its visitors,built by measure of a man. It is a city one gets to know and love easily, but also a place hard to forgetand leave forever.C ONTACTDr Zoran AnisicUniversity of Novi SadFaculty of Technical SciencesTrg Dositeja Obradovica 621000 Novi Sad, Serbiae-mail: info@iceird.orgDanijela GracaninUniversity of Novi SadFaculty of Technical SciencesTrg Dositeja Obradovica 621000 Novi Sad, SerbiaACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro1362010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENTTHE 1 ST CONFERENCE"MAINTENANCE 2010"JUNE 10-13 2010,ZENICA, B&HINVITATIONFaculty of Mechanical Engineering in Zenica organizes the 1 st Conference "MAINTENANCE 2010".Conference objectives are:Gathering of people engaged in maintenance funds for the operation of various aspects and theirstructural organization,Communication of the research results in the field of maintenance, as theoretical and practical,Exchange of experiences from practical maintenance activities,Transfer of knowledge in the field of maintenance.Organizing Committee would like to invite all potential authors and participants to submmit abstracts(up to 100 words), not later than Januar 31st 2010.The official Conference languages are English, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian.MAIN TOPICS:The Conference will be performed as follows: plenary session (Key papers concerned global topics),symposium (papers according to the conference topics) and workshops, when needed.We would like to inform all the potential authors to prepare papers in the following topics:TECHNOLOGY MAINTENANCERELIABILITY AND MAINTENANCELOGISTICS IN THE MAINTENANCEQUALITY AND MAINTENANCEMONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICSORGANIZING COMMITTEE:MENADŽEMENT AND MAINTENANCEINFORMATION SYSTEMS MAINTENANCENEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MAINTENANCEEDUCATION MAINTENANCEECOLOGY AND MAINTENANCEDr. SAFET BRDAREVIĆ - president,Dr. SABAHUDIN JAŠAREVIĆ - secretaryDr. MUSTAFA IMAMOVIĆ,AMIR ABAZOVIĆ, B.Sc.NUSRET IMAMOVIĆ, B.Sc.MERIM ALIĆ, studentPROGRAM REVIEW COMMITTEE:DR. SAFET BRDAREVIĆ, (B&H) - PRESIDENTDR. BOJAN AČKO (SLOVENIA)DR. ŽIVOSLAV ADAMOVIĆ (SERBIA)DR. RANKO ANTUNOVIĆ (B&H)© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 137

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGDR. HASAN AVDIĆ (B&H)DR. MIROSLAV BOBREK (B&H)DR. RANKO BOŽIČKOVIĆDR. MIODRAG BULATOVIĆ (CG)DR. ILIJA ĆOSIĆ (SERBIA)DR. IVO ČALA (CROATIA)MR. MUSTAFA ČENGIĆ (B&H)DR. SABAHUDIN EKINOVIĆ (B&H)DR. ŠEFKET GOLETIĆ (B&H)DR. MUSTAFA IMAMOVIĆ (B&H)DR. SABAHUDIN JAŠAREVIĆ (B&H)DR. BRANISLAVJEREMIĆ (SERBIA)DR. TOME JOLEVSKI (MACEDONIA)DR. SMAIL KLARIĆ (B&H)DR. HOTIMIR LIČEN (SERBIA)DR. NIKO MAJDANDŽIĆ (CROATIA)DR. VIDOSAV MAJSTOROVIĆ (SERBIA)MR. BOGAN MARIĆ (B&H)DR. SULEJMAN MUHAMEDAGIĆ (B&H)DR. DARKO PETKOVIĆ (B&H)DR. STRAIN POSAVLJAK (B&H)DR. IZET SMAJEVIĆ (B&H)DR. DRAGUTIN STANIVUKOVIĆ (SERBIA)DR. DAVORKA ŠARAVANJA (B&H)DR. RAMIZ ŠELO (B&H)DR. DŽEMO TUFEKČIĆ (B&H)DR. SAMO ULAGA (SLOVENIA)DR. FIKRET VELJOVIĆ (B&H)DR. JOŽE VIŽINTIN (SLOVENIA)DR. DUŠAN VUKOJEVIĆ (B&H)DR. NERMINA ZAIMOVIĆ-UZUNOVIĆ (B&H)IMPORTANT DATES:Submission of the full paper: April 15 th 2010Registration fee payment: May 15 th 2010Final programme: May 15 th 2010"Maintenance 2010": June 10 th -13 th 2010TIME AND VENUE:The conference will be held from 10 th to 13 th June 2010 in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Zenica is a town in the Zenica-Doboj Canton, in the central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Area ofthe city is 500 km2, population is about 130 thousand.Economic center of the geographic region ofcentral Bosnia and near Travnik and Jajce, the most important city in that part of the state.CORESPONDENCE ADDRESS:FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN ZENICA Fakultetska 1- For Conference Maintenance 2010 -72000 ZENICABOSNIA & HERCEGOVINAYou can get all the information regarding the Conference at:Phone: +387 32 449-143; +387 32 449-145Fax: +387 32 246-612You can also contact:• Prof.dr. Safet Brdarević• Doc.dr. Sabahudin JašarevićE-mail:o sjasarevic@mf.unze.ba;o sjasar@yahoo.com;o sbrdarevic@mf.unze.baConference Maintenance 2010: http://www.unze.ba/odrzavanje/index.htm1382010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENTVII th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS" MACHINЕRY, TECHNOLОGY, MATERIALS"– INNOVATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY26. – 28.05.2010SOFIA, BULGARIAINVITATIONThe SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS "MACHINERY, TECHNOLОGY, MATERIALS’10" will be carriedout together with the EXHIBITION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHTECH’10 in Inter Expo CenterSofia.Together and collaborating these two events will form the industrial forum "MACHINERY,TECHNOLGY, MATERIALS – INNOVATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY”. We hope that in this way theCongress will become a bigger innovation mediator between scientific research and industry.The program of the Congress offers you different ways to present the results of your research in frontof you colleagues and the representatives of the industry. We invite you to take advantage of theseopportunities.Beside the international congress MTM''10 and MECHTECH’10 the INDUSTRIAL FORUM includes:EXHIBITION MECHTECH in the halls of INTER EXPO & CONGRESS CENTER OF SOFIA and Innovationsexchange and consulting services for the Industry.We invite you to take part (personally or by correspondence) in the VII INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSMTM''10 with publishing of your papers or messages on innovative technical solutions for theindustry. You are welcome to participate either in the common stand “SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONSFOR THE INDUSTRY” which is organized by us.TOPICS:01. MACHINES02. TECHNOLOGIES03. MATERIALS© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 139

