Essentials of Arabic Grammar - Asim Iqbal 2nd Islamic Downloads

إِن َّا أَنْزَلْنَاهُ‏ قُرْآنًا عَرَبِيا لَعَل َّكُمْ‏ تَعْقِلُونَ‏Essentials of Arabic GrammarforLearning Quranic LanguageBrig.(R) Zahoor Ahmed(M.A, M.Sc)This material may be freely used by any one for learning the Holy Qur’an.

Official website of the author, Brig. (R) Zahoor Ahmedwhere some more free Arabic learning resources areavailable is:www.sautulquran.orgImportant Abbreviations:SWT = Subhaanahu Wa Ta’aalaSAW = SallAllaahu `alaihi wa sallamRA= RadiyAllaahu `anhuNote:Some pages in the original hard copy were blank,since new chapters started from the right page and ifthe previous chapter ended in a right page, the nextleft page was omitted and the next chapter was startedfrom the right page.(Left Page)(Right page)So these blank pages which have been omitted fromthe online version to save file size and allow quickerdownload include pages numbered: 6, 28, 38, 44, 52,74, 86, 94, 128, 140, 144, 148, 158 and 176.Insha’Allah!, soon, even more additional supplementsfor this book will be available at the official website ofthe author.Spread this book as much as possible!

אAcknowledgementACKNOWLEDGEMENTAll the praises and thanks be to Allah (SWT) with Whosehelp, guidance and blessings have I been able toaccomplish this work. My sincere thanks and prayers formy parents who afforded me the understanding of trueIslamic values. ﴾ א ﴿ I wholeheartedlythank Muhammad Irshad for the laboriouswork of typesetting, and extend my sincere thanks toUbaid-ur-Rahman for carrying out the strenuous workof vetting the book. I am grateful to Zeenat Ullah Khanfor proof reading of the book, as also Mohsin ManzoorBhatti for his forthcoming assistance.I acknowledge with appreciation and thanks thecontribution made by my wife, Tahira Ahmed, in herown domain. And finally I am most grateful to myArabic teachers, including Dr. Idrees Zubair (Al-HudaInternational), Professor Abu Masood Hassan Alvi(Islamic Research Academy), Ubaid-ur-Rahman (VicePrincipal, Institute of Arabic Language), ProfessorAbdus-Sattar (Allama Iqbal Open University), andProfessor Asma Nadeem (National University ofModern Languages), who taught me the language ofthe Glorious Quran. May Allah (SWT) reward them allودא نאא with the highest reward.⎺⎺⎺I

ContentsCONTENTSPreface – .....................................1Lesson–1:Parts of Speech – אم...................7 The Noun ............................................ 7 The Verb.............................................. 8 The Harf .............................................. 8 The Vowels.......................................... 9 The Verbal Noun ................................. 10Lesson–2: The Gender of Noun א –.................13א Real Gender......................................... Formal Gender..................................... Exceptional Cases ................................ Common Gender.................................Lesson–3: The Number of Nouns – אد......... Wahid or Mufrad ................................. Tathniyah............................................. The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives...... The Sound Plural in Arabic................... The Broken Plural ................................Lesson–4: The Pronouns א –.......................... Pronouns Attached to a Verb................ Possessive Pronouns ............................ Demonstrative Pronouns...................... The Relative Pronouns ......................... Interrogative Pronouns .........................‏..........................א13131416171717171819212325262627I

ContentsII‏.....................אאLesson–5: The Irab of Nouns אא –.....................29‏.....................................אא 30 ‏.......................................אאאو 32 Declinable........................................... 34 Indeclinable......................................... 36Lesson–6: The Adjective Phrase – ......39 .......................................... 39 ‏..............................................‏م 39Lesson–7: The Relative Phrase – .......... 45Lesson–8: The Demonstrative Phrase– ...49Lesson–9: The Genitive Phrase – ...........53 Inseparable Prepositions....................... 53 Separable Prepositions ......................... 55Lesson–1010: The Sentence א –............................59א The Nominal Sentence......................... The Verbal Sentence ............................ Types of the Mubtada........................... The Omission of the Mubtada/ theKhabar................................................. Types of the Khabar .............................אאאא5959616565Lesson–1111: Some Particles of Various Origin ............. 69Lesson–1212: The Verb – Perfect TenseTאא –....75 The Active and Passive of Madi............ 82Lesson–1313: The Verbal Sentence אא –........87 The Nominal Sentence......................... 87 The Verbal Sentence ............................ 87 The Object .......................................... 88Lesson–1414: The Imperfect Tense אאع -...........95‏...........אאع Six Groups of Triliteral Verbs ............... Moods of Verb.....................................101104

אאْ‏.....................אContentsLesson–1515: The Imperative Tense – א..............115Lesson–1616: The Derived Verbal Form-I–... 121Lesson–1717: The Derived Verbal Form-II– ْْْْ...... 129Lesson–1818: The Derived Verbal Form-III–..... 133Lessonson–1919: The Derived Verbal Form-IV–.... 137Lesson–2020: The Derived Verbal Form-V –.... 141Lesson–2121: The Derived Verbal Form-VI–א... 145Lesson–2222: The Derived Verbal Form-VII–ْאא... 149Lesson–2323: The Derived Verbal Form-VIII–ْאא... 153Lesson–2424: The Derived Verbal Form-IX–ْא. 155Lesson–2525: The Unsound Verbs א –.....................159 The Sound Verbs.................................. 159 The Weak Verbs .................................. 159 The Mahmuz ....................................... 160 The Muda’af ........................................ 160Lesson–2626: The Hamzated andDuplicated RadicalVerbs אزوא –............................177 The Mahmuz ....................................... 177 The Muda’af ........................................ 179Lesson–2727: The Numerals אد –............................. 185‏............................אزوאאدLesson–2828: The Nouns in Accusative א –........ 193Conclusion ...........................................203א⎺⎺⎺III

Prefaceאאא(In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious,the Most Merciful)Islam is the divine system of guidance for all human beingon the earth, and the Prophet, Muhammad (SAW) is theuniversal messenger of Allah (SWT), as revealed in chapter34,verse 28 of the Holy Quran.‏﴿وًْس﴾نسאْوًאوًא“And We (Allah) have not sent you (O Muhammad (SAW))except as a giver of glad tidings and a warner (against sin)to all mankind. But most of people know not”Likewise, the book of guidance, al-Quran is a divinetreasure of knowledge and a universal code of conduct inArabic for salvation of the entire humanity, as revealed inthe following two verses of the Holy Quran:﴾نًْ﴿“Verily, We (Allah) have sent it down as an Arabic Quranin order that you may learn wisdom”. [12/1]لאن﴿אْنسوאْوאْن‏﴾‏“Ramadan is the month in which was sent down theQuran, a guidance for mankind and clear proofs1

Prefacefor the guidance and the criterion (between rightand wrong)”. [2/185]We can derive benefits from this divine source ofknowledge and guidance only if we learn the Quraniclanguage. It must be clearly understood that reading oftranslation of the Book is, at best, a poor substitute tolearning the Quranic language. One cannot understand theexact meaning and the spirit of the divine revelationwithout understanding the text of the Book. Infact, Allah(SWT) has repeatedly stressed on the ponderability of Hismessage, which is not possible without having an insightknowledge of the language. The following two versesnecessitate the understanding of the divine messagedirectly from the Arabic text.﴾ْאووאوْ﴿“(This is) a Book (the Quran) which we have sent downto you, full of blessings that they may ponder over itsmessage, and that men of understanding mayreceive admonition.” [38/29] ﴾ْمنْאن و﴿“Do they not then think deeply in the Quran, or are theirhearts locked up (from understanding it).” [47/24]In truth, it is the ‘Haq’ (right) of the divine message to berecited in the best possible manner, and be understood inthe right perspective, as has been highlighted in thefollowing verse:2

و‏﴿אאْووْא ن﴾‏ْونوPreface“Those to whom we have sent the Book recite it (obey itsorders and follow its teachings) as it should be recited theyare the ones who believe therein. And those whodisbelieve in it (the Quran) those are theywho are the loosers.” [2/121]In this verse the Arabic verb ‘yatlu’, in fact, cannot betranslated in one word in any other language, whichimplies ‘recitation, understanding and obeying’. This versehas emphasized the understanding of the text of the Bookو ن by the believers, and further added that ‘they are the ones who (really) believe therein’, implyingthereby that, those who do not recite it as it deserves to berecited, they do not have sincere faith in the Holy Quran.Unfortunately, most of the non-Arab believers, particularlythe Pakistanis, do not understand the Arabic text of theBook.It is important for the learner to know that the Arabic isvery easy to learn as it is a highly sophisticated languagebased on very refined and systematic set of rules andpatterns. This fact is confirmed by Allah (SWT) in thefollowing verse:‏﴿وאْنْ‏﴾‏ “And we have indeed made the Quran easy to understandand remember, then is there any that will remember(and receive admonition)”. [54/17]3

PrefaceIt is an open challenge for all those who are in search oftruth. Nevertheless, it does require consistent effort, with asense of purpose and commitment, to attain this mostimportant treasure of knowledge for the mankind, and thefollowing tradition of the prophet (SAW) rightly accords avery high status to the learner of the Holy Quran.4WلننFFEE?ونْא?W אللUthman ibn ‘Affan (RA) relates that the messenger (SAW) ofAllah said: “The best among youare those who have learnt the Quran and teach it(to others)“. [Al-Bukhari]The aim of this book is to enable the learner to acquire aninsight knowledge of the Quranic language with a view tounderstanding the text of the Holy Quran.In all, this book has 28 lessons. I have tried to make it assimple as I could. During the course of study the learnershould acquire the vocabulary right from the start of thebook. All the words and phrases used in the lessons shouldbe understood and remembered so that he or she canmuster sufficient vocabulary to enable him or her toconstruct simple phrases and sentences from an early stageof the study. Besides, the learner should recite a page ortwo from the Holy Quran regularly, and try to apply thegrammatical aspects of the language to the verses of theQuran as an exercise.

Lessonאسאول 1ْאمْPARTS OF SPEECHWe start the Arabic lessons from the very beginning. Ameaningful word in Arabic is called Kalimah ( ). It hasonly three parts. In other words there are only three parts ofspeech in Arabic. These are; א (Noun, literally ‘name’):It is that word which does not need the help of anotherword to explain its meaning. It is the name of a person,a place or a thing, and the term Ism includes theadjective nouns as well, e.g. ‘Muhammad’, ‘Ahmad’, ْ و ‘William’, ‘Zenab’, ‘Aishah’, ‘Maryam’, ‘Tahirah’,א ‘London’, ‘France’, ْ ن ن ‘Pakistan’,‘the house’, ‘the Mosque’, ‘a pen’, ْ ‘thebook’, ‘the garden’, ‘Kaba’, ق א‏ْ‏ ‘the paper/leaf’, م ‘food’, ‘a shade’, ‘the body’, ‘ahand’, ‘a shirt’, א ‘the cave’, א ‘the chair’,م ‘a foot’, א ‘the girl’, و ‘a boy’, ‘a student’, ‘a man’, س ‘a horse’, ‘the eye’, ن ‘an ear’, ‘the Muslim’, א ‘the non-believer of Islam’,א ‘a Christian’, د ‘a Jew’.אز ‘George’, جذאאאאאא7

Parts of Speech8 ‘the pious/ righteous person’, ‘adisobedient’, ‘a helper’, ‘a poet’, א ‘theKnowledgeable’, ‘the Ignorant’, א ‘the new’, ‘the old’, א ‘The All Hearing’, א ‘The AllאאאKnowing’, etc. (Verb):It is that word by which we understand some work oraction being done. It is of three kinds/ tenses:1 The perfect tense, the Madi E F is used for anaction which is completed, e.g. ‘he did’, ‘he wrote’, ‘he entered’.אد2 The imperfect tenses the Madari E F used whenan action is not completed, e.g. ْ ‘he does or heis doing or he will do’, ْ ‘he writes/is writing/will write’, ‘he enters/is entering/will enter’.אع3 The imperative tense or the Amr E א F whichsignifies command, request or supplication, e.g. ْ‘do’, ْ ‘write’, د א ‘enter’. (Harf):אאThe particle, preposition and conjunction are calledharf. It is that word which is used with noun or verb tocomplete the meaning of the sentence; its meaning willdepend on the word with which it is used, e.g. ‘on’, ‘in’, ‘regarding’, ‘yes’, ‘no’, ‘that/ what’,etc.

Parts of Speech(Meaningful Word)Particle, Preposition,Conjunction(Verb)א(Noun)Further explanation and information about the Ism, theFail and the Harf will follow in the subsequent lessons. Vowels (–Harkaat)Harkaat):The vowels used in Arabic are calledare explained below: א which1 (Fathah): Signed as ـَ on top of a letter andpronounced as ‘a’ in ‘above’.2 (Kasrah): Signed as ـِ under a letter andpronounced as ‘i' in ‘if’.3 (Dammah): Signed as ـُ on top of a letter andpronounced as ‘u’ in “put”.4 ن (Sukun): Signed as ـْ on top of a letter as ‘stop’or ‘stress’; it indicates that the consonant isvowelless, e.g, (kun), (abb), (mun).–ٌ , –ٍ ‏,ـً 5 (‘N’ sound): Signed as double vowel as indicated is called tanwin, e.g. ً (kitaban), (kitabin), (kitabun). Remember that aword with tanwin is always a noun E F, also aword having (al) ل א in the beginning is an indicationאof its being a noun, however, it does not necessarily9

لFParts of Speech10mean that a word without ‘al’ or tanwin will not bea noun . This is evident from the examples ofאnouns mentioned above where certain words haveneither tanwin nor ‘al’, yet they are nouns. It shouldbe noted that the tanwin and ‘al’ never cometogether on a noun. If ‘al’ comes in the beginning ofa noun then its case-ending will be single vowel,א‏ْ‏ not tanwin, e.g.. it may be (a book) or (the book). It is incorrect to say . The Verbal Noun אE אF:אאThe verbal noun or noun of action may also be used as‏,א e.g. ‘help’ (literally helping), ‘a blow’(literally striking), د ‘prayer’ (literally praying), ‘order’ (literally ordering).The Arabic definite article(al) corresponds to the אل’‏ ‘English definite article ‘the’. The Arabic indefinite articletanwin is dropped when the definite article ‘al’ is prefixedto a noun, e.g. (baitun) ‘a house’ becomes (al-א baitu) ‘the house’, (jamalun) ‘a camel’ to (aljamalu) ‘the ‘camel’.Arabic has 28 alphabets or letters; of these, 14 are calledthe Sun Letters E F and the other 14 are calledthe Moon Letters E א אو F. In the moon letters thelam E of al is pronounced, e.g. א (al-qamaru’). Whileאאوאin the sun letters the lam of al is assimilated to the firstletter of the noun, e.g. (ash-shamsu). Theassimilation is indicated by (shadda, –ّ ) on the first letterא

Parts of Speechof the noun. A table showing the moon letters and the sunletters is given below.The motherThe doorThe gardenThe donkeyThe breadThe eyeThe lunchThe mouthThe moonThe dogThe waterThe boyThe airThe handLunar Letters א אو - al-ummu–م J 1 al-baabu– J 2 al-Jannatu– J 3 al-himaru– J 4 al-khubzu– J 5 al-ainu– J 6 al-ghadau–א J 7 al-famu– J 8 al-qamaru– J 9 al-kalbu–ْ J 10 al-maau– J 11 al-waladu– J 12 al-hawau–א J 13 al-yadu– J 14אא‏ْ‏אאאאאאאאאאאאSolar Letters - אوجعغقموאThe trader at-taajiru– J 1The clothing ath-thoubu– א J 2The house J 3The gold ad-dahbu– א J 4The man ar-rajulu– א J 5The flower az-zahratu– א J 6The fish as-samaku– א J 7אא אad-daaru–دذزس11

Parts of SpeechThe sun The chestThe guestThe studentThe injusticeThe meatThe starא ash-shamsu–א as-sadru–א ad-daifu–א at-talibu–א az-zulmu–ْא al-lahmu–א an-najmu– J 8 J 9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 13 J 14شصضطلن⎺⎺⎺12

אسאLesson 2 ْא THE GENDER OF NOUNSThis lesson explains the different categories of gender usedfor Arabic nouns. According to the Arabic grammar thegender is classified into the following four categories: ْאאא‏ْ‏א (Real Gender):The words related to the male sex are (♂)masculine, and those related to the female sex are א (female ♀), e.g. ‘man’ is a real masculine and و ‘woman’ is a real feminine, ‘cock’, ‘hen’, ‘boy’, ‘girl’, ‘father’, م ‘mother’, ‘brother’, ‘sister’, etc. ززْאددאא‏ْ‏א (Formal Gender):The nouns which do not have the ‘concept of pair’ aretermed as feminine or masculine by form FE . The identification of gender for such noun isthat the words ending with ‘round-ta’ E F areאאزgenerally feminine, and those ending with some otherletter are assumed as masculine gender, e.g. ‘watch’, و ‘fan’, ‘tree’, ‘car’, ‘garden’, ‘sign’, ‘life’, ‘window’ are13

The Gender of Nouns14feminine gender by form, and א ‘wall’, ‘book’, ‘pen’, אط ‘path’, ‘mosque’, ‘house’, ‘chair’, ‘canal’, ‘door’, etc. are consideredmasculine gender by form.It may also be understood that feminine gender is oftenformed from the masculine by suffixing ‘ ’, e.g. ‘Muslim’ (♂), ‘Muslim’ (♀), ‘disbeliever’(♂), ‘disbeliever’ (♀), ق د ‘truthful’ (♂), د א ‘truthful’ (♀), ‘pious’ (♂), ‘pious’ (♀), ‘son’ (♂), ‘daughter’ (♀), ‘student’ (♂), ‘student’ (♀), ‘new’ (♂), ‘new’ (♀), ‘old’(♂), ‘old’ (♀), ‘long’ (♂), ‘long’ (♀), ‘many’ (♂), ‘many’ (♀), etc. ْْْْאאאْאא‏ْ‏ (Exceptional Cases):The nouns which do notfall under the abovementionedtwo categories are termed as exceptionalcases. The following nouns are feminine by usage eventhough they have no ‘ ’(ta) ending nor have they ‘pairconcept’.1 ‘sky’, ‘war, battle’, ‘sun’, ‘fire’, ‘hell’, ‘wind’, ‘wine’, ْ ‘soul,person, self’, א د ‘house’, ‘well’, س ْ ‘cup’, ً ‘staff’, ‘an idol, a tyrant, devil’, ‘dream’,ض ‘earth’, ‘path’, ْ د ‘bucket’.2 Proper names of countries and towns are feminineby signification, e.g. ‘Egypt’, ن

The Gender of Nouns‘Pakistan’, ‘Lahore city’, ‘America’, ‘Washington’, אق א ‘Iraq’, etc.وא3 Many parts of the body, especially those that are inpair, are termed as feminine, e.g. ‘hand’, ‘eye’, م ‘foot’, ‘leg’, ق ‘shin’, ن ‘ear’, ‘cheek’.4 The nouns ending in ‘ ’, ‘ ’ called ْ (short alif) or א _ called و (lengthened alif)are also feminine, e.g. ‘good, beautiful’, ‘great’, ‘small’, ‘good news’, ‘desert’, א ‘blooming’, ‘white’, ‘blue’, etc.אذدز ‘harm’, אز ‘green’, א5 All Arabic letters of alphabet are considered asfeminine.6 Some broken plurals, e.g. د א ‘the Jews’, א ‘themessengers’, ‘the Christians’ are treated asfeminine.א7 Some collective nouns, e.g. م ‘people’, ‘tribe’are used as feminine. However, ‘family’, ل‘progeny’ are masculine.8 Exceptional Masculine: Some nouns have ta ‘ ’ending but they are used as masculine, e.g. ‘caliph’, ‘learned’, ‘a male name’, ‘amale name’. Some parts of body (single), e.g. ْ ‘head’, ‘tooth’, ْ ‘belly’, ‘chest’, etc. arealso considered exceptional masculine.س15

The Gender of Nouns ْאאאא‏ْ‏ (Common Gender): Some nouns are used as masculine as well as feminine.These are termed as ْא , e.g. ‘clouds’, ‘cattle’, ‘gold’, ‘bees’, ‘trees’.אذ ‘locust’, אدThese are masculine by form, feminine by signification.An Explanation Regarding Exceptional Cases:Here, I would like to clarify an important point regardingthe exceptional cases in the grammatical rules. The learnershould be mindful of the fact that the languages have notcome into being through an academic process based onsome predetermined sets of grammatical rules and formsbut, on the contrary, the languages are spoken by thenatives of the region long before the grammarians form thegrammatical rules applicable to them. And the object offraming grammatical rules is essentially to facilitate thelearning and better understanding of the languages by thenon-natives or the foreigners. But, where they fail to applyuniform sets of grammatical rules, they categorize that asexceptional case. Hence, the exception-rule is a commonfeature to all the languages. Having said that, I must hastento emphasis that the grammarians of Arabic language havecontributed tremendously in facilitating the learningprocess of the language. In fact, they have developed aneasy and effective method of learning the classic Arabic ofthe Holy Quran. Hence, their efforts cannot be underminedin any way.16⎺⎺⎺

אسאLesson 3אאدTHE NUMBER OF NOUNSUnlike English, Arabic has three numbers: singular istermed wahid E F or Mufrad E دْ F, the dual or two ofanything is termed tathniyah E F, and more than two isplural called Jam E F.وא Wahid אE אووF or Mufrad EددْْْْF:א, א دْ F are: Examples of Wahid E F or Mufrad E , א , , , , , א , א , א , , د , , ‏,א א , etc.وאאق و, א Tathniyah EF:, א ن , א ن ن F, e.g. The dual form ends in aani E, א ن ن , , אن ن , ن , ن ,, א ن ن , , א ن د , ن , و אن ن ,א , نאאאن א , etc. The Plurals of Nouns and Adjectives:In English, adjectives have no plural form. We say“good man” and “good men”. But in Arabic evenadjectives have dual and plural form. In English wehave two kinds of plural form:17

The Number of Nouns1 Sound Plural: In sound plural the word retains itsoriginal form, e.g. book books, pen pens.2 Broken Plural: The original form of the word ischanged to a great extent, e.g. Man men, woman women.In Arabic too, we have these two kinds of plural forms;Sound and Broken. The Sound Plural in ArabicEEאאْאْאF:1 The masculine plural of nouns are formed by addingون _ to the singular form e.g. ن , ق ‘thief’ ن , ‘ignorant’ ن , ‘wise’ ن , ‘patient’ و ق د ‘truthful’ د א , etc.א , نא , ننא , א نא2 The feminine plural of nouns which end in _, areformed by changing ‘ ’(ta) into ‘ ’(aat) as, ‘♀ thief’ (plural), , א , ‘watch’ , , ‘protector’ , ‘word’ , , ‘window’ א , و ‘fan’ و , ‘evil’ , د ‘step/status’ د .The ♀ plural of nouns which do not end in _ arealso formed by adding ‘ א’‏ to the singular as in (name) , ‘sky’ א و .18

