Breast Cancer - Arab Medical Association Against Cancer

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Prognostic factors 218Table 14.7. Relative Importance of Prognostic Factors In <strong>Breast</strong> CarcinomasFactors Poor Increase Good response totreatmentsurvival of localrecurrenceHormonal ChemotherapyClinical Size (High) ++ + - -Pathological Lymph-node involvement +++ - - -Histoprognostic grade (high) +++ + + (+)Anatomic size (high) + + - -Extensive intraductal component +++(EIC+)* ++Involvement of margins*Biological Hormonal receptor + - -DNA aneuploidy +/- (+) +S-phase fraction (high) ++ (-) +++c-erbB-2 ++/- (-)p53 ++ (-)Angiogenesis (high) ++( ) data have to be confirmed;* conservative treatment
Prognostic Factors 219Fig. 14.1. Scarff and Bloom grading, modified by Contesso (1987)* maximum number of mitoses per one field at high power field (x400) (area=0.159mm 2 )An update of prognostic factors in <strong>Breast</strong> cancerImmunologic and Genetic Markers• Mib-1 proliferation marker is useful in subtyping of diploid tumors. It issuperior to SPF.• CD10: a cell surface neutral endopeptidase is negative in normal stromalcells. But in some breast cancer cases, CD10 is expressed, facilitating cancercell invasion. This is associated with aggressive behavior.• p63 is a member of p53 gene family. It is involved in mammary glanddevelopment (myoepithelial cells).• Syndecan (CD138) is a cell surface heparin sulphate proteoglycan. It isinvolved in cell proliferation, migration, and cell matrix interaction. It isexpressed frequently in breast cancer and is associated with tumoraggressiveness and poor prognosis.• Kit protein: Kit proto-oncogene encodes transmembrane tyrosine kinasegrowth factor receptors and is essential for cell differentiation. Its proteinexpression is lost in aberrant formation of tumor.• Apoptotic markers: Bax is a pro-apoptotic tumor suppression gene. p53 isa direct transcriptional activator of Bax, aberration in the normalprogrammed cell death mechanisms is critical in the proliferation of breastcancer. Bcl-2, Bcl-x and Bax are significantly expressed in low grade ER/PR+ve tumors. This apoptotic pathway is in equilibrium in good prognosticgroup.
Page 1 and 2:
1Chapter 1Epidemiology and risk ass
Page 3 and 4:
Epidemiology and risk assessment 3c
Page 5 and 6:
Epidemiology and risk assessment 55
Page 7 and 8:
Epidemiology and risk assessment 7t
Page 9:
Epidemiology and risk assessment 9O
Page 12:
Epidemiology and risk assessment 12
Page 16 and 17:
Breast Cancer screening 16Breast ca
Page 18 and 19:
Breast Cancer screening 18situation
Page 20 and 21:
Breast Cancer screening 20cause und
Page 22 and 23:
Breast Cancer screening 22The rate
Page 24 and 25:
Breast Cancer screening 24could be
Page 26:
Breast Cancer screening 26These res
Page 30 and 31:
Staging and end results of therapy
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Breast Cancer and Genetic Predispos
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Breast Imaging 56Breast Cancer is t
Page 60 and 61:
Breast Imaging 58Figure 5.2:Type I
Page 62 and 63:
Breast Imaging 60Preoperative views
Page 64 and 65:
Breast Imaging 62Breast diagnosisTh
Page 66 and 67:
Breast Imaging 64TYPICAL BENIGN CAL
Page 68 and 69:
Breast Imaging 66Numerousfine linea
Page 70 and 71:
Breast Imaging 68can appear under t
Page 72 and 73:
Pathology and methods of analysiCha
Page 74 and 75:
Pathology and methods of analysis 7
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Chapter 7CPlastic SurgerySurgery 13
Page 98 and 99:
Surgery 135The safety of gel-filled
Page 100 and 101:
Surgery 137Breast Reconstruction Us
Page 102 and 103:
Surgery 139Goal Filled material Sha
Page 104 and 105:
Chapter 8Radiotherapy of BreastRadi
Page 106 and 107:
Radiotherapy 143When a patient pres
Page 108 and 109:
Radiotherapy 145Chest wallThe targe
Page 110 and 111:
Radiotherapy 147Various techniques
Page 112 and 113:
Radiotherapy 149CT treatment planni
Page 114 and 115:
Radiotherapy 151Implementation of p
Page 116 and 117:
Systemic Adjuvant Therapy 153During
Page 118 and 119:
Systemic Adjuvant Therapy 155therap
Page 120 and 121:
Systemic Adjuvant Therapy 157In pra
Page 122 and 123: Systemic Adjuvant Therapy 159A. Ova
Page 124 and 125: Systemic Adjuvant Therapy 161and pl
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 12Management of advanced br
Page 128 and 129: Management of advanced breast cance
Page 138 and 139: Hormonal treatment 184Chapter 11Hor
Page 140 and 141: Hormonal treatment 186Endocrine Hor
Page 142 and 143: Hormonal treatment 188HORMONAL THER
Page 144 and 145: Hormonal treatment 190important for
Page 146 and 147: Hormonal treatment 192Conference (1
Page 148 and 149: Hormonal treatment 194trials have d
Page 150 and 151: Hormonal treatment 196combination o
Page 152 and 153: Hormonal treatment 198Metastatic br
Page 154 and 155: Prognostic factors 200The predictio
Page 156 and 157: Prognostic factors 202the term of R
Page 158 and 159: Prognostic factors 2043. Histologic
Page 160 and 161: Prognostic factors 2066 Other histo
Page 162 and 163: Prognostic factors 2087. c-erbB-2c-
Page 164 and 165: Prognostic factors 210biology has l
Page 166 and 167: Prognostic factors 212changes produ
Page 168 and 169: Prognostic factors 214Her2 patients
Page 170 and 171: CriteriaP valueN+ 10 -5SBR grade 10
Page 174 and 175: Prognostic factors 220• Metalloth
Page 176 and 177: Persistent Pain 223Although breast
Page 178 and 179: Persistent Pain 225• Pain associa
Page 180 and 181: Persistent Pain 227• Heavy painfu
Page 182 and 183: Persistent Pain 2292. Analgesics ar
Page 184 and 185: Persistent Pain 231for long duratio
Page 186 and 187: Persistent Pain 233Implantable Syst
Page 188 and 189: 23518. - M I 11 ygy. I T vg f g
Page 190 and 191: 23742. Dg .M. . uy f y g.J
Page 192 and 193: 2373. Hu DJ g D A H . 17 N-y f k
Page 194 and 195: 241102. Mk gg C A 18 Dv g u
Page 196 and 197: 243133. J 10 T gy f g- f v uf
Page 198 and 199: 24510. A w k Pg v vu f 21-g
Page 200 and 201: 247188. J PP PH F 175 Iu f .
Page 202 and 203: 2421 C F F P JY 177 Dé I- Cu .
Page 204 and 205: 251244. F E 175 Hg v f fig u - f .
Page 206 and 207: 253271. u JM u . 14 N u g yy
Page 208 and 209: 2552. Hff u T Hzg P M. [Iv MI f
Page 210 and 211: 257328. u C g u CC Mkk-z N - E F
Page 212 and 213: 2535. M C C M . I f MI ug y
Page 214 and 215: 21388. P ED Hk E Yff M . u gg v
Page 216 and 217: 23417. J g HH Tv FA Iv uy g f u
Page 218 and 219: 25445. y F Mu T u JP . C D A - g f
Page 220 and 221: 27475. Tkk Juu H k P 18 T g g-f f
Page 222 and 223:
2501. A . y V. Pz E. A. T f kg
Page 224 and 225:
27152. Aww H E-wy A 172 y g f .
Page 226 and 227:
273557 D T u A C F . 13 Tu u vu fi
Page 228 and 229:
275584. Hy 1 A ug vw f f . C 24
Page 230 and 231:
27713 N C Fu P u Fu MC J Cug . y
Page 232 and 233:
2742 N.. MD E.A. H.Pk .H. I u
Page 234 and 235:
2817 Ag JC ME T E 178 A A w
Page 236 and 237:
2832 C D 10 P u v u . I Fw- T C
Page 238 and 239:
285717 D C F A . 1 Ajuv -y u f w
Page 240 and 241:
287745 M g g T 182 A wky u f w-
Page 242 and 243:
28774 M Fuqu A A . 14 Njuv vu ju
show all

Breast Cancer - Arab Medical Association Against Cancer

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?