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSCIENTIFIC PROGRAM:PLENARY SESSION with ordered papersSECTIONAL SESSIONS in the congress halls of Inter Expo & Congress centerPOSTER PRESENTATIONS OF PAPERS at the congress stand in the exposition of the ForumParticipation with models, prospects, samples and/or multimedia presentations at the“SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY stand in the Forum’s exposition.OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AT MTM''10: BULGARIAN, RUSSIAN, ENGLISHPUBLICATIONS:In separate volume ISSN 1310-3946 of the proceedings for each topic session, which will belodged in St.St. Cyril and Methodius National Library and Central Scientific-technical Library inBulgariaIn CD, containing all papers.Detached issue of the International virtual scientific-technical journal “MACHINERY,TECHNOLOGY MATERIALS” (ISSN 1313-0226). This publishing is at will and requires additionalpayment.Author’s scroll, containing the title page, the content of the volume and printed copy of theauthor’s paper with the page numbers from the Proceedings.IMPORTANT DATES:Announcement of the plenary and sectional sessions program on our web page: 15.04.2010The Organizing Committee will receive posters up to: 15.04.2010Receiving of the application for transfer: 14.05.2010Registration of the participants: 25 and 26.05.2010Opening of the congress: 26.05.201TIME AND SPACE:26 - 28. 05. 2010,Inter Expo Centre,bul. „Tzarigradsko shose” №147,SOFIA – BULGARIASECRETARIAT:SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL UNION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING108 RAKOVSKI STR.,1000 SOFIATEL./FAX (+359 2) 986 22 40,TEL. (+359 2) 987 72 90nts-bg@mech-ing.com ,www.mech-ing.com/mtmSkype: NTSMashinostroene1402010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENT2 ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEMANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY- STEP TO SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTIONMOTSP 20102 – 4 JUNE 2010ROVINJ, CROATIAAIMS AND SCOPEInternational Conference "Management of Technology - Step to Sustainable Production"(MOTSP 2010), will take place from 02-04 June 2010 as a joint project organized by the Faculty ofMechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphical Arts,Croatia, Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, Koper and University of Maribor, Faculty ofMechanical Engineering, Slovenia.The main objective of this International Conference (MOTSP 2010) is to gather international expertsfrom academic entities, research laboratories and industries related to the field of Management ofTechnology and Sustainable Production. The Conference will also provide a platform for sharingknowledge, ideas and results between science and industry.The management of technology, the stimulation of innovation and invention and the transfer oftechnology are considered important challenges of the developed countries and countries intransition.MAIN TOPICS:Management of TechnologyProduction, Operation ManagementStrategic, Engineering Management,Industrial Engineering• Operational Research• Logistics© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 141