The Number of Nouns The Broken Plural EْْْْאאאאF:Unlike English, the broken plural is very widely used inArabic. It is formed from the singular by the addition orelision of consonants, e.g. from ل , from ل , or by the change of vowels, e.g. .There are many patterns of the broken plural. Thefollowing are commonly used patterns:No123456789101112Bab ل ل ْ ْ ْ ن ل Singularدل as fromas fromas fromas fromas fromas fromas fromas fromas fromas fromas fromas from ‘star’ ‘book’ ‘man’ ‘pen’ ‘eye’ ‘poor’ ‘rich’ن ‘Satan’ ‘building’ ‘country’ ‘brother’ ‘trader’Broken Pluralא ل م ْ ْ ز ْ مאلאنNote:It is quite common for a noun in Arabic to have morethan one broken plurals, e.g. the plural of ‘brother’are אن , , אن , , or in some cases to have19

The Number of Nounsboth the sound plural and broken plural e.g. in the caseof (prophet), its sound plural is ن and brokenplural is .⎺⎺⎺20

אאسאLesson 4א THE PRONOUNSThe pronoun is a word used in place of a noun, e.g. ‘he’, ‘they’, ‘she’, ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘his’, ‘her’, ‘your’, ‘my’, etc. They are of two kinds; the DetachedPronouns, called , e.g. ‘he’ ‘heis a student’ and the Attached Pronouns, called , e.g. ‘his’ ‘his book’, etc.For detailed conjugation of the detached pronouns seeTable-1. The attached pronouns are either attached to anoun or a verb, as shown in tables 2 & 3.Table – 1Detached Personal Pronouns3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person(♀)SINGULAR he is a student she is a studentDUALنthey arestudentsنthey arestudentsPLURALthey arestudentsthey arestudents21

The Pronouns2 ndnd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)you are astudentyou are astudentL I am a studentنyou arestudentsنyou arestudentsLن نwe are studentsyou arestudentsyou arestudentsL we are studentsNote:Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,and skip over the remaining forms as these are notfrequently used in the Holy Quran.Table – 2Pronouns attached to a noun withאFPossessive RelationsאE3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)22SINGULARDUAL his book their book her book their book your book your book your book your book my book our bookPLURALtheir booktheir bookyour bookyour bookour book

The PronounsNote:Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,and skip over the remaining forms as these are notfrequently used in the Holy Quran. Pronouns Attached to a Verb:Pronouns attached to a verb become its Direct Object,e.g. means ‘he struck’, ‘he’ is a subject and ‘struck’is a verb; with the addition of an attached pronoun ‘him’ would become the object of the verb . Forusage of Attached Pronouns to a verb see Table 3.Table – 3Pronouns Attached to a Verb as its Direct Object.3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARHe struckhim/it.He struckher/it.He struckyou..He struckyou.He struckmeDUALHe struckthem.He struckthem.He struckyou. He struckyou.He struckus.PLURALHe struckthem.He struckthem.He struckyou.He struckyou.He struckus.23

The PronounsNote:Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,and skip over the remaining forms as these are notfrequently used in the Holy Quran.24Some other examples of frequently used Attachedpronouns are given below:– ‘my hand’, e.g. א ‘the book is in myhand’.– א ‘my two hands’, e.g. ْْא א ‘my twohands are on the table’.– literally ‘between my hands’ i.e. ‘in front ofme’, e.g. ‘the tree is in front of me’.– ‘on me or my responsibility’, e.g. ‘hisאaccount is on me’.– ‘with them/by them’, e.g. א ‘thebooks are with them’.– ‘to me or for me’, e.g. ‘my action is forme’ i.e. I am responsible for my action.– ‘to you or for your’, e.g. ‘and youraction is for you’ i.e. you are responsible for youraction.– ‘to him, for him’, e.g. ْאوْْא ‘to Him(Allah) belongs the universe and for Him is all thePraise’, ْא ‘he is right or he has the right’.– ‘with’, e.g. ‘we have books’, ‘I have a car’.Note that in Tables 1, 2 & 3 the second persons ♂&♀dual and the third persons ♂&♀ dual are identical.و

The PronounsImportant Note:Concentrate in the beginning only on the 3 rd Personmasculine singular & plural forms, the 2 nd Personmasculine singular & plural forms, and both the 1 stperson forms, and skip over the verbal forms andpronouns of the feminine gender (except the singularforms) and the dual forms as these are not frequentlyused in the Holy Quran. Possessive Pronouns:The word א is prefixed to the Attached Pronouns. Theword א confines the meaning to ‘only/alone’, e.g. ﴿﴾ و “You (Alone) we worship, and You(Alone) we ask for help”[1/4]. For usage of PossessivePronouns with see Table 4.Table – 4Possessive Pronouns3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARHe alone She alone You alone You alone I aloneDUALPLURAL Both of them They alone Both of them They only Both of you All of you Both of you All of you We alone We alone25

The PronounsNote:Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,and skip over the remaining forms as these are notfrequently used in the Holy Quran. Demonstrative Pronouns א26‏:אאאThe demonstrative pronouns are listed below:אא Singular Dual PluralNearْDistant ْ Note:א ♂ this ♀ thisذ ♂ thatْ ♀thatאن ♂ these twoن ♀ these twoذא ♂ those two ♀ those twoConcentrate on the underlined forms. The Relative Pronouns للאThe relative pronounsאא‏:א(♂&♀) theseو(♂&♀) these א , א , etc. are used asconjunction, meaning ‘that, which, who, whom’. Theyserve the purpose of joining nouns/pronouns or verbs toother nouns or verbs. They have a definite form asgiven below:SINGULARDUALPLURALא א אن א For Male א אL א ن א For FemaleNote:Concentrate on the underlined forms.

The PronounsExamples:– ْא جאْ א ‘The boy who went outof the Mosque is a student’.– ن ْْאא אل א ‘The men who leftthe office are teachers’.– ْא א א‏ْ‏ ‘The girl who left thehouse is a student’.– ﴾ אאא ﴿ “He is Allah, beside Whom laIlaha illa Howa (none has the right to be worshippedbut He)”. [59/293]– ﴾ ن א ،نْא ْ ﴿“Successful indeed are the believers, those who offertheir Salah (prayers) with all solemnity and full ofsubmission”. [23/182] Interrogative Pronouns אْْْْممممא:These are given below: ‘who’ ‘what’ ‘where’ ‘how’ ‘when’ ‘how much, how many’, ‘which, from where’ ‘why’, ذא ‘for what’ ذא ‘what’⎺⎺⎺27

אسאLesson 5אאTHE IRAB OF NOUNThe Irab of words is a peculiar characteristic of Arabiclanguage, which does not have an equivalent in English.Therefore, it requires particular attention to grasp thesubject. The Arabic noun changes its original form or thecase ending under different grammatical conditions, e.g.א being the original form in nominative case, called ‏,אْ may change to ‏,א the accusative case, called א or ‏,א the genitive case, called ْא. Likewise,, being the original form, may change to אً‏ or, e.g.in the Shahadah E F ‘declaration of faith’ the first partis א א where א is the original form in nominativecase and the second part is אل where א is inthe genitive case, while in the verse ٍ א ن ﴿﴾ , the noun א is in the accusative. Similarly, in theאدfirst part of the Shahadah the noun is in the originalform, but in א the noun is ingenitive form and in א ل אً‏ ن it is in theaccusative.29

The Irab of NounSimilarly, we use אْ , ‏,אْ אْ as also we read in the‏,א ‏,אْون ‏,אْ ‏,א ‏,א Holy Quran:‏.אن These changes in the case-endings of the noun arecalled אא (Irab of noun).It is important to remember that the literal meaning of thewords/nouns remain the same in all the differentconditions; however, their function in a sentence changesaccording to the different grammatical considerations,which are explained later in the book.This change/declension in Irab is effected in two ways asexplained below: ْא30אא‏:אCase-ending with vowel marks, e.g. ‘a man’ is theoriginal form in nominative E ْא F and with thechange of vowels it may become ً in accusative, א א F or אF or ٍ in genitive case E E , א ; and from ‘books’, which is in theoriginal nominative form E ْא F, it may becomeً , or א‏ْ‏ , א‏ْ‏ , א‏ْ‏ , and from א ‘thewomen’ , א ; from (onlyאאone change is used in this case which represents boththe accusative as well as genitive form). In all thesecases the vowel of the last consonant is changed.Note that the original form of a noun in all such cases isalways indicated with dammah E _ F or tanwin

The Irab of NounE _ F, and is called א (halatur-rafha), i.e.nominative case. And the declined form of א ْ (Irab bil harkah) is fathha E _ F, i.e. singleshort vowel or tanwin E _ F above the lastconsonant, which is called א (halatul nasb) i.e.accusative case, and kasrah F _ F or tanwin ( –)below the last consonant, which is called ْא (halatul-Jarr).The declension by Irab bil hakah is effected in thefollowing three categories of noun.1 All singular nouns, both masculine and feminine,e.g. or ٍ ،ً، א،ْא،ْאْ or ،ً، א،ْא،ْאْ2 All broken plural nouns, both masculine andfeminine, e.g.א ل , א ل , א ل ل or لٍ‏ , ً ‘men’ , ‘women’ or א , א , א 3 All feminine sound plural nouns, e.g. , ‘Muslim women’ or א‏ْ‏ , (There is only one change in this categoryאْwhich represents both the accusative and thegenitive case.)31

The Irab of Noun وْوْאאא א‏:אChange of Irab with letter. The change of Irab withletter is effected in the following two categories ofnouns:1 All dual E F, both masculine and feminine arechanged with letter, e.g. ن ‘two Muslim men’,which is the original/nominative case, is changed to , representing both the accusative and thegenitive forms. In this case ن _ (aani) is changed to _ (aini).In case of feminine gender, the dual of ‘aMuslim woman’ is ن ‘two Muslin women’,which is the original/nominative case, can bechanged to , representing both theaccusative and genitive forms. Here ن _ is changedto .2 All sound masculine plural nouns E Fare also changed with letter, e.g. ن (Muslinmen) is the nominative/original form, and it ischanged to , representing both the conditionsof accusative and genitive forms. Here ن و _ (u’-na) ischanged to - (i’-na).Note that ن (ni) (nu’n at the end with kasra) isindicative of a dual noun while ن (na) (nun withfatha) is indicative of a sound plural noun.The different conditions of Irab are summed up in Table 5.32

The Irab of NounTable – 5Different Conditions of IrabEאאFْא(Genitive case)Changed Form IIאْא(Accusative Case)(Nominative case)ChangedForm IOriginal FormNo.دNumberGender* ْאLٍ * ْאL ً אْ L 1אLSame as CF-IאLSame as CF-IאLMuslemaineאLMuslemeenaLنوאאْنL نאن* ْאL * ْאL ً אْ L4אL אLsame as CF-ILMuslemataineL ن23Singular DualPluralوאאنאْ‏*‏LLאْ‏*‏Lאْאْ‏*‏LאLًאْ‏*‏LאLאْLא567SingularDualPlural♂Masc.♀Fem. ♂ Masc. ♀ Fem.Broken PluralNotetes:(1) * — In serial (1, 4, 6, 7) the declension of Irab isאא effected by the vowel marks ْ .(2) — In serial (2, 3, 5) the declension of Irab is effectedא وْא . by the letters 33

The Irab of Noun(3) — In serial (2, 3, 5, 6) the Changed Form I & II are the34same.(4) — The accusative ending with tanwin (e.g. ً،ً)contains an alif. Exception to this rule being the ً and, i.e. alif maqsurah E ْ F.According to Irab the noun is of two kinds; DeclinableE F and Indeclinable E FNouns. Declinable EF:It is further divided into two kinds;1 - First declension or triptote: The Irab at itsends change under all the different conditions asshown in Table 5 above. 2 - Second declension or diptote: In thiscategory the noun does not accept tanwin ( --)and, in the genitive case-ending, it does not accept- i.e. it has only two case-endings namely,nominative/ original form (represented with _)and accusative (represented with _), which isalso representative of genitive case. Diptotes FE include the following categories:– Names of women, e.g. ،ْ،، ,etc.– Names of Prophets and Angels (peace be uponthem), e.g. ن،‏ و ،א ، ،و ،و א، , etc.

אل’‏The Irab of Noun– Nouns on ْ pattern, e.g. ْ , , ْ , , , د ‘black’, ‘red’, ق ‘blue’, ‘white’, etc.– The broken plurals nouns on & patterns, e.g. ‘bed’, , ‘graves’, ‘Dirhams’, א ‘glass’زدא– Names of men on the pattern of , e.g.ن , ن ْ , ن , ن, etc.– Names of men ending with ? ? (closed ta),e.g. ْ , , و , , etc.– Names of most of the countries and cities, e.g. , ن , ن , , , , etc.– Nouns ending with א or ْ (short ),e.g. ‘world’, د א ‘near’, ْ ‘distant’, , , etc.ند– Nouns ending with א _ E د و F ‘prolongedvowel’, e.g. ‘merciful’, ‘nobles’, ‘poor’, א د ‘black ♀’, ‘white ♀’, ‘red ♀’, ‘blue ♀’, א ‘green ♀’.אאز– Some additional nouns, e.g. ‘hell’, ‘Satin’, ن ‘Pharaoh’, ج ْ جْ ‘GogMagog’, etc.Note 1:With the definite article ‘ or with annexed nounE F the diptote E F accepts - ingenitive case-ending, e.g. א א ‘In the35

The Irab of Noun36name of Allah, the Most Gracious’, ْא ‘from the beds’, א ‘among the Signs ofAllah’, ْ ‘in the best stature/mould’.Note 2:The occasions as to when and why a noun changesits form from nominative to accusative or genitivecase will be studied later. Indeclinable EF:Most of the Arabic nouns (about 90%) are declinableE F . However, some nouns/ pronouns calledindeclinable E F, remain static or stationary on theiroriginal form under all the varied conditions. Theseinclude the following:– Personal pronouns, e.g. , , , , , etc.– Demonstrative pronouns, e.g. , و, ْ,‏,‏א etc. except the dual , e.g. L,אن L ., א ‏,א – Relative pronouns E F, e.g.‏,א ‏,א etc. except the dual E F, e.g.אن (♂).א ْא لא ‏,א ,(♀) אL אن– Interrogative pronouns E مْא F, e.g. , ,, , , L , etc. ذא– Possessive pronouns, e.g. , , , etc.– Nouns with alif E For ْ (short alif)ending, e.g. ‏,د , د ‘near’, ْ ‘distant’.

The Irab of Noun– Nouns with personal pronouns, e.g. , , , etc.– Cardinal numbers from eleven to nineteen, e.g. , ‏,א , .Important Note:The learners should not get discouraged if he or shedoes not understand this lesson fully at this stage. He orshe should continue with the subsequent lessons,which would definitely help in better understanding ofthe subject of Irab, Insha Allah.⎺⎺⎺37

Lessonאسאدس 6אْאْTHE ADJECTIVE PHRASESo far we have learnt the characteristics of a single word/noun, called ْ . We now come to the compoundsE אF i.e. the phrases/ sentences. If two or more wordsدare joined together, it constitutes a phrase or a sentenceE F , e.g. א and א‏ْ‏ are two mufrad E دْF words. But if they are joined as ْא ‘the hardworking student’ or ‘the student isאאhardworking’, then they became a phrase/sentence. Themurakkabat are of two kinds; – Phrase or incomplete sentence.م – Sentence E F which conveys completesense.The murakkabun naqis E F is further dividedinto the following four types:1 א א – the adjective phrase.2 א א – the relative phrase.3 א א – the demonstrative phrase.4 א א – the genitive phrase.39

The Adjective PhraseIt is very important to clearly grasp the above mentionedfour phrases, which would go a long way in theאْ construction and understanding of sentences E F. Inthis lesson we shall learn about the Adjective Phrase, whilethe remaining three Phrases and the subject of sentenceswill be studied in the subsequent four lessons.אْ (The Compounds)م (Sentence - ) (Incomplete Sentence/ Phrase)(Genitive Phrase) (Demonstrative Phrase)(Relative Phrase)(Adjective Phrase)The Adjective Phrase40E Fאא has two nouns in itwhere one noun describes the quality of another noun. Thenoun that describes the quality is called the adjectiveE ْאF and the noun qualified is called א (al-mausuf),e.g. ﴾ ﴿ “the illuminating Book” [13/184]. Hereא‏ْ‏ ‘the Book’ is the noun qualified E F, and ‘the illuminating’ is its adjective E F, ﴾ ﴿ “anoble Angel” [12/31], here ‘Angel’ is א andא ‘noble’ is its adjective E F. Unlike Englishאאאאْאْאْcomes before א (the adjective).The important point to remember about א (adjective phrase) is that the adjective E F is to

אThe Adjective Phrasecorrespond to the noun being qualified E F in all thefour aspects of a noun, i.e. ‘thegender’, ‘the capacity – definite/indefinite’ andא ‘the case-ending’. These are explained below:אد‘number’, א‏ْ‏ א‏ْ‏ א‏ْ‏א1 The number E אد F of the adjective E F is to be incoordination with , i.e. if א is singularE אوF then א is to be singular E F, if א isdual E F then א is to be dual, and if א isو is to be plural E F, e.g. א plural E F then (a pious boy), ن و (two pious boys), ن (three or more pious boys).ودאوאאאن2 The gender E F of א is also to correspond to i.e., if א is then א is to be ;if א is then א is to be too, e.g. (pious girl), ن ن (two pious girls), (pious girls, more than two).אْא3 The Capacity E א F of א is also to correspond toא is definite E F, א i.e., if א that ofwill be definite E F, and if א‏ْ‏ is indefiniteE F , א will be indefinite E F, e.g.א‏ْ‏ א و – א‏ْ‏ ن و ن ن –– ود אنאن ن א אدو4 The Irab / case-ending E אא F: The Irab of א are toא be in coordination with that of the i.e. if א41

The Adjective Phraseis in nominative caseE ْא F, א is to be innominative case E ْא F, if א is in theaccusative case E א F then א too is inaccusative case E א F, if א is in the genitivecase E ْא F then א is to be in genitive Fאْ E , e.g.(Plural)(Dual)ندو وאننوא(Single)وودאً‎ و ًًאودو و ٍوْאNominative Case אAccusative CaseْאGenitive CaseAn exception to this rule is that the adjective to the brokenplural E ٍْ F of inanimate objects is almost alwaysfeminine singular, e.g. ﴾ אْو K ﴿“in it there will be couches raised on high, and gobletsplaced ready” [88/13-14]. Here ‘raised on high’ isא of ‘couches’ which is a broken plural E ٍْ Fof ‘couch’ and an inanimate object E ٍ F.Similarly, ‘placed ready’ is א of אْ ‘goblets’which is a broken plural E ٍْ F of ‘goblet’,which is an inanimate object E ٍ F; therefore, both theadjectives are in the feminine singular form.42

The Adjective PhraseSome more examples of the adjective phrases from theHoly Quran:אْא [35/10], [24/35], ع [3/197], [3/172], ْא [39/3], [33/21],אאא [28/83], [14/24], نْد [21/26], [48/25], אא [86/3], [34/15], ْ [34/15], [18/82], ن ن [55/66], [2/99], [88/10], [80/13]א⎺⎺⎺43

אسאLesson 7THE RELATIVE PHRASEThe Relative PhraseE F is a co-relation betweentwo nouns. In a relative phrase the idea of one noun is veryoften more closely determined or defined by that ofא another. In this phrase, the determined noun is called‘the annexed’ and the determining noun is called ‘that to which the annexation is made or to which anothernoun is annexed’. The relation subsisting between them isknown as א ‘the annexation’, e.g. א ‘Allah’sBook’. In this phrase, is and א is .Similarly, in the phrase א ل ‘Allah’s Prophet’, ل is and א is . The following rules apply to ‘annexation’:(- is never placed on nor has it tanwin אل’‏ ‘nunnation). In the above mentioned examples, it willbe incorrect to say א or אْא and א ل or‏.אلא אْ is always و i.e., in a genitive caseending,e.g. ْא م, ْא and ْא . Inאْ and אْ ‏,אْ these examples the nouns,are the mudaf ilai, which are in genitive case.45

אل’‏The Relative Phrase If אْ is a dual E F or sound plural masculineE F then its אن is dropped, e.g. אْ ‘two doors of the Mosque’ (for ْא ن),and ْא ‘Muslims of the Arab’ (for ن ). Similarly, ﴾ א ﴿ ‘the two hands of AbuLahab” [111/1] (for )46אنאْ אْ may be ع (nominative) original form of anoun, (accusative) ‘changed form I’ or و(genitive) ‘changed form II’, e.g. א , א ,א .نز ْא always comes before , e.g. א ‘allurement of the life’, here ز is א and אْ is‏.א There may be more than one א in one ,e.g. ﴾ אم ﴿ “owner of the Day of Judgment”[1/3], א ل ‘daughter of the Prophet of Allah’. If אא (Interjection) comes before א then it isread as , e.g. א ‘Allah’s slave’, with אא (interjection) it becomes א ‘O Allah’sslave!’. ْْא א ‘O Allah! Owner of thekingdom’. But if that noun is not א then it is calledد ْد and is ع, but has no tanwin E F, e.g. ‘O man!’, ز ‘O Zaid!’. If אْد is with ‘ then for masculine and for feminine is placed after, e.g. سא ‘O people!, O mankind! ♂’, אْ ‘O self!, O soul! ♀’.

