developing composite action in existing non-composite steel girder ...

connectors was evaluated with a series of large-scale beam tests, supplemented with finiteelement analysis. The results of this study suggest that strengthening existing non-compositebridge girders using post-installed shear connectors may be an effective and economicalalternative to replacement of existing bridges.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided for this study by the TexasDepartment of Transportation. The authors extend a special thanks to Jon Kilgore and ClaraCarbajal of the Texas Department of Transportation for their support, assistance and advicethroughout the entire course of this project. The authors also gratefully acknowledge thecontributions of Brad Schaap, Brent Hungerford, and Hulya Kayir in the earlier phases of thisresearch study. The experiments described herein were conducted at the Phil M. FergusonStructural Engineering Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin.REFERENCESAASHTO (2007). “LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Interim Customary U.S. Units, 4thEdition.” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.ABAQUS (2007). “ABAQUS Analysis User’s Manual (Ver. 6.7).” ABAQUS, Inc, Pawtucket, RI.ACI (2005). “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) andCommentary (ACI 318R-05).” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2005.Hognestad, E (1951). “A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced ConcreteMembers.” University of Illinois Engineering Experimental Station, Bulletin Series No. 399.Hungerford, B.E. (2004). “Methods to Develop Composite Action in Non-Composite Bridge FloorSystems: Part II.” MS Thesis, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering,The University of Texas at Austin.Kayir, H. (2006). “Methods to Develop Composite Action in Non-Composite Bridge FloorSystems: Fatigue Behavior of Post-Installed Shear Connectors.” MS Thesis, Department ofCivil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin.Kwon, G. (2008). “Strengthening Existing Steel Girder Bridges by the use of Post-InstalledShear Connectors.” PhD Dissertation, Department of Civil, Architectural and EnvironmentalEngineering, The University of Texas at Austin (expected completion in August 2008).Lehman, H.G., Lew, H.S., and Toprac, A.A. (1965). “Fatigue Strength of 3/4 in. Studs inLightweight Concrete.” Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin.Oehlers, D.J., and Sved, G. (1995) “Composite Beams with Limited-Slip-Capacity ShearConnectors.” Journal of Structural Engineering, 121(6), 932-938.Ollgaard, J.G., Slutter, R.G., and Fisher, J.W. (1971). “Shear Strength of Stud ShearConnectors in Lightweight and Normal-Weight Concrete.” AISC Engineering Journal, 8, 55-64.Schaap, B. A. (2004). “Methods to Develop Composite Action in Non-Composite Bridge FloorSystems: Part I.” MS Thesis, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering,The University of Texas at Austin.Slutter, R.G., and Fisher, J.W. (1966). “Fatigue Strength of Shear Connectors.” HighwayResearch Record 147, 65-88.Viest, I.M. et al. (1997). “Composite Construction: Design for Buildings.” McGraw--Hill, NewYork, NY.