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING• Production Economics• Decision and Risk Analysis• Manufacturing Costs• Supply Chain Management, Total Quality Management• Forecasting, Technology Foresight• Business Intelligence• Maintenance, etcRapid Prototyping and ManufacturingComputer Integrated Manufacturing CAD, CAM, CAPP, CAQ,.Artificial IntelligenceTotal Cost AssessmentSustainable Production• Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)• Green Production (BAT)• Clean Production• Eco Design• LCM (Life Cycle Management) & Decision Supports• LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)• LCI (Life Cycle Inventory)• LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment)• Extended Products• SLCA (Social Life Cycle Assessment)• Renewable Sources of EnergyEnergy Efficiency and Audit• Energy Efficiency and Audit• Eco Labeling• Recycling• Reverse LogisticsSocial ResponsibilityGENERAL INFORMATIONS:Notification of the acceptance of full papers: April 15 th , 2010CORESPONDENCE ADDRESS:Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb,Ivana Lučića 5, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaAssoc. Prof. Predrag Ćosić, Ph.D.,Head of Department of Industrial EngineeringSecretary: Nataša Tošanović, B.Sc. Mech. Eng.Phone 385 1 61 68 355 Fax: 385 1 6157 123E-mail: motsp2010@fsb.hrURL: motsp2010.info1422010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENT4 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEON MASS CUSTOMIZATIONAND PERSONALIZATION IN CENTRAL EUROPE(MCP - CE 2010)22 – 24 SEPTEMBER 2010NOVI SAD, SERBIAINVITATIONOn behalf of the Organizational Board and Scientific Committee of the 4th InternationalConference on Mass Customization and Personalization in Central Europe (MCP - CE 2010), wewould like to invite you to participate and to share your research ideas, efforts and results with otherscientists, dedicated to the idea of Mass Customization, Personalization and Open Innovation.Mass Customization and Personalization (MCP) aims to provide goods and services that best serveindividual customers' personal needs with near mass production efficiency. Open Innovation isfocused on cooperation between manufacturers and customers and extends conventional model ofclosed innovation taking place just within the boundaries of a manufacturer. These new strategies arebeginning to emerge in many enterprises as profitable business models.Organized for the fourth time, the biannual MCP-CE Conference is the leading event in the field ofMass Customization and Open Innovation in Central European Region. After meetings inRzeszow/Poland (2004/2006), and Palic/Serbia in 2008 the organizers are taking the conference toNovi Sad/Serbia. MCP-CE 2010 provides an interactive platform for learning more about MassCustomization and Open Innovation strategies and the possibility to discuss the latest technologiesand enablers like Product Configurators and Toolkits for User Innovation. The main goal of theconference is to bring the Mass Customization and open Innovation concept closer to companies andscientists in Central Europe. Join us for MCP-CE 2010 in Novi Sad, where developers, business people,and researchers interact with entrepreneurs and corporate managers looking for applications inorder to gain competitive advantage in times of financial crisis.We wish you very warm welcome to the Conference and hope that together we will make the MCPconcept more popular and useful.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 143

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGMAIN TOPICS:MCP and Open Innovation in times of financial crisisMCP Strategies and EconomicsMCP Product and Process DesignMCP Manufacturing and LogisticsMCP Information SystemsMCP Communities and Personalization in E-commerceMCP and ServicesMCP and CRM/BrandingMCP Case Studies: Industrial Goods, Consumer Goods, ServicesOpen Innovation ModelsOpen Innovation Tool-KitsOpen Innovation Case studiesIMPORTANT DATES:Final paper submission deadline: 15th July 2010Final notification: 31st July 2010Registration and payment deadline: 1st September 2010CONFERENCE PROGRAM:22nd September, WednesdayPre conference workshopIce breaking meeting23rd September, ThursdayConference openingPlenary sessionConference sessionsOfficial banquet24th September, FridayConference sessionsConclusions and Conference ClosingTrip to Fruška Gora MonasteriesCORESPONDENCE ADDRESS:Chairman: ZORAN ANIŠIĆ,UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD, SERBIAFACULTY OF TECHNICAL SCIENCESTrg Dositeja Obradovića 6,21000 Novi Sad, Serbiaazoran@vts.su.ac.rshttp://www.ftn.ns.ac.yu/MCP-CE2010/info.php1442010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENT10 th I N T E R N A T I O N A L M U L T I D I S C I P L I N A R YS C I E N T I F I C G E O C O N F E R E N C E & EXPOS G E M 2 0 1 0MODERN MANAGEMENT OF MINE PRODUCING,GEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION20-25 JUNE 2010ALBENA SPA & RESORT COMPLEX, BULGARIAINVITATIONWe are pleased to inform you that the 10th Anniversary International Multidisciplinary ScientificGeoConference SGEM 2010 will be held in the period of 20-25 of June, 2010 at FLAMINGO GRANDcongress centre of ALBENA SPA & Resort Complex, Bulgaria.Continuing the tradition of previous SGEM conferences, SGEM2010 will bring together againresearchers, educators, and experts representing research and educational institutions, companies,government agencies and consulting organizations from all over the world to discuss on thequestions concerning the contemporary geosciences, to exchange ideas and to propose potentialsolutions of problems related to the global changes.The new aspects of the 10th Anniversary International Multidisciplinary ScientificGeoConference are:• Parallel scientific sessions. Besides conference Hall FLAMINGO GRAND (capacity of 250seats) another three new conference halls will be available (capacity of 80, 120 and 170 seats);• Separated MD/PhD sessions;• Special workshops will be conducted as a parallel to the conference events;• Paper abstracts will be accepted for publishing and presentation after double-blind peerreview process;• Presenting new special exhibits of rocks and mineral specimens and fossils;• Enlarging SGEM EXPO popularity and increasing its participants;• SGEM participants will recieve a special reduction in the price of many entertainmentservices in Albena Complex as - riding, paintball, tennis, carting, fitness, spa-procedure andmany more...© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 145

