Untitled - The Future Ocean

Contents1 General Information about the Cluster of Excellence1.1 Key data 21.1.1 Participating Researchers 21.1.2 Participation Institutions 31.2 Research Program 41.2.1 Summary / Zusammenfassung 41.2.2 Description 51.2.2.1 Rationale 51.2.2.2 Objectives 61.2.2.3 Cluster Concept and Long-term Perspective 71.2.2.4 Multidisciplinary Cooperation 91.2.2.5 Impact on National and International Marine and Global Change Research 111.2.2.6 Transfer to Application 121.2.2.7 Public Outreach 141.2.2.8 International Visibility and Standing 151.3 Scientific Staff 161.3.1 Staffing Situation 161.3.2 New Professorships and Independent Junior Research Groups 191.4. Promotion of Young Scientists 191.4.1 Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS) 201.4.2 Support Activities for Education and Young Scientists 211.4.3 Organization of the ISOS and Long-Term Perspectives 221.5 Promotion of Gender Equality 221.6 Support Provided by the Host University and Participating Institutions 251.7 Organization and Management 261.7.1 Cluster Management 261.7.2 Structural Evolution and Quality Control 281.7.3 Allocation of Funding 282 Research Areas 292.1 Theme A: Oceans in the Greenhouse World 312.1.1 Research Topic A1: CO 2 -Induced Ocean Acidification: Biological Responsesand Adaptations 332.1.2 Research Topic A2: Seafloor Warming Effects on Gas Hydrates and Benthic Biota 372.1.3 Research Topic A3: Present and Future CO 2 Uptake 412.1.4 Research Topic A4: Ocean Circulation and the Hydrological Cycle during theHolocene and Anthropocene 452.1.5 Research Topic A5: Intentional Marine Storage of CO 2 492.1.6 Research Topic A6: Changing Chemistry at the Ocean Surface 53

2.1.7 Research Topic A7: Valuing the Ocean 572.2 Theme B: Marine Resources and Risks 612.2.1 Research Topic B1: Living Resources and Over-Fishing 632.2.2 Research Topic B2: Marine Medicine: Interactions between Complex Barriers and 67Microbiota in the Ocean2.2.3 Research Topic B3: Fluid-Derived Seafloor Resources 712.2.4 Research Topic B4: Submarine Hazards at Continental Margins: Earthquakes, 75Submarine Slope Failure and Tsunami Generation2.2.5 Research Topic B5: Sea-Level Rise and Coasts at Risk 792.2.6 Research Topic B6: Law of the Sea and Marine Resources 872.3 Research Platforms 912.3.1 Research Platform P1: Numerical Simulation and Data Management 932.3.2 Research Platform P2: Isotope and Tracer Analysis 972.3.3 Research Platform P3: High-Throughput Molecular Bioscience Technologies 1012.3.4 Research Platform P4: Ocean Observatories 1052.4 Z: Central Administration 1092.4.1 Summary 1092.4.2 Description 1102.4.3 Requested Funding 1112.4.3.1 Cluster Office 1112.4.3.2 Central Funds for Transfer to Application, Public Outreach, the Integrated Schoolof Ocean Sciences and the Central Pool for Members of the Cluster 1123 Overview of the Cluster of Excellence’s Resources 1153.1 Core Support 1153.2 Auxiliary Support 1183.2.1 Total Funding Requested for Each Research Topic 1183.2.2 Total Funding Requested for the Entire Cluster 1184 Appendices A14.1 Most Important Publications A14.2 Additional Pieces of Evidence of Qualification A34.3 Third-Party Funding A54.4 Participating Institutions and Cooperation Partners A74.5 The Future Ocean Cluster: Executive Summary A94.6 Curricula Vitae and Lists of Publications A164.7 Abbreviations A83

1 General Information about the Cluster of Excellence1.1 Key Data1.1.1 Participating Researchers (principal investigators in bold letters)Dr. N. Andersen 26 Prof. Dr. T. Bauer 7 Prof. Dr. J. Behrmann 32Prof. Dr. W. Bensch 16 Dr. J. Bialas 32 Prof. Dr. M. Bleich 19Prof. Dr. C. Böning 30 Prof. Dr. T. Bosch 25 R. BröckDr. W. Brückmann 29 Dr. C. Clemmesen 31 Prof. Dr. F. Colijn 27Dr. P. Croot 30 Prof. Dr. A. Dahmke 14 Prof. Dr. C. Devey 32Dr. W. Dombrowsky 6 Prof. Dr. C. Dullo 29 Dr. C. Eden 29Prof. Dr. A. Eisenhauer 30 Prof. Dr. V. Feeser 14 Dr. S. Flögel 29Prof. Dr. E. Flüh 32 Prof. Dr. M. Frank 29 Dr. G. Friedrichs 18Dr. R. Froese 31 Dr. D. Garbe-Schönberg 14 Dr. S. Garthe 27Prof. Dr. T. Giegerich 28 Prof. Dr. H.-J. Götze 14 Dr. I. Grevemeyer 32Prof. Dr. P.M. Grootes 26 Prof. Dr. J. Grotemeyer 18 Prof. Dr. G. Gust 30Prof. Dr. W. Hackbusch 4 Prof. Dr. R. Hackney 14 Prof. Dr. R. Hanel 31Prof. Dr. U.-P. Hansen 1,8 Prof. Dr. B. Hartke 18 Dr. F. Hauff 32Prof. Dr. P. Herzig 32 Prof. Dr. P. Hoeher 4 Prof. Dr. K. Hoernle 32Prof. Dr. A. Holzheid 14 Prof. Dr. R. Horn 20 Prof. Dr. J. Imhoff 31Dr. M. Jegen-Kulczar32Prof. Dr. U. Jenisch 28 Prof. Dr. C. Jung 11Dr. J. Karstensen 29 Dr. D. Kläschen 32 Prof. Dr. G. Klepper 33Prof. Dr. R. Koch4Prof. Dr. H. Kopp32 30Prof. Dr. U. Kunzendorf 3 Dr. G. Kraus 31 Prof. Dr. M. Krawczak 17Dr. T. Kuhn 32 Prof. Dr. W. Kuhnt 14 Dr. K. Lackschewitz 32Prof. Dr. M. Latif 29 Prof. Dr. J. La RocheDr. P. Linke 30 Prof. Dr. K. Lochte 3030 29Prof. Dr. A. Macke 29 Prof. Dr. E. Maser 23 Prof. Dr. R. Mayerle 27Prof. Dr. J. Müller 22 Prof. Dr. U. Müller 22 Dr. M.-J. Nadeau 26Dr. S. Ott 10 Dr. S. Petersen 32 Dr. S. Peterson 33Dr. O. Pfannkuche 30 Dr. U. Piatkowski 31 Dr. D. Piepenburg 21Prof. Dr. W. Rabbel 14 Dr. G. Rehder 30 Prof. Dr. T. Requate 5Dr. K. Ricklefs 27 Prof. Dr. U. Riebesell 30 Prof. Dr. G. Rimbach 15Dr. P. Rosenstiel 10 Prof. Dr. P. Schäfer 14 B. Schell*Prof. Dr. V. Schenk 14 Dr. M. Schmidt 14 Prof. Dr. U. Schmidt 5Prof. Dr. R. Schmitz-Streit 12 Dr. I. Schmidt 7 Prof. Dr. D. Schnack 31Prof. Dr. R.R. Schneider 14 Prof. Dr. R. Schneider ,4, 25 Dr. J. Schönfeld 29Prof. Dr. S. Schreiber 1,10 Prof. Dr. J. Schröder 2 Prof. Dr. R. Schulz-Friedrich 9Dr. K. Schwarzer 14 Dr. U. Siebert 27 Prof. Dr. U. Sommer 31Prof. Dr. M. Spindler 21 Prof. Dr. A. Srivastav 4 Prof. Dr. K. Stattegger 14Prof. Dr. H. Sterr 13 Prof. Dr. F. Temps 18 Prof. Dr. B. Thalheim 4Prof. Dr. M. Visbeck 29 Prof. Dr. M. Wahl 31 Prof. Dr. D. Wallace 30Prof. Dr. K. Wallmann 30 Dr. W. Weinrebe 32 Dr. K. Wiltshire 24Prof. Dr. K. Wirtz 27 Dr. M. Zimmer 24 Prof. Dr. A. Zimmermann 2825Prof. Dr. A. KörtzingerDr. A. LehmannProf. Dr. N. Luttenberger42

Participating Research Institutions (affiliations, in alphabetical order)1 CAU: Center for Molecular Biosciences;2 CAU: Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology;3 CAU: Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertonic Diseases;4 CAU: Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics;5 CAU: Department of Economics;6 CAU: Disaster Research Unit;7 CAU: Division of Research and Technology Transfer8 CAU: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology9 CAU: Institute of Botany;10 CAU: Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology;11 CAU: Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding;12 CAU: Institute of General Microbiology;13 CAU: Institute of Geography;14 CAU: Institute of Geosciences;15 CAU: Institute of Human Nutrition and Agriculture;16 CAU: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry;17 CAU: Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics;18 CAU: Institute of Physical Chemistry;19 CAU: Institute of Physiology;20 CAU: Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Sciences;21 CAU: Institute of Polar Ecology;22 CAU: Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archeology23 CAU: Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists;24 CAU: Institute of Zoology;25 CAU: Interdisciplinary Center for Numerical Simulation;26 CAU: Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research;27 CAU: Research and Technology Center West Coast;28 CAU: Walther Schücking Institute of International Law;29 Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR):Ocean Circulation and Climate Dynamics (FB1);30 IFM-GEOMAR: Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2);31 IFM-GEOMAR: Marine Ecology (FB3);32 IFM-GEOMAR: Dynamics of the Ocean Floor (FB4);33 The Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW): Environmental and Resource Economics.* Raytheon Anschütz GmbH (representative of the marine industry in the Executive Committee ofthe Cluster)3

1.2 Research Program1.2.1 Summary/ZusammenfassungThe ocean, through its dominating influence on global climate and its major role as a source ofimportant natural resources and devastating hazards, plays a key role in the lives of all humanbeings. At the same time, the ocean is increasingly being altered by anthropogenic CO 2 emissions,fisheries, pollution, waste disposal and other human activities. Within the proposed Cluster ofExcellence, a network of researchers at the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU) and theparticipating Leibniz Institutes will, hence, investigate past, present and future ocean change,explore marine resources, develop strategies for their sustainable use and study hazards arisingfrom the seas. Marine science is by its very nature an interdisciplinary scientific field of study. TheCluster will expand this research approach by including experts from disciplines which are nottraditionally seen as marine, such as medicine, economics, social sciences and law, to study theenvironmental, socio-economic and legal aspects of the ocean in a truly multidisciplinary approach.Nowhere previously have experts from this wide range of disciplines and proven excellence cometogether to focus on questions of such key relevance to the Future Ocean. The research programhere proposed will, therefore, significantly broaden and enhance the understanding of the ocean -understanding which is needed to provide sound guidance to decision makers.Research within the Cluster will be organized under two themes (A) Oceans in the GreenhouseWorld and (B) Marine Resources and Risks. Within both themes, strong exisiting research groupswill be strategically augmented by new Junior Research Groups (JRG’s) and be supported byresearch platforms. Integrated curricula for training Ph.D. and Master’s students will be developedin a new school of ocean sciences. Forums will be established to transfer research results acquiredin the Cluster to decision makers, stakeholders, industry and the general public. Most of thefunding requested will, however, be used to establish and endow JRG’s in emerging researchfields currently not covered by, but complementary to, those of the proponents. JRG leaders will berecruited from the international scientific community, with a tenure-track option for permanentprofessor positions (W2/W3) for highly successful researchers. Significant Cluster funding and thetenure-track perspective provided by the University and the participating Leibniz Institutes willpermit the Cluster to attract, recruit and integrate truly outstanding young scientists. Through thesemeans, the Cluster will strengthen and promote the University’s profile as a leading Europeancenter for the study of the ocean system at large.Die Zukunft unserer Gesellschaft hängt von der Entwicklung der Weltmeere ab, da die Ozeaneeinen großen Einfluss auf das Klimageschehen haben, unverzichtbare Ressourcen aber auchGefahren bergen. Gleichzeitig werden die Ozeane durch die anthropogene CO 2 -Freisetzung, dieFischerei und andere menschliche Aktivitäten zunehmend verändert. In dem beantragtenExzellenz Cluster wird daher eine große Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU) und den beteiligten Leibniz Instituten miteinander vernetzt, um denvergangenen Ozeanwandel zu rekonstruieren, den heutigen Ozeanwandel zu untersuchen, diezukünftigen Veränderungen vorherzusagen, die maritimen Ressourcen zu erforschen und4