The Relative Phrase The mudaf E F is often attached with a personalpronoun, i.e. , , , , etc, as , e.g. ‘their deeds’, in that ل is א and is. א א﴾ א ْא م﴿ “the Day when men willsee what his two hands have sent forth” [78/40], here‏.א and the pronoun is א ‏(‏אن is א (forWhen a noun is annexed to a Personal Pronoun, it willbe in the following pattern. (Table 6)Table – 6Pronouns Attached to Mudaf as Mudaf ilai3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd PersonSINGULARhis bookher bookDUAL*their book*their book#PLURALtheir booktheir book2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)your bookyour bookmy bookyour book#your book our bookyour bookyour book our bookNote:# — the 2 nd Person ♂ and ♀ dual are identical.*— the 3 rd Person ♂ and ♀ dual are identical.47

The Relative PhraseSince the pronouns are indeclinable E F, they remain intheir original form even as ‏;א however, they areconsidered in genitive place E و F.The suffix of the first person singular is ‘ ’(ya) and not (ni), e.g. , not (as attached to verbs). If thefinal letter of the word is a E Fthen it can be absorbed,e.g. for ‘my wrong action’; א (for א)‘my love/wish’.The nominal suffix ‘ ’is sometimes shortened into – (i)particularly when the noun to which it is attached is invocative, e.g. (for ) which has the meaning ‘O myLord!’ as opposed to ‘my Lord’, similarly, م ‘O mypeople!’ as opposed to ‘my people’.The dammah in , , , is changed into kasra after – , or _, e.g. ‘in his book’, ‘in theirbooks’, ‘in the two books of the two of them’.However, if no ambiguity of meaning can arise, the dualbefore a dual suffix is replaced by a singular mudaf, i.e. ‘the book of them both’ or the plural ‘thebooks of them both’.⎺⎺⎺48

אسאLesson 8THE DEMONSTRATIVE PHRASEThe Demonstrative Phrase has two parts: (i) אא (thedemonstrating pronoun) and (ii) (the demonstratednoun), e.g. ْא ‘this pen’, ْא ‘that watch’, אل ‘these men’. In these examples ‏,‏א ْ, are‏,א ‏,אْ א F and the demonstrating pronouns Eאل are the demonstrated nouns E F. In ademonstrative phrase there is always a coordinationbetween אא and in the Number E F, theGender E F, the Capacity E F and the case-endingE אF .אْدאאאThe demonstrative pronoun E F has two forms, onefor near distance E ْ א א F and another for fardistance E ْ א F. These forms are given in thefollowing tables.אאאDemonstrative Pronouns for Near DistanceEْאFMasculine♂ Feminine ♀Singular - All Cases א thisDual Nominative אن ن these (2)Dual - Accusative/Genitive these (2)Plural - All Cases these all49

The Demonstrative PhraseNote:א L –are not written with full alif after , instead it iswritten with a short vowel _ as א Lor with ْ (short alif) as L; and in both the cases it ispronounced as ذא Lذ.50א– The plural form is common to both the genders i.e., but it is used only for rational being E Fotherwise , singular form of the feminine is used torefer to the collective or plural inanimate nouns E F .Demonstrative Pronouns for Far DistanceEْאْאFMasculine ♂ Feminine ♀Singular - All Cases אذL ْ that/thisDual Nominative ذא * those (2)Dual - Accusative/Genitive * * those (2)Plural - All Cases و those allNote:ذذو*– These forms have neither occurred in the Holy Qurannor are these in the modern use.Some examples of the demonstrative compounds:– ْאא ‘this boy or this is the boy’– א ‘this car’– אنאن ‘these two students (male)’

The Demonstrative Phrase– نאن ‘these two students (female)’– لא ‘these men (more than two)’– א ‘these women (more than two)’– ْאْ‘that girl’– אذL ذא ‘that man’men’ ‘those two ذאא ن –– ن א‘those two girls’– نْא و ‘those Muslim men (more than two)’– ْא و ‘those Muslim women (more than two)’– ْא ‘these books (inanimate noun)’– א ‘these trees (inanimate noun)’⎺⎺⎺51

אسאLesson 9THE GENITIVE PHRASEWe have learnt earlier in the lessons that an Arabic noun is,in its original form, in the nominative caseE ْא F. Wehave also learnt that in the relative compound the noun isin the genitive case E ْא F when it is א . We willnow study some more frequently used prepositions which,when present before a noun, make its ending Jarr or thegenitive case. These prepositions can be divided into twogroups, Inseparable and Separable Prepositions. Inseparable Prepositions:Consisting of one letter, these are always attached tothe following word. The Inseparable Prepositions are:1 ‘ ’(bi): – ‘in, with, by, etc.’, e.g. אْ ْ ‘withthe pen’. When attached to pronouns, it is ‘with itor with him’, ‘with you’, ‘with them’, etc.The verbs denoting “to begin, adhere, seize, attach”are also constructed with ‘ ’, e.g. א ‘he got incontact with him’, ‘he began with him/it’, אא ‘I start with the name of Allah’; often theverb is omitted as in א ‘with the name ofAllah’.53

The Genitive Phrase54To believe in, is , e.g.Allah’. ‘he believed inTo swear by, is ْ , e.g. אم ْ ‘I swearby the Day of Judgment’.2 ‘ ’(ta): – for oath only; by the name of theAlmighty Allah, e.g. א ‘by Allah’.“by ﴿ وא אذ جوْא (waw): – for oath, e.g. ﴾ و’‏ ‘ 3the Heaven full of the starts” [the Quran], وאْ “bythe Time”, وא “by he Sun”, وא “by theNight”.א (lam): – ‘for, to, belongs to, because of’, e.g. ل’‏ ‘ 4אْ ‘this pen is mine’, ْאא ‘this bookbelongs to Zaid’, م ‘he rose for his help’;Lא these expressions Lذ א Ldenote ‘for this reason’. ‘for Allah, belongs to Allah’ is for E א F, alif isdropped when ‘ comes before ‏,אل e.g. אْن ْ ‘for Muslims’, אْذن ذْ‘for liars’,אْ ْ ‘for the believing women’, etc.ل’‏Note that ‘ ’ (li) is changed to ‘ ’ (la) beforepronominal suffixes, except with the first person ,e.g. ‘for him’, ‘for her’, ‘for all of you/ youall have’, ‘for both of them/ they both have’, ‘for us/ we have’, etc.لل5 ‘ ’ (ka): – ‘as, like’, e.g. אْ ْ ‘as themoon’, א ‘like a mirage’, אْ ْ ‘like the garden’.א

The Genitive Phrase Separable Prepositions:The following prepositions are in common use:1 (fi): – ‘in’, e.g. אض ضא ‘in the earth’,א א ‘in the sky’; and with suffixes: ‘in him/in it’, ‘in me’, ‘in you or amongyou’, ﴾ אلن ﴿ “Surely,you have in the Messenger of Allah excellentexemplar” [the Quran].2 (un): – ‘away from, about, concerning, with’, e.g. ‘from Ali’. Some examples from theHoly Quran: وא “and they ask theeabout the soul”, א “those whohinder (people) from the path of Allah”, א وא “Allah is well pleased with them and theyوאونare well pleased with Him”, and with suffixes it is ‘from me’, ‘from him’, ‘from them’.3 (min):– ‘from’, e.g. אْ ْא ‘fromthe Mosque’, א א ‘from the sky’. It isoften interchangeable with and used withsuffixes such as ‘from him’, ‘from me’, ‘from us’, etc. An example from the Quran: א א “He brings them out of thedarkness into the light”. is sometime used to complete the sense of ‘before’ and ‘after’. In that case the words and become indeclinable א i.e. , . According to some55

The Genitive Phrasegrammarians this kind of is called an ‘additional’, e.g. from the Quran وא “withAllah is the decision in the Past and in the Future”.However, if and come in a sentence as (annexed) then they are و (in genitivecase), e.g. א “and those who comebefore you”, “after ye have believed”.אْش 4 (ala): – ‘on, at, over, upon, against’, e.g. شْא ‘on the throne’, א א ‘on the way’, from the Quran م “peace beon you”, א ن “Surely, Allah isPossessor over all things”. Sometimes it is used in ahostile sense, e.g. ج ‘he went out againsthim’. is used with suffixes as shown in table 7.وTable – 7The Preposition ع ع َل ىل َىand Attached Pronounsى َل ع3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARon himon heron youon youon meDUAL#On them#On them*On you*On youon usPLURALon themon themon youon youon us56

Note:The Genitive Phrase(1) *— the 2 nd Person ♂ and ♀ dual are identical.# — the 3rdPerson ♂ and ♀ dual are identical.(2) Prepositions like ‘from’, ‘away from’), ‘by’, ‘in’, ل ‘for’, ‘to’ are similarly attached to the personalpronouns on the same pattern as shown above for .5 (ila): – ‘to, unto, towards’, e.g. אْ אْ ‘towards the Mosque’,﴿﴾ “from the sacred Mosque unto theאْאْאمאْאْDistant (Al-Aqsa) Mosque” [the Quran]. With thesuffixes, it is ‘to him, towards him’, ‘to me’, ‘unto us’, etc.6 There are some nouns which, though not prepositions,change the following nouns in thegenitive case:– ذو (possessor), e.g. ذو‏ٍ‏ ‘Gracious or Possessorof bounty’.‘relations’. مא א (possessor), e.g. –– (companion), e.g. ٍْ ‘companionof knowledge/man of learning’.– (with), e.g. ﴾ אאن ﴿ “Allah is withthe patients” [the Quran].– (with, at, beside): Adverb א used forplace/time, e.g. ‘I sat with/besidehim’, ﴾ ﴿ “and fightوאْאْאمnot with them at the sacred Mosque” [the57

The Genitive PhraseQuran],א ع ‘he came at sunrise’. It is often used to denote the meaning of﴿ אذ ‘for, to, near, presence, etc.’, e.g. ﴾ “remember me in presence of thy lordmaster” [the Quran], אو ﴿﴾ “what-ever you possess will pass away andقٍ‏what Allah has, will remain” [the Quran].7 There are some nouns used in Quran asprepositions, e.g. LنL ‘with’. These areused with suffixes as ‘with them’, ‘withme’, ‘with him’, ‘with me, to me’.Examples from the Holy Quran: ﴿﴾ “the Messengers fear not in My presence”,﴾ ْא م ‏﴿و “and it is in the original of﴿ و ْنْذ the Book with us”, ﴾אْن“and you were not with them when they cast (theirpens) lots with arrows”.⎺⎺⎺58

אسאLesson 10אْ ْאTHE SENTENCEIn Arabic there are two types of sentences:אْא The Nominal Sentence אْאE אْאF:The nominal sentenceE Fאא wherein the firstword is a noun, e.g. אْ ‘the book is new’.אْאْ The Verbal Sentence אْאEْ ْאْאF:The verbal sentenceE ْא אْ F where in the firstword is a verb, e.g. ج ‘Hamid went out’.In this lesson we shall learn about the nominal sentences.The nominal sentence consists of the mubtada E F‘the subject’ and the khabar E אْ F ‘the predicate’. Theאْאmubtada/subject is the noun about which you want to saysomething, and the khabar/predicate is what you have tosay about the subject, e.g. ‘Hamid is sick’. Inthis sentence you want to speak about Hamid E F, so itis the mubtada/subject and the information you give abouthim is that he is sick E F so that is the khabar/predicate.Some more examples of simple nominal sentences FE are given below: אْא59

The Sentenceא‏–א– ‘Khalid is a wise man’.– ‘Bashir is a kind man’.– وْ ‘William is a poet’.– د ‘Mahmud is a learned man’.– ز ‘Zainab is a learned woman’.– ل ‘Mohammad (SAW) is a messenger’.– א ‘The student is hardworking’.– א ‘The man is weak/old’.– אْن ‘The Quran is a Book’.– مد א ‘Islam is a region/way of life’.– ‘Ali is a writer’.There should be an agreement in the number and thegender between the subject and the predicate, i.e. if asubject is masculine/feminine singular, dual or plural thepredicate should be likewise.Examples:א–אא60Singular ♂ ‘Saeed is a learned man’.Singular ♂ ‘The student is a hardworking’.Singular ♀ ‘Saeeda is a learned woman’. א Singular ♀ ‘The student is a hardworking’.ننא Dual ♂ ‘Both the students are believersننא Dual ♀ ‘Both the students are believersنא Plural ♂ ‘The students are believers’.א Pluralא ♀ ‘The students are hardworking’

The SentenceIn a nominal sentence if the subject E F is a nounalone then both the subject and the predicate E F are inthe nominative case. Types of the Mubtada אEْ ْאF:אْאْאْThe beginning of a nominal sentence is one of thefollowing:1 A noun or a pronoun, e.g. א ‘Allah is forgiver’, ‘I am a hardworking’, ‘this is aschool’.2 A masdar muawwal E F i.e. a clausefunctioning as a masdar, e.g. ﴾ ونא ﴿ “andא אو لthat you fast is better for you” [2/184]. Here theclause א ن functions as a masdar (infinitive)which means ‘your fasting’. Another example﴾ ‏﴿وאنאْْ “and that you should forgive isnearer to piety” [2/237]. Here א ن iswhich means ْ ‘your forgiving’.E ل وא א F3 A particle resembling the verb, e.g. א ن ﴿﴾ “indeed Allah is forgiving, merciful” [theQuran]. The particles resembling the verb אو FE are ن and its sisters, like ن , ن, ,, and .אْThe Mubtada E א F is normally a definite E Fasindicated in the following examples:– א ل ‘Muhammad (SAW) is the messenger ofAllah’. Here is ‘definite’ E Fbecause it is a61

The Sentence62proper noun E F, and the predicate א ل is anannexation E F.אא– س ‘he is a teacher’. is definite because it is apronoun E F and the predicate س is anindefinite noun E F.א– א ‘this is a Mosque’. א is definite because it isa demonstrative pronoun E F and the predicate is an indefinite noun E F.אא– א א ‘he who worships other thanAllah is mushrik (one who rejects faith)’. א is definitebecause it is a relative pronoun E F, and thepredicate is a sentence E F.אאْلא– אْنא ‘the Quran is the book of Allah’. אْن isdefinite as it has the definite article ‏,אل and the predicateא is an annexation E F.– אْאْ ‘the key to Paradise is Salah’. ْ isdefinite as it’s mudaf ilaihi E F is definite, andthe predicate in this case is a definite noun E F.However, the subject E אא F may be indefinite E F in thefollowing circumstances.– If the khabar E א F is a shibhu jumlah E F(literally, that which resembles a sentence), which isone of he following two terms:1 A prepositional phrase, like ْْא ‘on thetable’, ْ ‘like the water’, ْא ‘in the

The Sentencehouse’. The phrase is also called وو (genitivephrase).2 A zarf E F ‘adverb’, like ‘with, by, beside’,אْم אً‏ ‘tomorrow’, ‘under’, ق ‘above’, א‘today’. א is related to time or place.In these cases the khabar should precede the mubtada,e.g. ْא ‘there is a man in the room’.(Remember that ْא is not a sentence). Here theindefinite noun is the mubtada and the phrase אْ is the khabar. Here is another example ‘Ihave a sister’ literally ‘there is sister for me’. Here theindefinite noun is the mubtada and the phrase isthe khabar, ْْא‘there is a pen under the table’( ْْ א is not a sentence). Here is the mubtadaand the zarf is the khabar. Another example is, ‘we have a car’ literally ‘there is a car with us’.Note, words like , ق, are notprepositions in Arabic. The prepositions, like , ,, , , are particles, but words like , ق, are nouns which are declinable, e.g. , ,אא, and a majrur E و F noun following oneof these words is a mudaf ilaihi E F, e.g. א ‘under the bed’.– The mubtada may also be indefinite if it is aninterrogative noun, like ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘howmany’. These nouns are indefinite, e.g. ؟ ‘what is63

The Sentence64wrong with you?’; here is the mubtada and theprepositional phrase is the khabar.؟ ‘who is sick?’, here is the mubtada and is the khabar. אْ؟ ً ‘how manystudents are there in the classroom?’, here is themubtada and the prepositional phrase ْא is thekhabar.There are some more situations where the mubtada can beindefinite, e.g. ﴾ و ﴿ “and surely abelieving slave is better than a man who associates(partners with Allah)” [2/21].Note, the personal pronouns , , become , , when preceded with J or , e.g. , , . Also note that the dammah of is pronouncedlong if it is preceded by a short vowels, e.g. (la-hu’), (ra’aitu-hu’). And it is short when preceded by a consonantor a long vowels, e.g. , و. This rule also applies to (hi), e.g. (bi-hi), but (fi-hi); this change is for vocalicharmony.Also note that in case of the verb with the pronoun of the2 nd person masculine plural, like ‘you saw’, a waw E Fhas to be added between the verb and the pronoun, e.g. ‘you saw him’, ‘you saw them’, ‘yousaw her’, Hْbecomes ْ ‘you asked them’, Hْ becomes ْ ‘you killed them’.و

The Sentence TheOmission of the Mubtada/theKhabarhabar:The mubtada or the khabar may be omitting, e.g. inreply to the question ؟ one may say . Thisאis the khabar and the mubtada has been omitted. Thefull sentence is ‏.א Similarly, in answer to thequestion ؟ ‘who knows?’ one may say , whichis the mubtada; and the khabar has been omitted. Thecomplete sentence is ‘I know’.אْ Types of the Khabar אEْ ْאF:There are three types of the predicate/khabar E אْ F:mufrad E دْ F, jumla E F and shibhu jumla E F:1 The mufrad khabar is a word, not a sentence, e.g.אو א ‘Allah is one’, EE ْא אْ FF “thebeliever is the mirror of the believer” [the Hadith].2 The jumla E F is a sentence. It maybe a nominalor a verbal sentence, e.g. ‘Hashim’sfather is a trader’ literally, Hashim, his father is atrader. Here is the mubtada and nominalsentence is the khabar, and this sentence inturn, is made up of the mubtada E F and thekhabar E F. Here is another example; א ؟ א ‘what is the name of the doctor?’ literally itmeans, the doctor, what is his name? Here isthe mubtada, and the nominal sentence א isthe khabar. Another example, دא ‘theאstudents entered’. Here א is the mubtada andthe verbal sentence دא ‘they entered’ is theא65

The Sentence66khabar. Another example, وא ‘and Allahcreated you’. Here א is the mubtada, and theverbal sentence ‘He created you’ is thekhabar.3 The shibhu jumlah E F, as we have alreadylearnt, is either a prepositional phrase or zarf, e.g.אْ ‘the praise belongs to Allah’. Here אْ isthe mubtada and the prepositional phrase E אH Fis the khabar, and it is in the place of raf FE ٍْ . Another example, אْْאْ ‘the houseis behind the mosque’. Here אْ is the mubtada,and the zarf ْ is the khabar. As a zarf, it ismansub, and as a khabar it is in the place of raf FE ٍْ .As stated earlier, in a nominal sentence, the subject isusually a definite noun E F and the predicate is usuallyan indefinite E F, but if the subject is a pronoun, e.g. ‘I am Yousaf’, ذאْ ‘that is the book’, then thepredicate maybe a definite noun like and ‏.אْ Inthese cases if the predicate is indefinite the meaning isdifferent, e.g. ذ ‘that is a book’.א F and the predicate E F are א When both the subject Edefinite then an appropriate pronoun is frequently insertedbetween them. This insertion gives the benefit of emphasison the mubtad and it brings the mubtada into focus, e.g. א ‘Allah is forgiving’ being a simple nominalsentence is changed to ﴾ ْא א ﴿ “Allah is indeed

The Sentenceforgiving” [42/5], ن אْون ‘those who reject faiththeyare the wrong doers’ to ﴾ ﴿ “thosewho reject faith-they are the wrong doers” [2/254]. אْون ‘the dwellers of paradise will be successful’ to﴾ نوْאْא﴿ “It is the dwellers of paradise thatwill be successful”. [59/20]. א ‘this is a truth’ to א ﴿﴾ ْא “this is indeed the truth” [8/32]. א ‘Allah isGhani/Rich, free of all needs’ to ﴾ ﴿ “Allah, He isal-Ghani/the Rich, free of all needs”. [the Quran] to ﴾ ﴿ “Indeed You, You alone, isאْونאنאאْor ‘the car is not old’. Note that in this examplethe sukun of has changed to kasrah because of the67אאאאْthe All Hear All Knowing”. [the Quran]The 3rd person pronoun is inserted when the predicate iscomparative, e.g. ﴾ ﴿ “and mybrother Haroon, he is far better in speech than I am” [theوونْ‏ً‏Quran]. This added pronoun is called the Pronoun ofSeparation E ْא F.: It means ‘is not’. It is used in a nominal sentence tonegate a statement, e.g. אْ אً‏ ْא or ْא ‘the house is not new’. Note that is oftenprefixed to khabar and it is therefore majrur E و F.After the introduction of the mubtada is called “ismulaisa” E א F, and the khabar is called “khabaru laisa”E F . The predicate of is in accusative case. Thefeminine of is , e.g. ً ‘Amina is not sick’, א א

The Sentencefollowing אل (al) (laisat al sayaratu laisa tissayaratu).Another example, سٍ‏ ‘I am not an engineer’.Here, the pronoun ‘ ’ (tu) is the ismu laisa E F andF. is the khabru laisa E سٍ‏Examples from the Holy Quran:א– ﴾ ٍ K ﴿ “O Muhammad(SAW) you are only one who reminds. You are not adictator over them” [88/21-22]– ﴾ ْאو قْא و א ن ْא ﴿ “It is notal-Birr (piety, righteousness and every act of obedienceto Allah) that you turn your faces towards east and (or)west (in prayers)” [the Quran].⎺⎺⎺68

لFلFدאسאLesson 11 ل – אאم:SOME PARTICLES OFVARIOUS ORIGINIt is a lam E with fathah prefixed to the mubtadaE אF for the sake of emphasis , e.g. ﴾﴿وْאْ“and indeed the remembrance of Allah is the greatest(thing in life)”. [29/43] This lam is not to be confusedwith the preposition which has a kasra, but takes afathah when prefixed to a pronoun, e.g. , , , . The אא does not change the ending of themubtada, e.g. ‘indeed your house is moreمbeautiful’. Now if we want to use ن also in thissentence then the lam E has to be shifted to thekhabar, as two particles of emphasis cannot cometogether in one place. So the sentence becomes ن (indeed your house is more beautiful). After itsremoval from its original position the lam is no longerאم م F. It is now called אא called lam al-ibtida Eא (the displaced lam). A sentence with both ن andل (the lam) is more emphatic than with ن or ل alone.Here are some examples: ﴾ אن ﴿ “verily yourIlah (God) is indeed one (i.e. Allah)”. [37/4]69

Some Particles of Various Origin70﴾ ْא ْא وא ‏﴿ون “Indeed the frailest(weakest) of the houses is the Spider’s house”. [29/41].﴾ ٍْאאאن﴿ “Verily/surely/indeed, theharshest of all voices is the braying of the asses”.[31/19] (But)ut):It is one of the sisters of ن and it acts like ن, e.g. نًאز و ‘Hashim is hardworking but Zaidis lazy’. is also used without the shaddah i.e. (lakin) and, in this case it loses two of its characteristics:1 It does not render the noun following it mansub, e.g.﴾ ٍ لٍ‏ مْא نא ﴿ “But the wrongdoers are today in manifest error”. [19/38]و2 It may also be used in verbal sentence, e.g. ﴿﴾ نو “But they do not perceive”. [2/12] Both and are said to be used to rectify or amend theprevious statement. نننن:It is one of the sisters of ن, and so the noun following itis mansub. ن means, ‘it looks as if’, e.g. ‘it looks as if the student is sick’ and אْ (you seem to be from India). ن:نאThe particle אن is used at the beginning of a nominalsentence, e.g. א אن and אْ ن‏.אْ

Some Particles of Various OriginNote that the noun after ن is mansub i.e. in theaccusation case. After the introduction of ن themubtada is no longer called mubtada, but is, instead,called ismu-inna E ن א F and the khabr is calledkhabaru-inna E ن F. ن signifies emphasis. It can betranslated as certainly ‘indeed’, ‘surely’, ‘no doubt’,‘truly’ and ‘verily’.Remember the following:1 If the mubtada has one dammah, it changes to onefathah after ن, e.g. אس سْאن and ن .2 If the mubtada has two dammah E F they changeto two fathah, e.g. ًאن3 If the mubtada is a pronoun, it changes to itscorresponding mansub form, e.g. , Land L.ن is frequently used with the attached pronouns, e.g., , , , ن L, etc. The above mentionedrules of ن are equally applicable to نא – its sisters,which are ن, ن, , , . :This is also a particle like ن. It is called one of thesisters of ن. Grammatically it acts like ن. It signifieshope or fear, e.g. אْ ‘the weather is fine’ אْ ‘I hope the weather is fine/the weather maybe71

Some Particles of Various Originfine’ and אْس ‘the teacher is sick’ سْא ‘I am afraid the teacher is sick’. :It is the most important particle of restriction, e.g. ﴿﴾ نو “we are only mocking”. [2/14] and ﴿﴾ אْ א “the obligatory alms are only for thepoor”. [9/60].س means, ‘I am only a teacher’ i.e. I am ateacher and nothing else. is Hن. This is called ‏,אْ i.e. the preventive ma, as it prevents ن fromrendering the following noun mansub, e.g.EE لא FF “actions are judged only by theintentions”. Unlike ن the word is used in verbalsentences as well, e.g. ْ ‘he is only telling a lie’. ن (That):It is used always in the middle of the sentencepreceding a noun in accusative case E F, e.g.﴾ א ن ﴿ “Did you not knowthat Allah has power over all things”. [2/106] ن is alsoattached to pronouns, e.g. ﴾ ﴿ “and thatوאنthey are to return to Him”. [2/46] ن and ن in a nominalsentence give it the meaning of the infinitive or theא verbal noun E F. (From Wherehere, Howow, When): means ‘where? how? when?’, e.g. ل ﴿72

