Breast Cancer - Arab Medical Association Against Cancer

Hormonal treatment 186Endocrine HormonesOvarian sex steroids: estrogen, progestin, androgenOther steroids: retinoids, vitamin D (?)Other ovarian hormones: inhibins and activinsPituitary hormones: oxytocin, prolactin, growth hormone (and tissue-derived IGFs)Thyroid hormones: T3,T4Adenocortical hormones: glucocorticoids, adrenal androgensPancreatic hormones: insulinPlacental hormones: placental lactogen, placental growth hormone, human chorionic gonadotropinCell Adhesion-related ProteinsAutocrine and Paracrine HormonesE-cadherinand Bioactive Milk ProteinIntegrinsEGF (notch) family members;Nonintegrin cell substrate adhesion molecules FGF family members(67K laminin receptor, I-CAM-1, TGF-B family members; IGF family membersE-selectin, V-CAM-1, CD44)VEGF family members, Wnt family membersFocal adhesion kinase(FAK)CSF-1 and other cytokinesc-SrcLactoferrin lactalbumin and whey acidic protein prolactinb-CateninSignal Transduction and Transcriptional Control pathwaysMAP kinase pathwaysJAK – STAT pathwaysSMAD pathwaysLipid metabolism pathways : PLCy, PLD, PKC, P13KG-protein –cAMP pathwaysSteroid and thyroid hormone receptorsCoactivators and corepressors of steroid receptorsCell Cycle Regulation Milk products Cell Death and Tissue RemodelingFos/Jun family – mediated transcription Milk proteins Bcl family caspasesMyc/Max family –mediated transcription Lipids UPA, TPA, plasmin systemsTCF family – mediated transcription Growth factors Matrix metalloproteases / TIMPsCyclin–dependent kinases, inhibitors, and cyclins Vitamins Cathepsin D, B, and L; others?E2F- Rb family – mediated transcriptionMatriptase?Figure 11.1 . Hierarchy of modulators of breast developmentcAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CSF, colony-stimulating factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF,fibroblast growth factor; GF, growth factor; IGF, insulinlike growth factor; JAK-STAT, Janus kinase-signaltransducers and inactivators of transcription; MAP, mitogen-activated protein; P13K, phosphatidylionositol 3’-kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC-γ, phospholipase Cγ, PLD, phospholipase D; TGF-β, transforming growthfactor β; TIMP, tissue inhibitor metalloprotease; TPA, tissue plasminogen activator; UPA, urinary-typeplasminogen activator; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor, Wnt, wingless