Konzepte zu ihrer nachhaltigen Nutzung zu entwickeln sowie die Naturgefahren, die vom Ozeanausgehen, besser einzuschätzen. Durch die Einbindung weiterer Disziplinen (Medizin, Soziologie,Ökonomie, Recht) werden die naturwissenschaftlichen, sozioökonomischen und rechtlichenAspekte des Ozeans in einem multi-disziplinären Ansatz umfassend untersucht. Die Zukunft derOzeane wurde bisher nicht in einem vergleichbar breit angelegten Netzwerk exzellenter Forscheruntersucht. Die Meeresforschung wird daher durch das Cluster auf eine neue Ebene gehoben, aufderen Basis wissenschaftlich fundierte Leitlinien für Politik und Wirtschaft erarbeitet werdenkönnen.Die Cluster-Forschung wird unter zwei Themen organisiert: (A) Ozeane und Treibhauseffekt und(B) Maritime Ressourcen und Naturgefahren. Zu beiden Themen bestehen bereits profilierteForschergruppen, die durch weitere Junior Forschergruppen (JRG’s) ergänzt werden sollen. DieForschungsinfrastrukturen werden in Plattformen gebündelt und weiterentwickelt währendBildungsangebote für Doktoranden und Master-Studenten in einer neuen „Integrated School ofOcean Sciences“ zusammengeführt werden. Das im Cluster erarbeitete Grundlagenwissen wirddurch entsprechende Strukturen der Öffentlichkeit, Politik und Wirtschaft zur Verfügung gestelltund zur Anwendung gebracht. Der überwiegende Teil der Cluster-Ressourcen wird jedocheingesetzt, um JRG’s in viel versprechenden neuen Forschungsfeldern zu gründen. DieLeitungspositionen dieser Gruppen werden international ausgeschrieben und den erfolgreichstenKandidaten wird nach Ende der ersten Förderperiode eine permanente W2/W3-Professurangeboten. Durch die sehr gute Ausstattung der JRG’s wird es gelingen, hoch qualifizierteKandidaten/innen an das Cluster zu binden und die Position der Universität als führendereuropäischer Standort in der Meeresforschung weiter zu stärken.1.2.2 Description1.2.2.1 RationaleThe ocean covers two thirds of our planet and hosts the largest ecosystem on earth. Humansociety is increasingly dependent on the ocean for numerous reasons: (1) it plays a dominant rolein the global climate system through the storage and transport of heat and water; (2) it mitigatesglobal warming through the absorption and storage of 50% of fossil fuel CO 2 emissions over thepast 200 years; (3) it provides economically important living and non-living resources; (4) it servesas a site for deposition of waste products; and (5) it contributes to global trade and nationalsecurity. In addition to these resources and services, the ocean poses considerable threats tocoastal populations in the form of tsunamis and storm surges amplified by climate-induced sealevelrise. In turn, the ocean is increasingly affected by human society as a result of growingcoastal populations, increased shipping, coastal and deep-sea habitat destruction, marine resourceexploitation, rising CO 2 levels and climate change. Interdependence between the ocean andsociety is growing, and the future of the ocean is both uncertain and of vital relevance tohumankind.5

1.2.2.2 ObjectivesThe Future Ocean Cluster at CAU will conduct research with the goal of improving and broadeningour understanding of on-going and future changes within the oceans as well as their interactionwith society in terms of resources, services and risks. It will provide the scientific basis for thedevelopment, implementation and assessment of sound global and regional ocean managementoptions.A major driving force for human-induced ocean and climate change is the emission of CO 2 into theatmosphere. Anthropogenic CO 2 affects the ocean through increased warming and the acidificationof surface seawater, which may in turn trigger major changes in ocean circulation, ecosystemstructure, marine carbon cycling, and exchanges with the atmosphere. The on-going and futureenvironmental effects of rising CO 2 emissions on the ocean can only be assessed through amultidisciplinary approach which integrates climate sciences, oceanography, biogeochemistry,marine biology and geosciences. Scientists from these natural science disciplines will cooperatewithin the Future Ocean Cluster to identify feedback mechanisms in the ocean-climate ecosystemwhich may either amplify or mitigate CO 2 -induced ocean change. Advancements in the naturalsciences will serve to assess threshold values in atmospheric CO 2 beyond which the ocean willeither experience irreversible change or cause intolerable damage to human society. The risks,costs or benefits of CO 2 -induced ocean change and the feasibility of possible countermeasuressuch as deliberate CO 2 sequestration at the seafloor, improved global ocean and carbonmanagement practices, or improved technology will be evaluated in socio-economic and legalterms by Cluster expertise from the social sciences.Natural and man-made hazards arising from the oceans threaten the increasingly populatedcoastal zone. The Cluster will conduct basic research to study coastal erosion induced by sea-levelrise, to better understand the triggering of tsunamis by submarine earthquakes and landslides, andto develop new instruments which will assist decision makers in risk mitigation. The oceans alsooffer a wide range of natural resources, including fish stocks, gas hydrates, mineral deposits, andgenes in marine organisms, which may serve to develop new treatments for human diseases. Bycombining the legal, medical, socio-economic and natural scientific expertise assembled in Kiel,the Cluster will explore these opportunities and will develop strategies for the sustainable use andmanagement of marine resources.More than 100 scientists from a broad range of disciplines are members of the Cluster and willelevate “The Future Ocean” to an overarching theme for a broad segment of the University. TheCluster will create a cutting-edge, comprehensive and truly multidisciplinary center of excellencefor ocean studies with an internationally outstanding and unique profile.6

1.2.2.3 Cluster Concept and Long-Term PerspectiveRather than forming a separate research unit, the Cluster will be fully integrated into the Universityand will function as a virtual institute to strengthen multidisciplinary cooperation between thevarious faculties and research institutes of CAU and the participating Leibniz Institutes. It willaugment, focus and enhance marine-oriented research and education in Kiel and will provideadditional interfaces to the general public, stakeholders, non-governmental and scientificorganizations as well as marine-oriented industries (Fig. 1).Figure 1: Cluster structureA strategic instrument of the Cluster will be the establishment of new Junior Research Groups(JRG’s) in key interdisciplinary research areas (A1 - B6 in Fig. 2 and Table 1). These JRG’s willaugment the expertise provided by the well-established research groups of the proponents. Thepositions of the group leaders will be endowed with “tenure-track” positions and thus have theoption of being converted to permanent positions (W2/W3) based on a review of merit. The Clusterwill provide the JRG’s with resources and personnel as well as scientific support through theestablished research groups of the proponents. The commitment of CAU to establish additionalpermanent faculty positions in key Cluster research areas implies that the Cluster will have a longtermstrategic impact on the fabric of the University. Both the Cluster proponents and the JRG’sleaders will be members of the Cluster. They will be eligible to benefit from Cluster resources and7

will address the emerging new research topics of “The Future Ocean” as identified in the Clusterproposal (Fig. 2, Table 1). Research within the Cluster will be organized under two themes (A)Oceans in the Greenhouse World and (B) Marine Resources and Risks. Theme A will develop thescientific foundations required to evaluate future oceanic change with respect to energy, water,carbon and chemical cycling (Section 2.1). Theme B will address a range of emerging issuesregarding marine resources and hazards associated with the Future Ocean (Section 2.2). Theproposed Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS) will consolidate in structure, and enhancein scope, multidisciplinary and research-driven ocean education at Kiel University. The JRGleaders will contribute to education in the ISOS and will benefit from the infrastructure provided bythe school (Section 1.4).Cluster research will be supported by four overarching research platforms (Fig. 2). The platformswill offer a wide range of services including numerical expertise, modeling, and super-computersupport, isotope and trace metal analysis, access to high-throughput molecular analysis facilities,and cutting-edge marine technology to explore the global ocean in space and time from theoceanic crust to the air-sea interface (Section 2.3). The Cluster platforms permit the more efficientuse of resources and will be further developed and strengthened according to the scientific needsof the Cluster.The Cluster is embedded in the “Kieler Forschernetzwerk: Ozean der Zukunft” (http://www.ozeanreceivedstart-up funding from the State of Schleswig Holstein to coordinate all research activitiesder-zukunft.de). This network of Kiel-based scientists was founded in November 2005 anddevoted to the Future Ocean theme. It includes other major projects, such as the new SFBproposal “Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Oceans” recently submitted to theDFG. Some of the Cluster activities were already started within the network. Thus, the overarchingforums for transfer to application (Section 1.2.2.6) and public outreach (Section 1.2.2.7) havealready formed and organized joint workshops with the local maritime industries and mediarepresentatives. The platforms (Section 2.3) were established and received state funding to buyhigh-end instrumentation for Future Ocean research. The network will continue beyond the fundingperiod of the Cluster. All major Cluster elements including the ISOS, the platforms and the forumsfor public outreach and transfer to application will carry on working within the network and willcontinue to exist after Cluster funding has ended. The scientific objectives identified in the Clusterproposal will be pursued and further developed within the network over the coming decades.Close cooperation between the Future Ocean Cluster and the other proposed Kiel-based Cluster ofExcellence (Inflammation at Interfaces) is ensured by proponents from the medical faculty who areprincipal investigators in both Cluster proposals.8

Figure 2: Cluster elements1.2.2.4 Multidisciplinary CooperationImproving our understanding of the oceans and their role in the climate system critically dependson the integration of a wide range of disciplines in the ocean and earth sciences. Marine researchat CAU and IFM-GEOMAR has traditionally relied on, and benefited from close ties between oceansciences and geosciences. This has permitted Kiel to become one of the few locations throughoutthe world where the ocean is studied from the seafloor to the atmosphere. The proposed Clusterwill further extend this spectrum to integrate additional disciplines which promise to open newfrontiers in ocean sciences. Through close collaboration between marine sciences, chemistry,applied mathematics, medicine, economics, social sciences and law of the sea, the Cluster aims tostudy the environmental, socio-economic and legal aspects of the ocean and its futuredevelopment in a highly multidisciplinary approach (Table 1).9