:Some Particles of Various Originא “He said, O Maryam! Whence comes this to ﴾you”. [3/37]It denotes: ‘nay, nay rather, not so, on the contrary,but’, e.g. ﴾ א ْא نو ﴿ “Nay (behold) youprefer the life of this word” [87/16]. is opposed toeither a preceding affirmative or negative proposition, acommand or a prohibition, e.g. ْא ﴿﴾ “They say, our hearts are impermeably wrapped;אnot so! Allah has cursed them for their unbelief”. [theQuran] :It means ‘hypothetical or optative’, e.g. ﴿﴾ א “O would that I were mere dust”. [78/40]⎺⎺⎺73

אسאLesson 12אْאْ ْאْאTHE VERB – PERFECT TENSEThe Arabic verb has only three forms: The perfect called madi E א F. It denotes an actionwhich was completed and finished at the indicatedtime, and is often referred to the past. The imperfect called mudare E אאْع F. It refers toboth the present and the future time for an incompleteaction that is either in progress or to be completed inthe future. The imperative called amr E אْא F. It implies to anorder/desire/wish/supplication.The Arabic verb is mostly triliteral E F, i.e. it isbased on roots of three consonants, called radicals. Thusthe root meaning of a simple triliteral verb א א FE . (kataba) is ‘to write/writing’, and the literalmeaning of is ‘he wrote’. This meaning is given by thethree consonants i.e. HH – ktb, and it is a past perfecttense, third person masculine singular (abbreviate as III M 1 ) אو . Similarly, = HصH –nsr, its rootmeaning is ‘to help/helping’ and literally ‘he helped’,= HH – fth is ‘opening’ and literally ‘he opened’.אאْ دنאْد75

ع’‏The Verb – Perfect TenseTo indicate the pattern of a verb, the grammarians use threeconsonants of the verb (fa’ala) ‘to do or doing’ literally‘he did’. In this the letter ‘ ’represents the first radical, the‘ represents the second radical and ‘ ل’‏ the third radical.Thus in the verb , is in place of radical, called ْא, is in place of the middle radical ع called ْאand is in place of ل called ْאم. Follow the examplesbelow:אم אא ‘he wrote’ ‘he struck’ ض ‘he helped’ ص ن ‘he opened’ ‘he heard’ع م س م ‘he was noble’ م ‘he thought’ س ‘he was/became weak’ ع ض In a simple triliteral verbE دא א א F the first andthe third (last) radicals are always ْ i.e. vowelled with, but the second or the middle radical is not constant.It may be ْ (vowelled with fathah ) or ْ(vowelled with kasra ) or م (vowelled withdammah ). Thus a simple triliteral verb E Fmay be symbolized as follows:א אد –fa’ala (i.e. a-a-a) as (he helped), ‘he76

The Verb – Perfect Tensewrote’, ‘he opened’, ‘he sat’, ج ‘he wentout’, د ‘he came in or entered’. –fa’ila (i.e. a-i-a) as ‘he heard’, ‘he knew’,و ‘he became happy/was glad’, ‘he drank’,‘he inherited’, ‘he was pleased’, ‘he wasafraid’. –fa’ula (i.e. a-u-a) as ‘he was/has beenhonored’, ‘he was ugly’, ‘he was/became goodor beautiful’, ‘he was/became far away’, ‘hewas/became great’, ‘he became/was noble’, ‘he became/was weak’, م ‘he was noble’.Note that in all the three patterns of triliteral verbs א FE mentioned above, the first and the last radicalsאدremained unchanged. They are always maftuh ْ.Apart from the triliteral E F, four radical verbscalled (quadriliteral) are also in use. However,א אدquadriliteral verbs are less common. The pattern for a fourزْل radical verbs is – fa’lala, e.g. ‘he translated’,‘he/it shook’, دج ‘he rolled’, ز ‘he/it was removed’.It is a well known fact that a verb E F without a subjectE אF conveys no sense, e.g. ‘wrote’ in English, conveysאno sense unless a personal pronoun/noun is added to it,e.g. ‘he wrote’, ‘I wrote’, ‘you wrote’, ‘she wrote’, ‘wewrote’, ‘they wrote’, ‘William wrote’, ‘Bilal wrote’, etc. InArabic the relevant pronoun is a part of the verb, i.e. it hasa built-in pronoun which becomes the subject of the verb,77

The Verb – Perfect Tensee.g. in ذ ‘he went’ and ذ ‘she went’; the subject issaid to be ‘damir mustatir’ (hidden pronoun). Inthis way, to the basic form of madi E F, suffixes areadded to indicate different pronouns.All simple verbs have three persons, i.e., the first personcalled (mutakallim), e.g. ‘I wrote’, the secondperson called (hadir), e.g. ‘you wrote’, and thethird person called (ghaib), e.g. ‘he wrote’, eachof which may be masculine gender E F or feminineE F . Each gender, in turn may be either singular E F,dual E F or plural E F. When a simple verb is78وאconjugated into three persons, two genders and threenumbers in the form of a table it is called conjugationE F ; this process is also called Isnad E د F. In all, thereare fourteen categories in a table, and each category iscalled sighah (form) as explained below;1. ذ – he went: The subject ‘he’ is a hidden pronounE F . This tense (III M 1 ) forms the basis, andcontains the root letters, called radicals.2. ذ – two (♂) went: It is a masculine dual. The subjectis alif E F. The alif و’‏ ‘ waw – they went (♂): The subject is ذא 3.after the waw is not pronounced (dahab-u).4. ذ – She went: The subject is dhamir mustatir FE . The ta ‘ ’is the sign of its being feminine.

The Verb – Perfect Tense5. ذ – two (♀) went: The subject is alif denoting dual.ن’‏ ‘ nun – they went (♀): The subject is the ذ 6.(dahab-na).7. ذ – you went (singular ♂): The subject is the ta ‘ ’(dahab-ta).8. ذ –you (dual ♂) went: The subject is tuma ‘ ’(dahab-tuma).9. ذ – you went (plural ♂): The subject is tum ‘ ’(daheb-tum).10. ذ – you went (singular ♀): The subject is ti ‘ ’(daheb-ti).11. ذ – you (dual ♀) went: It is the same as formasculine dual.12. ذ – you went (plural ♀): The subject is tunna ‘ ’(daheb-tunna).13. ذ – I went (singular ♂or♀): The subject is tu ‘ ’(daheb-tu).14. ذ – we went (plural/dual ♂or♀): The subject is na’ ‘ (daheb-na) and is applicable to both the genders.For the method of conjugating a trilateral perfect simpleverb Madi Maruf E F, see Table 8 below:אאْو79

The Verb – Perfect TenseTable – 8אْאْوConjugation of Madi Maruf אْאْو –(Triliteral Verb)3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARhe didshe didْyou didْyou didْI didDUALthey didthey did*ْyou did*ْyou did#ْwe didPLURALאthey didْthey didْyou didْyou did#ْwe didNote:(1) *— 2nd Person masc. dual and fem. dual are identical. # — 1st Person dual ♂♀ and plural ♂♀ are identical.(2) The second and third person masculine plural of any80verb cover any group of men and women even thoughin a group of 100 women there is only one man,whereas the second and third person feminine pluralonly cover groups of women exclusively.A quadrilateral perfect simple verbthe same pattern, as shown in Table 9.E Fא is conjugated on

The Verb – Perfect TenseTable – 9אْאْوMadi Maruf אْאْو –(QuadrilQuadriliteral Verb)3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARhe translatedshetranslatedyoutranslatedyoutranslated#I translatedDUALtheytranslatedtheytranslated*youtranslated*youtranslated#wetranslatedPLURALאtheytranslatedtheytranslatedyoutranslatedyoutranslated#wetranslatedNote:*— the 2nd Person ♂ and ♀ are identical.# — applicable to both the genders. 81

The Verb – Perfect Tense82THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FORMSOF MADIThe Active Form is called Maruf (و - literally ‘known’)in which the subject E F is known, e.g. ‘He created’or א ‘Allah created’, زא ‘he visited’, زאز‏ً‏ ‘Zaidvisited the patient’. In these examples, ‘He’, ‘Allah’ and‘Zaid’ are subjects of the verbs. The subject may be in the, زא form of (hidden pronoun) as ‘he’ in and or it may be mentioned as an apparent noun as ‘Allah’ in‏.زאز א and ‘Zaid’ inThe Passive Form is called Majhul (ل literally‘unknown’) in which the subject E F is not known. It isformed on the pattern of ‘it was done’ by placing aDammeh E F on the first letter and kasrah E F on themiddle letter or on the second last letter in a verb havingmore than three letters, as exemplified below:Active Verb EF ‘he wrote’ ‘he drank’ ‘he translated’ ‘he killed’د ‘he entered’ل ‘he descended’زْل ‘it/he shook’Passive Verb EF ‘It was written/prescribed’ ‘It was drunk’ ‘It was translated’ ‘he was killed’د ‘he was entered’ل ‘he/it was descended’زْل ‘he/it was shaken’

The Verb – Perfect Tense ‘he read’ز ‘he removed’ ‘he informed’ ‘it was read’ز ‘he/it was removed’ ‘he was informed’The passive of the perfect i.e. Madi Majhul is formedaccording to the pattern and and conjugated inexactly the same manners as the Active of the perfect MadiMaruf described in the tables 8 and 9, e.g. , , ‏,‏א, , ْ, ْ, etc.Negative of Perfect: To render a verb in the madi negativethe particle (ma) is used, e.g. ذאْ ‘I went tothe University’ ْא ذ ‘I did not go to theUniversity’, ْא א ج ‘the students did notleave the class’, دوج ‘Hamid entered buthe did not come out’, سא ‘the lesson was notwritten’.All formsE F of the perfect can be converted into thenegative form by prefixing . However, a question is to benegated with (la), e.g. אسل؟ ‘O Bilal! didyou write the lesson?’ the answer in negative is; ،אس ‘No, I did not write the lesson’. אس؟‘O Hamid! did you understand the lesson?’ ، ‘No,I did not understand it?’.The Difference between and : is used in reply toa positive question, and is used in reply to a negativequestion, e.g. ل؟ ‘O Bilal! are you a student?’83

The Verb – Perfect Tensethe answer is ، ‘yes, I am a student’. ٍ‘are you not a Muslim?’ the answer is ‘Yes/ofcourse, I am a Muslim’.The Near Perfect Eْא ْאF: The particle (qad) isprefixed to any sigha of the perfect tense to give it themeaning of near perfect E F, e.g. (he hasאאْdone), (these two ♂ have done), א (they ♂have done), etc.The particle or when prefixed to a sigha of theperfect tense it also gives an emphasis and denotescertainty E F to the meaning of the verb, e.g. دאْسאْ ‘the teacher has already entered the class’, א ‘the prayer has started/established’ ْ ﴿﴾ “Indeed, we (Allah) created man inthe best state/mould”. [94/4], א ذ ‘certainly theman has gone’, ﴾ نْא ْ ﴿ “successful indeed areאْאنْ‏ٍ‏the believers”. [23/1]The Distant Perfect Eْא ْאF: The word ن isprefixed to the perfect tense in order to change it into thedistant perfect, e.g. ذ ‘he went’ ذ ن ‘he hadgone’, ‘I am sick’ ً ‘I was sickyesterday’.The word ن is also conjugated to correspond with thesigha (form) concerned. The conjugation of ن called (incomplete verb) is shown in Table 10 below:84

The Verb – Perfect TenseTable – 10אْאْThe Distant Perfect אْאْ –(ن‘he was or had’ ن ‘he had observed’)3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARنhe hadobservedshe hadobservedyou hadobservedyou hadobservedI hadobservedDUALאthey hadobservedthey hadobservedyou hadobserved you hadobservedwe hadobservedPLURALאوאthey hadobservedنthey hadobservedyou hadobservedyou hadobservedwe hadobserved⎺⎺⎺85

אسאLesson 13אْאْTHE VERBAL SENTENCEWe have already learnt that according to the construction,a sentence is of two kinds;אْא The Nominal Sentence אْאE אْאF:The nominal sentence consists of two parts, a subjectand a predicate. The subject is either a noun or apronoun, and the predicate is a noun, a verb or asentence. The subject of a nominal sentence is called‏.אْ and its predicate is called אْא The Verbal Sentence Eْאאْאْ ْאF:The verbal sentence commences with a verb. Thesubject of a verbal sentence is called fa’il E F, e.g.ز د (Zaid entered). It is a simple verbal sentencewherein د is a verb and ز is the subject E F ofאْאthe verb. The fa’il is always in the nominative case(marfu – ع). The fa’il can be a pronoun also, e.g.دْ ‘they entered’. The fa’il, in this case, is waw, دא‘you entered’, the fa’il is ta and in دْ ‘we entered’,the fa’il is na and so on.Note that in دא ‘the students entered’, the verb87

The Verbal Sentenceد has no waw at the end because دא means ‘theyentered’; and if we say دאא it means ‘they thestudents entered’. This is not correct because thereא cannot be two fa’ils for a verb. But we can sayא which becomes a nominal sentence. Here دאis the mubtada and the sentence دא is the khabar.The same rule applies to the third person feminine, e.g. ْא د ‘the girls entered’ or ْد ‏.אْ Soremember this rule.The nominal sentence:دאאْدאThe verbal sentence:אدאدאْْلאْْThe Object EلْْאF:A verbal sentence may be complete only with a verb and asubject E F when the verb is intransitive E مز Fwhich does not require a direct object, e.g. ل ‘Bilalwent’, א ذ ‘the women went’, ْא ‘theذאHْאْchild laughed’, א ‘the students sat down’. But ifthe verb pertains to the category of transitive form then theverb requires an object to convey complete sense of theverbal sentence. So in this case, the normal sequence of averbal sentence is, verb + subject + object H H FE لْ .88

The Verbal SentenceExamples:ل(object)(subject)(verb)Allah created the human being. אن א “Allah sets forth the parable”. ً א “And David slew Goliath”. د دאوو و“They (both) found there a wall” אאً‏ EF وא“They (both) met a young man”. ً EF “They bewitched the eyes of the سא EF people”.“He (Allah) created man”. نא EF “Indeed lost are those who have دو אאkilled their children”.“And Soleman inheritedوאوو ن دאوو دDavid”.The child broke the pen. א ْ א The boy asked his mother. ْא لNote that the fa’il (subject) is in nominative case E ع Fand the maful (object) is in accusative case E F. Alsonote that in the last example the maful bihi E لْ F isumm E F, and so it takes the a-ending, and the pronoun hu‘ ’ is not part of it (umma-hu). Here are some moreexamples of this kind:– ‘I saw your horse’ E Hس F. Here isverb+ subject ‘I saw’ and س is the object E F and is a possessive pronoun E F ‘your horse’ which isa relative phrase E L F.ل89

אلFThe Verbal Sentence– א א ‘the student read his book’ E H F.Also remember that the maful bihi E لْ F can be a90pronoun, e.g. ْوًא ‘I met Hamid and askedhim’, here is verb+ subject and אً‏ is theobject, and in the second sentence ْ is verb+subject and the pronoun ‘ ’ is the object.The nun E ن F of tanwin is followed by a kasra E F if thenext word commences with hamzat al-wasl E ْא F,e.g. ْא is read as אْ ن (sharibaHamid-u-nil-maa). Here if kasra is not added it becomesdifficult to pronounce the letter combinational. This iscalled א אْ (combination of two vowellessletters). Whenever such a combination occurs, it isremoved by inserting kasrah between them. Here are somemore examples;– אل لis read as, sa’ala Bilal-u-n-i-bna-hu ن ل ل‏.א– אذאن ز is read as, sami-a Zaid-u-n-i-ladhan . زن אذא نThe (vowelless) word is also changed by a kasra ifthe next word commences with al E , e.g. ذאْ ‘the‏.ذאْ girls went’ becomesAs stated earlier, the usual sequence of a verbal sentence is (verb) + (subject) + ل (object), e.g. אאْ ‘Allah has helped the slave’. Similarly ‘I sawhim’.

The Verbal SentenceThe subject E F in its original form is always in thenominative case E ْ F and the object E لْ F is in theaccusative case E F. However, this sequence is alteredwhen the subject or the object needs emphasis or it is to befocused. Such changes can be as follows:– Sometimes the object follows the verb in the form of apronoun and the subject comes after the object, e.g.﴾ אא﴿ “they said: if a wolf devours him(Yaqub υ)” [12/14]. In this verse, is a verb E F,‘ ’ is the object E F which followed the verb in theאאْلform of an attached pronoun and א is the subjectE אF which has followed the object E لْ F. So,here the sequence is: verb+object+subject and thestress is on the object ‘ ’(referring to Yaqub υ).– Another example: ﴾ ْא ذ ﴿ “When deathapproached Yaqub (υ)” [2/133]. The sequence in thisverse is: verb E F+ object E F + subject E F.لIn this verse the object followed the verb in the form ofa proper noun ‏,א and the subject came afterwards.Here again the stress is on the object i.e. Yaqub (υ).– Sometimes the object precedes both the verb and thesubject, e.g. “You (alone) we worship” [theQuran] ( is the object and is verb + subject). Inthis verse also the stress and focus is on the ‘object’ thatwe worship no other but Thee (Allah) and Thee alone.Similarly, و “and You (Allah alone) we askfor help (for each and everything)”. [the Quran].91

The Verbal Sentence92Ordinarily, the usual sentence would be ‘weworship Thee (Allah)’ and ‘and we ask forThy (Allah’s) help’.The difference between the verbal and the nominalsentences is that the verbal sentence relates to an act orevent whereas the nominal sentence gives a description ofא a person or a thing, and it brings the subject E F intofocus, and often lays emphasis on the subject. A verbalsentence can be changed into a nominal one, e.g.ن ْא א ‘Allah created the universe’. This is a verbalsentence narrating a simple fact. However, if the emphasisis to be laid on the subject that no one else but Allah alonehas created the universe, then a nominal sentence is used,e.g.ن ْא ‘literally, ‘Allah, He created the Universe’.وאMore examples of the verbal sentence and nominalsentence are given below for comparison. ‘the two boys sat before the teacher’אْאنمאאْאنمאْ– – אنْא ‘the Muslims helped their brothers’אْنوאא – אدوא ‘the boys drank the milk’א אאدو – م אن وْא ‘the travelers ate the food’אْو אאن م

– אنْא The Verbal Sentence ‘the two girls returned from the school’אْنאْ– אْא ‘the Principal called the students’אْא– ً ً ‘I wrote a letter to my brother’– Hamid’ אً‏ ‘Did you beatאً‏– ْאْאא ْא ْא א ‘the studentsאreturned to the school after the vacation’– ْאمسא ْא م א ‘the people listened to thespeaker’s address’א س⎺⎺⎺93

אKאאسאLesson 14عْא عאْאْ عTHE IMPERFECT TENSEThe Arabic verb has only three forms. These are:אْ The Past Tense which is called the madi E F. The Present-Future Tense, which is called the mudareE Fאْع . The Imperative, which is called the amr E א F.We have already learnt about the madi. In this lesson weshall learn the mudare E F, and the amr E F will belearnt later.אאْعThe mudare is an imperfect verb which denotes an actionwhich is still incomplete or was incomplete at the stated orimplied time. It includes both the present and the futuretenses, e.g. ْ may mean any of the following; ‘he writes,he is writing or he will write’. The mudare also has ActiveE وאعْאF and Passive forms E F.אْعאْلوא אع is derived from the trilateral verbE by the following methods:אْو د אْ F For the mudare one of the four indicative letters, calledعْא, is prefixed with fathah to the simple verb‏.אْ These indicators are Kن KE F. ن95

The Imperfect Tense The first letter (radical fa) of all the forms96E F is madesakin, e.g. the madi means ‘he wrote’ and theradical fa in this verb is which is to become ْ (sakin). The last radical i.e. radical lam is to be given adammah. In this example, the radical lam is , which isto become . As for the middle radical E ْא F the vowel can befath E F, kasrah E F or dammah E F. As ageneral rule if the middle radical of the madi haskasrah, its corresponding middle letter ْא ofmudare is with fath E F, e.g.– The mudare of ‘he drank’ is ‘he drinks, heis drinking or he will drink’, , and , and ْ. However, is anexception; its mudare is . This exceptionalpattern is rarely used.If the middle letter in the madi has dammah on it, thecorresponding middle radical in the mudare is also withdammah, e.g. ‘he becomes weak/old orhe will become weak/old’, م مْ and and . But if the second radical in the madihas fath then the corresponding א in the mudaremay be fatha, kasrah or dammah. There is no definitepattern to determine this vowel. It comes throughpractice or with consultation of dictionary, e.g. ْ and and .

