FOTP 2013 Full Report

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have fled the country, mostly to South Africa and Britain. According to the Committee to ProtectJournalists, Zimbabwe has one of the largest numbers of exiled journalists in the world.Foreign journalists can encounter restrictions on residing full-time in the country and aresometimes denied visas to file stories from Zimbabwe. Locally based correspondents for foreignpublications have also been refused accreditation or threatened with lawsuits and deportation.Steep accreditation fees introduced in January 2011 for foreign media bureaus and their localcorrespondents remain in place. In April 2012, police detained and then deported freelancephotojournalist Robin Hammond after he tried to cover the issue of Zimbabwean migration toSouth Africa.The government, through the Mass Media Trust holding company, controls the two maindaily newspapers, the Chronicle and the Herald, whose propagandistic coverage favors Mugabeand ZANU-PF. The private Alpha Media Holdings group publishes a number of the country’sindependent papers, including NewsDay, the Standard, and the Zimbabwe Independent. TheDaily News, published by Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe, resumed operations in 2011after being shuttered in 2003 and is generally aligned with MDC viewpoints. The Zimbabwean isproduced in South Africa for the Zimbabwean market, and some foreign newspapers, most ofthem also from South Africa, are available. However, in early 2012, the ZMC issued a directivebanning distribution of unregistered foreign newspapers.Newspapers typically have poor distribution networks outside urban areas, and they havebeen buffeted by soaring prices for newsprint in recent years. Vendors and distributors ofindependent newspapers are occasionally harassed by soldiers or ruling party supporters. InMarch 2012, the Daily News was “banned” from circulating in parts of Mashonaland EastProvince. According to MISA’s African Media Barometer, state-run companies do not advertisein private papers, and state-run media outlets do not accept advertising from companies thoughtto be aligned with the opposition. Owing to poor economic conditions and salaries that do notkeep pace with inflation, journalistic corruption and cash incentives for coverage have becomerampant.The state-controlled Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC) runs the vast majorityof broadcast media, which are subject to overt political interference and censorship. ZBCcoverage, particularly before and during elections, overwhelmingly favors ZANU-PF. During2012, two new privately run radio stations, Star FM and ZiFM, commenced operation. Despiteconcerns over their owners’ close ties with ZANU-PF, local analysts noted that the stations’news and talk-radio content initially presented a diversity of views. The Broadcasting ServicesAct bans foreign funding and investment in this capital-intensive sector, making it very difficultfor private players to enter the market. Radio broadcasts are currently the predominant source ofinformation in rural areas. However, access to broadcast media in these districts is hampered bydeteriorating equipment and a lack of transmission sites, although the government has reached anagreement with China to help upgrade transmission infrastructure. Official attempts to broadlyjam the signals of popular foreign-based radio stations that broadcast into Zimbabwe—includingSW Radio Africa, a station run by exiled Zimbabwean journalists in London; the Voice ofAmerica’s Studio 7 service; and the Voice of the People—have decreased in recent years,although local authorities have on occasion raided homes in rural areas and confiscated theshortwave radios used to access these broadcasts. Satellite television services that provideinternational and regional news programming remain largely uncensored and are being accessedby a rapidly growing share of the population thanks to new technology such as free-to-air419
decoders. It is estimated that approximately 60 percent of the population now have satellitedishes.Access to the internet is limited by the high costs at internet cafés and service disruptionscaused by frequent power outages. Nonetheless, Zimbabwe has a relatively high rate of internetpenetration for Africa, at 17 percent of the population in 2012. Online newspapers, news portals,and blogs run by Zimbabweans living abroad are popular among those with internet access, anddiaspora media also distribute news and information via mobile-telephone text messaging.420
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Freedom of the Press 2013Middle Eas
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Freedom of the Press ContributorsAn
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European studies and a postgraduate
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Oxford, where his work focused on B
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master’s degree in journalism and
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Hamburg, she is the project coordin
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Dan Caspi is a professor and former
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WNYC, and WBAI, and previously work
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MethodologyThe 2013 index, which pr
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CHECKLIST OF METHODOLOGY QUESTIONS
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7. Are media regulatory bodies, suc
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• Are journalists harassed while
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• Are pay levels for journalists
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now rated Partly Free due to instan
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media environments. The regional av
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Other countries in the region exper
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Across the Arabian Peninsula, gover
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advertising market contracted and a
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Rank 2013 Country Rating StatusSerb
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Rank 2013 Country Rating StatusIraq
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AMERICASRank 2013 Country Rating St
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Rank 2013 Country Rating Status37 C
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MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICARank 20
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Global DataYear UnderReviewGlobal T
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Countries with a Net Annual Change
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Afghanistan has yet to pass a freed
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February set limits on financial pe
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which are entirely state owned, bro
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with the Observer, and the company
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Hraparak, whose property had been s
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Responsibilities. In 2006, Australi
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accused by Heinz-Christian Strache,
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to pay court-ordered damages in a 2
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hands of the government and its all
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newspapers tended to avoid covering
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The Ministry of Information control
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Belarus’s media environment remai
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nationwide, and the content of smal
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other media outlets display a parti
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Economic Environment: 20Total Score
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organizations can face sanctions ev
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independent, and its licensing deci
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appeal that reversed a prior defama
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not exempt from disclosure. However
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Under current press legislation, ne
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Many traditional media outlets have
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The 2008 constitution provides for
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YouTube—have grown in popularity.