Topics Objectives DisciplinesA1 Examine the response of marine organismsand ecosystems to CO 2 -induced oceanacidificationbiogeochemistry, physiology, geology,medicine, ecology, isotopegeochemistryA2 Assess the effects of seafloor warming onmethane release from gas hydrates andbiogeochemistry, benthic biology,geology, geophysics, oceanographybenthic communitiesA3 Quantify the on-going and future uptake ofanthropogenic CO 2 in the oceanoceanography, applied mathematics,computer science, biogeochemistryA4 Evaluate the geological record to assessmodels of the future evolution of oceancirculation and climategeology, oceanography, meteorology,applied mathematics, computerscience, isotope geochemistryA5 Explore the feasibility of CO 2 sequestrationat the seafloorphysical chemistry, geology,geophysics, legal sciences,biogeochemistryA6 Investigate transformations at the changingocean-atmosphere interface undergreenhouse forcingphysical chemistry, atmosphericchemistry, biogeochemistry,meteorologyA7 Assess the costs, benefits and risks ofclimate impacts and of possible mitigationand adaptation measureseconomics, chemistry, geophysics,meteorology, legal sciences,biogeochemistryB1 Develop effective management strategiesfor sustainable fish stocks and fisheryeconomics, fishery biology, law, appliedmathematics, computer scienceB2 Make use of marine organisms to elucidatethe triggering of human diseasesmedicine, physiology, genetics,molecular biology, zoology, botany,biogeochemistryB3 Study fluid flow and chemical processes tobetter understand the formation of seafloorresourcesgeochemistry, geology, geophysics,chemistry, applied mathematics,computer scienceB4 Advance insights into the generation ofsubmarine earthquakes, slope failure andseismology, geophysics, geodynamics,geotechnology, geographytsunamisB5 Improve strategies for coastal riskmanagement (sea-level rise, coastalgeography, geology, geophysics,hydrogeology, sociology, economicserosion, storm surges, tsunamis)B6 Develop improved legislation for thesustainable management of marinelaw, economics, biology, geology,oceanographyresourcesTable 1: Research topics and multidisciplinary cooperationResearch in each topic will build on the international standing of the proponents and the newexpertise brought in by the newly established JRG’s. By strategically filling key gaps in the10

scientific spectrum presently available in Kiel, the JRG’s will open new lines of research and willamplify cross-disciplinary cooperation, both within and between topics A1 to B6. The new JRG’swill be allocated within various faculties of CAU and at the corresponding research units of theparticipating Leibniz Institutes to further strengthen cooperation across scientific disciplines andbetween the Cluster partners (Section 1.3.2).1.2.2.5 Impact on National and International Marine and Global Change ResearchMarine research has experienced a fundamentally new orientation within the past decade and hasbecome a major component of global change research. Science has begun to prove that significantchanges are already taking place in the oceanic ecosystem, but the underlying mechanisms andthe resulting impacts on the Earth system as a whole are not understood. It has become clear thatclimate change significantly affects the ocean, but ocean processes can also feedback on globalclimate patterns. Marine research throughout the world focuses on understanding the changes inthe global ocean ecosystem. Another major focus of marine research investigates the capacity ofthe ocean to provide mankind with living and non-living resources. Technical developments arebecoming increasingly available to exploit energy sources (oil, gas, gas hydrates, wind, and tidalpower), mineral deposits in the deep sea, and natural products (bioactive substances, newmaterials, food and food additives). Moreover, the ocean is also considered as a reservoir fordepositing anthropogenic CO 2 and other waste products. Intensive research is underway todevelop options for purposeful CO 2 sequestration and to understand the capacity of the ocean tonaturally absorb anthropogenic CO 2 . The frequency of major natural disasters caused byhurricanes and tsunamis in coastal regions strongly demands for a better understanding of theunderlying geological and climatic processes and the development of predictive and warningcapacities and other mitigation strategies to prevent excessive losses of human lives. Publicinterest in ocean matters is very high and understanding is growing that the ocean is an integralpart of the Earth system which has an increasingly direct impact on society.The proposed Cluster with its focus on the Future Ocean will directly address prominent issues offuture anticipated changes, risks and resources of the ocean. The breadth of expertise given by thecombination of existing excellence and the proposed Junior Research Groups will transform Kiel toone of, if not the leading research center on all aspects of the Future Ocean in the world. Eventoday scientists from Kiel provide essential input and thereby shape international global changeand marine research organized under World Climate Research Program (WCRP), InternationalGeosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP), International Human Dimensions Program on GlobalEnvironmental Change (IHDP), Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), IntegratedOcean Drilling Program (IODP), Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) andIntergovernmental Oceanographic Committee of the United Nations Education, Scientific andCultural Organization (IOC/UNESCO). Cross-cutting initiatives, such as the Earth Science SystemPartnership (ESSP), have just been launched in order to better coordinate global change sciencebetween IHDP, WCRP and IGBP. Building on the expertise of Cluster members in national andinternational networking, the Cluster will be able to provide conceptual guidance for the11

development of these new initiatives. Cluster research will go beyond the physical dimension ofclimate change and strive toward a scientific understanding of the immediate and long-term(decades to millennia) consequences of global change as well as the impact of global change onthe physical ocean and its chemical properties and biological components. Based on soundscientific research, the Cluster will also begin to assess associated risks and/or opportunities forhumankind. The Cluster’s integrated approach to real world problems, such as access to food,energy, mineral resources, and human health, will set an example.The Cluster will study the ocean on all scales, while other marine research institutions in Germanyfocus on specific areas, including the high latitudes (Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven),ocean margins (Research Center Ocean Margins, Bremen), marginal seas (Baltic Sea ResearchInstitute Warnemünde; Institute of Oceanography, Hamburg) and the coastal zone (GKSSResearch Center, Geesthacht; Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven). The Cluster investigatesthe entire ocean from the seafloor to the atmosphere in a comprehensive approach necessitatingextensive field work, numerical modeling and experimental techniques. Nowhere else in Germany,has a similar approach been implemented. On the international level, only the NationalOceanographic Center in Southampton (Great Britain), IFREMER in Brest (France), ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography (USA) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (USA) havedeveloped integrated research strategies on a comparable scale. However, the focus on the FutureOcean and the new multidisciplinary approach developed within the Cluster are unique to themarine science community, both nationally and internationally.Long-term impacts of the research provided by the Cluster are anticipated in two areas. Firstly, asound analysis of various aspects of changes in the marine system will be carried out in aconcerted manner. This will enable the Cluster to cross-link various investigative approachesranging from acidification of the ocean to new regulations of the international law of the sea. Thiswill provide a comprehensive and new approach to ocean matters and will alter the view of the roleof the ocean for society. Secondly, the combination of disciplines involved within the Clusterprojects is expected to open new avenues of multidisciplinary research and education in marinesciences.1.2.2.6 Transfer to ApplicationA forum for transfer to application will be established as a major element of the Cluster at theUniversity’s Division of Research and Technology Transfer. Through this forum, the Clusterproponents will ensure the transfer of newly acquired knowledge for its application outside theCluster on four different levels:(A) Scientific level: The purpose is to disseminate the results to advanced researchers bypublication in international peer-reviewed journals, organization of thematic workshops, attendanceat international conferences, and through the activities of Cluster scientists as committee membersor chairs in international scientific organizations (Section 4.2). A further aim is to open up newareas of education and training on methodologies, models, and novel concepts developed withinthe Cluster (Section 1.4).12

(B) Public level: School students and the general public should immediately benefit from Clusterresults in a suitable manner. This will be ensured through Cluster public outreach activities(Section 1.2.2.7).(C) Stakeholder level: Transfer of basic research results and recommendations for further actionsto political bodies, non-governmental organizations and corporations is one major objective of theCluster. Cluster scientists now currently advise stakeholders on marine and global change issuesregionally, nationally and internationally. In addition a Science-Economy-Politics forum will beestablished as a public outreach activity (Section 1.2.2.7).(D) Economic level: To foster the transfer of technology and competence from academicresearch into economic use, the Cluster will be embedded in the technology transfer networkalready established between research institutions, trade and industry. The Cluster will closelycooperate with the “Maritime Cluster Schleswig-Holstein“, a local network of 1200 companies in allbranches of the maritime industry (www.maritimes-cluster.de), to support on-going activities (Table2) and to develop new concepts and ideas for a successful technology transfer. A representative ofthis network is a member of the Executive Committee of the Future Ocean Cluster to guarantee theactive participation of the marine economy (Section 1.7.1).The valorization of applicable results, products, or patents emerging from Cluster research iscarried out by the successful Patent and Evaluation Agency for Scientific Institutions in Schleswig-Holstein GmbH (PVA SH). PVA SH will implement measures for sensitizing researchers to patentsand technology transfer. Several patents are currently pending in the sectors of fishery biology,sensor development and hydroacoustic data analysis. A PVA SH patent scout specialized inmarine technology will be financed by the Cluster (Section 2.4.3.2). The Kiel Center of Innovationand Technology (Kitz) as well as regional agencies for enterprises provide individual support inorder to establish, finance, promote and thus ensure the success of research-driven start-ups inbusiness. The Seed und Start-Up Fund Schleswig-Holstein, the Kiel Capital Fund and the localscience park will provide space for enterprises that will emerge from the Cluster and complementthe multi-faceted approach to enhance the transfer from science to application. Directcommunication between industry partners (Section 4.4) and science will be institutionalized in aseries of workshops and information events organized in close cooperation with the BusinessDevelopment and Technology Transfer Corporation of Schleswig-Holstein. Industry partners willbenefit from the professional Master’s program offered by the ISOS (Section 1.4.1) whereas theeconomic sector will ensure opportunities for practical work experience for students, as required forvarious curricula at CAU and in the ISOS.13

Project Objective IndustryPartnersOcean Monitoring Develop forecasting Maritime ClusterSystem (www.oceanmonitoring.com)systems for tsunamis and Schleswig-Holsteinfunded other natural hazards whichby the State ofthreaten the coastal zoneSchleswig-HolsteinCenter of Marine Natural Screening of marine Maritime ClusterProducts granted by the biomolecules for medical Schleswig-HolsteinState of Schleswig- useHolsteinCOMETDevelopment of new L-3 Communicationsfunded by BMBF instruments for theELAC Nautik GmbHquantification of gas bubblefluxes at the seafloorCenter of Marine Development of selfsustainingCoastal Research &Aquaculture Büsumalgal polycultures Management (CRM),and other technologie for GMA Büsummarine aquacultureCenter for Gas Hydrate Development of new Association for MarineExploitationtechniques for methane gas Technology (GMT)hydrate exploration andexploitationNovel concepts for the Investigate artificial hydrate Association for Marinetransport of natural gas pellets as a novel carrier Technology (GMT)substance for natural gasClusterPartnersB4, B5B2A2, B3B1A2, B3A2, B3,A5Table 2: Major on-going and emerging new technology transfer projects1.2.2.7 Public OutreachThe press and communication offices of CAU (S. Schuck-Zöller) and IFM-GEOMAR (Dr. A.Villwock) and the Muthesius Academy of Fine Arts (Prof. M. Schulz) will cooperate within theCluster’s public outreach panel to raise public awareness of the challenges the ocean currentlyfaces. Since this Cluster is based on a multidisciplinary approach (Section 1.2.2.4), it is particularlysuitable for public awareness programs. Three different approaches have been developed, eachtailored to specific target groups:(A) To address teachers and the next generation of science students, the Cluster will participate in"NaT-Working Marine Research" (http://nat-meer.ifm-geomar.de), a competence networkcomprising secondary schools and scientists. The aim is to pass scientific knowledge directly on toschools by providing opportunities for joint experiments in the laboratory and at sea, by offering14