אKThe Imperfect TenseTo sum up; if the middle letter of the perfect hasdammah the middle letter of the imperfect is likewise. Ifthe middle letter of the perfect has a kasrah then themiddle radical of the imperfect is fathah. However, is an exception; its imperfect is . But if themiddle letter of the perfect has a fathah then vowel ofthe middle radical of the imperfect can only bedetermined through practice or by consultingdictionary.As for the indicatives of imperfect E אْع F – Kthese are prefixed as follows: ‘ ’ is prefixed to the third person form of imperfecttense E ع F, e.g. ْ ‘he writes, he is writing orhe will write’. ‘ ’ precedes the second person form of imperfect tenseE Fع , e.g. ْ ‘you write, you are writing oryou will write’. ‘ א ’ precedes the first person singular form of theimperfect tense E אوع F, e.g. ْ ‘I write, Iam writing or I shall write’. ‘ ن ’ precedes the first person plural form of theimperfect tense E عF, e.g. ْ ‘we write,we are writing or we shall write’.The pattern of dual and plural form of imperfect is asfollows:Kن97

The Imperfect Tense For the dual אن is added to the imperfect singular ع FE , e.g. the dual of ْ is نْ ‘the two ♂ write/arewriting/will write). The ‘ ن’‏ at the end is called ن א .وא For the plural, ون is added to imperfect singular ♂, e.g.the plural of ْ is نْ ‘they ♂ write/are writing/willwrite’. The ‘ ’ at the end is called نא .ن For the second person feminine singular is added tothe second person imperfect masculine singular, e.g.ْ ‘you ♂ write/are writing/will write’ to ْ‘you♀ singular write/are writing/will write’. The ‘ ’ at theend is called .ننא For the second and third person feminine plural ‘ ن ’ isadded at the end, e.g. ْ ‘they ♀ write/are writing/will write’, and ْ ‘you ♀ plural write/are writing/will write’. The ‘ ’ in both the cases is called نن(feminine noon) or ٍن (pronoun noon).For the method of conjugating mudare maruf, see Tables11 and 12 below:Table – 11Basic form of Conjugating Mudare MarufEوعF3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person(♀)98SINGULARل KعKKDUALKKعKلKא ن* لKعKK ن KKعKلKאPLURALوKلKعKK ننKلKعKK

The Imperfect Tense2 ndnd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)* لKعKK KلKعKKل KعKKKKعKلKא نKKعKلKא ن#ن لKعKKوKلKعKK ننKلKعKK #نKKعKلNote:*— they are identical. # — they are identical.אن. — the seven underlined noon are نن ن or — the two double underlined noon are نٍ. (In certain conditions אن is dropped whileن always stays. This you will learn later).Table – 12Conjugation of Mudare Maruf – وع(to help – )3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARHe helpsShe helpsyou helpyou help I helpDUALאنthey helpאنthey helpאنyou helpאنyou helpwe helpPLURALنوthey helpنthey helpنوyou helpنyou helpWe help99

The Imperfect TenseNote:Remember that the middle radical א maintainsit vowel mark in all the forms, e.g. in the ‘ ’ E אF has dammah and it stays as such in all theform (sighas). In the middle radical ‘ ’ iswith which holds its mark in all the forms. And in the middle radical is ‘ ’ which maintainsits jarr mark in all the forms of conjugation.Exercise:Conjugate the following verbs: ْ root meaning: ‘to write’ذ ‘to go’ ‘to strike’ ْ ‘to open’صم 100

ض’‏س’‏The Imperfect TenseددددאאאאאאאאSIX GROUPS OF TRILITERAL VERBSAccording to the vowel of the second radical, verbs areclassified in six groups. Each of these groups is called babאא (gateway) in Arabic, and its plural is abwab –(gateways). These groups are as follows: a-a group: ْ referred to in Arabic dictionary as‘ ’ or ‘_’ fathah E F. Any verb indicating ‘ ’or ‘_’in front of it indicates that the verb belongs to thecategory of ْ or its second radical is with fath‘_’, e.g. E _ ذFEF means that its mudare is , i.e.the second radical is ْ. a-i group: , referred to as ‘ ض’‏ or ‘–’, e.g.‘ or ‘–’ means . i-a group: , referred to as ‘ س’‏ or ‘_’, e.g.‘ or ‘_’ means the mudare of is from babE F , i.e. ْ. a-u group: , referred to as ‘ ن’‏ or ‘_’, e.g. with ‘ ن’‏ or ‘_’ in front of it in a dictionary meansthat the mudare of is . u-u group: م → مْ, referred to as ‘ ’or ‘_’, e.g. ‘to approach, come near’ with ‘ ’or ‘_’ indicatesthat the mudare of is ْ.101

The Imperfect Tense i-i group: is referred to as ‘ ’or ‘–’, e.g.و with ‘ ’or ‘–’ indicates that the mudare of و is ‘to inherit’.102Note: That the verbs related to the first four groups arecommonly used, the fifth group م مْ is lesscommon, and the sixth group is rarelyused.علImperfect Passive Eلع ‏:‏Fعل It is made on the patternof ْ – ‘yufalu’, e.g.Active Verberb Passive Verb ‘he hears’ْ ‘he kills’ْ ‘he/it opens’ ‘he is heard’ْ ‘he is killed’ْ ‘it is opened’ ْ ‘he reads’ ْ ‘it is read’ْ ‘he accepts’و ‘he visits’ْ ‘he/it is accepted’א ‘it is visited’Negative of the Imperfect: The negative particle used withthe mudare is ‘ ’, e.g.– سאْ ‘I don’t understand the lesson’.– ْא ‘he doesn’t drink coffee’.– نאق ‘they don’t go to the market’.Mudare–thePresent/resent/FutureTense:As explained earlier thatthe imperfect אع denotes both the present and the futuretenses, e.g. can mean ‘he goes’ or ‘he will go’.However, if the meaning is required to be confined to the

The Imperfect Tensepresent or the future tense only then the following changeis effected:– For confining the meaning of mudare to the presenttense only ‘ ’ is prefixed to it, e.g. means ‘hegoes’, ْ means ‘he does’, means ‘heلdrinks water’.– For confining the meaning of mudare to the future tenseonly ‘ ’ or ‘ ’ is prefixed to mudare. ‘ س’‏ isسprefixed for near future and is prefixed for distantfuture. However, the term ‘near’ or ‘distant’ future is notadded in translation for both the terms pertain to thefuture tense, e.g. ‘he knows or will know’ or means ‘he will know’, ْ ‘he writes or willwrite’ ْ or ْ means ‘he will write’,ل means ‘he will say’ and ن means ‘’you(plural) will know. 103

The Imperfect TenseْאMOODS OF VERBIt has been mentioned earlier that Arabic verbs have threeforms i.e. the madi, the mudare and the amr. The madi andthe amr are mabni E F, hence they do not undergo anychange. But the mudare is murab E F, and it undergoeschanges to indicate its functions in the sentences. Just asthe noun has three cases i.e. marfu (nominative), mansub(accusative) and majrur (genitive), the mudare also hasthree case endings, which are called ‘moods’ in English.These are marfu, mansub and majzum ‘jussive’ (vowellessor sakun). However, the mudare is mabni to the pronounof second and third person feminine plural. Remember thatthe noun never has م ‘_ ’ and the verb never has ‘J ’as its case-ending.The following particles are some of the important אْع (nasibatul mudare), which change the mood andapplication of a mudare: Mudare with (lan): When lan EF is prefixed to a104mudare it brings about the following four changes inthe meaning and structure of the ‏:‏ع1 It changes its meaning into the negative form withemphasis, i.e. instead of no/not, it becomes ‘never’.

The Imperfect Tense2 The meaning of the ع changes into futuristictense, e.g. ‘he will never strike’, אْ ‘I shall never drink wine’, ‘you willnever believe’, ﴾אوٍم ﴿ “we shallnever endure one kind of food”. [2/61]3 It brings fathah ‘_’ on the last consonant of ‏,‏عi.e. makes it mansub E F, e.g. and and → . Lan iscalled عْא . All particles of אع change the imperfect into accusative case.4 The nun of Irab is removed/elided in all the cases ofعْא, e.g. ن א and ن . وא ون א andFor the noon irabi E אن F refer back to the note at theend of Table 11.For conjugation of ع with see Table 13 below. Themudare with other particles of also follow the samepattern.Table – 13Conjugation of Mudare with 3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person(♀)SINGULARDUALPLURAL * א * وאن א *105

אThe Imperfect Tense2 ndnd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)وא * א ** א ن Note:106*— In these forms the sign of the verb being marfu isthe presence of the nun and that of being mansub isthe omission of this nun. Mudare with אن (an): It means ‘that’, e.g. ن﴿ א‏﴾‏ “I have been ordered that I worship Allah”.[13/36], نאذ ‘what do you want to drink?’,ن ‘we want to sit here’ literally, ‘we wantthat we sit here’. Mudare with (alla): , (made up of Hن). It means‘may not/shall not/lest/etc.’, e.g.﴿אْ א א و ،و ن﴾ دذوًאאْونْْא“And if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justlywith the orphan girls then marry (other). Women ofyour choice, two or three or four; but if you fear thatyou shall not be able to deal justly (with them), thenonly one or (slaves) that your right hands possess. Thatwill be more suitable to prevent you from doinginjustice”. [4/3], ﴾ ْא א ل ن ﴿

The Imperfect Tense“proper it is for me that I say nothing concerning Allahbut the truth”. [7/105]. Mudare with ‏:’ل‏‘‏ אم. It means ‘so that, in orderto/ that’, e.g. ْ ْ - نْא ْْא‘I study Arabic in order to understand Quran’, א ‘Allah has created us so that we mayworship Him’.دسא Mudare with : It has the same meaning as ‏’ل‏‘‏ i.e.‘so that, in order to’, e.g. ذאْא ‘Iwent to the mosque in order to worship Allah’.א ذאً‏ ‏:‏ذאً‏ It means ‘then’, e.g. Mudare with‘work hard then you will succeed’.א Mudare with : It means ‘until’, e.g. ‘you sit here till I return’, another example; ﴿﴾ א ْא “until He distinguishes thewicked from the good” [3/179], another example fromthe Quran ﴾ طْא ْא ﴿ “until thecamel goes through the eye of the needle (which isimpossible)” [7/40].The JussiveMood of the Mudare‏:‏Fאْع م EموْאThereوْא م אْعare certain particles, called عْא ز which whenprefixed to a mudare they change the final radical ofmudare from dammah to Sukun, i.e. make the mudarevowelless; otherwise, the pattern of conjugation remainsthe same as for عْא. Some of the important زאْع are:107

The Imperfect Tense (lam): When lam is prefixed to a mudare it brings the108following changes:1 The meaning of mudare is changed into a negativepast tense form with emphasis. and are themost common particles of the negative command.2 The mudare marfu E ع ع F becomes mudaremajzum E موع F, i.e. the dammah at the endof mudare is replaced by a jazm E م F which makesit sakin.3 The nun Irabi E אن F is removed or elided fromthe ‏,‏ع examples:– ‘he does not go’ ‘he did notgo or he never went’.– ؟زא ‘Did you write on theboard, O Zaid?’ ْ ‘I did not write’. Asimple answer to this question may be ‘Idid not write’ but ْ is an emphaticanswer.– ن ‘they do not believe’ א ‘theydid not believe’.– ْאن ‘they do not/will not drink coffee’ ْאא ‘they did not drink coffee’.– ﴾ ﴿ “We have given thatname to none before (him)”. [19/7]For conjugation of ع with see Table 14.

The Imperfect TenseTable – 14Mudare with 3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARDUALPLURAL א** ooo#א# Note:*— They are always the same.o— These are always the same.#— אن or ن stays without change in all theconditions and all the seven nun Irabi are elided. ‘Not yet’:, e.g. ْא ‘he has not yet﴿ و نْא gone to the university’, ﴾ “and faith has not yet entered your hearts”. [49/14], ْא ‘the train has not yet arrived’.Note: A sakin (vowelless) letter is changed to kasrawhen followed by a definite article ‘ אل’‏ , as in . ْא ن andא‏ْ‏109

The Imperfect Tense ‘do not’: means ‘do not’ i.e. with prohibition, e.g. ‘do not sit here’, אً‏ ْ ‘do not ever telllie’, ْאא ‘do not drink wine’, א ﴿﴾ “do not enter by one gate”. [the Quran]110وא لٍ‏ – אم: Lam of command means ‘should/ought to’,e.g. ً ْא ‘every student﴿ وْ should sit in the class quietly), ْ﴾ “and let every person look to what he has sentforth for the morrow”. [59/18]Note: אم becomes sakin when joined with an otherوْ consonant as in the case ْ ْanother examples: ج ْאאوجْ ‘solet everyone leave the room, or everyone should leavethe room’. In addition there are a number of ‘conditional particles’E طوא وF which make the mudare majzum. In aconditional sentence, both the طא and אאط or طא א (answer of the condition) aremajzum. Some of the conditional particles arementioned below:1 ن (if), e.g. ذن ‘if you go I will go’, ن ‘if you drink juice I will drink’. Foremphasis, ل is also prefixed to ‏,‏ن e.g. ﴿﴾ ز “If you give thanks (by accepting Faith andworshiping none but Allah) I will give you more (ofmy blessing)”. [14/7]

The Imperfect Tense2 (who, whom, whoever), e.g. ‘whoever works hard/struggles succeeds’, ﴿﴾ אً‏ “whosoever works evil, will have therecompense thereof”. [4/123], م ْ ‘he whoturns lazy will regret’.3 (whatever), e.g. ْ ْ ‘whatever you do Iwill do’.4 or (where, wherever), e.g. ذ ‘where you go I go’, ﴾ ْא ْ א ﴿“wherever you maybe, death will overtake you”.[4/78]The Energetic Mood of אعwith ‏’نن‏‘‏ and ‏’نننن‏‘‏ at the End:The energetic nun, called א ن (the nun of emphasis)is of two kinds:אع One with a single nun, e.g. ْ ‘I will write’. This iscalled ْאאن (light nun of emphasis). Thisis less frequently used than nun thaqilah E F. One with a double nun, e.g.ن ْ ‘I will definitelywrite’. This is called אאن (weighty nun ofemphasis). This nun signifies emphasis and convert themudare into the future tense only. It is used only withthe mudare and the amr, not with the madi. This nun issuffixed to the mudare marfu as follows:1 In the four forms ْ, ْ, ْ, ْ the finaldammah is replaced with a fathah. So ْ becomesْ (yaktub-a-nna). The same pattern is formedwith the other three forms.111

وFThe Imperfect Tense1122 In the following three forms, نْ, نْ, ْthe final nun along with the waw E or ya E Fare‏,ن نْ and adding from ن dropped. After omittingwe get ْ. In the same way نْ becomes ْ.As a rule, long vowel is not followed by a vowellessletter in Arabic, the long u’ is therefore shortened.So نْ and نْ become ْ and ْ. Notethat the difference between the singular ْ andplural ْ is the –a– in the first case and the –u–in the second. The second person feminine singular ْ becomes ْ . Here also the long vowel is followed by a vowelless letter, which isshortened. The result is ْ .3 The two dual forms نْ, نْ become نْ,نْ. Note that the nun in dual form takes kasrainstead of fatha.4 The two feminine plural forms ْ, ْ becomeنْ, نْ. Note that an alif is added betweenthe nun of the pronoun and the nun of emphasis.For mudare majzum and the amr, the process is the sameas in mudare marfu except that the nun in the five forms isalready omitted in these forms, e.g.1. 2. א אْن אْ .4 אْ אْ .3אْ אْ 6. אْ ْא 5.אْن אْ .7

The Imperfect TenseWhen א ل (lam of emphasis) is prefixed and نא is suffixed to a mudare, it strengthens the emphasisin the meaning of the mudare and confines the meaning tofuture tense only, e.g. ‘indeed he will definitely go’.The use of lam is compulsory in the mudare if it is a Jawabal Qasam E ْאא F, e.g. سא وא ‘By Allah! Iwill memorize the lesson’. Here the mudare א is jawabal-qasam as it is preceded by the qasam E F. There are,وאhowever, three conditions for its use in the jawab al-qasam,these are: The verb should be affirmative as in the above example.Neither the ‘ ل’‏ (lam) nor the ‘ ن’‏ (nun) is used with anegative verb, e.g. وאאذ ‘By Allah! I will not go’. The verb should be in future tense. If it is a presentوא tense then only lam is used, not the nun, e.g. ًد ‘By Allah! I consider you truthful’.Note that وא means ‘By Allah! I will helpyou’ and وא means ‘I am helping you’. The lam should be attached to the verb. If it is attachedto a word other than the verb, the nun cannot be used,e.g. وאאْذ ‘By Allah! to the mosque I willgo’. Here the lam is attached to . But if it is attachedto the verb, then the nun has to be used, e.g. ذ ْא. Here is another example, وز ‘ByAllah! I will visit you’.وאوאل’‏ ‘ and suffixed ن’‏ ‘ with For conjugation of the mudareprefixed, see Table 15.113

The Imperfect TenseTable – 15Mudare withلH نننن3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARDUALPLURALْ نْ ْ#* ْ نْ* ْ نْ#نْْْْ نْ نْْ ْ ْ ْNote:The verbs marked * are identical and the verbs marked#are identical.Mudare with ن: When ن is prefixed to a mudare itconverts its meaning into the past continuous, e.g. نْ ‘he used to write’, نْ ‘two ♂ used to write’,نْא ‘they ♂ used to write’, ْ ‘she used towrite’, ن ْ ‘two ♀ used to write’, ْ ‘they ♀used to write’, ْ ‘you ♂ used to write’, ْ ‘you ♀ used to write’, ْא ‘I used to write’, ْ‘we used to write’.114⎺⎺⎺

אسאLesson 15אTHE IMPERATIVE TENSEThe imperativeE א F is the third form of the verb whichsignifies a command, request or supplication like ‘do, sit,write, go, get up, get out, etc.’. The amr is formed from themudare as explained below: In some cases the amr is formed simply by omitting thepronominal prefix E عْא F and the final ‘-u’, e.g.the mudare is changed to the amr by droppingthe ya E Fwhich is the pronominal prefix E F, אعand changing the final dammah on dal to sukun i.e.making it vowelless. So from the amr is ‘ja’hid’ means ‘struggle hard’. Similarly, the amr from is ‘convey’, ‘fight’, ‘hepromises’ ‘promise’, and the imperative from ‘he sells’ is ‘sell’ (the weak ya as the middle radical isdropped in this case). In some cases, after dropping the ‏,‏אع the verbcommences with a sakin letter i.e. vowelless, whichcannot be pronounced in Arabic. To overcome thislimitation, a ْא is prefixed to the verb. Thishamzah takes dammah if the second radical of the115

The Imperative Tense116mudare has a dammah, otherwise it takes a kasrah, e.g.in ْ the first radical ‘ ْ ’ becomes sakin afterdropping ya. Therefore, in this case hamzat ul wasl isprefixed to amr with dammah as the middle radical taof the imperfect has a dammah. So the amr from ْ isא ْ ‘write ♂’, ‘help’, אد ج ‘get out’, ج ‘prostrate in prayer’,‘enter/get in’, ْ אْ ‘kill’, ْ ‘eat’, ْ ‘hold/ take’. In the last two examples, the hamzahsakin, which is the first radical of the imperfect verb, isalso dropped.The amr from the imperfect verb is א ‘beat’,אْ ‘wash’, ْ אْ ‘sit’, א ‘do’, א ‘listen’, ْ אْ ‘open’, א ‘understand’, אْ ‘drink’, ْ אא‏ْ‏ ‘ride’, א ‘work/ perform’, ‘re-member/retain’.In case of the weak verbE F no alif is prefixed to theimperative, e.g. the imperfect from ل (for ل) ‘he said’, isل and the imperative is (say). The weak letter waw isdropped because of the last two letters being sakin FE . Similarly, the imperfect from ع (for ) ‘hesold’ is ‘he sells’, and its imperative is ‘sell’. Hereאْאagain the two sakin letters have come together; so the weakletter ya is dropped. is a mudare which means ‘you ♂offer your salah’ is the amr ‘offer your salah’ or ‘you ♀ offer you salah’.

The Imperative TenseAs for the conjugation of imperative verb, it has only sixforms as shown in Table 16 below:Table 16The Imperative – و2nd Person ♀אSit (to one ♀)2 ndnd Person ♂אSit (to one ♂)وאאSit (two of you ♀)אאSit (all of you ♀)Sit (two of you ♂)אאאْWrite (to one ♀)Sit (all of you ♂)אْWrite (to one ♂)אوSingularDualPluralאووאאْWrite (2 of you ♀)Write (all of you ♀)Say (to one ♀)Say (two of you ♀)ْSay (all of you ♀)אْאْWrite (2 of you ♂)אْאWrite (all of you ♂)Say (to one ♂)Say (two of you ♂)אSay (all of you ♂)SingularDualPluralאووאSingularDualPluralAlthough in a classic sense of the term a command or anorder is given to the second person, however, an order or acommand for the third person and first person is also117

The Imperative Tensetermed as (Imperative 3 rd and 1 st person). Forthis, ‘ ’ (li) is prefixed to the active or passive form of118ولmudare, e.g.– ‘he goes/will go’ ‘he should go’– ْ ‘he writes/will write’ ْ ‘he should write’– אْ ‘I write/will write’ אً‏ ْ ‘I should writeimmediately’– ‘he is helped’ ‘he should be helped’This lam E ل F is called אم (lam ul amr), which becomessakin when prefixed to a letter, e.g. ْ ‘he should write’ وْْ ‘and he should write’, ﴾﴿وْْ“and let every person look to what he has sent forth for themorrow”. [59/18]The negative imperative E א F is formed by the secondperson, preceded by ‘ ’, e.g. אذ ‘go’ ‘don’tgo’, א ‘sit’ ‘don’t sit here’, אج ‘get out’ ْאج ‘don’t go out of the class’. This la E Fiscalled א (the prohibitive ), which should not beconfused with א (the negative ). Note thedifferences mentioned below:– ْ ‘you write, you are writing, you will write’– ْ ‘you are not writing, you will not be writing’.This is א (negative).– אْ ‘don’t write on the board’. This isא (prohibitive).– אא ‘don’t sit on the way’ (prohibitive).

The Imperative Tense– نא ‘don’t worship the Satin’ (prohibitive).Note that in this example the 3rd radical has kasrah dueא א . toThe conjugation of א to the other pronouns of thesecond person are given below:– ‘O Hamid! Don’t sit here’.– و ‘O Ahmad and Aisha! Don’tsit here’.– א ‘O students! Don’t sit here’.– ‘O Amina! Don’t sit here’.– ‘O girls! Don’t sit here’.Examples from the Quran:– ﴾ْאאْ﴿ “so, We said: strike the stonewith your stick”. [2/60]– אאْאوאوאوאوאوאאאא﴿﴾ نْ “O you who have believed! Bow down,and prostrate yourselves, and worship your Lord and dogood that you may be successful”. [22/77]– ﴾אא אو אو ْא ﴿ “OMary! Submit yourself with obedience to your Lord(Allah, by worshiping none but Him Alone) andprostrate yourself, and bow down along with Ar-Rakiun(those who bow down)”. [3/43]– ﴾نא ﴿ “O my father! Worship notSatan”. [19/44]119

The Imperative Tense– ﴾ْאنًאع﴿ “So invoke notwith Allah another ilah (god) lest you should be amongthose who receive punishment”. [26/213]– ﴾א א ْ א ‏﴿و “And say not ofthose who are killed in the way of Allah, they aredead”. [2/154]– ﴾ و אً‏ ﴿ “Andnever (O Muhammad ε) pray (funeral prayer) for any ofthem (hypocrites) who dies, nor stand at his grave”.[9/84]⎺⎺⎺120

عKعKLessonאسאدس 16THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-IWe have learnt in lesson 12 that most of the Arabic verbsare made up of three letters which are called radicals, e.g. ،،. These are termed as thulathi verbs FE , and form the roots of most of the other verbs.אאHowever, there are certain verbs of four radicals, calledrubai verbs E F, e.g. زْل ‘he shook (it) violently’ ‘he said: א א א ’, ‘he translated’אאwhich are less common. As for the mujarrad verbs (thalathiand rubai) no extra letters can be added to them to modifythe meanings of these verbs. So the thalathi mujarrad,found on Kل and rubai mujarrad based on , are Kل Kلthe original forms of verb. Apart from the original form,there is a Derived Verbal Form which is called (mazid fihi). In this lesson we will learn about the DerivedForms of the Verbs.The derived verbs are made up from the triliteral andquadrilateral verbal form by the addition of prefixes,suffixes and infixes. Through these modifications the variationin the shade of meaning is determined. Each of thesemodified forms is called a bab א‏)‏ the plural of bab is121

The Derived Verbal Form-Iabwab). In all, there are about fifteen abwab of mazidverbs, of which we will learn here some of the importantones used in the Quran. And the first bab of the mazid verbthat we are going to learn in some detail is, fa’’la E F,which is referred to as Form I of the mazid verbs.Derived Verbal Form I (bab fa’’la): In this bab thesecond radical of the thalathi mujarrad verb is doubled,e.g. from دس ‘he studied’ to دس ‘he taught’, ‘he beat’ ‘he beat violently’. It is conjugated the same way as‏,د ‏,د ‏,دא ‏,د ‏,دس a simple four-letter verb i.e.‏.…دAs for the meaning and application of the Form-I , itoften indicates the act being intensive or extensive, e.g. thesimple form means ‘he killed’, but means ‘hemassacred’, and the simple verbal sentence ً means ‘he broke a glass’, but ً means ‘hesmashed a glass’, and means ‘he went round’, but means ‘he went round often or many times’.Another meaning and application of the Form I is doingsomething to another, i.e. the intransitive verb E مز F ischanged to the transitive E F, e.g. means ‘hereached’ it is an intransitive verb; ‘your talkreached me’ i.e. I am impressed by your talk. But means‘he delivered/conveyed’, e.g. ‘did youdeliver my message’.122

