Leica Photogrammetry Suite Project Manager

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To rectify image data, various geometric modeling methods such aspolynomial transformation, multisurface (radial basis) functions,finite element analysis (rubber sheeting), and collinearity equationscan be applied (Yang 1997). While the choice of the proper modelingmethod depends on data sources and data availability, thecollinearity equation based orthorectification produces the mostreliable solution for raw image data by incorporating the sensor orcamera orientation, relief displacement, and the Earth’s curvature inits modeling process.Orthorectification in LPS Project Manager generates planimetricallytrue orthoimages in which the displacement of objects due to sensoror camera orientation, terrain relief, and other errors associated withimage acquisition and processing has been removed. Theorthoimage has the geometric characteristics of a map and theimage qualities of a photograph. The objects on an orthoimage arein their true orthographic positions. Therefore, orthoimages aregeometrically equivalent to conventional line and symbol planimetricmaps. Any measurement taken on an orthoimage reflects ameasurement taken on the ground.Orthoimages serve as the ideal information building blocks forcollecting geographic information required for a geographicinformation system (GIS). They can be used as reference imagebackdrops to maintain or update an existing GIS. Using the IMAGINEVector module, ground features can be collected and subsequentlyattributed to reflect the spatial and nonspatial characteristicsassociated with a feature. Using ERDAS IMAGINE, multipleorthoimages can be mosaicked to form seamless orthoimage basemaps.LPS Project Manager uses the self-calibrating bundle blockadjustment method in its triangulation process. By doing so, theinternal geometry of each image and the relationships betweenoverlapping images are determined. When multiple images areinvolved in a data block, such a modeling method can significantlyease the need of acquiring many GCPs.Image tie points are the common points in overlapping areas of twoor more images. They connect the images in the block to each otherand are necessary input for the triangulation. LPS Project Managerautomates the identification and measurement of tie points so thatyour work and time for manual measurement are drasticallyreduced.In addition to orthoimages, digital elevation models (DEMs) andtopographic features are two other major geographic informationcomponents of a GIS. In order to extract a DEM and topographicfeatures from imagery, the image orientations need to be known.The triangulation results of LPS Project Manager determine theimage position and orientations required for the purpose of DEMextraction and stereo feature collection.LGGI Template DocumentUsing LPS Project Manager / 4
LPS ProjectManagerFunctionalityTriangulationFirst, LPS Project Manager allows you to easily model various cameraand sensor types, referred to as sensor modeling. LPS ProjectManager’s sensor modeling capabilities establish the internalcharacteristics (that is, geometry) associated with a specific cameraor sensor, and correct for systematic error.Second, LPS Project Manager allows you to model the position andorientation of a camera or sensor at the time of data collection, whichdramatically improves the accuracy of the resulting orthoimages.Third, LPS Project Manager automatically measures the imagepositions of ground feature points appearing on multiple images,which is referred to as automatic tie point collection. Once the imagepositions of the tie points are established, the corresponding groundcoordinates can be determined using aerial triangulation techniques.(If many tie points were automatically collected, a rough DEM can beinterpolated using the tie points as mass points.)Fourth, LPS Project Manager gives you the flexibility to orthorectifyimages from a variety of camera and satellite sensor types.Additionally, it allows you to process multiple orthos sequentially.Triangulation, or block triangulation, is the process of establishing amathematical relationship between the images contained in aproject, the camera or sensor model, and the ground. Theinformation resulting from triangulation is required as input for theorthorectification process.Classical aerial triangulation using optical-mechanical analog andanalytical stereo plotters was primarily used for collection of groundpoints using the control point extension technique. This involved themanual measurement of tie points for the subsequent determinationof their corresponding ground coordinates. These points were thenidentified as being GCPs for other applications. With the advent ofdigital photogrammetry, classical aerial triangulation has beenextended to provide greater functionality.LPS Project Manager uses a technique known as bundle blockadjustment for aerial triangulation. Bundle block adjustmentprovides three primary functions:• The ability to determine the position and orientation of eachimage in a project as they existed at the time of photographic orimage exposure. The resulting parameters are referred to asexterior orientation parameters.• The ability to determine the ground coordinates of any tie pointsmeasured on the overlap areas of multiple images. The highlyprecise ground point determination of tie points is useful forgenerating GCPs from imagery in lieu of ground surveyingtechniques.LGGI Template Document LPS Project Manager Functionality / 5
Page 1 and 2: Leica PhotogrammetrySuiteProject Ma
Page 3 and 4: Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Page 5 and 6: Prepare the Block File . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Generate Pyramid Layers . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: Editing Exterior Information for Mu
Page 11 and 12: References. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: List of FiguresFigure 1: Topography
Page 15 and 16: Figure 104: Sensor Tab for IKONOS S
Page 17 and 18: List of TablesTable 1: LPS Menu Bar
Page 19 and 20: PrefaceAbout This ManualThe Leica P
Page 21 and 22: IntroductionLPS Project Manager/ 1
Page 23: Introduction to LPS Project Manager
Page 27 and 28: Airborne GPS and inertial navigatio
Page 29 and 30: ToolbarThe following icons are loca
Page 31 and 32: Photogrammetric TheoryLPS Project M
Page 33 and 34: Introduction to PhotogrammetryIntro
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3: LPS Project Manager Point
Page 37 and 38: See “The Collinearity Equation”
