Rukhag 3: The Nuns of Drapchi Prisoniii.first arrivals in “new rukhag 3”; more exercisesAn account provided to TIN by Choeying Gyaltsen, one of <strong>the</strong> nuns transferred from Gutsa to Drapchi early in 1995, be<strong>for</strong>e<strong>the</strong> group of 60, explains that <strong>the</strong> additional block was under construction when she arrived but that it was not brought intoservice until later in <strong>the</strong> year, when <strong>the</strong> large group arrived from Gutsa:“[W]hen I arrived in Drapchi [<strong>the</strong> rukhag] was not yet divided. There was only rukhag 3. New construction was inprogress. Later, many nuns were transferred to Drapchi and <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>re was a division into old and new, withinrukhag 3.” 41When <strong>the</strong> first inmates were moved into “<strong>the</strong> new line of rukhag 3”, as she referred to it, some of <strong>the</strong> more basic features hadyet to be provided. One of <strong>the</strong> initial occupants in <strong>the</strong> new block comments on <strong>the</strong> level of readiness of <strong>the</strong> new construction:“At that time <strong>the</strong>re was no toilet in <strong>the</strong> line of <strong>the</strong> new third rukhag. We had to go in <strong>the</strong> evening to empty <strong>the</strong> toiletbucket, which was brought to us each day, in <strong>the</strong> toilets of old rukhag 3.” 42[see Image 9: Choeying Gyaltsen]The quality and level of completion of amenities in <strong>the</strong> new block were little more than an inconvenience compared to o<strong>the</strong>rhardships faced by <strong>the</strong> new arrivals. More established political prisoners in <strong>the</strong> “old” block had already become acquaintedwith <strong>the</strong> “exercise” system, and <strong>the</strong> programmed harm it inflicted, but <strong>the</strong> newcomers to Unit 3, most of whom had becomesick, weak and atrophied during long months at Gutsa, were ill-prepared to fulfill PAP commands.New accounts received by TIN are <strong>the</strong> most comprehensive so far and provide considerable detail on <strong>the</strong> experiences of <strong>the</strong>group who first occupied <strong>the</strong> new block in Unit 3. Following <strong>the</strong>ir transfer, <strong>report</strong>edly on 31 July 1995, <strong>the</strong> first full day at43Drapchi was Bayi Day, Chinese <strong>for</strong> “August First” - marking <strong>the</strong> foundation of <strong>the</strong> People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on 1August 1949. This significant anniversary would be <strong>the</strong> day <strong>the</strong> women were introduced to military “exercise” in 1995. Oneof <strong>the</strong>m, Choeying Kunsang of Shar Bumpa Nunnery, detained in February 1995 <strong>for</strong> demonstrating in <strong>the</strong> Barkor in Lhasa,explained:“We were kept standing <strong>for</strong> a whole day from morning to evening. At lunch time we were allowed to go to <strong>the</strong> toiletonce. We got watery blisters [on our scalp] from <strong>the</strong> sun. We had to keep papers under our armpits and between ourknees. [They told us] ‘You didn't do any work in Gutsa, so your nerves have stiffened and contracted. You haveto be made to stand up in order to make your body function again.’ Those who were weak fell down, because [someof] our blood had been extracted be<strong>for</strong>e this. If someone fell down near you, you were not allowed to help her. Ifwe lifted ano<strong>the</strong>r person, we were both beaten. They said that we were faking [collapse]. They put glasses of wateron our heads. Also, when some of <strong>the</strong> weaker nuns collapsed, <strong>the</strong>y bound planks to <strong>the</strong>ir legs [from foot to hip] inorder to make <strong>the</strong>m stand up. They said that <strong>the</strong>y had to make <strong>the</strong>m [stand] properly.” 44Sessions of this nature continued <strong>for</strong> three months until November, when PAP drill instructors began teaching a new set of“exercises”. But because <strong>the</strong> instructions were barked out only in Chinese, and most of <strong>the</strong> women had rural backgroundsand minimal education, <strong>the</strong>y didn’t speak Chinese and couldn’t comprehend <strong>the</strong> commands. Failure to understand waspunished, sometimes with beating, shocks from an electric baton, or blows from a military belt. On one occasion when PAP18