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGThe OnLine registration in the 10th Anniversary International Multidisciplinary ScientificGeoConference SGEM 2010 & EXPO HAS JUST OPENED.You are welcome to join this event. For more information, please visit our website: www.sgem.orgLooking forward to welcoming you at the 10th GeoConference & EXPO - SGEM 2010!MAIN TOPICS:1. Section "Geology"2. Section „Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Geotechnics"3. Section "Exploration and Mining"4. Section „Mineral Processing”5. Section "Oil and Gas Exploration"6. Section „Applied and Environmental Geophysics”7. Section „Geodesy and Mine Surveying”8. Section „Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing”9. Section „Cartography and GIS”10. Section „Informatics”11. Section „Geoinformatics”12. Section „Micro and Nano Technologies”13. Section „Hydrology and Water Resources”14. Section „Marine and Ocean Ecosystems”15. Section „Forest Ecosystems”16. Section „Soils”17. Section „Air Pollution and Climate Change”18. Section „Renewable Energy Sources and Clean Technologies”19. Section "Nuclear Тechnologies"20. Section "Ecology and Environmental Protection"21. Section „Recycling”22. Section „Environmental Economics”23. Section „Education and Accreditation”24. Section “Environmental Legislation, Multilateral Relations and Funding Opportunities”IMPORTANT DATES:Full paper Submission: 10 May 2010Poster Submission: 20 May 2010Registration and payment for participants WITH papers: 10 May 2010LATE Registration and payment for participants WITH papers /you should pay registration fee+15% in addition, if NOT your paper/s will be excluded from the proceedings and the programme:11 - 20 May 2010Registration and payment for other participants /after that date you should pay registration fee+15% in addition: 30 May 2010Booking Hotel by Name: 1 May 2010CORESPONDENCE ADDRESS:URL: http://www.sgem.orgE-mail: sgem@sgem.orgFax:+359 2 817 24 771462010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENTTHE 6 TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM“SHAPE, MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGNOF PRODUCTS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2010”29 - 30 September 2010,Hotel Prezident, Palić, SerbiaINVITATIONDear colleagues,We kindly invite You to join the 6th International Symposium "KOD 2010" which will take place on29th and 30th September 2010 in Hotel Prezident in Palić, near Subotica, Serbia.The basic goals of this symposium are:to assemble famous investigators and practitioners from faculties, scientific institutes and differententerprises or other organizations,to enable presentation of new knowledge and exchange of practical experience in mechanicalengineering, industrial design and shaping, andto propose theoretically developed and practically tested solutions for improving the quality ofproducts in mechanical engineering in order to achieve the highest possible position on theinternational market.PAPER SUBMISSION:Abstracts (with paper title, names of the author and coauthors with addresses and contacts) should besubmitted before May 20st 2010. The content of the abstract should not exceed 200 words.The number of papers is limited. One person can sign two papers at the most, but only one paper asthe first author. Detailed editing requirements concerning papers to be printed will be sent toparticipants upon receiving preliminary applications.All abstracts of papers with payed participation fee will be printed in symposium proceedings ofabstracts and published in symposium CD. A significant number of papers that pass reviewing ofJournal of Mechanical Engineering Design will be published in the next few issues of the journal.The official languages of the symposium is English.© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 147