The Derived Verbal Form-IThis particular form of verb is also often used in an actionrequiring/involving special arrangements, emphasis andgraduality, e.g. from a simple trilateral verb ‘he knew’to ‘he taught’ i.e. teaching is a gradual process over aperiod of time, involving a teacher and class management.Similarly, ل ‘he descended (himself)’ is an intransitiveverb involving ones own self, i.e., it does not have a directobject. But ل ‘he made it/him to descend’, has a directobject, אًאאل ‘Allah descended rain (water)from the sky’. Since descending of rain entails an elaborateprocess, hence the verb used for it is whichencompasses all the process involved in falling of rain.Similarly نْאאل ‘Allah descended the Quran’.It may be born in mind that it is just not possible totranslate many such forms of Arabic words in one word inany other language. This is the reason that understanding ofArabic language is inevitable for understanding the Quranand the Hadith, for such like fine variations in themeanings and application of Arabic words do not exist inany of the other living languages. Hence, reading oftranslation of the Quran in any other language can neverconvey the true spirit, meaning and connotations of theQuranic verses. The Mudare EعْאF:Unlike the thalathi verbs where the pattern of themudare varies in six different groups i.e. ْ –‏,و مْم – – – ْ –123

The Derived Verbal Form-I124the pattern of mudare in mazid verbs is specific to eachbab, e.g. the mudare of دس is س and – – – ‘recording’, ‘to say ْ “Allah (SWT) is the Greatest”.As a rule theאعْא takes dammah if the verb iscomposed of four letters, and if it has three, five or sixletters, the אع has fathah. As the verb in thisparticular case is made up of four letters, the אعtakes dammah. The first radical takes fathah, the secondtakes sukun, the third takes kasrah and the fourth takesthe case-ending, i.e. _ u. So from , , , . Remember that the mudare of this bab isfixed on the pattern of (yufa’’ilu). The Amr EאF:The amr (imperative) from this bab is formed bydropping the عא and the case-ending, e.g. from – – – – ‏.ذ la E Fis prefixed for abstention, e.g. ‘don’t lie’, ‘don’t beat violently’. The Verbal Noun EْאF:We have learnt earlier that theد (thalathimujarrad) verbs do not have any one particular patternfor the masdar. It comes on different patterns, e.g. ‘beating’, جج جو ‘exit’, ْ ‘writing’, ‘to be absent’, ‘drinking’, ذ ذ ‘going’,

The Derived Verbal Form-Ietc. But in case of mazid verbs, each bab has its ownspecific pattern for masdar. The masdar pattern of bab is ْ (taf-il-un), e.g.אאع ع אMeaning ‘to beat violently’م م ْ ‘to extend respect’ ْ‘kissing’ ْ ‘to be near’ ‘acceptance’ذ ‘reminding’ ‘recording’The masdar of a naqis verb, and that of a verb whereinthe third radical is hamza E F, is on the pattern ofْ (taf ila-tun), e.g.אאع ع אMeaning ‘to name’ ‘to bring up, to educate’ ‘to congratulate’ ً ‘to offer prayer’ The Ismul-failEْאאF:We have learnt the formation of ْא א from theد which is on the pattern of , e.g.ْאא Meaning ْ ‘wrong doer’ ْ ‘murderer’ذ ذא ‘one who goes’אאْאع ع א125

The Derived Verbal Form-I126 ْ ‘writer’א ْ ‘one who recites’ ‘helper’The formation of ismul-fail E אאْ F from bab ison the pattern of (mu fail-un). It is formed byא عא with ‘ ’ (mu). As the replacing theא is a noun, it takes the tanwin, e.g.אאْ Meaningسد س س ‘teacher’ ‘a tape recorder’ذ ‘an admonisher’אאْאع ع אد ‘one who is wraps up’ز one who folds in garments ‘a teacher’ ‘one who kisses’ The Ismul-mafu’lmafu’l EلْْאאF:In all the abwab of the mazid verbs the ism-al-maful isjust like the ismal-fail except that the second radicaltakes fathah instead of kasrah, e.g. ْْאא Meaning ل ‘on who is taught’ ‘one who is kissed’ ‘bound’ ‘one who has been-אאع ع אאْאאْْل ل -praised much’

The Derived Verbal Form-I The Noun of Place and Time EنאونْאאF:In all the abwab of the mazid verbs, where applicable,the noun of place and time is the same as the ism-ulmaful,e.g. ‘he prays’ ‘place of prayer’, ‘he slaughters’ ‘place of slaughter’.Some examples of bab fa’’ala E F from the Holy Quran:– ‏﴿אKאْن‏﴾‏ “The Most Gracious (Allah), He hastaught (you mankind) the Quran (by His mercy)”.[55/1-2]– ﴾ ً ْ ْא ل﴿ “it is HeWho sent down the Book (the Quran) to you(Muhammad ε) with truth, confirming what camebefore it”. [3/3]– ﴾ ْ نْא ‏﴿و “And we haveindeed made the Quran easy to understand andremember; then is there anyone that will receiveadmonition/ remember”. [54/17]– ﴾قزא ٍ ‏﴿وא “And Allah hasbestowed His gifts of sustenance more freely on someof you than on others”. [16/71]– ﴾ضאوאوא﴿ “whatever is in theheavens and whatever is on the earth glorifies Allah”.[59/1]⎺⎺⎺127

אسאLesson 17ْTHE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-IIThis is another form of the mazid verbs. In this bab hamza‘ ’ with fathah is prefixed to the first radical whichloses its vowel, e.g. from ج ‘he went out’ to ج ‘hebrought out’, from ل ‘he came down’ to ل ‘he broughtdown’, ذ ‘he went’ ذ ‘he took it/him’. The meaningof thalathai verb in this bab changes from intransitiveto transitive verbE مز FE F. If the thalathi verb is alreadytransitive in form then this bab adds emphasis to themeaning, e.g. ‘he beat’ is a transitive thalathai verb,but when changed to it would mean ‘he beatextensively’. The Mudare אْعE ع ْאF:ع אْThe mudare is on the pattern of ْ. In this case, theEF along with its vowel is omitted, e.g. from ل ل – ج ج – ذ . The Amr/Nahi EאوאF:The amr is on the pattern of ْ, e.g. from ل ل‘bring down’ and nahi is ل ‘do not bring down’,129

The Derived Verbal Form-IIfrom ج ج ‘bring out’ and nahi is ج ‘do notbring out’. The Masdar EْאF:The masdar of this bab is on the pattern of لْ (if allun),e.g. ج, ج אج – , م‘religion, faith, belief’, ل, ل ‏.‏אل The Ismul-failEْאאF:It is on the pattern of ْ, e.g. , ‘it ispossible’, , The Ismul-mafulmaful EلْْאאF: ‘Muslim’.It is on the pattern of ْ, e.g. from , ‘tosend’ ‘one who has been sent’. It is just like ismal-fail except that the second radical has fathah i.e. .ن אאْنوאא The Noun of Place & Time אْنوאنE אF:It is based on the same pattern as ism al-maful, i.e.ْ, e.g. , session’, , ‘museum’. The Weak Verbs: ‘place of sitting/The conjugation of some of the weak verbs transferredto this bab is in Table 17 below:130

The Derived Verbal Form-IITable – 17אאْلאאْ א א אع אم(for مْ)(for ْ)و (for )ْ(for ْ)‘to give’ من (for ن) (for Eو م א ْ ْ(for ْ ) (for ْ)ًٍْْْ‏(אforْْ‏)‏ ‏(אforْْ‏)‏ ًExamples from the Holy Quran:– א ْ ْא دو ْ א ﴿﴾ “It is He who has sent His Messenger(Muhammad ε) with guidance and the religion of truth(Islam), to make it superior over all religions”. [9/33]‏﴿אْم د ْْ و و – ﴾ ًد אم “This day, I have perfected your religion foryou, completed My favour upon you, and have chosenfor you Islam as your religion”. [5/3]– ‏﴿وذאאنضو‏﴾‏ “And when Webestow Our Grace on man (the disbeliever), he turns131

The Derived Verbal Form-IIaway and becomes arrogant (far away from the rightPath)”. [17/83]– ﴾ْא ْ ﴿ “Verily, We have sent it (thisQuran) down in the Night of Al-Qadr (Decree)”. [97/1]– ‏﴿و‏﴾‏ “I (Shoaib υ said) have indeedconveyed my Lord’s Message unto you”. [7/93]– ﴾نْאْ﴿ “Successful indeed are the believers”.[23/1]⎺⎺⎺132

אسאLesson 18THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-IIIIIIn this bab an alif is added after the first radical of , e.g.from ‘he fought’, ‘he struggled’, א ‘he corresponded’, ‘he helped’. Thisbab denotes reciprocity or interaction with some one elseE אF , e.g. ‘he killed’ ‘he fought (withsomeone)’, ‘he wrote’ ‘he wrote to/ correspondedwith’, ‘he was good’ ‘he treatedkindly’. The Mudare EعْאF:The عא takes dammah as the verb is made up offour letters, e.g. – – – א א – ‘he met’ ‘hemeets/he will meet’. It is on the pattern of . Theactive/ passive participles from are:– Perfect Active ‘he fought’–on the pattern of – Perfect Passive – on the pattern of – Imperfect Active – on the pattern of – Imperfect Passive – on the pattern of 133

The Derived Verbal Form-III The Amr EאF:134The amr is formed simply by omitting the אعٍ‏ and the case-ending, e.g. – –لو ‘to try’ لو – ق (the ‘ ’at the end isomitted from the naqis verbs). The Masdar EْאF:This bab has two patterns of masdar:1 , e.g. ‘to help’, – لو ‘totry’, لو و – ‘to meet’, –, (in naqis verbs ‘ ’at the end ischanged to alif).2 ل, e.g. , ل L– , ق L ‘hypocrisy’, , د L‘striving’, د, د א ‘calling’. The Ism al-fail& Ism al-mafulmaful:אאْل ْאא אع אא‘to correspond’ א‘towatch/view’‘to meet’א‘correspondent’‘viewer’قٍ‏‘one who meets’א‘correspondedto/with’‘viewed’ق‘one who ismet’

The Derived Verbal Form-III‘to address’‘one whoaddresses’‘one who isaddressed’د‘to call’دد‘caller’د‘one who iscalled’א‘to observe’אא‘observer’א‘one who isobserved’‘to bless’‘one who offersblessing’‘blessed’ن אאْنوאא The Noun of Place & Time אْنوאنE אF:Its pattern is the same as for ism al-maful, whereapplicable, e.g. ‘to migrate’, ‘placeof migration’.Examples of bab from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ْ ‏﴿و “And whosoever strives,he strives only for himself”. [29/6]אً﴾‏ ً ﴿ “and we called it (the –population) to a severe account”. [65/8]– ﴾ ‏﴿وא “And Allah gives manifoldincrease to whom He will”. [2/261]135

The Derived Verbal Form-III– ﴾نْو نْ א ن﴿ “They fight inAllah’s cause, so they kill (others) and are killed”.[9/111]⎺⎺⎺136

אسאLesson 19THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-IV is formed by prefixing ‘ ’ (ta) to bab . Itexpresses, apart from specific measures, the passive state ofbab , i.e. intransitive, e.g. from ‘he taught’ ‘he learned/taught himself’. Other examples from this babare; ‘he spoke’, ‘he became afraid’, ‘he hasthe honour’, دد ‘he hesitated’, ‘he received’, ‘hehad lunch’.The mudare of bab is on the pattern of . The ‏,אع in this case, takes fatha as the verb is made up offive letters, e.g. , , , , , ,دد. It is important to note that when אع is ‘ ’ (ta),e.g. then in literally writings one of the ta’s may beomitted to simplify pronunciation of the verb, e.g. ل ﴿﴾ [97/4]. Here ل is for ل. Similarly﴾ [49/12], here א is for ‏.‏אאْوאو‏﴿وאThe amr from this bab is formed by omitting the אْ and the case-ending, e.g. from , , ‘be afraid’, and the negative/ denialis ‘don’t be afraid’.137

The Derived Verbal Form-IVThe naqis verb drops the final alif (which is written ‘ ’),e.g. ‘have lunch’, (don’t have lunch).The masdar from this bab is on the pattern of , e.g.138אאع ع אMeaning ‘talking’ل ل ل ‘descending’ ‘remembering’ ‘speaking’ (for) ‘receiving ‘لْ لْ لْ ‘shaking’The Ism al-fail from this bab is formed by replacing theא with ‘ ’ (mu). The second radical has kasra inمthe ism al-fail and fathah in Ism al-maful, e.g. from theism al-fail is ‘one who speaks’ and the ism al-maful is ‘one who is spoken to’.The noun of place and timeE אא F is the same as Ismal-maful, e.g. ‘to breath’ ‘breathing place’, ‘to do wadu/ablution’ ‘place of wadu’.Some examples of bab from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ ‏﴿و “And none remembers butthose who turn (to Allah in obedience and) inrepentance (by begging His pardon and by worshippingand obeying Him Alone)”. [40/13]

The Derived Verbal Form-IV– ل ْא و א ذ﴿﴾אאلْ “When both (Habiland Qabil) offered a sacrifice (to Allah), it was acceptedfrom the one but not from the other. The latter said tothe former: ‘I will surely kill you’. The former said:‘Verily, Allah accepts only from those who are Al-Muttaqin (the pious believers of Islamic Monotheismwho fear Allah much, i.e. abstain from all kinds of sinsand evil deeds which He has forbidden, and love Allahmuch, i.e. perform all kinds of good deeds which Hehas ordained)”. [5/27]– ﴾ْمنْאنو﴿ “Do they not thenthink deeply in the Quran, or are their hearts locked up(from understanding it)”. [47/24]– ﴾ْאא﴿ “Our Lord! Accept(this service) from us, verily you are the All-Hearer, theAll-knower”. [2/127]– ﴾א ‏﴿و “Then all their relations will becut off from them”. [2/166]– EEونْאFF “The best amongst you ishe who learns Quran and teaches it”. [Al-Hadith]⎺⎺⎺139

אسאون Lesson 20THE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-VThis bab is formed by prefixing ‘ ’ (ta) to bab . Bab mainly denotes the following three aspects: Reciprocal action E F, e.g. نو ‘to help oneanother’, ‘to introduce/know one another’, אْ‘to fight each other’, א ‘to agree together’, ‘toask one another’, ‘to confront each other’, ‘tomeet each other’. Pretended action E ْאْ F, e.g. ض ‘hepretended to be sick’, ‘he pretended to be blind’,مو ‘he pretended to be asleep’, ‘he pretendedto cry’. Reflexive signification, i.e. indicating that the actionturns back upon the subject, e.g. ‘He (Allah) madeHimself Blessed above all’, ‘He (Allah) madeHimself Exalted above all’.In the mudare ْא takes fathah as the verb ismade up of five letters, e.g. – نو نو– ض ض – – مو مو – – .141

The Derived Verbal Form-VThe amr from this bab is formed by omitting the عאand the case-ending, e.g. نو ن و – – – لو و . In the naqis verb the final142لalif (written –yaF is omitted, e.g. ‘pretendto cry’.The masdar of this bab is on the pattern of , e.g. ‘asking’, نو نو ‘cooperation’, ‘introduction’, لو لو ‘taking’, ض ض‘pretending sick’, ‘blessing’, م, م م ‘to be pessimistic’. In the naqis verb the dammah ofthe second radical changes to kasrah and final alif (writtenya) is omitted, e.g. (for ).The pattern of Ism al-fail is the same as for other mazidverbs i.e. from لو ism al-fail is لو ‘one who takes’,and Ism al-maful is لو ‘that which is taken’, and thenoun of place and time E F is also لو ‘place oftaking or place within reach’, e.g. لو ودא لْא ‘do not leave the medicines within the reach ofchildren’s hands’.אSome examples of bab from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ن ﴿ “What are they asking (one another)about?”. [78/1]‏﴿ووא ْא ْאو و وא א وאْوאن‏﴾‏ –“And help you one another in Al-Birr and At-taqwa(virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one

אאThe Derived Verbal Form-Vanother in sin and transgression”. [5/2]. Here, in thisverse, א و is for و ; one ta has been omitted.“And We have made ‏﴿وْ و ً א﴾‏ –you into nations and tribes, that you may know oneanother”. [49/13]. Here א is for ; one ta isomitted.– ﴾وْْאא﴿ “Blessedbe He in whose Hand is the dominion, and He is Ableto do all things”. [67/1]– ﴾ وאא ْ ‏﴿وאא “And (join together) inthe mutual teaching of Truth, and of patience andconstancy”. [103/3]⎺⎺⎺143

Lessonאسאدوאون 21אTHE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-VIThis bab is formed by prefixing ‘ ’ (in) to , e.g. א ‘it broke’, ‘he turned over’ א ‘he broke it’ ‘he/ it became overturned’, ‘it was split’, א ‘it wascut off, it ended’. The hamza E F of ن is hamzat al-waslو’‏ ‘ to ْאF i.e. it becomes vowelless when prefixed Eor ‘ ’, e.g. א becomes وא or .The verbs of this bab are mostly intransitive. Besides, thisbab denotes אو (mutawah) which means that theobject of a verb becomes the subject, e.g. نْא ‘Ibroke the teacup’, نْא א ‘the tea cup broke’. Notethat אْن in the first sentence is the object of the verbE لF and in the second it is the subject E F.Here are some more examples: ْא ‘I opened thedoor’, אא ‘the door opened’, ْאنْאم ‘theMuslims defeated the unbelievers’, ْא אم ‘theunbelievers got defeated’.Remember that א is the عو of , and is theא ْא ‘I broke the tumbler’, عو of , e.g.אنא145

The Derived Verbal Form-VIאْ ‘the tumbler broke’. And ْא ‘I smashed thetumbler’, ْא ‘the glass broke to pieces’.The عْא in this bab takes fathah, e.g. א – א – אم م – א – א – א – א .The amr from this bab is formed by replacing the אْع with hamzat al-wasl E ْא F because, afteromitted the אع the verb commences with a sakinא letter which cannot be pronounced, e.g. ‘break’, א ‘turn over’, א ‘cut it’,א ‘wait’. To negate ‘ ’is prefixed to the second personform of verb, e.g. ‘do not wait’, ‘don’tbreak’, ‘do not cut/break’.The masdar from this bab is on the pattern of ‏,אل e.g.‏:א ‘blast’, א ‏:א – א ‏:א‏:א ‘to differ’, א ‏:א – אق ‘splitting’ (the assimilated letters getseparated in the masdar.)146אא In the naqis verb the final ya changes to hamza, e.g.‘to be exposed’, א for א ‘exposure’.The Ism al-fail is formed as in other cases of the derivedverbs, e.g. – . The Ism almafulis not formed from this bab as it is an intransitiveverb.

The Derived Verbal Form-VISome examples of bab א from the Holy Quran:– ﴾אאאذ﴿ “When the heaven is left asunder”.[82/1]– ﴾א אْא ‏﴿وذא “And when the stars have fallenand scattered”. [82/2]– ﴾אאאذ﴿ “When the heaven is split asunder”.[84/1]– ﴾ن ‏﴿אא “depart you to thatwhich you used to deny”. [77/29]– ﴾ אא אא ‏﴿وذא “And when theyreturn to their own people, they would return jesting”.[83/31]– ﴾א﴿ “and then gushed forth outof it twelve springs”. [7/160]– ﴾وًْאْאא﴿“Then look again and yet again, your sight will return toyou in a state of humiliation and worn out”. [67/4]⎺⎺⎺147

Lessonאسאوאون 22ْאTHE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-VIIThis bab is formed by adding alif with kasra ‘ ’ before thefirst radical of , and ‘ ’ (ta) after it, e.g. ‘he collected(something)’ א ‘it collected or gathered together,assembled’, ‘to acquire’ אْ ‘to gain’, ‘tohear’ א ‘to listen’, ‘to occupy or keep busy’ א ‘to be busy or to work’.The bab אْ is reflexive of but has a reciprocalsignification like bab . As in bab א the ْא isomitted in this bab also when مْא (hamzat alistifham)is prefixed to the verb, e.g. א ‘you wait forme’, and to say ‘did you wait for me?’ it is א؟ forْאْא ﴿ “Has ‏.‏א؟ In the Holy Quran ﴾He (then) chosen daughters, rather than sons?”. [37/153].Here is for א.The extra ‘ ’(ta) in this bab undergoes certain changes asmentioned below: If the first radical is Lز the extra ‘ ’د’‏ ‘ to changesאدLذ(dal), e.g. د ‘to call’ אد ‘he claimed/alleged’ forد, from ذ ‘to mention’ دذE د F ‘he remem-149

ط’‏The Derived Verbal Form-VII150bered’ for ذ. With the assimilation of ‘ ذ’‏ to ‘ د’‏ theform دذ becomes د, and from زאد ‘to add’ زدאد‘to increase’ for دز. If the first radical is صLضLطL the extra ‘ ’changes to‘ , e.g. א ‘to have patience’, for א , andfrom א for א ‘to chose’. ‘toharm/hurt’ א for א . – ‘to know/come intoview’ א for ْ א and ‘to oppress’ ْ א for. אْ If the first radical is ‘ و’‏ (waw), it gets assimilated to theextra ‘ ’, e.g. و ‘to arrive’ א ‘to contact’ forאو and و ‘to fear’ א ‘he feared, he protected‏.אو himself’ forThe mudare from this bab is on the pattern of ْ, e.g. א ‘he listens/will listen’, א ‘tobear’, א – א – א – א (for ) ‘to select’.The amr from bab ْ is formed by prefixing withא ‘ א ’ because after omitting the אع the firstradical of the verb cannot be read, being sakin. This caseendingbecomes vowelless with م ‘_א ’, e.g. ‘wait’ ‘don’t wait’, א ‘listen’ ‘don’t listen’, א ‘assemble’ ‘don’t assemble’, ‘to smile’ א ‘smile’ ‘don’t smile’.