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threatening to political stability.
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to 15 years in prison. These journa
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journalists could face prison sente
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FM radio stations broadcast regular
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Chad’s constitution allows for fr
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and financial uncertainty. Further,
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journalists were killed. The author
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However, this robust censorship sys
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Gong practitioners have been impris
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deletions. The role of online sourc
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trial of Ferney Tabasco, a former c
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exploded, killing at least 150 peop
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interview with Jean-Marie Runiga, a
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Legal Environment: 17Political Envi
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Ouattara forces’ eventual success
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Status: Not FreeLegal Environment:
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Economic Environment: 9Total Score:
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operating at the national level: on
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Radio (DR), which operates two gene
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Political Environment: 20Economic E
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comfortable with its actual practic
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the newspaper El Comercio that some
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interrupted her program to criticiz
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Although the Morsi government issue
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Despite the trend of media polariza
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In a victory over impunity for past
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Total Score, Status 94,NF 94,NF 94,
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Scandinavian business interests tak
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including online news portals such
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government monitored private e-mail
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officers. In another case, the Euro
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Despite a 2005 press law that guara
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stations would no longer require a
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The media do not have a high degree
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other provisions of the law are des
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esult of the economic crisis; and a
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and the corresponding political tur
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journalists. In July, photojournali
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and shortwave radio. The government
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critical article, and obtained a pr
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privacy, prohibition of discriminat
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protection for media personnel. Vil
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sensitive on the mainland, rather t
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HungaryStatus: Partly FreeLegal Env
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years. After Autórádió’s bid w
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an on reporting that might encourag
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means to make requests more onerous
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media outlets openly reflecting the
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systematic controls on the internet
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Throughout 2012, the government mad
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internet access one of the lowest i
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usiness interests in other industri
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struggles to preserve the broadcast
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prime minister Silvio Berlusconi to
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government. Direct and indirect sub
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May 2012 against a freelance invest
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would extend the right of access to
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In January 2012, President Nursulta
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freedom remain on the books. The 19
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corruption, and financial pressure.
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protections to the media, it prohib
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guaranteed in the Kyrgyz constituti
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country’s leading newspaper publi
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shows. The program was temporarily
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Lebanon Internet Regulation Act (LI
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The government generally respects f
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elated to national security. Howeve
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In the absence of clear rules regar
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Total Score, Status 14,F 14,F 14,F
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MacedoniaStatus: Partly FreeLegal E
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The amendment had been signed into
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Status: Not FreeLegal Environment:
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usiness interests often lead to sel
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has increased to at least six in re
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incidents indicated an intentional
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The active independent media sector
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MauritiusStatus: FreeLegal Environm
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from the Mexico City Human Rights C
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Press freedom remained stable in 20
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2012 and the nine-month search to r
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international business and finance
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Legal Environment: 24Political Envi
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Mozambique’s revised 2004 constit
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Act serves to limit the information
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projects, and parliamentary decisio
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November 2012, the ECHR reinforced
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in an attempt to fill the gap. Ther
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eplaced prison sentences with fines
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noncompliant journalists. The counc
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the border. Since 2009, Reporters W
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major companies dominating the prin
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forces, the judiciary, and religion
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targeted Shiite Muslims. No arrests
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2008, libel and slander against hig
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of PNGFM radio when he requested an
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Paraguayan People’s Army (EPP) gu
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was himself murdered. In May, a cou
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unit, as well as the Melo Commissio
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January 2012, the KRRiT refused to
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Total Score: 67Survey Edition 2008
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The private media sector is dominat
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Yefimov, a blogger and opposition a
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tone down their news coverage in pu
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No murders were reported during 201
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Sao Tome and PrincipeStatus: FreeLe
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Internet penetration in Saudi Arabi
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safety, and foreign affairs, among
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esulted in its license being revoke
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information’s accuracy. The Sierr
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Lee Hsien Loong, his wife, Ho Ching
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Trnka announced in February 2012 th
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media and supervises the implementa
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Political Environment: 35Economic E
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system of arbitration, although jud
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subject to significant restrictions
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While freedom of the press is guara
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from harassment by state officials,
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Security and Cooperation in Europe
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majority, in violation of its previ
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Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)
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SurinameStatus: FreeLegal Environme
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was generally observed. Also in Jan
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Political Environment: 3Economic En
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epresentatives who determined what
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students, journalists, and social a
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the PTS after she was removed by it
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had published a piece on corruption
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Page 372 and 373: have remained on the website, despi
Page 374 and 375: While imprisonment for defamation w
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Page 384 and 385: additional 19 individuals charged i
Page 386 and 387: television broadcaster was permitte
Page 388 and 389: provision is frequently overlooked
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Page 392 and 393: marred by procedural violations and
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Page 404 and 405: Total Score, Status 92,NF 93,NF 92,
Page 406 and 407: VenezuelaStatus: Not FreeLegal Envi
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Page 414 and 415: to handle cases of national securit
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Page 418 and 419: import duties and taxes), printing,
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