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGORGANIZERS:University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi SadADEKO – Association for Design, Elements and Constructions BelgradeHonorary Chairman of the Symposium KOD 2010: Kosta KRSMANOVIĆFaculty of Applied Arts and Design, BelgradeChairman of Organizing committee: Siniša KUZMANOVIĆFaculty of Technical Sciences, Novi sadChairman of Scientific committee: Vojislav MILTENOVIĆFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, NišIMPORTANT DATES:Abstracts submission deadline 20.05.2010.Notification of acceptance of the abstracts and instructions forpreparing the papers with participation conditions 01.06.2010.Final paper submission deadline 01.08.2010.Confirmation the acceptance of the papers 20.08.2010.Payment of the Registration fee and Final programme 10.09.2010.Registration 29.09.2010MAIN TOPICS:The major subject of this Symposium is design of product, researched regarding to its:function,purpose,structure,size,material,mass,ergonomics requirements,worker protection measures,aesthetic demands,production volume,delivery date,quality,reliability,operating life,efficiency,price,production method,assembling,numeration,testing,conservation,package,storage,transportation,deconservation,mounting,handling,exploitation,service,maintenance,hygienic reguirements,repair,atmospheric influence,biological factors,recycling,ekology,unexpected breakdowns,special demands,personal demands.CORESPONDENCE ADDRESS:KOD 2010 - Faculty of Technical Sciences21000 Novi Sad, SerbiaTrg Dositeja Obradovica 6www.kod.ftn.uns.ac.rsE-mail: kod2010@uns.ac.rsfax: +381 21 6350 592tel: +381 21 485 2358; +381 64 153 22 67; +381 64 190 31 041482010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENT5 th INTERNATIONAL ICQME CONFERENCE(QUALITY, MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENT, EDUCATION, ENGINEERING)Center for QualityFaculty of Mechanical Engineering in PodgoricaUniversity of Montenegro16 th – 17 th August 2010TIVAT, MONTENEGROINVITATIONIt is our pleasure to invite you, on behalf of the Organizational Committee, to the FourthInternational ICQME Conference that will be held in Paris between 16 and 17 September, 2010.The idea of Conference has first come to life when a need was felt to have the eleweenth traditionalNational Conference on Quality Management System (SQM) with the international participationevolve into an international conference, with an extension of thematic areas to be covered.National Conference on Quality Management System (SQM) with the international participation hasbeen gathering prominent experts from the field of quality over the last twelve years. In addition tothe local, Montenegro experts, the participation lists included a number of well-known scientists andexperts from France, Spain, Canada, England, Italy, Denmark, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,Croatia, and 5th International ICQME Conference some of the vital issues of quality, management,engineering, education, and environmental protection will be discussed, and the participants will befrom both the university and the commercial fields, which will contribute to a more productiveexchange of ideas and experiences.The conference intends to shed further light on the complex and potentially conflicting choices firmstake in order to acquire, exchange, and create knowledge in order to improve its performance.This theme relates to quite a wide variety of aspects relating to the increasing complexity (e.g.economic, management, engineering, sociology) of systems for knowledge creation and innovation.This complexity implies a more intensive and more frequent need to embrace as well as to connectboth internal and external source of knowledge in the search for new technological achievements.MAIN TOPICS:International Quality Standards ISO 9000Voluntary approaches for quality improvementInternational Environmental Standards ISO 14000Voluntary approaches for environmental regulationOHSAS 18000- Occupational Health and Safety ZoneInternational standard ISO 22000-Food safety Management Standard© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 149

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGNew TechnologiesBenchmarkingSix SigmaSupply Management ChainIMPORTANT DATES:Notification of abstract acceptance: 01.04.2010.Paper submission: 01.06.2010.Notification of paper acceptance: 01.07.2010.ORGANIZERS:Adolfo Senatore, University of Salerno, ItalyAlireza Lari, Fayetteville State University, USAAndjelko Lojpur, University of Montenegro, MontenegroArsov Ljupco, University in Skoplje, MacedoniaBaki Karamis, Erciyes University, TurkeyDarko Petkovic, University in Zenica, (BIH) Federation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaDuško Pavletić, University of Rijeka, CroatiaGeorgios Petropoulos, University of Thessaly, GreeceJaroslava Hyrlova, University of Pardubice, Czech RepublicJovan Filipovic, University in Belgrade, SerbiaMarc-Arthur Diaye, University d’Evry, FranceMilan Perovic, University of Montenegro, MontenegroMilan Vukcevic, University of Montenegro, MontenegroMilenko Heleta, "EDACTA" Consulting, Belgrade, SerbiaMiodrag Bulatovic, University of Montenegro, MontenegroMirko Sokovic, University of Ljubljana, SloveniaMiroslav Bobrek, University in Banja Luka, Republic of SrpskaMitar Perusic, University in East Sarajevo, Republic of SrpskaNedeff Valentin, Universitatea din Bacau, RomaniaPavel Castka, University of Canterbury, New ZealandR.A. Mahdavinejad, University of Tehran, IranRatko Uzunovic, VIBEX systems Beograd, SerbiaSead Jahić, IDEA, Bosnia and HerzegovinaSlavko Arsovski, University in Kragujevac, SerbiaStanislav Karapetrović, University of Alberta, CanadaStanisław Tkaczyk, Silesian University of Technology, Glowice, PolandSvetlana Cicmil, University of the West of England, UKCORESPONDENCE ADDRESS:PhD Aleksandar VUJOVICUniversity of MontenegroFaculty of Mechanical Engineering PodgoricaCENTER FOR QUALITYDžordža Vašingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica,MONTENEGROVoice: +382 (0) 20 242 907Fax: +382 (0) 20 242 907E-mail: zdravkok@ac.meHome page: http://www.qme-conference.org1502010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENTINTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUMon ADVANCED ENGINEERING& APPLIED MANAGEMENT– 40th ANNIVERSARYin HIGHER EDUCATION(1970-2010)4 – 5 NOVEMBER, 2010HUNEDOARA, ROMANIAINVITATIONIt is our privilege and pleasure to extend a cordial invitation to you and your colleagues to attend theSymposium, which will ensure an exchange of scientific information and didactical opinions infields with an impressive dynamic considering the research and the technological progress.The Symposium is an open invitation for all specialists, professors, researchers and experts in allscientific fields, who can produce a free presentation of the results in their scientific activities.For more information please contact the Secretary Office of the Organizing Committee. An e-mailaddress was be opened to receive your correspondence: symposium@fih.upt.roMAIN TOPICS:MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERINGELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & ENERGETICSINFORMATICS & COMPUTER SCIENCEMECHANICAL ENGINEERING & DESIGNMANAGEMENT IMPLEMENT POLICIES & STRATEGIESENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & ECOLOGY© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 151