Page 39 and 40: Classic aerial triangulation using
Page 41 and 42: Each photograph or image that is ex
Page 43 and 44: Scanning ResolutionsOne of the prim
Page 45 and 46: Coordinate SystemsConceptually, pho
Page 47 and 48: Geocentric and Topocentric Coordina
Page 49 and 50: • principal point• focal length
Page 51 and 52: For more information, see “Fiduci
Page 53 and 54: Figure 16: Omega, Phi, and Kappazyz
Page 55 and 56: Figure 19: Tertiary Rotation Kappa
Page 57 and 58: In order for the image and ground v
Page 59 and 60: Space ForwardIntersectionSpace forw
Page 61 and 62: Figure 21: Photogrammetric Configur
Page 63 and 64: X o2, Y o2, Zo 2If three GCPs have
Page 65 and 66: A = the matrix containing the parti
Page 67 and 68: The effect of the automatic error d
Page 69 and 70: Figure 23 illustrates the GCP confi
Page 71 and 72: Another issue of automated triangul
Page 73 and 74: aaρ=∑i,j∑i,jIn the above equat
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Relation-based MatchingImage Pyrami
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Figure 28: Perspective Centers of S
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Figure 30: Interior Orientation of
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Figure 31: Inclination of a Satelli
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• the changes of angles along the
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Figure 35: OrthorectificationImageD
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LPS Project Manager Tour GuidesLPS
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Frame Camera Tour GuideIntroduction
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Access LPS toolsusing the toolbarTh
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Click the Setbutton to openthe Proj
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Next, you choose the images that ma
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Click the lastfile in therange to a
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Click OK tostart computingpyramid l
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Add Fiducial Marks1. Click the Fidu
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A Main View opens on top of the Fra
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LPS Project Manager movesto the nex
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LPS Project Manager returnsto the f
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The Image File Name on the Sensor t
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This is the reference CellArray: re
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Specify the Type and Usage1. Click
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1. Using Figure 46 on page 130 as a
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Collect Point ID 1003 in col91p1Now
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1. In the Point Measurement tool pa
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Collect Point ID 1005The next contr
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3. Click in the Point ID column and
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Collect Point ID 2001Like control p
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2. Click in the Usage column to acc
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All of the Point IDs are listedin t
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After the tie point generation proc
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Perform AerialTriangulationNow that
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Check the ResultsScroll to see allo
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These are the photo or image coordi
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The Ext. column is green, indicatin
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Resample methoddisplays hereTo add
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You can also use the Project Graphi
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Select multiple imagesto add to the
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Click on the sliderand move the mou
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Reference ImagesFigure 45: Referenc
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Figure 47: Reference Image of col92
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Digital Camera Tour GuideIntroducti
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Page 157 and 158:
The information you supply inthe Cu
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Select the .datfile for exteriorori
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Add Imagery tothe BlockThe CellArra
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You are returned to the LPS Project
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You can savethis camerainformationf
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Pixel size is applied to all images
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1. On the LPS Project Manager toolb
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Click the Distribution tab3. In the
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4. Click the Close button in the Po
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12. Click the Report button in the
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The Point IDs are listed below each
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Select the image to display in the
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The Add Multiple Outputs dialog ope
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The highlighted ortho is indicated
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The imagesoverlap hereUse the Swipe
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Columns are green; the project is c
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SPOT Pushbroom Sensor Tour GuideInt
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The Custom tab is where you select
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The image is listedin the Image Nam
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Click OK3. Review the fields in the
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Click OKClickImage LayerNOTE: An ex
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Collect GCPsIn this section, you ar
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5. Move the cursor into the Detail
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4. Click the Create Point icon .5.