lectures and teacher training sessions. In cooperation with the International School of OceanSciences (Section 1.4.1) a scheme is envisaged in which university students and Cluster scientiststutor science projects in schools. A special effort is made to address gifted students via theEnrichment Program of the Schleswig-Holstein State Ministry of Education: in a six-month courseselected students from Kiel's secondary schools will study topics of the Future Ocean. NaT-Working projects have already been running successfully at IFM-GEOMAR for several years, andthe expertise acquired so far provides a solid basis for extending the concept to the Cluster.(B) In order to reach the general public, not only locally but also nationwide, an exhibition will bedesigned to travel the country and present the latest research results and challenges. Theexhibition will be accompanied by lectures und discussion forums in order to highlight the issues ofthe Future Ocean. A modular concept will permit individual portions of the exhibition to becombined in various manners for different occasions with concepts, such as “A Dive into the DeepSea”, “Ocean and Climate” or "Resources from the Sea - from Fish to Gas Hydrates”. Interactiveand reactive simulations, genuine instruments and models will enable the visitor to experiment withvarious scenarios of the Future Ocean. The aim is a real experience stimulating all senses. Thefirst module will be launched during Kiel Week 2006 under the support of the “KielerForschernetzwerk: Ozean der Zukunft” (Section 1.2.2.3.). The exhibition and other scientificcontents wil also be presented to the general public through the marine-orientated Kiel ScienceCenter, which is planned to open in 2008.(C) A new Science-Economy-Politics forum will be established to provide background knowledgeand research results to stakeholders and decision makers in politics and society. The forumprovides an opportunity for Cluster members and Ph.D. students to find cooperation partners andtransfer their knowledge to practical applications (Section 1.2.2.6, Section 1.4.1). Regularly heldworkshops, fairs and exhibitions as well as electronic forums will help to engage this target group.Last but not least task-force coaching will be offered to decision makers from the fields of politicsand economy: Cluster experts can be called upon to provide specialist advice in case of hazardousevents (storm surges, oil spills, etc.).1.2.2.8 International Visibility and StandingTeaching and research in marine natural sciences have enjoyed a long-standing tradition at CAUsince the founding of the University in the 17 th century. Interest in the oceans has led to thefoundation of a marine laboratory and its successor, the Institute of Marine Research (IfM), in thefirst half of 20 th century. The Research Center for Marine Geosciences (GEOMAR) was founded in1987 on the basis of strong marine geology expertise within the Institute of Geosciences at CAU.In 2004, an important first step toward a comprehensive approach in marine sciences was themerger of IfM and GEOMAR to form the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR), thusintegrating physical, chemical and biological oceanography, meteorology and fishery biology withmarine geology, geochemistry and geophysics.15

Continued excellence in the field of natural sciences and mathematics is documented by Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz Prizes awarded to six scientists involved in the Cluster (Section 4.2): MichaelSarnthein (1989, marine geology), Hans-Ulrich Schmincke (1991, volcanology), WolfgangHackbusch (1994, numerical mathematics), Peter Herzig (2000, geochemistry), Friedrich Temps(2000, physical chemistry), and Wolf-Christian Dullo (2002, paleontology). According to the mostrecent DFG rankings CAU has received the highest levels of third-party funding in the field of thegeosciences. Moreover, IFM-GEOMAR has acquired more DFG funding than any other Germannon-university institute which performs research in the natural sciences. Three CollaborativeResearch Centers (SFB 460, 574, 617) and additional large-scale projects have been initiated byCluster proponents (Section 4.3). The CAU, together with the University of Tübingen, takes firstplace in attracting top-flight international geoscientists as Research Fellows of the HumboldtFoundation. IFM-GEOMAR is among the top 10 marine science institutions, world-wide, accordingto the international CEST-ranking whereas the Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW) has anoutstanding reputation in advice for key political decisions. A high level of international recognitionis also documented through more than 50 contributions to NATURE and SCIENCE since 1995(http://www.uni-kiel.de/future-ocean) and further outstanding publications by Cluster proponents(Section 4.1).Education in the field of marine sciences is an integral part of the Cluster’s expertise andcontributes significantly to the visibility of Kiel as one of the major sites for marine research(Section 1.4). More than ten graduates and Ph.D. students have received young scientist awardsfor their outstanding research and/or DFG grants to set up junior research groups over the last 5years.Scientists in the Cluster fulfill expert functions and administer important scientific bodies, bothnationally and internationally (Section 4.2). On the national level, these are the chair of theScientific Commission of the German Science Council (Wissenschaftsrat), the chair and threememberships of the DFG Senate Commission on Oceanography and two additional membershipsin the Senate Commission on Collaborative Research in Geosciences and the Senate Commissionon Water Research. On the international level, these are the vice-chair of the IGBP ScientificCommittee, the directorship of the Marine Past Global Change Program of IGBP (IMAGES) as wellas authorship of the 3 rd and 4 th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of ClimateChange (IPCC).1.3 Scientific Staff1.3.1 Staffing SituationThe proposed Cluster combines broad expertise from various institutes within six different facultiesat CAU, four research divisions at the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, and one researchdivision at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Currently, 66 full professorships are involved inthe Cluster (Table 3). In particular, 15 of the principal investigators have been appointed only withinthe last five years and thus, together with the new JRG’s, guarantee the long-term impact of theCluster on marine research in Kiel beyond the proposed funding period.16

CAU Faculty Institute FullProfessorPositionsMathematics andNatural SciencesAgricultural andNutritional SciencesEngineeringLawMedicineBusiness, Economicsand Social SciencesOther CAU InstitutesJoint Research UnitsLeibniz InstitutesThe Kiel Institute for theWorld Economy (IfW)Leibniz Institute ofMarine Sciences(IFM-GEOMAR)Table 3: Full professorships involved in the ClusterPercentage ofFull ProfessorPositionsLeibniz Laboratory for Radiometric1 100%Dating and Isotope ResearchPhysical Chemistry 3 75%Inorganic Chemistry 1 33%Botany 1 17%General Microbiology 1 50%Zoology 1 17%Geography 1 17%Polar Ecology 1 100%Geosciences 9 82%Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1 100%Crop Science and Plant Breeding 1 33%Human Nutrition and Agriculture 1 25%Plant Nutrition and Soil Sciences 1 100%Computer Sciences and Applied5 38%MathematicsWalther-Schücking-Institute of3 100%International LawPhysiology 1 33%Dermatology, Venerology and1 33%AllergologyNephrology and Hypertonic Diseases 1 100%Medical Informatics and Statistics 1 100%Clinical Molecular Biology 1 100%Toxicology and Pharmacology 1 100%Economics 2 33%Research and Technology CenterWest Coast2 100%Prehistoric and Protohistoric2 100%ArcheologyResearch DivisionEnvironmental and Resource1 100%EconomicsOcean Circulation and Climate6 100%Dynamics (FB1)Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2) 6 100%Marine Ecology (FB3) 5 100%Dynamics of the Ocean Floor (FB4) 5 100%17

The establishment of several new positions or reorientations of existing positions at Clusterinstitutes is expected over the next five years (Table 4). The corresponding institutions and thedeans of the faculties have agreed to fill these positions according to the goals of the Clusterwherever possible.InstituteDisciplineIFM-GEOMAROcean Circulation and ClimatePhysicalOceanographyW2 and W3 currently open,appointment process initiatedDynamicsInstitute of Geosciences Marine Geology W3 currently open, appointmentprocess initiatedInstitute of Geography Geography W2 and W3, appointmentprocess initiatedIFM-GEOMARMarine BiogeochemistryBiogeochemicalModelingW3 currently open, appointmentprocess initiatedResearch and Technology CenterWest CoastAquacultureNew W2 position established in2006, appointment processinitiatedInstitute of PharmacyNew orientation: W3 currently openMarine SubstancesInstitute of Clinical Molecular Molecular Medicine W2BiologyIFM-GEOMARGeodynamicsW2Dynamics of the Ocean FloorLeibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Isotope Research W2Dating and Isotope ResearchInstitute of Polar Ecology Polar Ecology W3, orientation will be redirectedInstitute of GeosciencesMineralogy/W3CrystallographyInstitute of Geosciences Mineralogy/ Petrology W2IFM-GEOMARFishery Biology W3Marine EcologyDepartment of Computer Sciences Scientific Computing W3and Applied MathematicsInstitute of Botany Botany W2Institute of Physiology Physiology W3Department of Economics Economics W2Table 4: W2/W3 positions which are currently open or will become open at affiliated instituteswithin the proposed funding period18

1.3.2 New Professorships and Independent Junior Research GroupsA cornerstone of the Cluster will be the establishment of new positions for young researchers inkey interdisciplinary research areas. Hence, 14 Junior Research Groups (JRG’s), each led by ajunior professor, will be established at ten different institutes (Table 5). The positions of the groupleaders (typically W1) will be tenure-track and 9 of these will have the option of being converted topermanent positions (W2/W3) during the funding period based on a review of merit (Section 1.6).The Cluster will provide the JRG’s with resources and personnel, as well as scientific supportthrough the proponents. The groups will benefit from access to research platforms (Section 2.3).They will become part of the Integrated School of Ocean Sciences, which will support the juniorprofessors in developing their teaching expertise (Section 1.4.1). More than half of the total fundingof the Cluster will be used to permit new junior professors to build high-quality JRG’s (Section 2).CAU Faculties Host Institutes JRGMathematics and Natural GeosciencesA4, B5(1)SciencesGeographyB5(2)Physical ChemistryA5, A6Engineering Interdisciplinary Center for Numerical Simulation A3Law Walther Schücking Institute of International Law B6Medicine Center for Molecular Biosciences B2Business, Economics and Department of EconomicsB1Social SciencesLeibniz InstitutesHost Research DivisionsThe Kiel Institute for the Environmental and Resource EconomicsA7World Economy (IfW)Leibniz Institute of Marine Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2)A1, A2Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR) Dynamics of the Ocean Floor (FB4) B3, B4Table 5: Allocation of new Junior Research Groups (JRG’s) led by junior professors (W1). Twogroups are proposed under research topic B5, resulting in a total of 14 new junior professorships.1.4 Promotion of Young ScientistsAn Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS) will be newly established to consolidate instructure, and enhance in scope, multidisciplinary and research-driven marine education at KielUniversity. This will enable close contact between education at the Master’s and Ph.D. level andresearch carried out within the Cluster. Approximately 48 Ph.D. students and 14 new JuniorResearch Groups led by junior professors will be part of the Cluster. The ISOS will provide a neweducational program for these Ph.D. students and is open to other interested Ph.D. students atCAU. It will also integrate part of the teaching of new junior professors and will provide guidanceand support for junior professors with regard to educational aspects.19