The Derived Verbal Form-VIIThe masdar from this bab is on the patter of ‏,אْل e.g.‏,א – אْ ْ ‏,אْ – א ‏,אאع ‏,א ‘examination’, אن ‘assembly’, ‏,אْم مْ אْאم ‘embracing’.The Ism al-fail from this bab is on the pattern of ْ andIsm al-maful ْ, e.g. ‏,א ‘examiner’and ‘examinee’.The noun of place and time is the same as Ism al-maful,e.g. ‘place of gathering/society’, ْم א‏ْ‏ ‘the place ofembracing’ (It is the name given to the part of kaba that liesbetween د ‘Black Stone’ and its door. It is Sunnah toembrace this part of kaba).Some examples of bab ْ from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ قٍ‏ ْא אא א ‏﴿وאن “And verily,those who dispute as regards the Book are far away inopposition”. [2/176]– ‏﴿وونאא‏﴾‏ “And (there are) others who haveacknowledged their sins”. [9/102]– ﴾ًא زאً‏ א ﴿ “but the flood bears away thefoam that mounts up to the surface”. [13/17]“And hold fast, all of ‏﴿وאא אًوא﴾‏ –you together, to the Rope of Allah (i.e. this Quran), andbe not divided among yourselves”. [3/103]151

The Derived Verbal Form-VII– ﴾ًאْאאو﴿“Say (O Mohammad ε) it has been revealed to me that agroup of Jinn listen (to this Quran). They said: verily, wehave heard a wonderful recitation (this Quran)”. [72/1]– ﴾دאو﴿ “So worship Him (Alone) and beconstant and patient in His worship”. [19/65]– ﴾ א ﴿ “except under compulsion ofnecessity”. [6/119]– ﴾ ْא אو א ﴿ “The Hour has drawn near,אْand the moon has been cleft asunder (regarding thesplitting of the moon as a miracle)”. [54/1]– ﴾ْאو﴿ “He gets reward for that(good) which he has earned, and he is punished for that(evil) which he has earned”. [2/286]⎺⎺⎺152

Lessonאسאوאون 23ْאTHE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-VIIIThis bab is formed by prefixing ‘ א ’ to the first radical of and by doubling the third radical, e.g. א ‘it was orbecame red/he blushed’, אج ‘it became crooked/bent’.The mudare from this bab is on the pattern of ْ, e.g.א – אج ج.‏,אא e.g. ‏,אْل The masdar is on the pattern ofج ‏.אج The double letter at the end is split inmasdar.The Ism al-fail from this bab is on the pattern of ْ, e.g.. This bab has no Ism al-maful.This bab is used only for colors and defects; examples:– א ‘yellow’ א ‘it was or became yellow/ pale’.– א ‘white’ א ‘it was or became white’.– אد ‘black’ אد ‘it was or became black’.– א ‘red’ א ‘he blushed/ it became red’.– א ‘green’ א ‘it was or became green’.– ج ‘bent/crooked’ ج א ‘it became bent/ crooked’.153

The Derived Verbal Form-VIIISome examples of this bab from the Holy Quran:“And when the ‏﴿وذא و دא﴾‏ –news of (the birth of) a female (child) is brought to anyof them, his face becomes dark”. [16/58]– ودאאودووم﴿﴾ وْ אْא وא “on the Dayن(i.e. the Day of Resurrection) when some faces willbecome white and some faces will become black; as forthose faces will become black (to them will be said):Did you reject faith after accepting it? Then taste thetorment (in Hell) for rejecting faith”. [3/106]‏﴿و א א و א ﴾نو –“And for those whose faces will become white, theywill be in Allah’s Mercy (paradise), there in they shalldwell forever”. [3/107]– ‏﴿وאאْن‏﴾‏ “And he lost his sightbecause of the sorrow that he was suppressing” [12/84]– ‏﴿אنאلאאض‏ً﴾‏ “seeyou not that Allah sends down water (rain) from the skyand the earth becomes green”. [22/63]⎺⎺⎺154

Lessonאسאאوאون 24ْאאTHE DERIVED VERBAL FORM-IXBab אْ is formed by prefixing א (Ista) to the firstradical of , e.g. א ‘he sought help’, אزق ‘heasked for rizq (gifts of sustenance)’, אْ ‘he asked forfood’, א ‘he asked forgiveness’, א ‘he got ready’,א ‘he woke up’.The mudare from this bab is on the pattern of ْ, e.g.א – אزق قز – .The amr is on the pattern of ْ , e.g. א and thenegation E Fא – ْ א is – ْ .אאThe masdar is on the pattern of ‏,אْل e.g.‏.אزאق and א, א The ism al-fail and ism al-maful are formed on the standardgiven pattern, e.g. ‘one who seeks forgiveness’ and ‘one whose forgiveness is sought’.The noun of place and time is the same as for the ismal-maful, e.g. ْ‘to receive’ ْ ‘future’, ‘to seek treatment’ ‘hospital’.155

The Derived Verbal Form-IXThis bab essentially signifies the meaning of seeking, as isalso evident from the above examples, e.g. ‘he ate’ אْ ‘he asked for food’, ‘he helped’ א ‘heasked for help’, ‘he forgave’ א ‘he soughtforgiveness’, ‘he came’ אْ ‘he sought reception’, ‘he guided’ א ‘he sought guidance’, א ‘toinform’ א ‘made known’, א ‘to give up or todeliver’ א ‘to give oneself up/to surrender’, نذ ‘topermit’ א‏ْذن ‘to ask permission’, ‘to succeed’ א ‘to appoint one as successor or Caliph E F’.Some examples of the bab אْ from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ ْא א ذא ﴿ “then they156both proceeded, till, when they came to the people of atown, they asked them for food”. [18/77]– ‏﴿وذא‏﴾‏ “And (remember) when Musa(Moses) asked for water for his people”. [2/60]– ﴾ د א ن ل﴿ “He (Moses)said: would you exchange that which is better for thatwhich is lower?”. [2/61]– ﴾ ‏﴿وאوא “And get two witnessesout of your own men”. [2/282]– ‏﴿وندنאود‏﴾‏ “And if youdecide on a foster sucking-mother for your children,there is no sin on you”. [2/233]

The Derived Verbal Form-IX– ﴾ א ‏﴿‏وא “Then rejoice(imperative) in the bargain which you have concluded”.[9/111]– ﴾ وא א ﴿ “And he (Satan)turned them away from the (Right) path, though theywere intelligent/keen observers (ism al-fail)”. [29/38]⎺⎺⎺157

Lessonאسאوאون 25אْTHE UNSOUND VERBSIn the study of verbs we have learnt that most of the Arabicverbs have only three letters which are called radicals. Thefirst radical is called ‘ ’(fa), the second is called ‘ ع’‏ (ain),and the third letter is called ‘ ل’‏ (lam). These names aretaken from the verb which is used as a referencepatternfor all the verbs. We should now understand thatfrom the classification point of view, the Arabic verb isdivided into the following four categories:א The Sound Verbs אE אF:A verb which does not have ‘ ’(hamza), ‘ و’‏ (waw) or‘ ’ (ya) as one of the radicals, and its second and thethird radicals are not identical i.e. of the same kind, iscalled a sound verb E א F or EF. Mostذ‏،‏ of the Arabic verbs belong to this category, e.g. د،. The Weak Verbs אEْ ْאF:אْلאאْIf any of the three radicals is ‘ و’‏ (waw) or ‘ ’(ya) theverb is called the mutall E F, i.e. weak or unsoundאverb, e.g. و ‘to arrive’, ‘to be pleased/ satisfied’,159

The Unsound Verbs160 ‘easy’, د ‘to call/ invite’, ‘to iron’, و ‘tosave’.‏:‏Fאْز The Mahmuz אْزEA verb, which has hamza as one of the radicals, iscalled mahmuz, e.g. ‘to eat’, ل ‘to ask’, ‘toread’.אْ The Muda’af אEْ ْאF:A verb in which the second and the third radicals areidentical is called mudaaf E F, e.g. ‘to smell’, ‘to touch’, ‘to think’, ‘to pass’.אWe now take these categories one by one for some furtherelaboration.א The Sound Verbs אE אF:The verbs that we have learnt so far mainly belong tothis category. Hence it does not require furtherelaboration.אْ Weak Verbs אEْ ْאF:A verb having ‘ و’‏ or ‘ ’as one of the three radicals isو’‏ ‘ consonant Mutall, i.e. weak or sick verb, and theand ‘ ’are called weak letters E ْאو F. The weakverbs are further divided into the following categories:1 א (the mutal fa):If the first radical is ‏’و‘‏ or‘ ’ , the verb is called mutall al-fa E א F, i.e.אْل weak of fa. It is also referred to as mithal E F,e.g. و ‘he arrived’, و ‘he promised’, و ‘he

The Unsound Verbsplaced’, وزن ‘he weighed’, و ‘he stopped/stood’,و ‘he granted’, ‘he facilitated/made easy’.Unlike the sound verbs, there is an abnormality inthe mudare of the mithal verbs. In this case the firstradical waw in the mithal perfect verb is lost in themudare, e.g. the mudare of و is , which isoriginally like , and afteromission of the waw it becomes . The amr from is which is based on two letters only. Nohamzat al-wasl is needed at the beginning as theverb already commences with a consonant withvowel. By making the last radical sakin, the amrfrom is formed as ‘arrive’.Some more examples of the mudare and the amrare:PerfectImperfectImperativeو ‘to promise’ ‘promise’و ‘to place’ ‘place it’وزن ‘to weigh’ ن زن ‘weigh’و ‘to stop/stand’ stop/stand upو ‘to grant’ ‘grant’2 א (the mutal ain):If the second radical iswaw or ya the verb is called א, i.e. weak ofain. It is also referred to as ajwaf verbs E F.Examples of perfect and imperfect are:אGroup (a-u):ل ل ‘to say, to tell’ن ن ‘to be’161

The Unsound Verbsم م ‘to fast’م م ‘to get up’ ‘to go round’زא و ‘to visit’ذאق قو ‘to taste’Group (a-i): ‘to walk’ ع ‘to sell’ ‘to come’ ش ‘to live’ل ‘to measure’Group (i-a):م م ‘to sleep’ زאل ‘toאل cease to do’دد ‘to be about to do’ ‘to fear, to be afraid’These verbs have undergone certain changes inrelation to the second radicals, e.g.(i) ل ل (a-u): ل is originally ل in whichwaw has been replaced with alif, thus making it ل‘he said’, and ل the origin of ل is لْ inwhich the vowel ‘u’ on waw has been shifted to thepreceding consonant, thus making it ل. All theother changes in the (a-u) group will be on the samepattern.(ii) (a-i): is originally in which yahas been replaced with alif, thus making it ‘hewalked or went for a walk’, and the origin of is in which the vowel ‘i' on ya has been shifted tothe preceding consonant, rendering the ya vowel-162

The Unsound Verbsless, thus making it . All the other changes inthis group, i.e. (a-i) will be on the same pattern.(iii) م م (i-a): م is originally م in which wawhas been replaced with alif, thus making it م ‘heslept’, and the origin of م is م in which thevowel ‘a’ is shifted to the preceding consonant andwaw is replaced with alif, thus making it م. Allother ajwaf verbs in (i-a) group follow the samepattern.The method of conjugation as shown, at Tables 18and 19.Table – 18Method of ConjugationE F - al-Muhtal ainEאFאدאد(Madi(a-u)— لل ‘to say’)3 rdrd Person(♂)3 r d Person(♀)2 ndnd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARDUALPLURALل א ْْ ْ ْْ ْ ْْ ْ ْ163

The Unsound VerbsTable – 19ConjugationE F - al-Muhtal ainEאFאل(Madi(a-i i & i-a)i— ‘to walk’)3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARDUALPLURAL א وא ن Notes:1. In the ajwaf verb of a-u group, the first radical takesdammah at the time of its isnad E F to mutaharrekE F pronoun, and if it is of a-i or i-a group it takesאدkasrah. (A mutaharrek pronoun is a pronoun which isfollowed by a vowel , ن and a sakin pronoun is‏(.دא in و vowelless like the2. All the pronouns in the madi are mutaharrek E Fexcept those in ‏.د،دא،‏د Also note that in thesecases the second radical is omitted. In the mudare onlythe ن is , and it is in ْ،ْ.164In the mudare marfu the second radical is omittedwhile conjugating the mutaharrek pronouns, e.g.

The Unsound Verbsْْ: ‘they ♀ sleep’, ن ‘they ♀ walk’, ْ‘they ♀ say/will say’ْْ: ‘you ♀ sleep’, ن ‘you ♀ walk’, ْ‘you ♀ say/will say’ In the mudare majzum the second radical is alsoomitted in the following four forms in addition tothe two mentioned under the mudare marfu:ْ: ‘he didn’t say’, ‘he didn’t walk’, ‘he didn’t sleep’ْ: ‘you didn’t say’, ‘you didn’twalk’, ‘you didn’t sleep’ ْ: ‘I did not say’, ‘I did not walk’, ‘I didn’t sleep’ْ: ‘we didn’t say’, ‘we didn’t walk’, ‘we didn’t sleep’This omission is due to iltika-assakenain אْ FE as explained below:א is originally ل in which both the wawand the lam are sakin (vowelless), hence cannot bevocalized, resulting into the omission of waw, beinga weak letter.Similarly is originally , the ya sakin isomitted, and in originally being م the alifis omitted, being the weak letter as it is in place ofwaw.165

The Unsound VerbsFor conjugation of the mudare majzum, see Table20 below:Table – 20ConjugationE Fof Mudare Majzum – ajwaf אل(– ‘he did not say/tell’)3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARDUALPLURAL א ْ א ْ The amr from ل is , and from is and مis . After dropping the عא and thedammah on the last radical the verb becomes ل, and م ْ respectively, rendering the second andthe third radical sakin, i.e. א א occurs.Consequently, the weak letter, i.e. waw, ya and alifrespectively are omitted resulting in ‘say or tell’, ‘walk’ and ‘sleep’ as amr (imperatives) fromthe ajwaf verbs. The method of conjugation of theamr from the ajwaf verbs is given at Table 21 below:166

The Unsound VerbsTable – 21The Amr from Ajwaf verbEאFFeminineMasculinePluralDual Singular PluralDual Singularْ א ن א א وא א אم 3(the mutal lam):If the third radical is wawor ya the verb is called א, i.e. weak of lam,which is also referred to as naqis E F, e.g.مאمGroup (a-u):د ‘to call/invite’ ‘to follow, to recite’ ‘to forgive’ ‘to complain’Group (a-i): ‘to walk’ ‘to run/flow’ ‘to cry/weep’Group (i-a): ‘to forget’ ‘to remain’ ْ ‘to come’ ‘to throw’ ‘to guide’ ‘to fear’In madi the naqis verbs undergo the followingchanges:– Both the waw and the ya become alif inpronunciation. In writing ‘ و’‏ (waw) is written ‘ ’167

The Unsound Verbs168(alif) while ‘ ’(ya) is written ‘ ’(ya withoutdots), e.g. د is originally د and isoriginally – The ‘ ’remains unchanged if the second radicalhas kasrah, e.g. , , .– While conjugating, the third radical is omitted inدא e.g. the third person masculine plural form,‘they invited’ is originally دوא and א ‘theywept’ is originally ‏,‏א and א ‘they forgot’ isoriginally, א (Here, note that in א thesecond radical has dammah which has beenchanged from kasrah, because in Arabic a kasrahcannot be followed by waw).– The third radical is also omitted in the third‏,אא person feminine singular due toe.g. د ‘she invited’ for د and ‘she wept’is for .– The third radical, waw and ya, is restored to itsoriginal form with the mutaharrek pronouns, e.g.restoration of waw in: دن ‘they ♀ invited’,د ‘you invited’, د ‘I invited’, د ‘weinvited’. And restoration of ya in: ، ،،،،،.For the conjugation of the naqis verbs see tables 22and 23.

3 rdrd Person(♂)3 rdrd Person(♀)2 ndnd Person(♂)2 ndnd Person(♀)1 stst Person(♂&♀)The Unsound VerbsTable – 22ConjugationEFof Naqis Verbد – ‘he called/invited’ for د‏(دאلد‏)‏SINGULARDUALPLURALدא دא ددن د دد د دد د دد د د3 rdrd Person(♂)3 rdrd Person(♀)2 ndnd Person(♂)2 ndnd Person(♀)1 stst Person(♂&♀)Table – 23Conjugation of Naqis Verb(– ‘he was pleased’ for )SINGULARDUALPLURAL א 169

The Unsound VerbsFor conjugation of mudare marfu from naqis verb, seetables 24 and 25.Table – 24Conjugation Method of Mudare Marfu in Naqis Verbs( – ‘he calls/invites, he will call/invite’ for )3 rdrd Person3 rd(♂)rd Person2 nd(♀)nd Person2 nd(♂)nd Person1 st(♀)st Person(♂&♀)SINGULARfor DUALאنPLURALنfor نو אن نfor אن for نونאن ند 3 rd(♂&♀)170Table – 25Conjugation of Mudare Marfu in Naqis Verb(– ‘to weep’)SINGULARDUALPLURALrd Person(on(♂) for ن ن for نrd Person(♀) for ن نnd Person(♂) for ن ن for نnd Person(♀) for ن 3 rd2 nd2 nd1 stst Person

Notes Table 24 2& 25:2The Unsound Verbs1. In the mudare marfu the dammah of the 3rd radical isomitted, e.g. is originally as ْ or and is originally as ل or .2. The 3rd radical is dropped in the 3rd person ♂ pluralform, e.g. ن ‘they ♂ invite/call’ is originally و like ن و or ْ , thus both the masculine andننfeminine plural in the 3rd person form becomes thesame, i.e. ل . However, inthe first case the verb ن is changed from ن و butin the second case the verb ن is in the original formon the pattern of ْْ like ْ .א ن and א ن3. ن ‘they weep’ is originally ن, the third radical yahas been dropped, and the kasrah of the second radicalis changed to dammah, as a kasrah is never followed bywaw in Arabic.4. The third radical is also dropped in the 2nd personfeminine singular, e.g. ‘you ♀ invite/call’ which isoriginally . After the omission of waw along withع’‏ ‘ of its vowel, the verb becomes . The dammah(ain) is changed to kasrah as the dammah is notfollowed by ya in Arabic.5. ‘you ♀ weep’ has the same form as ‘you (♀ plural) weep’ because the verb in the singularwas originally like or . After theomission of the third radical ya the verb becomes ,while the plural form of the verb is in its original formas and the ya is the third radical in .171

The Unsound Verbs172Some more examples of the naqis verb in useableform: ‘to give water’, ‘to build’,ْ ‘to fold’, ‘to erase’.As for the mudare mansub in naqis verb the fathahof the third radical is pronounced in verbs ending inwaw and ya but not in verbs ending in alif, e.g. ‘he will not invite’, ‘he will notweep’ but in ‘he will not forget’ the fathah isnot pronounced.As for the mudare majzum (Jussive) the third radicalis omitted in the naqis verbs, e.g. ع ‘he did notinvite’ (here the third radical waw has beenomitted), ‘he did not weep’ (here the thirdradical ya has been omitted).As in the amr in naqis verbs, here also the 3 rd radicalis omitted, e.g. عد ‘invite/call’, א ‘weep’, א ‘forget’.א 4(Attachment): If there are two weak letters inאa verb it is called lafif. The lafif verbs are of twokinds, as explained below:(Lafif Maqrun): If a verb has its א אْْون –second and third radicals as weak letters, it iscalled lafif maqrun, i.e. attached weak letters,e.g. ْ ‘to iron’.

The Unsound Verbs(Lafif Mafruq): If a verb has its first א אْْو ق –and third radicals as weak letters, it is called lafifmafruq, i.e. detached weak letters, e.g. و ‘to save’, و ‘to understand, toremember by heart’.In lafif mafruq only the middle radical remains inthe amr as the first radical is omitted in the mudare,and the third is omitted in the amr. Thus the amrfrom و is ق ‘save’ as ﴾ ﴿ “and saveوאאus from the punishment of the Fire”. [3/16] and fromو is ع ‘understand’.Some examples of unsound verbs from the Holy Quran:‏﴿و א ْא ْ א ل وא אم‏﴾‏ –“And say not concerning that which your tongues putforth falsely: This is lawful and this is forbidden”.[16/116]– ﴾ْא ْאو ْْ ‏﴿אدع “Invite(mankind O! Muhammad ε) to the way of your Lord(i.e. Islam) with wisdom (i.e. with the Divine Revelationand the Quran) and fair preaching”. [16/125]– ﴾ وאא ْ ‏﴿وאא “And (join together) inthe mutual teaching of Truth, and of patience andconstancy”. [103/3]– ﴾ْא ﴿ “Have you (O!Muhammad ε) not seen how your Lord dealt with the173

The Unsound Verbsowners of the elephant (the Elephant Army which camefrom Yemen under the command of Abrahah Al-Ashramintending to destroy the Kabah at Makkah)”. [105/1]– ﴾א﴿ “Say (O! Muhammad ε) He is Allah TheOne and Only”. [112/1]– ﴾ و ﴿ “He begetteth not, Nor is Hebegotten”. [112/2]– ﴾نًאאא﴿ “Then they (both)found therein a wall about to collapse, so he (Khidr) setit up straight”. [18/77](Khidr) ل﴿ “he אً﴾‏ –said: Did I not tell you that you can have no patiencewith me”. [18/75]‏﴿‏لنאאً﴾‏ “He (Moses) said: If Allah –Wills you will find me patient”. [18/69]– ‏﴿ووאאْذאْوزאْسאْ‏﴾‏ “And givefull measure when you measure, and weigh with abalance that is straight”. [17/35]– ﴾ً ضא ‏﴿و “and walk not on the earthwith conceit and arrogance”. [17/377]– ﴾ًא﴿ “Glorified (and Exalted) beHe (Allah) Who took His slave (Muhammad ε) forjourney by night”. [17/1]174

The Unsound Verbs– ﴾ًو و ،א و אذ ‏﴿ودع “And heednot their annoyances, but put thy trust in Allah, andenough is Allah as a Disposer of Affairs”. [33/48]⎺⎺⎺175

Lessonאسאدسوאون 26אْزوאْْאوزْאTHE HAMZATED ANDDUPLICATED RADICAL VERBS‏:‏FאْزThe Mahmuz אْزEIf a verb has hamza E F as one of its radicals it is calledMahmuz. According to the pattern, the mahmuz verb issub-divided into the following three categories: ْאز:A verb which has hamza as its first radical is calledMahmuzal fa, e.g. ‘he ate’, ‘he ordered’, ‘he took’. ْאز:A verb which has hamza as its second radical is calledMahmuzal ain, e.g. ل ‘he asked’, ‘to be disgustedat’. مאز:A verb which has hamza as its third radical is calledMahmuzal lam, e.g. ‘he read’, ‘to err’.The mudare from the mahmuz verbs is formed the sameway as has been explained in the case of sound verbs, e.g.177

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs ْ – ْ – ل ل – ْ.However, in the amr (imperative) the mehmuz verb insome cases is reduced to only two radicals as indicatedbelow:PerfectلImperfectْْْلْImperativeْْאא‏ْ‏אلL ActivePart t (AP) L PassivePart t (PP)لْْذْلوْThe format of conjugation for perfect and imperfectmahmuz is the same as for the sound verbs, e.g.– , ‏,‏وא , ن, , – ْ, ْ, نْ, ْ, , ْTable – 26Conjugation – Imperative of Mahmuz VerbRootFormل178Singular♂אلL אْ‏ْ‏Dual♂&♀אא אL אْאPlural♂وאوאאאאْوאSingular♀Plural♀ ن ن ْאLא אL ْאLْ אْ‏ْ‏ نאْ

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical VerbsאْThe Muda’af אEْ ْאF:If a verb has two identical consonants as its second andthird radicals, it is called the Muda’af (duplicate), e.g. (originally د) ‘to extend’, (for ) ‘to pass’, (for) ‘to smell’, (for ) ‘to perform Haj/pilgrimage’.Unlike English where double letters are written separately,as is ‘n’ in ‘connect’ and ‘r’ in irregular, in Arabic doubleconsonants can be assimilated with a shaddah sign E _ Fabove it, e.g. in د (madada), the two dals are assimilatedand written as (madda). Similarly, (marara) becomes (marra), (shamama) becomes (shamma) and (hajaja) becomes (hajja).In muda’af verbs, the second radical loses its vowel whenthe verb is isnaded (conjugated) to the sakin pronouns,such as , ‏,‏א . But it retains its vowel when theverb is conjugated to the mutaharrik pronouns as; ,, , , , .In the mudare the אع takes fathah as is the case inall the thalathi verbs, e.g. – – ‘to think’, ‘to pass’, د د ‘to reply’, ‘to drag, to pull’, ‘to abuse’, ‘totouch’, ‘to smell’.In the mudare maruf, the second radical loses its vowelwhen the verb is conjugated to the sakin pronouns, e.g. (for د), (for ), (for ), (for ), (for ). But it retains its vowel in case of179