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGIMPORTANT DATES:For the paper selection, you are kindly invited to submit a maximum 200 words abstract and postit to the address of the Symposium by 15 July 2010, stating the section in which the papers will bepresented.Notification of acceptance, instructions for preparing camera-ready manuscripts, financial andother details will be sent by 15 September 2010.The camera-ready manuscript of your paper must be sent to the Secretary Office by 01 October2010.The final announcement of confirmation for publishing and the day of your paper presentationwill be sent by 30 October 2010.SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEProf. dr. eng. Teodor HEPUTdean of the Faculty of Engineering – HunedoaraProf. dr. Stefan MAKSAYscientific secretary of the Faculty of Engineering – HunedoaraProf. dr. eng. Francisc WEBERhead of General Association of the Romanian Engineers (AGIR) – branch of HunedoaraAssoc. Prof. dr. eng. Ana Virginia SOCALICIvice-dean of Faculty of Engineering – HunedoaraAssoc. Prof. dr. eng. Caius PANOIUvice-dean of Faculty of Engineering – HunedoaraAssoc. Prof. dr. eng. Sorin DIACONUhead of Electrical Engineering & Industrial Informatics DepartmentAssoc. Prof. dr. eng. Lucia VILCEANUhead of Engineering & Management DepartmentAssoc. Prof. dr. eng. Manuela PANOIUhead of Life-Long Education DepartmentAssoc. Prof. dr. eng. Imre KISSRomanian Foundry Technical Association (ATTR) – branch of HunedoaraORGANIZING COMMITTEELect. ec. dr. eng. Vasile ALEXALect. dr. eng. Sorin RATIULect. dr. eng. Gabriel POPALect. dr. eng. Vasile George CIOATALect. dr. math. Dan LEMLELOGISTICAL SUPPORT:All accepted papers of Symposium will be published into the Symposium Proceeding. Selected andexpanded papers which were orally presented at the Conference will be considered for publication inANNALS of F.E.H. – INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING and ACTA TECHNICACORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN OF ENGINEERING as full-length research papers after reviewing andappropriate revisions.The logistical support will be assured by the ANNALS of F.E.H. – INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFENGINEERING and ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN OF ENGINEERING (B+International Scientific Journals according with the CNCSIS classification, indexed in IndexCopernicus, Evisa and JournalSeek Genomics)1522010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

SCIENTIFIC EVENTINTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCEEDUCATION, RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENTSEPTEMBER 9 - 13, 2010,SUNNY BEACH RESORT, BULGARIAORGANIZERS:Organized by: Bulgarian Academy of Science, Union of Scientists in Bulgaria and Foundation Science &EducationSponsored by: Info Invest – Bulgaria (www.ScienceBg.Net)Scientific media partner: Journal of International Research Publications: Educational AlternativesThe symposium is part of the scientific events organised annually by Info Invest, the Science and EducationFoundation and its partners. www.science-edu.euSYMPOSIUM ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS:We are pleased to invite you to take part in the EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Conference,which will be held on 9 – 13 September 2010 in Sunny Beach, Bulgaria.TOPICS:The scope of ER&D 2010 includes the following topics:KNOWLEDGE - A PRIMARY FACTOR FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTHEducation under market economy. Competitive education.The role of education in creating an information society and technologiesЕducation and research, demographic processes and labour marketEqual access and wider participation in educationGovernment regulation and legislationStructure, management and fundingIntellectual property education and researchSOCIALIZATION OF YOUTH IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETYProblems of a humanisation of educationProblems of safety of educationCreative activityTechnologies of continuity in education.Art educationTraining in multicultural education spaceIntercultural communication. The system of values in the dialogue of culturesEDUCATION, INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETYPedagogics and Methodology of EducationPsychological and pedagogical content of educational activities© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 153