1.4.1 Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS)Core elements of the ISOS are (A) Master’s programs in marine sciences, (B) a Ph.D. programand (C) a career-advancement program for professionals, covering the scientific, legal andeconomic management of marine resources (Fig. 3). The aim is to integrate the multidisciplinaryscientific goals of the Cluster into the educational program. The integration of six CAU facultieswithin the Cluster presents a challenging opportunity and will shape the educational profile of theUniversity nationally and internationally. The ISOS will provide an intellectually stimulating forumfor the exchange of ideas, information and educational services between the Cluster, CAUfaculties, partners in the maritime industry, and policy-making bodies.(A) Marine Master’s programs: A strategic goal is to streamline current and planned programs atthe Master’s level among all marine disciplines: Physical Oceanography and Meteorology,Biological Oceanography and Fishery Biology, Marine Geology and Marine Biogeochemistry(planned). The novel development within the school is the offer of curricula with a wide disciplinaryscope and the inclusion of courses from several associated Cluster faculties, including law of thesea, maritime technology, selected aspects from medicine, and other subjects. This combination ofacademic focus and applied knowledge will give a career advantage to graduates. Teaching will bein English.Figure 3: Structure and contents of ISOS(B) Ph.D. level Program: At the Ph.D. level, a new study program will be designed with the aim toenable Ph.D. students to achieve academic expertise in their own field but also to become fullyacquainted with other disciplines represented in the Cluster. A fast-track option will be installed for20

outstanding Bachelor’s students with honors to enter the Ph.D. Program and fulfill courserequirements. The PhD program comprises:• Lectures by the members of the Cluster. This joint educational activity of the Cluster is opento all students and scientists as a platform for interdisciplinary exchange and learning.• Subject-specific seminars held in the research units to increase expertise in specific subjects.• Orientation lectures. Since many Ph.D. students in the Cluster will be from other disciplines,they will rely on, and benefit from, selected orientation lectures in marine science from theMaster’s programs.• Ph.D. seminars organized by the doctoral students themselves with funds for inviting externallecturers, writing joint Cluster proposals relating to interdisciplinary research and bringinginnovative and exploratory input into the study program. The fostering of networking betweenstudents is an important means of tapping the exciting ideas generated at the Ph.D. level.• Summer schools and lab rotations to provide hands-on experience in specific subjects.• Participation in the Science-Economy-Politics forum (Section 1.2.2.7).• International experience for students. Participation in international conferences or researchvisits to appropriate institutions abroad will be supported.Additional studies will not exceed a level of 2-3 hours per week and will be quantified andassessed via credit points. Each Ph.D. student will be supervised by a Ph.D. committee consistingof at least three scientists. It is the task of this committee to advise the students as to whichcourses should be taken. Additional mentoring support will be given to foreign students and tostudents with commitments to child care to encourage family-friendly career development.(C) Career-Advancement Program for Professionals: A new target of the ISOS is theestablishment of educational curricula with the objective of opening new career opportunities in themanagement of the oceans. To this end, an integrated Master’s program will be developed underthe working title “Scientific, Social, Legal and Economic Aspects of the Sea”. The programsupports lifelong-learning through courses for the maritime industry, governmental agencies andother professionals with a strong appeal to international applicants.1.4.2 Support Activities for Education and Young ScientistsPrimary support activities concern recruitment of the best students, educational quality control,support for junior and senior lecturers and the introduction of an e-learning system. Recruitment ofthe best students will begin early, building on the established and successful NaT-Working projectwhich brings school classes into direct contact with marine research (Section 1.2.2.7). Recruitmentof the best students internationally will be actively pursued by talent scouting. Quality criteria foreducation and a quality control system will be established by members of the ISOS. Advice andguidance for the purpose of improving teaching will be given to staff with the aim of placingteaching as a high-level priority. In particular, new junior professors will find orientation and supportfrom mentors at the school. A think tank will be installed as a platform of the ISOS to improve theeducational program and to develop innovative activities in research and teaching. This will also21

ensure that emerging innovations will keep educational and organizational components of theISOS flexible during the development of the Cluster. ISOS will also provide professional support forthe development of e-learning modules by teaching staff. To implement innovative concepts anddidactics for computer-based learning, cooperation between the Cluster and the Leibniz-Institutefor Science Education (IPN) has been established.1.4.3 Organization of the Integrated School of Ocean Sciences and Long-TermPerspectivesThe Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS), to be headed by Prof. K. Lochte and Prof. R. R.Schneider, will offer its services through a central office with a staff of three (a coordinator, e-learning support and a secretary). The first two years of the ISOS will be considered as adevelopment period to optimize educational programs and support activities; in particular the Ph.D.program and the professional Master’s degree program will be newly established. Thesustainability of ISOS beyond the time frame of the Cluster will be ensured by establishing afunding scout responsible for actively seeking and acquiring appropriate support. The ISOS willassist research groups in applying for additional student funding (from stipends, EU exchangenetworks, foundations, industry), including overhead for the school itself. Once tuition fees becomeestablished at Kiel University, the ISOS will partly be funded through these. Funding will also comethrough the development of the professional degree courses offered by the ISOS. Activeparticipation in curriculum development at the master and PhD level will facilitate a long lastingeffect on the educational portfolio of the CAU. Based on the expected performance and successthe ISOS has excellent perspectives to become an integral part of the CAU educational fabric.1.5 Promotion of Gender EqualityWithin the framework of legislation concerning gender equality passed by the State of Schleswig-Holstein, CAU has adopted far-reaching guidelines (§ 33, 1, German Higher Education Act) toovercome barriers to the entry of female scientists across all levels of academic careers and toachieve higher female representation. According to a resolution of the CAU’s Senate from 1997target numbers are defined by a cascade model in which percentages of female students in theindividual institutes must propagate upwards through all academics levels. Currently, women arestill underrepresented across all academic levels at the institutes involved in the Cluster, reflectingthe general situation at CAU. Whereas female scientists occupy 38% of research positions, only8.7% of all positions at the full professor level are held by woman (Table 6). Numbers widely differacross various disciplines with a tendency to balanced ratios in life and medical sciences, however,only 6 out of 32 institutes involved have currently appointed female professors.22

Institute / DisciplineAcademic LevelC4, W3,C3, W2C2, W1,C1I/A16 Ia/A15Ib/A14 A13/BATIIa-/IIICAU: Center for Molecular0% 20% - - 16.7% 0%BiosciencesCAU: Clinic for Dermatology, 0% 0% - 25% 42.9% 77.8%Venerology and AllergologyCAU: Clinic for Nephrology and 0% 0% - 0% 29% 27.3%HypertensionCAU: Institute of Computer0% 20% - 0% 16.7% -Science and AppliedMathematicsCAU: Department of Economics 0% 0% - - 0% 13.3%CAU: Disaster Research Unit - 0% - - - -CAU: Institute of Biochemistry 0% 0% - - 100% -and Molecular BiologyCAU: Institute of Botany 33% 75% - - 0% 77.8%CAU: Institute of Clinical0% - - - 33% 50%Molecular BiologyCAU: Institute for Crop Science 0% 0% - - 0% 40%and Plant BreedingCAU: Institute for General50% - - - - 66.7%MicrobiologyCAU: Institute of Geography 0% 0% - 0% 0% 33.3%CAU: Institute of Geosciences 9.0% 20% - - 11.1% 37.5%CAU: Institute for Human25% 50% - - 50% 80%Nutrition and AgricultureCAU: Institute for Inorganic0% 50% - 0% - 25%ChemistryCAU: Institute for Medical0% - 0% 0% - 50%Informatics and StatisticsCAU: Institute of Physical25% 0% - 0% 0% 16.7%ChemistryCAU: Institute of Physiology 0% 50% - - 0% 57%CAU: Institute of Plant Nutrition 0% 0% - - - 20%and Soil SciencesCAU: Institute of Polar Ecology 0% 0% - - 0% 33.3%23

Institute / DisciplineAcademic LevelCAU: Institute of Prehistoric and 0% - - - 33.3% 66.7%Protohistoric ArchaeologyCAU: Institute of Toxicology and 0% - 0% 0% - 40%Pharmacology for NaturalScientistsCAU: Institute for Zoology 0% 40% - 0% 33.3% 33.3%CAU: Leibniz Laboratory for 0% - - 100% 0% 0%Radiometric Dating and IsotopeResearchCAU: Research and Technology 0% 0% - - 20% 33.3%Center West CoastCAU: Walther Schücking-Institute 0% - - - 100% 33.3%for International LawCAU: Institute for Biochemistry 0% - - - - -and Molecular Biology (ZBM)IFM-GEOMAR: Ocean Circulation 0% 25% - - 9.1% 10%and Climate Dynamics (FB1)IFM-GEOMAR: Marine16.6% 50% - 50% 20.0% 20%Biogeochemistry (FB2)IFM-GEOMAR: Marine Ecology 0% 0% - - 0% 25%(FB3)IFM-GEOMAR: Dynamics of the 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 33.3%Ocean Floor (FB4)The Kiel Institute for the World 0% - - 100% - 0%Economy (IfW): Environmentaland Resource EconomicsTable 6: Percentages of women in the institutes of the proposed Cluster across academic levelsThe Cluster intends to attract more women to careers in science. In particular, the recentintroduction of junior professorships at CAU has notably alleviated the situation (25% femalescientists). It is therefore expected that the creation of 14 new junior professorships within theCluster will enhance participation of female scientists, and the conversion of more than half of thejunior professorships into permanent professorships will contribute to increases in the percentagesof women at higher academic levels. In order to attract highly qualified women the new positionswill be announced additionally through specific female scientist networks. The Cluster aims to fill atleast half of the new junior professorships with women scientists.The administrations of CAU together with the various faculties and the participating LeibnizInstitutes will be appropriately responsive when a dual career issue arises during the appointment24

of JRG leaders. CAU has been officially certified as a family-friendly university (www.unikiel.de/audit-fgh/).University-run kindergartens are available on campus for scientists employed inthe Cluster. The IFM-GEOMAR has created parent-child offices to support working parents withchildren. The ISOS will offer additional mentoring support to students and scientists withcommitments to child care (Section 1.4).1.6 Support Provided by the Host University and Participating InstitutionsFour general strategies are followed at CAU for its structural development: (A) the University iscurrently in the process of concentrating its infrastructural resources into centers, which will greatlyimprove the capability of the University for state-of-the-art and innovative research at its institutes;(B) the University has developed a concept to establish new Junior Research Groups at theinterface between, and at the forefront of, various existing research fields; (C) new educationalpaths have been developed on the Master’s and Ph.D. levels to offer curricula with a widedisciplinary scope provided from various faculties; (D) multidisciplinary research themes areidentified and supported by University funding to overcome the traditional boundaries between thefaculties and to sharpen the University’s scientific profile. The Cluster will act as a pilot project toestablish these new structural developments at the University and is, hence, fully consistent withstrategic planning at CAU.In particular, the planned implementation of 14 JRG’s will have a long-term impact on theUniversity’s structure. The new W1 positions will have a tenure-track option pending on a review ofmerit. Up to nine of the new positions will become converted into permanent W2/W3professorships and transferred to University funding by 2011. Specifically, two W2/W3 positionswill be provided by the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, four by the Faculty of Mathematics andNatural Sciences, and three additional positions by the Faculties of Engineering, the Faculty ofBusiness, Economics, and Social Sciences and the Faculty of Law (Table 7).InstitutionLeibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR) 2CAU: Mathematics and Natural Sciences 4CAU: Engineering 1CAU: Law 1CAU: Economics 1Total 9Table 7: Permanent W2/W3 professor positions provided by the University and the Leibniz Instituteof Marine Sciences for the transfer of new junior professorships to in-house funding.Moreover, there will be an option to create an additional W2-position for law of the sea using fundsfrom the innovation pool of Schleswig-Holstein. To further sharpen the profile of the University, theparticipating institutions and the deans of the faculties involved will examine the description of allW2/W3 positions which become vacant during the proposed funding period and, if possible, adjust25