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6. Check your point coordinates. Th
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2. Using the following table, type
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Collect Point ID 9 Figure 58: Locat
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The new reference image is added to
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6. Check your point coordinates. Th
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Set the VerticalReference SourceTo
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Set Type and UsageUp until this poi
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2. Click in the red column labeled
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Use the locations of the points in
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4. Click the approximate point in t
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The Z value is updated, makingthe c
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Check Tie Point AccuracyYou should
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The value 15 is used because the re
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The Ext. columns are green, indicat
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Click this checkbox so that the sec
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The highlighted ortho is indicated
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If you wish, you can click the View
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Steps have been executed; the block
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GCP Map Coordinates GCPs are accura
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Stereo Point Measurement Tool TourG
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If you are not prompted and the Cla
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Check DeviceSetupIf you have a digi
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12. Click Close in the Devices dial
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6. Click the Create Point icon in t
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Use the stereoview to locatethe poi
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4. Click the Create Point icon in t
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11. Compare your image point X and
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Each check point now has image coor
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Practical ApplicationsLPS Project M
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Getting Started with LPS Project Ma
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LPS Project ManagerOnce you click t
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Frame cameras, digital cameras, vid
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Orbital PushbroomThe Orbital Pushbr
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A standard set of existing projecti
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Rotation System SupportLPS Project
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Figure 72: Average Flying Height of
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• Existing photogrammetric workst
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Figure 75: Import Options for Exter
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Figure 77: The LPS Project Manager
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Icons are located on the toolbar at
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Adding Images to the BlockIntroduct
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Five additional columns represent t
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Defining the Camera or Sensor Model
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Figure 84: Image File in the Image
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• Focal length (mm). The focal le
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Fiducials for Digital, Video, and N
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Interior orientation is semi-automa
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Figure 90: Fiducial Orientation of
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The data strip commonly contains in
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Figure 95: Contrast Adjust DialogTh
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• the status of each exterior ori
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The Exterior Orientation Parameter
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Figure 99: CellArray Formula Dialog
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Uses of Model ParametersPolynomial
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The software looks for the RPC file
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Measuring GCPs, Check Points, and T
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Figure 108: Set Data Scaling Dialog
Page 321 and 322:
A check point is used to independen
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Defining theStatistical Qualityof G
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2. Select the Image Layer option in
Page 327 and 328:
7. Within the Right View tools grou
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Automatic Tie Point CollectionIntro
Page 331 and 332:
Performing Automatic TiePoint Colle
Page 333 and 334:
Table 8: Photography Scale and Asso
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• coefficient limit (0 to 0.99)
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t1t2∆aah∆dd∆d =∆d =--------
Page 339 and 340:
Figure 119: Kappa as a Function1 Im
Page 341 and 342:
Block TriangulationIntroductionBloc
Page 343 and 344:
• X, Y, and Z coordinates of the
Page 345 and 346:
It is advantageous to assign unique
Page 347 and 348:
SCBA is most commonly used in the f
Page 349 and 350:
Different UnweightedCorrectionsThis
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Figure 124: Advanced Options Tab of
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Statistical constraints can be assi
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• RMS error of the check point ph
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......Six affine transformation par
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If the exterior orientation paramet
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Interior Orientation ParametersThe
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Check Point ResidualsCheck points a
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.2041 1.9419 1.6884 3.0368 3.9804 2
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Figure 125: A GCP Configuration for
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• Map space. This display mode di
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The reason that we consider only k
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02x max2y max+= -------------------
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Figure 129: Advanced Options Tab of
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The x and y image coordinate residu
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y: 3.69353383e+0061.13621691e+0032.
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The information for each image coor
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gcp 1 0.00006974 -0.00020760-0.0710
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OrthorectificationIntroductionThe o
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In the case of adding a single imag
Page 389 and 390:
Once the settings are accurate, you
Page 391 and 392:
AppendicesLPS Project Manager/ 371
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Batch ProcessingIntroductionWhen yo
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Execute MultipleFiles/SingleCommand
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Other BatchApplicationsAfter you ha
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ReferencesIntroductionReferences an
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von Bündelblockausgleichungen.”
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http://www.atlas.gc.ca/english/cart
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Columbia, 1997.Yang and Williams 19
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Photogrammetric GlossaryAbbreviatio
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TermsAAdditional parameter (AP). In
Page 411 and 412:
Block of photographs. Formed by the
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Coordinate system. “A system, bas
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See alsoDigital photogrammetryDigit
Page 417 and 418:
Free-weighted iterative adjustment.
Page 419 and 420:
Konrady coefficients. Coefficients
Page 421 and 422:
Orientation angle. The angle betwee
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Redundancy. In a block of data, the
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Stereopair. A set of two remotely-s
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IndexSymbols.blk file 72, 136, 171.
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Model Setup 72, 136, 172Ortho Resam
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Interior Orientation tab (fiducial
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Select Point icon 182, 183, 186Self
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