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGIntegration of cross-cultural studies in the curriculumGeneral and vocational educationPre-school educationExtra-curricular and out-of-school activitiesEducation through lifeAlternative EducationEducation of children and pupils with special educational requirements and / or chronic diseasesPersonnel, scientific, information and library servicesQuality of teaching, training programs and аssessmentHIGHER EDUCATION: GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONALIZATIONHigher and Further Education: new challengesStudents and Teachers: exchange programsHigher Education and Bologna ProcessApplication of European system for accumulation and transfer of credits (ECTS)Erasmus: implementation and results at universitiesThe internationalization of UniversitiesResearch and Education NetworksInternational projects and innovationsUniversity-Industry: Partnership, Programs, ExperienceAssessment of studentsSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVESScientific Research centers: achievements and new ideasResearch of Technologies in EducationInternational cooperation in the sphere of researchResearch of various aspects of innovative societyResearch methodologiesAcademic research projectsInterconnection between education and researchUniversity/Industry/Government: collaborative partnership in researchE-LEARNING AND VIRTUAL INNOVATIONSE-learning: projects and resultsE-learning: pedagogical strategies and tacticsDeveloping e-learning methods for specific fieldsOnline laboratories and classroomsVirtual universitiesElectronic library: information and searching technologiesElectronic journals and books: projects and prospectsNote: Only those who have submitted their registration form, fulfilled all the requirements in the present Callfor Papers and present at the symposium are regarded as symposium participants.DATES AND VENUE:9 - 13 September 2010, the Imperial Hotel, Sunny BeachRegistration of participants: 5 – 6 pm, 9 September; 9 – 10 am, 10 SeptemberInauguration of the conference: 10 SeptemberClosing of the conference: 13 SeptemberPARTICIPATION FORMS:oral and poster presentations;online presentations: for people who can not attend in person. All these participants receive all thecertificates and documents after the Symposium through the Internet. All their contributions are alsoincluded in Publications.CONFERENCE LANGUAGES:English, Russian and Bulgarian. The main conference language is English.1542010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGSUBMISSIONS:There is a limit of two contributed submissions per registered author. They may be presented as a talk or as aposter. Oral presentations are 10 minutes long and a poster session lasts one hour.PRESENTATION EQUIPMENT:Participants can use a PC and a multimedia projector. Presentations have to be prepared using PowerPoint andstored on a USB flash drive. Presentations are emailed to the organisers prior to the conference with the filename displaying the participant's name and surname.PUBLICATION:Submissions, no matter whether presented as talks or posters, will be published in the International ScientificPublications: Educational Alternatives journal in cooperation with the Science and Education Foundation.You can get more information about the journal atwww.science-journals.eu.Journal description: 750 MB CD-ROM disc in a box; papers are in Flash format, allowing for full-colourprintouts. To see what a published paper looks like, please go to www.science-journals.euProtection and identification: The journal is reliably protected using special technologies. It is identified withan ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).Editing and reviewing: Every paper is reviewed by two independent, anonymous reviewers.Journal languages: EnglishCopyright: Authors retain copyright of the published papers and have full responsibility for their contents. Thepublisher has the unlimited right to offer and distribute the edition with the papers published in it. The publisherassumes no responsibility whatsoever if the authors have inflicted harm or damage to any third parties.DISCLAIMER:As an organiser of the symposium, Info Invest Ltd assumes no responsibility whatsoever, direct or implied, forthe contents of the papers as well as for the consequences arising from misinterpretation or unawareness of therequirements for participation. The fact that you have submitted a registration form for the symposium meansthat you have read and agreed with the present conditions.IMPORTANT DATES:30.03.2010: Registration form and abstract (up to 10 lines) submission deadline. You will be notified aboutacceptance/rejection with an email from the organising committee within five working days of receivingthe submission. You can register online athttp://www.sciencebg.net/symposiums/registration/registration-form.htmlIf you should receive no reply, please contact the organisers by email or telephone;30.04.2010: Deadline for transferring the registration fees to the account given in the email sent to theparticipant by the organising committee. All bank charges and commissions are paid by the participants.Please inform your bank about this when ordering the transfer. Payment on site is not allowed;30.04.2010: Final paper submission deadline. Please send your paper written according to the formattingrequirements to the organisers for publication at symposium@sciencebg.net. You will be notified whetherthe paper is accepted for publication with an email from the organising committee within five workingdays of receiving the paper. If you should receive no reply, please contact the organisers by email ortelephone;Deadline for booking accommodation for the participants and their accompanying persons. After thisdeadline, the organisers have no responsibility to arrange accommodation for the participants.5 pm – 6 pm, 9 September and 9 am – 10 am 10 September: Registration of participants;10 September: Opening of the symposium;13 September: Closing of the symposium2010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III 155