their orientation according to the needs of the Cluster (Table 4). New W1 positions will beinternationally advertised and Cluster members will use their personal networks to attractpromising young scientists to Kiel. The JRG’s will offer excellent career perspectives for youngscientists and will enable CAU to recruit internationally outstanding candidates.Adequate office and/or lab space is available at the host institutes of the new JRG’s toaccommodate all scientists and non-scientific staff involved as well as newly acquiredinstrumentation. No additional construction work will be necessary. Lab and office space will beavailable for the new JRG’s at the Institute of Physical Chemistry (in addition to lab space in thenew building of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry), at the Institute of Geosciences, the Institute ofGeography, the University’s International Center, in the new ZMB building, and at IFM-GEOMARand IfW. Smaller technical installations are anticipated for the laboratories in the Institute ofInorganic Chemistry. Additional demands will be covered by renting suitable office and lab space inpartially vacant buildings on the University campus and the “Seefischmarkt” (IFM-GEOMAR).1.7 Organization and Management1.7.1 Cluster ManagementCluster management will ensure (1) effective cooperation between CAU, IFM-GEOMAR, IfW andthe Muthesius Academy of Fine Arts in all Cluster-related activities; (2) influence on Universitypolicy-making toward strengthening ocean-related research; (3) the efficient exchange ofinformation between the participants, in particular through regular seminars; (4) infrastructuralsupport for the Cluster Council, the Executive Committee, and the Chair; (5) the coordination ofinternal and external reporting and planning activities; (6) an appropriate monitoring system forresearch output; (7) an appropriate budget allocation system based on research success; (8)effective communication with external organizations; and (9) the support of scientists in therecruitment of personnel.All strategic decisions, such as scientific priorities, yearly budget planning, monitoring criteria(scientific, efficiency, internal and external networking) will be taken by the Cluster Council basedon proposals by the Executive Committee. The Cluster Council will decide on the admission of newgroups or the exclusion of groups and will elect the Chair, the Vice Chair and the representativesfor the two research themes A and B. The Cluster Council will comprise the two leadingproponents of each research topic and research platform, the leader of each JRG, the Rector ofCAU, the Directors of IFM-GEOMAR, IfW, and Muthesius Academy as well as the Chair and ViceChair. An external Advisory Board will act as an independent quality-control body to evaluate theprogress of the Cluster. It will consist of 8 to 10 leading scientists, both national (50%) andinternational (50%), reflecting expertise of all Cluster-relevant research fields. The ExecutiveCommittee will be responsible for the overall management of the Cluster and is accountable to theCluster Council. It will consist of the Chair, the Vice Chair, the two speakers from the researchthemes A and B, one representative from the research platforms, one speaker from the newJRG’s, the Head of the Integrated Ocean School of Sciences, the Rector of CAU, the Director ofIFM-GEOMAR and one representative from regional maritime business. The Chair will act as26

intermediary to the DFG, CAU, IFM-GEOMAR and IfW and is authorized to execute projectmanagement. He/she will be supported by a Vice Chair. The Cluster Office, as established by theChair, will provide necessary support for project management and monitoring activities (Section 2.4Central Administration). The Chair, together with the Cluster Office, will be responsible for assuringthat each party undertakes all reasonable endeavors to perform and fulfill, promptly, actively andon time, all of its obligations to the Cluster. The Cluster Office is particularly responsible for linkingthe activities of the Cluster and communicating the needs of the Cluster to the University and theparticipating institutes. It will be based at the Division of Research and Technology Transfer atCAU to assure proper interrelations with the University. The Cluster Office will provide projectmanagement in relation to the activities of the Cluster bodies on scientific, financial anddissemination issues, as applicable. It will review and propose budget transfers and the annualimplementation plan to the Executive Committee.Figure 4: Management scheme27

1.7.2 Structural Evolution and Quality ControlIt is anticipated that the Cluster will evolve in four phases. Accordingly, the main focus of Clusteractivities will shift from (A) an initial networking phase to (B) a scientific output phase, to (C) anincrease in external funding phase, and to (D) a final structural consolidation phase. A data bankwill be implemented as an efficient scientific controlling system for monitoring the structuralevolution and performance of the Cluster. It will be based on the existing UNIVIS data bank systemat CAU. The data bank will contain measurable quantities of scientific, educational, and transfer toapplication outputs of the Cluster. This implies that, during the initial phase, greater emphasis willbe placed on indicators related to success in achieving structural goals (implementation of newresearch groups, networking, interdisciplinary approaches), whereas pertinent scientific measures(publications, impact factors, Master’s and doctoral theses, fund acquisition, transfer to application)will grow in importance with time. Data submission will take place continuously and will, however,be mandatory at annual deadlines. Moreover, annual reports for the research projects will beprovided to the Executive Committee and Advisory Board through this data bank.1.7.3 Allocation of FundingResearch funding received by the Cluster will be allocated according to the quality anddemonstrated needs of the research proposed. Applicants for junior professor positions (W1) whichhead the JRG’s will be asked to submit a research plan and to define their associated financial andinfrastructural needs. These proposals will be evaluated by external reviewers, and the ClusterExecutive Committee will, together with the proponents of the specific research topics, decide onthe final allocation of resources. More than half of total Cluster funding will be used to permit newprofessors to build high-quality JRG’s (Section 2).Additional funding will be available to the Cluster members, including all proponents and the JRGleaders, through internal proposals in order to support additional research or increase thecapabilities of the research platforms devoted to the research topics identified by the Cluster.There will be predefinded annual deadlines for proposal submission. These proposals willpreferentially serve the initiation of new multidisciplinary projects. Successful projects will beencouraged to apply for further external funding. The selection of projects will take place via areview process. To enable an independent, transparent and rapid review process, the review bodywill be composed of external reviewers, representatives from the proponent group, as well asrepresentatives from the Executive Committee. Proposals will be ranked according to pertinentcriteria, i.e. scientific and structural quality indicators as defined prior to the commencement ofeach call for proposals. Based on this ranking, the Executive Committee will decide on the finalallocation of funds.28

2 Research AreasAs outlined in the Section 1 the Cluster will in its entirety address the Future Ocean with respect toclimate, ecosystems, resources and hazards. The backbone of the Cluster is the excellence andexpertise of its proponents in environmental, biological, socio-economic, medical and legalsciences. This excellence is rooted in a sound foundation of knowledge, methodology andtechnology. However, these groups work on various scales in time and space, ranging from thegeological past to future centuries and from molecules to global ecosystems. Within this largemultidimensional and multifaceted realm of marine research only the formation of a new structurewill ensure communication and connectivity. The present Cluster represents a cooperative networkof proponent groups which work synergistically in specific research areas, and this network hasgenerated an environment which will guarantee excellence and innovation within the next 5 yearsand beyond. In this setting, the two research themes “Oceans in the Greenhouse World” and“Marine Resources and Risks” have emerged during Cluster development. There is already astrong base of research on these issues at CAU and participating Leibniz Institutes. In order tocomplement the existing strengths and enhance research efforts in key areas, thirteen specific newtopics have been selected on the basis of a) relevance, b) ability to draw on existing Kiel expertisein new manners, and c) potential for innovative and groundbreaking research by newly formedJunior Research Groups in collaboration with their proponents. Of course, support and exchangewithin the Cluster is not limited to the teams which cooperate on the highlighted research topics. Bythe very nature of the Cluster a multitude of interactions and networking between the proponentson all aspects of the Future Ocean and beyond is anticipated. These interactions are a naturalconsequence of the network which the Cluster will establish but not its major aim and so have notbeen elaborated in detail here. The networking aspects outlined at the end of each emergingresearch topic are those of specific relevance to the proposed JRG’s.Funding: New Junior Research Groups (JRG’s) will be established within each research area(Table 5). Each new JRG will be led by a junior professor (W1) typically supported by one post-doc(BAT IIa), two Ph.D. students (BAT IIa/2) and one technician (BAT Vc). The personnel costs forone JRG will on average amount to k€ 1121 for 5 years. Due to an anticipated delay of 5-6 monthsin recruitment, these costs will be partially used for investments (k€ 100) during 2006 and 2007.Other costs (incl. consumables, travel expenses, marine expeditions, equipment under k€ 10, andother expenses) are estimated at k€ 100 per group (Section 3.2.1). Additional funding will bedistributed among the Cluster proponents and the JRG leaders through internal proposals in orderto finance additional research devoted to the new research topics identified in the Cluster proposal.A typical such proposal will have a budget in the range of k€ 100 and a one-year running time.Deviations from this standard will, however, be possible. Investments in new instruments (>k€ 10),20 Ph.D. positions (BAT IIa/2), 10 post-docs (BAT IIa), 10 technicians (BAT IVb) and other costswill be distributed within the Cluster through these internal proposals (Section 2.4).29

30- Notes -

2.1 Theme A: Oceans in the Greenhouse WorldHumankind is rapidly altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere including, but not limitedto, increasing its CO 2 concentration. This global forcing has direct effects on biological andchemical processes within the oceans. There is strong evidence that associated changes inradiative properties, enhanced by positive feedbacks, alter air-sea physical exchanges (of heat,water and momentum). The combined oceanic response to this forcing is complex and includeschanges in ocean circulation, modulation and control of climate response, as well asbiogeochemically-mediated feedbacks and controls on atmospheric composition, including a majorrole for the sequestration of anthropogenic CO 2 .CAU and associated institutes currently have a major concentration of expertise suited to tacklingthese issues. Research into the role of the ocean in the physical climate system is firmlyestablished in Kiel, which is an internationally recognized center for research into modern and pastchanges in the ocean circulation system. Modern changes are, for example, the topic of a soon-tobe-completedspecial research project of the DFG (SFB 460). The role of the ocean in globalcarbon cycling and carbon sequestration is a further area in which Kiel has a strong internationalprofile: scientists from Kiel form the largest single group of science partners in the new EuropeanIntegrated Project CARBOOCEAN. Kiel is also internationally recognized for research into howecosystems respond to elevated dissolved CO 2 levels and how benthic ecosystems andgeochemical processes affect chemical cycling, for example of methane, between the ocean andits sediments. The latter is the topic for a range of national projects, including portions of anotherspecial research project (SFB 574). Marine research in Kiel has an additional recognized focus onatmosphere-ocean chemical exchange, and scientists in Kiel play major national and internationalleadership roles in the international Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) program.Cluster Theme A encompasses basic and applied research into these roles and responses of theOceans in the Greenhouse World. This specific research is designed to strengthen an alreadystrong profile through linkages with additional areas of excellence, and through the identificationand support of cutting-edge areas of research for new JRG’s.The overarching questions for Theme A are:• What are the biological and chemical responses of the ocean to changing atmosphericcomposition?• How do ocean circulation and the ocean ecosystem interact with altered radiative forcing?• What is the ocean's capacity for current and future mitigation of atmospheric CO 2 increase?• What are the implications of these changes to the marine system for human welfare andgreenhouse gas management?Elevated atmospheric CO 2 , and the associated nearly unprecedented acidification of seawater aswell as other atmospheric changes (e.g. involving aerosol loading and ozone levels) will haveincreasingly direct impacts on ocean chemistry and marine life. Several of these impacts canthemselves feedback on atmospheric composition and climate. Project A1 will establish newlinkages between expertise in marine biology and geochemistry and related physiological andbiochemical expertise at CAU to improve the mechanistic understanding of the response of marine31

