Van Gunst, K.J. 2012. Forest Mortality in Lake Tahoe Basin from ...

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vpine (Pinus albicaulis) forests of eastern California, USA; influence ofenvironmental context, bark beetles, climatic water deficit, and warming.Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42: 749–765.Powers, Jennifer Sarah, Phillip Sollins, Mark E. Harmon and Julia A. Jones. 1999. Plantpestinteractions in time and space: A Douglas-fir bark beetle outbreak as a casestudy. Landscape Ecology 14: 105–120.Raffa, Kenneth F., Brian H. Aukema, Barbara J. Bentz, Allan L. Carroll, Jeffrey A.Hicke, Monica G. Turner, and William H. Romme. 2008. Cross-scale drivers ofnatural disturbances prone to anthropogenic amplification: the dynamics of barkbeetle eruptions. BioScience 58(6): 501-517.Simard, Martin, Erinn N. Powell, Kenneth F. Raffa, and Monica G. Turner. 2012. Whatexplains landscape patterns of tree mortality caused by bark beetle outbreaks inGreater Yellowstone? Global Ecology and Biogeography 21: 556–567.Urban, Dean L., Carol Miller, Patrick Halpin, and Nathan L. Stephenson. 2000. Forestgradient response in Sierran landscapes: the physical template. LandscapeEcology 15: 603–620.
viI dedicate this thesis to my family:Marilyn, Roger, Sara & Andrea Van Gunst
Page 1 and 2: University of Nevada, RenoForest Mo
Page 4 and 5: iTHESIS ABSTRACTWidespread and sync
Page 6 and 7: iiimiddle and upper-elevation fores
Page 10 and 11: viiACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Primary financi
Page 12 and 13: ixPlate 2. Photograph of mountain p
Page 14 and 15: xiForest Types and Ecoregions......
Page 16 and 17: xiiiAPPENDIX A. 25 years of annual
Page 18 and 19: xvefficiency measures agreement bet
Page 20 and 21: xviimortality; Negative DDM: decrea
Page 22 and 23: xixratios greater than one indicate
Page 24 and 25: 2ABSTRACTIncreased stand density is
Page 26 and 27: 4rise to outbreaks of widespread mo
Page 28 and 29: 6of compounds and structures necess
Page 30 and 31: 8landscapes (Logan et al. 1998; Nel
Page 33 and 34: 11(Sierra Nevada) of the LTB with m
Page 35 and 36: 13treatment areas were also exclude
Page 37 and 38: 15We evaluated the accuracy of mode
Page 39 and 40: 17field data. In early fall of 2010
Page 41 and 42: 19gray canopies, a result of the co
Page 43 and 44: 21established five climatic periods
Page 45 and 46: 23far greater during the first drou
Page 47 and 48: 25slightly more frequent during the
Page 49 and 50: 27but persistent factor for forest
Page 51 and 52: 29For sugar pine, mortality risk in
Page 53 and 54: 31treatments to be variable, incons
Page 55 and 56: 33Baret, F. and G. Guyot. 1991. Pot
Page 57 and 58: 35Das, Adrian, John Battles, Nathan
Page 59 and 60:
37Fettig, Christopher J., Robert R.
Page 61 and 62:
39Huete, A.R., H.Q. Liu, K. Batchil
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41Loomis W E. 1932. Growth-differen
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43Moritz, Max A., Paul F. Hessburg,
Page 67 and 68:
45Scholl, Andrew E. and Alan H. Tay
Page 69 and 70:
47van Mantgem, P.J., Stephenson, N.
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49Table 1-1. Description of LTB for
Page 73 and 74:
51TABLE 1-3a,b. Validation of remot
Page 75 and 76:
53TABLE 1-5. Summary of odds-ratios
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FIGURE 1-1. Location of Lake Tahoe
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57a.b.FIGURE 1-3a, b. LAI Validatio
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60b1.b2.d. c.FIGURE 1-6. Pictorial
Page 84 and 85:
62FIGURE 1-8. Mortality levels and
Page 86 and 87:
64FIGURE 1-10. Direction and magnit
Page 88 and 89:
66FIGURE 1-12. Number of models whe
Page 90 and 91:
Ratio: Positive DDM:Negative DDM681
Page 92 and 93:
70FIGURE 1-16. Average odds ratio f
Page 94 and 95:
72APPENDIX A. 95 th Percentile of L
Page 96 and 97:
19801982198419861988199019921994199
Page 98 and 99:
76APPENDIX C. Final models in five
Page 100 and 101:
78ForestType Year Model LRT ModelTy
Page 102 and 103:
80Chapter 2 - Spatial and Temporal
Page 105 and 106:
83mountainous regions of snow-domin
Page 107 and 108:
85McDowell et al. 2008; Rice et al.
Page 109 and 110:
87periods in the same forest may re
Page 111 and 112:
89Forest Types and EcoregionsWe exa
Page 113 and 114:
91Environmental VariablesIn additio
Page 115 and 116:
93(Figure 2-6). Forest mortality ma
Page 117 and 118:
95In JP forests, decreases in eleva
Page 119 and 120:
97that abrupt declines in growth ar
Page 121 and 122:
99and d2) and increased temperature
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101concentrated at lower elevations
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103responses may be due to the grea
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105Berg, Edward E, J. David Henry,
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107from 1991-1996 near Spooner Lake
Page 131 and 132:
109Hansen, E., Bentz, B. and Turner
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111reference to historical disturba
Page 135 and 136:
113Ogle, Kiona, Thomas G. Whitham,
Page 137 and 138:
115SNEP [Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Pr
Page 139 and 140:
117Vygodskaya, N.N., E.D. Schulze,
Page 141 and 142:
119ForestType Coefficients Standar
Page 143 and 144:
121a.b.c.d.FIGURE 2-1. Ecoregions (
Page 145 and 146:
123FIGURE 2-3. Solar radiation (WH/
Page 147 and 148:
125FIGURE 2-5. Boxplots of annual m
Page 149 and 150:
127FIGURE 2-7. Effect plots for Ann
Page 151 and 152:
129a: JPb: MFc: RFFIGURE 2-9a-c. Le
Page 153 and 154:
131FIGURE 2-11. Location of increas
Page 155 and 156:
133FIGURE 2-13. Location of increas
Page 157 and 158:
1351993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-971
Page 159 and 160:
137THESIS SUMMARYForest mortality i
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