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGPARTICIPATION AND REGISTRATION:Participation: Only fully registered participants, their accompanying persons and special guests of theOrganising Committee can take part in the symposium. Unregistered attendance is not allowed.Registration: 5 pm – 6 pm on 9 September and 9 am – 10 am on 10 September. Please tell your country, nameand surname at the registration desk. Accompanying persons do not have to register, but they receive a badgesaying VISITOR.Name Badges: The badge with your name that you get together with the symposium materials at registration ispersonal. It is the only document giving free access to the symposium hall and should be clearly visible at alltimes. You may be denied access to the symposium if you cannot show it. The organisers have the right todemand a proof of your right to attend the symposium.SOCIAL ACTIVITIES:The social programme is of paramount importance for the success of the symposium. The informal atmosphereof the activities helps you to expand your social contacts with the rest of the participants. You will be informedabout the events and times of the social programme additionally. A complete description of the providedactivities will be published at http://travel.sciencebg.net.TRAVEL AND JOINING INSTRUCTIONS:There are three main international airports in Bulgaria: in Sofia (430 km from Sunny Beach), Varna (90 km fromSunny Beach) and Burgas (35 km from Sunny Beach).There are several different ways to get from Sofia, Varna or Burgas to Sunny Beach.by bus: Please note that you can take a bus from Sofia or Varna to Sunny Beach, but there is no public busservice from Burgas Airport to Sunny Beach. To go to the bus station in Sofia or Varna, take a taxi from theairport. It is advisable to ask the taxi driver approximately how much the trip will cost before getting intothe car as he may overcharge you later.There are buses from Sofia or Varna to Burgas on the hour. Take those buses which stop at Sunny Beach orNesebar. Alternatively, you can travel to Burgas, but then you will have to take another bus to Sunny Beach(45 km away). The journey from Sofia to Sunny Beach is approximately 7 hours and from Varna to SunnyBeach approximately 1 hour 30 min.by car: you can order a car from the selected hotels which we offer to book for you. Please inform us byemail to send you the necessary information. The hotel will issue an invoice for the amount you pay.by taxi: we recommend that you use a taxi from Burgas Airport to Sunny Beach. It will be too expensive totravel by taxi from Sofia or Varna, unless you are a group of three or four.FURTHER INFORMATION:Further information will be periodically available on this website. Any queries about the organisation andprogramme of the symposium should be addressed to Mr Ivan Genov, symposium coordinator and director ofInfo Invest Ltd, Burgas. Please visit http://www.facebook.com/ivan.genov1email: office@sciencebg.netSend your materials to: symposium@sciencebg.net1562010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

GENERAL GUIDELINESFOR PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTSFOR REVIEW INACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN OF ENGINEERINGAbstract:a maximum 100 words abstract will be written, simple spaced, in ENGLISHKeywords:a maximum 10 representative words for the paperTHE TEXTThe submitted manuscript must be content INTRODUCTIVE NOTES (INTRODUCTIONS), follow bythe METHODOLOGY, the PRELIMINARY RESULTS or the FINAL RESULTS, and, in final, theCONCLUSIONS about the presented notes.Also, the paper included the ABSTRACT, KEYWORDS, and REFERENCES.The conclusions must be clear, relevant and must be indicate some the empirical, theoretical,methodological or scientific aspects of the research, and the author’s contributions, or the futurepreliminaries of our research. It will publish empirical, theoretical and methodological articles.THE TABLES, FIGURES, GRAPHS AND EQUATIONSTables and Figures should be numbered, titled and the resource should be mentioned below them.Photographs in the text are preferable to be in black and white, but must be clear, with a highcontrast. Under each figure there will be typed, centered, “Figure X. Name of the figure”.Tables will be part of the text, designed as “Table y. Name of the table”, written above the table,centered.The equations will be inserted in the text – left aligned – and will be numbered with Arabian figures, inround brackets, right aligned. Before and after the equation a blank line will be left.SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTSThe original of the technical paper will be sent through e-mail as attaché document (*.doc, Windows95 or higher).© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 157

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACKNOWLEDGMENTIf is necessary, please write yours works based research [Title, Contract no., Team, Year etc]REFERENCES[1] AUTHORS. YEAR. TITLE OF REFERENCE, JOURNALS NAME, VOLUME, PAGES[2] AUTHORS. YEAR. TITLE OF BOOK, EDITING HOUSE[3] AUTHORS. YEAR. TITLE OF REFERENCE, CONFERENCE NAME, VOLUME OR PROCEEDING, PAGESAUTHORS & AFFILIATION1.NAME SURNAME2.NAME SURNAME1.DEPARTMENT, FACULTY, UNIVERSITY, COUNTRY2.INSTITUTION OR COMPANY, COUNTRYACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro1582010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

INDEXES FORACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN OF ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN OF ENGINEERINGis covered by the following indexes:INDEX COPERNICUS – JOURNAL MASTER LISThttp://journals.indexcopernicus.com/GENAMICS JOURNALSEEK DATABASEhttp://journalseek.net/EVISA databasehttp://www.speciation.net/© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING – HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 159

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online]copyright ©University Politehnica Timisoara,Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,5, Revolutiei,331128, Hunedoara,ROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro1602010/Fascicule 2/April­June/Tome III

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS– Bulletin of Engineeringcopyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://acta.fih.upt.roScientific supplement ofANNALS of FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA– INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERINGISSN: 1584-2665 [print]ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom]copyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARAFACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA5, REVOLUTIEI331128 – HUNEDOARAROMANIAhttp://annals.fih.upt.ro