organisms to elevated CO 2 and decreased pH. Project A6 will study physical chemical structuresand interactions at and near the air-sea interface, including reactions important for understandingthe ocean’s response to the changing composition of the surface ocean and troposphere. Here,new linkages between physical and theoretical chemistry at CAU and marine science are beingestablished.Climate change, forced by altered atmospheric compositions, will warm the ocean. Warming ofintermediate-depth waters has the potential to drive major changes in seafloor processes, includingaccelerated decomposition of methane hydrates and as yet unknown effects on benthicecosystems. Project A2 will address this issue by combining expertise in benthic ecology andgeochemistry with new observational technologies. Project A4 will take advantage of the existingexpertise in past ocean climate proxy research at the Institute of Geosciences and use ocean andclimate models as well as existing expertise at IFM-GEOMAR in order to reconcile observationalrecords from past climates with dynamically consistent climate scenarios. Both projects willcontribute to a better understanding of past and future physical climate changes and their effects atmajor ocean boundaries.Our ability to make assessments of the fate of present-day anthropogenic carbon emissions,evaluate carbon mitigation policies and project future radiative forcing depends on our knowledgeof anthropogenic CO 2 uptake by the oceans. Project A3 will build on IFM-GEOMAR expertise inocean modeling, marine carbon observations and synthesis in a new partnership with advancednumerical techniques research at CAU. The goal is to improve our ability to quantify the currentand future anthropogenic CO 2 uptake of the ocean. Project A5 addresses the potential and risksassociated with possible deliberate enhancement of ocean CO 2 uptake via deep-ocean or subseafloorsequestration. Specifically, expertise in marine geochemistry, inorganic and theoreticalchemistry will collectively be focused on improving our understanding of the behavior of CO 2 inseawater under the pressure and temperature conditions of the deep ocean.The Future Ocean changes studied within projects A1 through A6 have considerable implicationsfor human welfare. Ocean carbon sequestration (on-going or deliberate) is important for anevaluation of carbon abatement strategies and global carbon management accounting. Theeconomic and human welfare implications of Future Ocean change are the focus of project A7,which takes advantage of the existing economic expertise at IfW and the scientific insight providedby other parts of the Cluster. Project A7 is strategically placed at the interface between basicscientific insight, quantitative assessment, and socio-economic understanding to produceevaluations of the human-dimension implications of Future Ocean change.32

2.1.1 Research Topic A1: CO 2 -Induced Ocean Acidification: Biological Responses andAdaptationsCoordinators:Prof. Riebesell, UlfProf. Bleich, Markus15.10.1959 05.05.1964Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielIFM-GEOMAR, FB2 Marine Biogeochemie Institut für PhysiologieDüsternbrooker Weg 20Olshausenstr. 4024105 Kiel24098 KielTel.: 0431-600 4581Tel.: 0431-880 2961Fax: 0431-600 1515Fax: 0431-880 4580Email: uriebesell@ifm-geomar.deEmail: m.bleich@physiologie.uni-kiel.deFurther Proponents: C. Clemmesen, C. Dullo, A. Eisenhauer, P. Grootes, W. Kuhnt,U. Piatkowski, P. Schäfer, R. R. Schneider, J. Schönfeld, J. Schröder, U. Sommer, D. Wallace,K. Wiltshire1. Summary / ZusammenfassungIf global CO 2 emissions continue to rise in accordance with current trends, the average pH of theoceans will fall by 0.5 units by the year 2100. It will take thousands of years for ocean chemistry toreturn to a condition similar to that of the pre-industrial era. Projected acidification is likely strongerthan has been experienced for tens of millions of years and, critically, is at a rate of change 100times greater than at anytime during this period. For any given CO 2 emission scenario themagnitude of ocean acidification can be predicted with a high level of confidence. The impacts ofocean acidification on marine organisms and ecosystems, however, are largely unknown. Thestrongest effects have thus far been documented for calcifying organisms, where decliningseawater pH impairs the ability of these organisms to form calcareous shells and skeletons (Ravenet al. 2005). Most studies carried out to date have relied on abrupt and short-term CO 2perturbations, leaving the potential for adaptive responses and compensatory processesunaddressed. Also unknown are possible synergetic effects with other environmental changes,such as ocean warming. The development of predictive capabilities for the impacts of oceanacidification on the marine biota requires a mechanistic understanding of CO 2 /pH-sensitiveprocesses. This will be addressed by the proposed Junior Research Group by combiningmolecular, biochemical, and cell-physiological techniques with CO 2 perturbation studies at a varietyof scales ranging from the cellular to the ecosystem level.Bei unveränderter Fortsetzung der CO 2 Emissionen wird der mittlere pH Wert des Ozeans bis zumJahr 2100 um 0,5 Einheiten sinken. Es wird Jahrtausende dauern, bis die Chemie desMeerwassers zu vorindustriellen Bedingungen zurückgekehrt ist. Die prognostizierte Ansäuerung33

ist wahrscheinlich stärker als während der letzten zigmillionen Jahre, mit einer 100-fach höherenRate als je zuvor in diesem Zeitraum. Der Grad der Ozeanversauerung lässt sich für eingegebenes CO 2 Emissionsszenario mit hoher Sicherheit vorhersagen. Deren Auswirkungen aufdie Meeresorganismen und –ökosysteme sind dagegen weitgehend unbekannt. Die deutlichstenEffekte wurden bislang bei kalkbildenden Organismen beobachtet, bei denen sinkende pH Wertedie Bildung der Kalkschalen und –skelette beeinträchtigen. Bisher durchgeführte Studien stütztensich überwiegend auf kurzzeitige und abrupte CO 2 Anreicherungen, wodurch möglicheKompensations- und Anpassungsmechanismen unberücksichtigt blieben. Unbekannt sindebenfalls mögliche synergetische Effekte durch andere Umweltfaktoren, wie z.B. dieOzeanerwärmung. Die Vorhersage möglicher Auswirkungen der Ozeanversauerung auf denLebensraum Meer bedarf eines mechanistischen Verständnisses CO 2 /pH sensitiver Prozesse. Mitdiesem Ziel wird die Nachwuchsgruppe molekularbiologische, biochemische undzellphysiologische Methoden kombinieren mit CO 2 Perturbationsstudien von der zellulären bis zurÖkosystemebene.pCO 2=280 ppm, ∆pH=0pCO 2=900 ppm, ∆pH=-0.5Changes in mean ocean pH in relation to anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and atmospheric CO 2concentrations (left panel; Caldeira & Wickett 2003). Effect of seawater acidification on thecalcareous microalgae Gephyrocapsa oceanica (right panel; Langer et al. unpubl.)2. State-of-the-artOver the past 200 years the ocean has absorbed nearly 50% of fossil fuel CO 2 emissions (Sabineet al. 2004). For a business-as-usual CO 2 emission scenario, model studies predict a decline inseawater pH and carbonate saturation, leading to shoaling in the carbonate compensation depth of500 to 3000 m, depending on ocean basin, over the next 100 years (Orr et al. 2005). Research intothe impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms is still in its infancy. Adverse effects ofocean acidification have been shown for the calcification of corals, foraminifera andcoccolithophores, for zooplankton egg production and mollusc hatching success (Raven et al.2005). These findings suggest that, as a result of ocean acidification, marine ecosystems willbecome less robust and more vulnerable to other environmental impacts. From the evidence34

available, it is unknown whether the marine biota will be able to adapt or evolve to the rapidchanges in ocean chemistry and whether, ultimately, the services that the ocean’s ecosystemsprovide will be affected. Previous ocean acidification events, such as during the Paleocene-EoceneThermal Maximum (PETM, 55 Ma), may serve as suitable analogies to assess the adaptivepotential of the marine biota. Because ocean pH affects many biological, chemical, andsedimentological processes, its continuing decrease is expected to fundamentally change thebiogeochemical and ecological balance of the ocean.3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe proponents have studied the impacts of CO 2 -induced seawater acidification on marineplankton at the species to ecosystem level (Riebesell et al. 2000, Engel et al. 2005). They haveused electrophysiological techniques to characterize ion transport proteins involved in cellular pHhomeostasis and have measured intracellular Ca 2+ and pH by means of fluorescent dyes (Bleich etal. 1998). Biological indicators, such as nutritional condition indices for larval fish and cephalopodsand the microchemical composition of cephalopod and fish earstones, are being developed tocharacterize environmental life history traits and migration patterns (Melzner et al. 2004). Theproponents have performed modeling studies of climate change effects on marine ecosystems(Wirtz & Wiltshire 2005) and continue to develop new models for the interaction of marinechemistry and biology on the cellular and ecosystem level with a strong emphasis on adaptationprocesses. In situ studies include biomineralisation processes of cold-water corals and atcarbonate seamounts (Schönfeld et al. 2005) as well as extensive surveys of calcareous plankton(Regenberg et al. 2006). The analysis of high-resolution stable isotope records in Nordic Seas isused to reconstruct changes in past environmental conditions over periods of high and lowatmospheric CO 2 levels. Major research initiatives of the proponents related to ocean acidificationinclude the EU projects PeECE, CARBOOCEAN and HERMES, the DFG projects CASIOPEIA,Ocean Gateways, DecLakes and LiIONS and the proposed BMBF Verbundprojekt SOPRAN.Project proponents have co-authored the Royal Society Report on Ocean Acidification, co-chairedthe SCOR/IOC conference “The Ocean in a High CO 2 World”, the IGBP-SCOR Fast Track Initiative“Ocean Acidification“ and have played leading roles in developing the SOLAS and IMBER scienceplans, which both promote research on ocean acidification.4. ObjectivesThe objectives addressed by the new Junior Research Group (JRG’s) and the proponents will beto (1) achieve a mechanistic understanding of CO 2 /pH-sensitive processes at the molecular toorganism level, (2) examine synergistic effects of changes in temperature and oxygenconcentrations (hypoxia), and (3) assess the potential for biological adaptation to high CO 2 / low pHlevels. The JRG will act as a bridge between and expand existing expertise by an integratedapproach combining molecular, biochemical, and cell-physiological techniques with CO 2 /pHperturbation studies on a variety of scales (at the cellular to community level). JRG research willbenefit from and be integrated into laboratory-, mesocosm-, field- and model-based studies carried35

out by the proponents and will establish new techniques for the study of biomineralization, cellularion regulation and micro-evolutionary adaptations. Research may include the use of natural high-CO 2 environments, bioinformatics, stable isotope analysis, micro-sensor techniques, processorientedmodeling, and comparison with previous ocean acidification events, such as those whichtook place during the PETM and the Mid-Miocene Climate Optimum (14-17 Ma). The primary goalwill be to develop predictive capabilities for biological responses and possible adaptations to CO 2 -induced ocean acidification.Links to other topics in the Cluster include synergetic effects of temperature and pH changes (A2),oceanic CO 2 uptake in the Anthropocene (A3), possible feedback from changes in oceancirculation (A4), consequences of deliberate ocean CO 2 sequestration (A5), effects of pH changeon speciation and reactivity of halogens and trace metals (A6), the economic costs of the loss ofmarine ecosystem services (A7), effects on marine species and genetic biodiversity (B2),implications for fish recruitment, growth and harvest (B1). Infrastructure offered by platforms P2,P3, and P4 will likely be of use to the JRG and to the proponents.5. ReferencesBleich M, Thiele I, Warth R, Greger R (1998) pH-regulatory mechanisms in in vitro perfused rectalgland tubules of Squalus acanthias. Pflügers Arch 436, 248-54.Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2003) Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425, 365.Engel, A et al. (2005) Testing the direct effect of CO 2 concentration on a bloom of the coccolithophoridEmiliania huxleyi in mesocosm experiments. Limnol Oceanogr 50, 493-504.Melzner F, Forsythe JW, Lee PG, Wood JB, Piatkowski U, Clemmesen C (2005) Estimatingrecent growth in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis: are nucleic acid-based indicators for growth andcondition the method of choice? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 317, 37– 51.Orr J C, et al. (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impacton calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681-686.Raven J, Caldeira K, Elderfield H, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Liss P, Riebesell U, Shepherd J, Turley C,Watson A (2005) Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. RoyalSociety Report 12/05.Regenberg M et al. (2006) Assessing the effect of dissolution on planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Caratios: Evidence from Caribbean core-tops. G-cubed, Manuscript #2005GC001019R.Riebesell U, Zondervan I, Rost B, Tortell PD, Zeebe RE, Morel FMM (2000) Reduced calcification inmarine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO 2 . Nature 407, 634-637.Sabine CL et al. (2004) The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO 2 . Science 305, 367-371.Schönfeld J, Dullo W-C, Linke P, Pfannkuche O, Rüggeberg A (2005) Benthic foraminifera fromdeep-water coral mounds in the Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic. Schriftenr Dt Ges Geowiss39, 340.Wirtz KW, Wiltshire K (2005) Long-term shifts in marine ecosystem functioning detected byassimilation of the Helgoland Roads time-series into a complex food-web model. J M Systems56, 262-282.36