Female political prisoners at Drapchi: <strong>the</strong> buildup of Unit 3directors became exasperated, <strong>the</strong> entire group was <strong>for</strong>ced to run <strong>for</strong> an extended period in loosened soil, “where flowers aregrown”. Exhausted and expecting more over-exertion, <strong>the</strong> women <strong>report</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> following day’s session wearing lighterclothing. Instead, water was sprinkled on a concrete slab and <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>for</strong>ced to stand barefoot and motionless on <strong>the</strong> frigidsurface.In January, about five months after <strong>the</strong>y had arrived at Drapchi, <strong>the</strong>y were told that a “competition” would be staged later thatmonth between Drapchi prisoners and those at Lhasa Prison, <strong>for</strong>merly known to <strong>Tibet</strong>ans as Utritru (Ch: wuzhidui), akilometre east of Drapchi. Inmates would be expected to know and per<strong>for</strong>m <strong>the</strong> drills precisely. Part of <strong>the</strong> per<strong>for</strong>mancewould be chanting a four-syllable Chinese slogan in cadence with <strong>the</strong> exercises. Initially <strong>the</strong>y chanted <strong>the</strong> words as demanded,but were soon alerted that <strong>the</strong> slogan affirmed that a prisoner had recognized her criminality, was working to re<strong>for</strong>m herbehaviour, and had resolved to rejoin society as a “new person”. Outraged, <strong>the</strong> women, as a group, ceased shouting <strong>the</strong> sloganas suddenly as <strong>the</strong>y had begun.The PAP supervisors were furious, accusing <strong>the</strong> women of having lied when <strong>the</strong>y claimed not to know Chinese. They <strong>for</strong>ced<strong>the</strong> inmates to start running and threatened that <strong>the</strong>y would not be permitted to stop until <strong>the</strong>y resumed <strong>the</strong> chant. Insisting<strong>the</strong>re was no crime to re<strong>for</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> women refused to relent. One of <strong>the</strong> women told TIN:“They punished us in many ways <strong>for</strong> not shouting <strong>the</strong>ir slogans. We were made to stand on cement floors with water,<strong>the</strong>y placed bricks on our feet, <strong>the</strong>y made us run. They questioned and beat each of us individually. Although <strong>the</strong>ydid all this, no one shouted <strong>the</strong>ir slogans.” 45After that, female political prisoners had <strong>the</strong>ir year split between work in Drapchi’s wool sheds, part of <strong>the</strong> prison’s <strong>Tibet</strong>ancarpet enterprise, and per<strong>for</strong>ming military-style drills. Summer is <strong>the</strong> season <strong>for</strong> wool work; winter is reserved <strong>for</strong> martialexercise. Claims continue to be made by released prisoners that <strong>the</strong> regimen was one of <strong>the</strong> most debilitating features ofprison life. Choekyi Wangmo, a Shar Bumpa nun released in December 1999 after completing a sentence extended <strong>for</strong>participating in <strong>the</strong> May 1998 protests, is <strong>report</strong>ed to be in precarious health partly because of <strong>the</strong> harm she suffered as as aresult of <strong>the</strong> “exercises”. Choeying Kunsang offers her own assessment:“Most of <strong>the</strong> beatings and punishments of <strong>the</strong> prisoners are related to <strong>the</strong> exercises. The exercises are <strong>the</strong> worst rule in <strong>the</strong>prison. You enter <strong>the</strong> prison healthy and you leave <strong>the</strong> prison with all sorts of ailments.” 4619
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List 4: Female political prisoners
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4 495-0442 REL Ngawang Tenzin Yangd
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95-0074 REL Tsultrim Choedron Tseri
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EndnotesPrefecture, to the west of
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Endnotes40. TIN Doc 399 names the d
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Endnotes75. TIN Doc 39976. TIN Doc
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Endnotes159. TIN Doc 1(sd). Sonam T
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Images6. ImagesA. Nuns and nunnerie
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ImagesExtended sentences, currently
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ImagesImage 13: Chubsang Nunnery, o
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ImagesImage 16b: Mechungri Nunnery,
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ImagesB. Drapchi PrisonImage 20: Dr
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ImagesImage 21: Drapchi Prison, lat
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ImagesImage 30: Lhasa Prison (forme
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ImagesImage 32: new prison in Sangy
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