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbsconjugation to the mutaharrik pronouns, e.g. ,.In mudare majzum the muda’af verb undergoes a changein the vowel of the last radical in respect of the followingfour forms: , , , . In these formsא א occurs in the last two radicals making itunreadable because both the second and the third radicalhave no vowel (lam ya-hujj), and none of the two can beomitted being strong letters. Therefore, the third radicaltakes a fathah to remove ‏.אא Thus the mudaremajzum in these four forms is read as follows: ‘you didn’t perform Hajj’, ‘he didn’t performHajj’, ‘I didn’t perform Hajj’, ‘we didn’tperform Hajj’.There is no א א involved in other form of themuda’af, hence the remaining forms are read on thestandard pattern of mudare majzum, e.g. א ‘you (♂all) did not perform Hajj’, א ‘they did not performHajj’, ‘you (♀ sing.) did not perform Hajj’However, א א also occurs in the formation ofthe amr (imperative). After removing the אع andthe final dammah from what remains is (hajj),א therefore, the third radical takes fathah to remove ‏.א So the amr becomes (hujja) without hamzatal-wasl.180

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical VerbsIf the verb is of i-a group like (for ) and (for) the kasrah of the second radical appears and theassimilation is removed when the verb is conjugated to themutaharrik pronouns, e.g. because ‘wesmelled’, ‘you smelled’, ‘I smelled’.The important point to note is that the amr of muda’af verbis identical with the madi mudaf. A consolidated chartshowing different kinds of the verbs E אمFis given attable 27.Table – 27Categories of Verbs (Consolidated) – אمאImperativeאعאومImperfect(Juss)אعאImperfect(Acc)אعאعImperfect(Nom)אPerfectאVerbא ْ ْ ْ ْ אلL ْْאْلْْْلْْلْل وאز(hamzated)א(duplicated)אאFאل E(weak of fa)181

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs אאאعدא عل مل ملعمدאאEאF(Weak of ain)אאمEאF(Weak oflam)ْא ْ ْ ْ אאونق و אאوقImportant Explanation:The different categories of verbs used in Arabic languageare consolidated in table 26. it may be noted by the learnerthat the forms of verbs that are mentioned in this table arein actual usable forms. The changes that these verbs haveundergone may not be of importance to every learner. Asfar as a common learner of Arabic is concerned, it may besufficient for him/her to know the usable forms of theseverbs, i.e.:ل ‘he said’ is perfect, ل ‘he says’ is imperfect innominative case, ‘say, tell’ is imperative, ل ‘he willnever say’ is imperfect in accusative case, ‘he did notsay’ is imperfect in jussive form. Similarly, ‘hewalked’, ‘he will walk’, א ‘walk’ (command), ‘he will never walk’, ‘he did not walk’, and soon and so forth.182

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical VerbsIn fact, the process of changes mentioned in chapters 25and 26 are essentially of academic interest, hence thelearner should not be discouraged if he/she finds theprocess rather complicated or incomprehensible. In reality,Arabic is highly sophisticated language encompassingalmost unlimited scope and tremendous precision. By andlarge, it follows a very scientific and systematic patternswhich makes it easy to learn and understand. Most of theאل verbs belong to the category of sound verbs, i.e. , and it is only about 10 percent verbs which are‏.א termed unsound, i.e.Examples of mahmuz and madaf from the Holy Quran:– ﴾אو﴿ “He (Allah) has commanded thatyou worship none but Him (i.e. His Monotheism)”.[12/40]– ‏﴿‏ْنאوאאو‏﴾‏ “(SaidJesus to Allah) Never did I say to them aught exceptwhat You (Allah) did command me to say; worshipAllah, my Lord and your Lord”. [5/117]– ﴾نאو لْ ْ א ن﴿ “Verily, Allah enjoins Al-Adl (Justice) and Al-Ihsan (to be patient in performingyour duties to Allah, totally for Allah’s sake and inaccordance with the Sunnah)”. [16/90]– ﴾ٍאوאل﴿ “A questioner asked concerning atorment about to fall”. [70/1]183

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs– ﴾אو﴿ “it is they who have no hope ofMy Mercy”. [29/23]– ﴾طسאنوْאدنא﴿“Man (the disbeliever) does not get tired of asking good(things from Allah) but if an evil touches him, then hegives up all hope and is lost in despair”. [41/49]– ﴾אنאنْאْאذ﴿ “So whenyou want to recite the Quran, seek refuge with Allahfrom Satan, the out cast, the cursed one”. [16/98]– ﴾ א ‏﴿אْ‏ْ‏ “Read! In the Name of yourLord Who has created (all that exists)”. [95/1]– ﴾ ن﴿ “Truly, your Lordknows best who has gone astray from His path”.[16/125]– ‏﴿وذد،אوאא‏﴾‏ “And(remember) Ayub when he cried to his Lord, verily,disease has seized me, and You are the Most Mercifulof all those show mercy”. [21/83]– ﴾د א ‏﴿و “and whom Allah sendsastray, for him there is no guide”. [13/33]– ﴾و﴿ “on each these aswell as those We bestow from the Bounties of yourLord”. [17/20]⎺⎺⎺184

Lessonאسאوאون 27אْدTHE NUMERERALALSThe cardinal numbers, in Arabic, are governed by a set ofrules. In general terms they are treated as the declinablenouns, as their ending vowels are changed according totheir case-endings. The cardinal numbers from one to tenare listed below both for masculine (♂)and feminine (♀).Masculine (♂)(Figure Feminine (♀)(א and وא1 وא نא 2 نא 3 4 5 6 7 ن 8 9 10 The Rules for One وאE אوF and Two אنE ن אF:The numbers E F agree with the madud E F i.e. theن אنLאن אאْودوאLوאאْدnoun counted, and follow the madud as adjectives, e.g. for185

The Numeralsmasculine singular noun is אو ‘one pen’, and forfeminine singular noun is אو ‘one watch’. Similarly,نאن ‘two pens’ and نאن ‘two watches’.It may be noted that the madud Lin itself means‘one pen/one watch’, and ن Lنmeans ‘two pens/two watches’ even if the adad L אن L isאن and وא وאnot mentioned. However, for emphasis these numbers canbe added.The Rules Rfor 3-10:3These numbers do not agree with the madud, i.e. if themadud is masculine the adad (number) is feminine, andvice versa. Secondly, the madud of 3-10 is genitive pluralas listed below:Masculine (♂) () Madud Figure Feminine (♀) () Madud186لٍ‏ ‘3 men’ 3 women’ ‘3لٍ‏ ‘4 men’ 4 women’ ‘4لٍ‏ ‘5 men’ 5 women’ ‘5لٍ‏ ‘6 men’ 6 women’ ‘6لٍ‏ ‘7 men’ 7 women’ ‘7لٍ‏ ‘8 men’ 8 women’ ’8لٍ‏ ‘9 men’ 9 women’ ‘9لٍ‏ ’10 men’ 10 women’ ’10The Rule for 11 and 12:Both parts of the adad agree with the madud and themadud is accusative singular, e.g.

The Numerals– ً ’11 students (♂)’ andً ’11 students (♀)’– א‏ً‏ ’12 students (♂)’ andא‏ً‏ ’12 students (♀)’Note: All the numbers from 11-99 are followed by asingular noun in the accusative.The Rule for 13-19:19:In these cases the second part of the adad agrees with themadud, and the first part is opposite gender. Secondly, themadud of 13-19 is accusative singular as mentioned below:Male StudentsFigureFemale Studentsً 13 ًً 14 ًً 15 ًً 16 ًً 17 ً ً 18 ًً 19 ًThe Rule for the Uqud אدE د אF:د אThe multiples of ten from 20-90E نKKKنو F are calledthe uqud. They have the form and the Irab of the soundmasculine plural, e.g.– ً نو ْْא ‘there are 20 books on thetable’. It is in nominative case E F. ع187

The Numerals– ً ْ ‘I read 20 books’. It is in accusativecase E F.‘I bought the book for 20 א ْא دوאً‏ –dollars’. It is in genitive case E وF.The Numbers of 21-22:22:For 21, the first part of the number with the masculinemadud is وא and with the feminine , e.g.– وאوون‏ً‏ ’21 students (♂)’ andًنوو ’21 students (♀)’אن For 22 the first part of the number with masculine isand with feminine is ‏,אن e.g.– אنوون‏ً‏ ’22 students (♂)’ andאنوون‏ً‏ ’22 students (♀)’For Numbers 23-29:29:For 23-29, the first part of the numbers with the masculinemadud is feminine, and with the feminine it is masculine,as mentioned below:188Male StudentsFigureFemale Studentsًنوو 23 ًنووًنوو 24 ًنووًنوو 25 ًنووًنوو 26 ً نووًنوو 27 ًنووًنوو 28 ًنووٍنًنوو 29 ًنوو

The Uqud from 20-90:The NumeralsThe uqud have the same form with the masculine as wellas the feminine madud as given below:Male StudentsFigureFemale Studentsًنو 20 ًنوًن 30 ًنًن 40 ًنن‏ً‏ 50 ًنًن 60 ًنًن 70 ًنًن 80 ًنًن 90 ًن 100 ْ 1000 ْFrom 100 upward countsare listed below:100 – (alif is not pronounced) also written 200 – ن 1,000 – ْ 100,000 – ْ300 – 2,000 – نْ 10,00,000 – نْ400 – 3,000 – 500 – 4,000 – 600 – 5,000 – 700 – 800 – 900 – For reading the number it is better to start with the units,then go to tens, to hundreds, and then to thousands, e.g.189

The Numerals– If the madud is masculine:7,654 Dollars: ٍودو ونو– If the madud is feminine:7,654 Rupees: ووو نوThe Ordinal Numeral:The ordinal numbers from first to tenth are derived fromthe cardinals on the pattern of the active participle, ,except “the first” which is אول for masculine, and אو forfeminine.190Cardinal NumberMasculineFeminineאو لوא the firstthe second ( א א the thirdthe fourthאא א א the fifththe sixthא א ‏(אل نٍ‏ withoutאאאد אد سאthe seventh א the eighthא א the ninth א אthe tenth א אAfter tenth the cardinal numbers are used along with theordinals as follow:Cardinal NumberMasculineFemininethe eleventh دא אد the twelvethא א

The Numeralsthe thirteenth א אthe 20 th نوא نوאthe 21 st نوْאودא ن وْאود א the 22 nd نوْאوא نوْאوאthe 23 rd نوْאوא نوْאوאthe 24 thنوْאو نوْאو אא the 29 thو ن نوْאوא the 30 th نא نאאאאوאْExamples from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ ﴿ “And your Ilah (God) is one Illah (Godi.e. Allah)” [2/163]ووא– ﴾ אو ز ﴿ “Then it will be a single(compelling) cry” [37/19]– ﴾ א ﴿ “Say: He is Allah, the one and only”[112/1]– ﴾ ﴿ “(then take) the testimony of twojust men of your own folk” [5/106]אن ذوא لٍ‏ – ﴾ و ﴿ “And indeed We gaveMoses nine clear signs” [17/10]– ﴾ ْ ﴿ “This makes ten days in all” [2/196]– ﴾ ً ﴿ “O my father! Verily, Isaw eleven starts” [12/4]– ﴾ ﴿ “and the weaning of him is thirtymonths” [46/15]ون‏ًא191

The Numerals– ﴾ ًאذنذْ ﴿ “then fasten himwith a chain whereof the length is seventy cubits”[69/32]وאً‏ ٍ ﴿ “(the widows) they ﴾ –shall wait concerning themselves four months and tendays” [2/234]– אאنא ﴿﴾ “The likeness of those whospend their wealth in the way of Allah is as the likenessof a grain (of corn); it grows seven ears, and each earhas a hundred grains” [2/261]– ﴾ ودאא ﴿ “Did you notturn your vision to those who abandoned their homes,and they were thousands (in number)” [2/243]– ﴾ אو لوא ﴿ “He (Allah) is the First (nothing isbefore Him) and the Last (nothing is after Him)” [57/3]– ﴾ ْאذא ﴿ “The second of the two; whenthey were in the cave” [9/40]– ﴾ ْدنوْאن ﴿“(some) say they were three, the dog being the fourthamong them and (others) say they were five, the dogbeing the sixth” [18/22]⎺⎺⎺192

Lessonאسאوאون 28אTHE NOUNS IN ACCUSATIVEThere are some nouns which are used in accusative case inorder to convey certain specific meanings and expressions.These are briefly explained under the following paragraphs.‏:‏Fאل The Hal אلEIt is a grammatical term used for a noun in accusative toexpress the state of another noun which is called sahibal-hal E لْא F, e.g. ً א د ‘thestudent entered the classroom while he was laughing orאْin a state of laughing’. Here א is sahib al-hal, andً is hal in accusative, which explains the state ofthe student when he entered the class, i.e. he waslaughing.ًْ א ‘the child spent the night crying’. Hereً is the hal in accusative and א is sahib al-hal.ً ْא ْא د ‘the girl entered the classsilently’ i.e. in a state of quietness. Here ismansub which is אل expressing the state of sahib alhalin the given action and א is the sahib al-hal.Some other examples: ًאو و ً אْ‏ْ‏ ‘read whilesitting or standing’, ْאوْאوא 193

The Nouns in Accusative194ً ‘I like the meat grilled, the fish fried and the eggboiled’.The hal is usually an answer to the question ؟(how?), and it may be a word אلאْد or a sentence‏.אلא And the hal agrees with the sahib al-hal innumber and gender, e.g.– ًْא ‘the boy came smiling’– אْאن ‘the two boys came smiling’– دوא ‘the boys came smiling’– ً ْא‘the girl came smiling’– ن ْא‘the two girls came smiling’– ْא ‘the girls came smiling’The sahib al-hal is mostly definite and it may be the‏.א or א , אْل ْא, ,Examples from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ ً ج﴿ “So he (Moses) escaped fromthere, looking about in a state of fear”. [28/21]– و א ن אْאم ْא ﴿﴾ ون “Certainly, you shall enter Al-MasjidAl-Haram, if Allah Wills secure (in a state of security),(some) having your heads shaved, and (some) havingyour head hair cut short, having no fear”. [48/27]– ﴾ ‏﴿אونאًودאً‎و “those whoremember Allah standing, sitting and lying down ontheir sides”. [3/191]

The Nouns in Accusative The Tamiz FאE Distinction:אIt is a noun in accusative which is used to define anddistinguish an undetermined idea contained in theprevious word or in the entire sentence, e.g. ًאא the אً‏ ‘I drank a liter of juice’. In this sentencenoun in accusative, is the tamiz, which specifies theaction of the subject and completes the meaningwithout any ambiguity , i.e. I drank a liter of ‘juice’, notwater or milk, etc. Sometimes the tamiz may betranslated as “with regard to”, e.g. אً‏ ْ وْْ‏ً‏ ‘I am elder to you with regard toage, but you are superior to me with regard toknowledge’. ً ْא א ‘this boy is good withregard to manners’.The numerals from 11 to 99 also take the followingnoun as at-tamiz in singular accusative, e.g. ً ’14 pens’, ًن ’50 (♂)students’, ًن’60 (♀) students’.Examples from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ً لْא ﴿ “and you can never reach themountain in height”. [17/37]‏﴿وًدאوًول –﴾ אْ “And who is better in speech than one whocalls (mankind) to Allah, and works righteousness, andsays: I am of those who bow in Islam”. [41/33]195

The Nouns in Accusative The Absolute Object ‏:‏FאلאE196It is a verbal nounאلאE אْ F in accusative occurring inthe sentence, used along with the verb of the samekind. The absolute object is used to express emphasisor intensity of the action, e.g. ًل ‘Bilal beathim violently or Bilal gave him thrashing’. Here isthe absolute object in accusative, which follows theverb of its own kind, i.e. to express the intensity ofbeating. אنא ‘He likes red color intensely orhe loves red color’. Here the emphasis or the intensityis doubled. Some more examples:– ً ‘Hamid became very happy’– ًْ ْאْ ‘close the door completely’patience’ ‘have sound א אً‏ –much’ ْאً‏ ‘I thank you very –pardon’ ْאً‏ ‘I beg your –The maful mutlaq is also used as a substitute for theverb. In case of the preceding three examples one cansimply say ‏,‏אً‏ ‏,‏ْאً‏ ْאً‏ which conveys the samemeanings.Examples from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ًْ א ‏﴿و “And to Moses Allah spokedirectly”. [4/164]

The Nouns in Accusative– ﴾ ضא ْ ، ْא ﴿ “We (Allah)pour forth water in abundance. And we split the earthin cleft”. [80/25-26]‏﴿‏אאאאאوאًאً﴾‏ “O you who –believe! Keep your duty to Allah and fear Him, andspeak (always) the truth”. [33/70]אل or אل‏:אلאلIt is the object in the form of the masdar E F whichexpresses the reason for doing an action, e.g. ‏ْد‏ً‏ א אْس ‘the teacher beat the student toאْteach him manners’. Here the masdar د tells us thereason for beating. This masdar mostly denotes amental action like fear, love, desire, respect, etc. It ismansub.The masdar in maful lahu is mostly with the tanwin.However, it may also be fathah when mentioned as‏﴿و ْא دو mudaf, e.g. the Quran says poverty”. قٍ﴾‏ “And kill not your children for fear of[17/31] Exception ‏:‏FאEאThe particle ‘ ’ is used as one of the tools forexception, and the noun following ‘ ’ is mostlyaccusative, e.g. אً‏ א و ‘all thestudents have arrived except Hamid’.The exceptionE א F has three elements:197

The Nouns in Accusative1981 ‏:אْ It is the thing that is excepted. In the aboveexample it is .2 ‏:אْ It is the thing from which exception is‏.א made. In the above example it is3 אאد: It is the tool of exception which is inthe given example, is a particle E F. (there aresome other tools of exception like , whichare nouns and , א which are verbs. Thesewords of exception take the Irab they deserve in thesentence).Examples:– ً ‘I saw none but Bilal’– ْא אود אد ‘Every sickness has a medicineexcept death’– א א א ‘Allah forgives all thesins except Shirk’ If the mastathna minhu E F is not mentioned ina sentence, then it takes the Irab it deserves in thesentence, e.g. و ‘No one has arrivedexcept Hamid’. Here Hamid, the mustathna, is a failE F , hence in nominative. אً‏ ‘I saw noone except Hamid’. Here the mustathna א is mafulbihi, hence in accusative.In the above examples, if you omit ‘ ’ it becomesclear, i.e. in the first case و , and in the

The Nouns in Accusativesecond ‏.‏אً‏ This situation of Irab occurs in thenegative, prohibitive or interrogative sentences.Examples from the Holy Quran:– ﴾ ً א نو و ﴿ “and they do not rememberAllah but little”. [4/142]– ﴾ و ﴿ “Everyone will perish save HisFace”. [28/88]– ﴾ نא نא א ﴿ “Is there any reward forgood other than good”. [55/60]אل The Maful Fihi ‏-‏FאلE The Adverb:It is also called the zarf E א F. The zarf is a nounwhich denotes the time or place of an action, e.g.ً א ‘I waited for you one hour’, ً ‘Ireturned at night’, א ن אً‏ م ‘I shall fasttomorrow’. This is called ن א (zarf al-zaman), i.e.adverb of time.The zarf al-makan E نْא F relates to the place ofaction, i.e. adverb of place, e.g. ‘I satunder a tree’, אْسאْ ‘the teacher is with theprincipal’, ً ‘I walked a mile’, אْْ ‘where did you stay in the holidays’.The zarf is mansub (in accusative). However, a fewzuruf אو‏)‏ plural of ‏(א are mabni. Some of theminclude:199

The Nouns in Accusative2001 (where): It is zarf al-makan, ending in fathah, andis considered in place of nasab, e.g. אlanguage?’. ‘where did you learn the Arabic אْ ؟2 (yesterday): It is zarf al-zaman which is mabniending in kasrah, and is considered as in place ofnasab, e.g. ذאق ‘I went to the marketyesterday’.3 (where) & (never): Both are mabni, endingin dammah, and considered in place of nasab FE , e.g. ْ ‘never tell lie or don’t telllie ever’, אא ‘sit where ever you like’.4 (here) & (when): Both end in sukun, and areconsidered . Both these words end inalif which is sakin, is originally ْ and is ْ,e.g. ْא ‘when did you return fromthe university’, א א ‘sit here till Ireturn’.Apart from the zuruf, there are certain words which arelike the zarf and may take nasab ending even thoughthey are not originally words denoting time or place.These are words like , , , . This happenswhen any of these words is mudaf and its mudaf ilaihiis a zarf denoting place or time, e.g.day’. ذאْمٍ‏ ‘I go to the university every –day’. مٍ‏ ‘I traveled for part of a –

The Nouns in Accusative– نْאْ ‘I recited the Quran for quarter of anhour’.– ٍ ‘I walked for half a mile’.‏﴿‏لًومٍ﴾‏ “He said: I remained (dead) a –day or part of a day”. [2/259]Lord! ‏﴿‏لدًوאً﴾‏ “He said: O my –Verily, I have called to my people night and day”.[71/5]– ‏﴿وْא‏﴾‏ “and we left Yusufby our belongings and a wolf devoured him”. [12/17]– ﴾ْא א ‏﴿وْ “and they both found her lord(husband) at the door”. [12/25]– ﴾ ٍْ ذ وق ﴿ “And over all those endowedwith knowledge is the All-Knowing”. [12/76]– ‏﴿ووאن‏﴾‏ “And they came to their fatherin the early part of the night weeping”. [12/16] Absolute Negative EאאF:The la nafiyatu lilgins negates absolutely the entire kindor genus, e.g. ‘I don’t have any kind of pen’.In this example the la negates anything which can becalled a pen or any kind of writing material. In thegiven example, is ism (subject) of la and is itskhabar (predicate). Both the ism and the khabar of la201

The Nouns in Accusativeshould be indefinite, and its ism is mabni with ‘a’ending. Some more examples are given below:– אא ‘there is no god but Allah’. Here la negatesabsolutely any kind or sort of ilaha (god), worthy ofworship, may he be a kind of human being, an angel, ajin or any kind of material or unnatural object, exceptthe Lord, Allah.– ﴾ ْא ﴿ “This is the Book (the Quran),ذwhereof there is no doubt”. [2/2]. Here has beennegated absolutely that there cannot be any doubt whatso ever that the Book, al-Quran is an absolute truth andthat it is from Allah Almighty.– ﴾ْא א א אْ ﴿ “There is nocompulsion (whatsoever) in religion, verily the rightpath has become distinct from the wrong path”. [2/256]– ْאوאْאْאFFEE א “There is no Salah after the Fajr (Salah) tillthe sun rise, and there is no Salah after the Asr (Salah)till the sun set”.⎺⎺⎺202

אאConclusionCONCLUSIONIn conclusion, this book covers the essential aspects of theQuranic grammar, which should enable the learner tofollow the Arabic text of the Holy Quran. However, hewould require assistance of an authentic Quranicdictionary to learn the meanings and application ofunfamiliar words and phrases. The book should also form asound base for those who desire to pursue higher studies inArabic.This book is an extension of my lectures on the subject inUrdu language (www.sautulquran.org/CD). It is writtenessentially on the request of some persons who desired tolearn the Quranic language, but they did not find the studymaterial in English language. I was fully conscious of myown limitations to undertake such a sensitive and complextask, but I ventured to do so primarily in the background ofthe saying of our beloved Prophet (SAW) EE ًو FF. Ihave tried to convey to others whatever little knowledge ofthe subject that I had with a view to contributing, in ahumble way, towards the promotion of the Quraniclearning. Any views, comments or suggestions for improvementof the next addition would be welcomed and highlyappreciated.203

ConclusionMay Allah Almighty forgive me for the shortcomings in thebook, and May He help and guide the learners in understandingand practicing the Quranic teachings (Amin).My sincere thanks to all those who assisted me in theaccomplishment of this work. May Allah (SWT) bless themand May He reward them for their contribution (Amin).אאאKאوאنאوووאא،אد Kوودא نאא،وאوאمאوאK⎺⎺⎺204