Brazilian Biofuels Programmes from the WEL Nexus Perspective

Brazil’s biofuel programmes viewed from the WEL-nexus perspectiveTables & figuresTablesTable 1.1 Biofuel production in Brazil and its share in final energy consumption, 2003 and 20107Table 3.1 Comparison of PNPB and Proalcool change models 16Table 3.2 Comparison of PNPB and Proalcool action models 17Table 4.1 Production cost, leasing value, revenue and margins for the sugar cane business inthe state of São Paulo, 2002–2010 25Table 4.2 Production costs, leasing value, revenue and margins for soybean business in thestate of Mato Grosso, 2002–2010 25Table 4.3 Real average remuneration and real income (expressed as real minimum salaries)for rural workers in the states of SP and MT, 1996–2010 (R$/month) 27Table 4.4 Production, productivity, specific and total water demand for sugar cane and soybeancrops, assuming the projected expansion of the national biofuel programmes (2010–2019) 32Table 4.5 Water availability in the Amazon and Paraná basins based on demands for water,2010 and 2019 32Table 4.6 Energy balance of ethanol 35Table 4.7 Inputs and outputs in producing bio-diesel from soybeans in Brazil 37Table 5.1 Sustainability of Biofuels in Brazil* 43FiguresFigure 4.1 Evolution of the soybean area harvested in Brazil (1990/2000/2010) 20Figure 4.2 Evolution of the sugar cane area harvested in Brazil, 1990/2000/2010 21Figure 4.3 Evolution of land prices in preferential areas for sugarcane production in the Stateof São Paulo between 1996 and 2010 (R$/ha) 23Figure 4.4 Evolution of land prices in preferential areas for soybeans production in the state ofMato Grosso between 2002 and 2010 (R$/ha) 24Figure 4.5 Evolution of diesel prices and minimum prices for bio-diesel between 2010 and 201928Figure 4.6 Availability of soybeans (thousand tonnes) according to the different biodiesel/dieselblend scenarios between 2010 and 2030 30Figure 4.7 Lifecycle of production and use of ethanol from sugar cane 34Figure 4.8 Energy balances of the production of ethanol from different feedstocks 36Figure 5.1 Interaction of the different components of the value system in Proalcool and PNPB395