2.1.2 Research Topic A2: Seafloor Warming Effects on Gas Hydrates and Benthic BiotaCoordinators:Prof. Wallmann, KlausProf. Wahl, Martin22.06.1960 15.04.1955Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften Leibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenIFM-GEOMARIFM-GEOMARFB2: Marine BiogeochemieFB3: Marine ÖkologieWischhofstr. 1-3Düsternbrooker Weg 2024148 Kiel24105 KielTel.: 0431-600 2287Tel.: 0431-600 4577Fax: 0431-600 2928Fax: 0431-600 1671Email: kwallmann@ifm-geomar.deEmail: mwahl@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: C. Böning, V. Feeser, E. Flueh, P. Linke, O. Pfannkuche, D. Piepenburg,G. Rehder, U. Riebesell, J. Schönfeld, M. Spindler, M. Zimmer1. Summary / ZusammenfassungGlobal warming will persist into the distant future and will affect not only the ocean but ultimatelyalso the seafloor. We expect dramatic abiotic and biotic effects. Recent modeling has shown that~85 % of the vast methane reservoir along the continental margins will be destabilized as a resultof the warming of bottom waters by 3°C (Buffett and Archer 2004). Predicted hydrate melting maydrive a massive injection of greenhouse gases into the future atmosphere, thus inducing furtherwarming and melting in a positive feedback loop. Benthic biota in polar and deep waters areadapted to the ambient low temperatures (-1.8 to +4°C; Dayton 1990, Gage and Tyler 1991).Seafloor warming will therefore significantly affect one of the largest and richest ecosystems onearth with unknown consequences for the structure, dynamics and metabolism of the benthos. Theon-going effects of seafloor warming on gas hydrates and benthic communities will be studied inthe field while future changes will be investigated by numerical modeling and experiments undercontrolled environmental conditions. The proposed field studies will be carried out primarily on theArctic continental shelf, where hydrates are currently dissociating and the on-going warming ofbottom waters affects the benthic ecosystem.Die Effekte der globalen Erwärmung werden auch in der fernen Zukunft andauern und nicht nurden Ozean sondern auch den Meeresboden beeinflussen. Wir erwarten dramatische abiotischeund biotische Effekte. Jüngste Modellierungen zeigen, dass ~85 % des riesigen Methanreservoirsentlang der Kontinentalränder durch eine Erwärmung des Bodenwassers um 3°C destabilisiertwerden. Das prognostizierte Schmelzen der Hydrate kann einen massiven Eintrag vonklimarelevanten Gasen in die künftige Atmosphäre antreiben, der in einer positiven37

Rückkopplungsschleife weitere Erwärmung und Hydratzersetzung induzieren könnte. Am Bodender Tiefsee und in arktischen Gebieten siedeln benthische Organismen, die an niedrigeTemperaturen angepasst sind (-1.8 to +4°C). Die Meeresbodenerwärmung wird daher eines dergrößten und artenreichsten Ökosysteme der Erde signifikant beeinflussen und hat bislangunbekannte Konsequenzen für Struktur, Dynamik und Metabolismus der benthischenLebensgemeinschaften. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll der derzeitige Einfluss derMeeresbodenerwärmung auf Gashydrate und benthische Fauna im Feld untersucht werden,während zukünftige Veränderungen durch numerische Modellierung und Experimente unterkontrollierten Umweltbedingungen simuliert werden. Die vorgeschlagenen Feldstudien werdenvorwiegend auf dem arktischen Schelf durchgeführt, wo gegenwärtig Gashydrate dissoziieren unddie benthischen Ökosysteme bereits erwärmtem Bodenwasser ausgesetzt sind.Global mean temperature change (°C)Temperature evolution for various stabilization scenarios (left illustration; IPCC) and the effect ofseafloor warming on hydrate melting, methane release and changes in benthic communitystructure (right panel).2. State-of-the-artMethane gas hydrates are solids composed of water and methane which remain stable only underlow temperature and high pressure conditions. Recent drilling data and model results suggest that1-10x10 +18 g of methane carbon are bound in sedimentary gas hydrates on a global basis(Kvenvolden 1998, Buffett and Archer 2004, Milkov 2004). The expected thermal dissociation ofgas hydrates may produce a persistent carbon flux into the atmosphere in the same order ofmagnitude as current levels of man-made CO 2 emissions if melting is completed within a time spanof 1000 years. Seafloor warming may coevally affect benthic biota adapted to low temperatures.The elimination of cold-stenothermal species and invasions of eurythermal opportunists, withensuing changes in life-history traits as well as community structure and functioning, is to beexpected. Since benthic biota and methane flux strongly interact (Wallmann, Linke et al. 1997),amplifying or buffering effects make predictions difficult. These processes need to be resolved byFuture Ocean studies.38

3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe proponents have studied the fate of methane released from dissociating gas hydrates withinthe framework of large coordinated projects funded by the BMBF and EU (OMEGA, LOTUS,COMET, METRO, HERMES, and ESONET). In situ measurements with advanced lander systemsand numerical modeling have shown that dissolved methane is nearly completely oxidized andconverted into dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by microbial consortia (Luff and Wallmann 2003;Linke et al. 2005). Most of the DIC is released into the overlying bottom water, whereas smallerfractions are either fixed in microbial biomass or retained in authigenic carbonates (Luff andWallmann 2003). Substantial methane fluxes into the water column are created by gas bubbleswhich bypass the biological filter hosted in marine surface sediments. In on-going projects,participants intensively study the structure and dynamics of Arctic macrobenthos and foraminiferalassemblages, both at fixed stations and on cruises onto the Arctic shelves (Piepenburg 2005).Expertise and appropriate methodology exists with regard to the experimental and controlled studyof global change effects (singly or interactively) on macro-organisms and community interactions(Wahl et al. 2004, projects funded by DFG and GTZ). On the individual level, proteomic andgenomic studies on the stress responses of benthic invertebrates (including heat shock proteins)have recently begun.4. ObjectivesThe new JRG and the proponents will assess warming effects at the seafloor with emphasis onhydrate melting and benthic community shifts both in the field and by means of numericalmodeling. Ship time has been requested by the proponents for 2007 to 2009 to visit floodedpermafrost regions in the Laptev Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk, where methane is currently releasedfrom dissociating gas hydrates formed during glacial sea-level low stands. A wide range oftechniques, including benthic chambers, hydro-acoustic measurements, heat flow probes andsediment coring, will be applied to quantify rates of hydrate melting and resulting methane and CO 2fluxes into the water column. The use of cabled observatories will be considered since theseprovide long-term information beyond the abilities of ship-borne deployments. Based on field dataand previous modeling work completed by the proponents, new numerical models will bedeveloped to simulate the behavior of sedimentary gas hydrates under increasing bottom-watertemperatures on a global scale and to study the effects of hydrate melting on slope stability.Changes to benthic ecosystems which have already occurred due to seabed warming will beassessed by a survey of high-latitude benthic assemblages, in situ long-term experiments withartificially controlled environmental parameters, measurements of benthic metabolism in relation tochanging temperatures, comparative studies of and transplantation (‘invasions’) among highlatitude“cold” and “warm” sites, and the revisiting of historical sampling. Moreover, the effects ofwarming and methane release on Arctic benthos communities, on individual physiological stressresponses, and on interactions between the benthic fauna and symbiotic and free-living bacteriawill be studied singly and interactively in mesocosm facilities to be established and/or adapted atKoldewey Station in Ny Alesund (Spitsbergen). Interactive processes, such as the modulation by39

enthic biota of gas release or the physiological effects of methane release, are of particularinterest. Close cooperation with other Cluster groups will be established. Strong synergistic effectsof temperature and pH changes exist (A1). Increases in bottom-water temperatures predicted byocean modeling (A3) will serve as upper boundary condition for benthic modeling. Models of gashydrate formation (B3) will be coupled with hydrate melting studies, also drawing on numericalexpertise provided by P1. The effect of hydrate melting on slope stability will be investigatedtogether with B4 while the socio-economic ramifications of ocean warming and methane releasewill be addressed in A7. Microbial mats and other benthic biota found at methane-discharge sitesmay be further studied in B2. Instruments will be deployed by the manned submersible Jago andthe new Kiel ROV system provided by P4, and samples will be analyzed for their stable isotopiccomposition using techniques offered by P2.5. ReferencesBuffett B, Archer D (2004) Global inventory of methane clathrate: Sensitivity to changes in thedeep ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227, 185-199.Dayton PK (1990) Polar Benthos. Polar Oceanography, Part B: Chemistry, Biology, and Geology.WOS Jr San Diego, Academic Press, 631-685.Gage JD, Tyler PA (1991) Deep-sea biology: A natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Kvenvolden KA (1998) A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate. Gas Hydrates:Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change. Henriet J-P, Mienert J, London,Geological Society 137, 9-30.Linke P, Wallmann K, Suess E, Hensen C, Rehder G (2005) In-situ benthic fluxes from anintermittently active mud volcano at the Costa Rica convergent margin. Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters 235, 79-95.Luff R, Wallmann K (2003) Fluid flow, methane fluxes, carbonate precipitation and biogeochemicalturnover in gas hydrate-bearing sediments at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin: Numericalmodeling and mass balances. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67(18), 3403-3421.Milkov AV (2004) Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: how much is reallyout there? Earth Science Reviews 66(3-4), 183-197.Piepenburg D (2005) Recent research on Arctic benthos: common notions need to be revised.Polar Biology 28, 733-755.Wahl M, Molis M, et al. (2004) UV effects that come and go: a global comparison of marine benthiccommunity level impacts. Global Change Biology 10(12), 1962-1972.Wallmann K, Linke P, et al (1997) Quantifying fluid flow, solute mixing, and biogeochemicalturnover at cold vents of the eastern Aleutian subduction zone. Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa 61(24): 5209-5219.40

2.1.3 Research Topic A3: Present and Future CO 2 UptakeCoordinators:Prof. Böning, ClausProf. Srivastav, Anand26.09.1954 16.03.1958Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielIFM-GEOMARInstitut für Informatik und PraktischeFB1 Ozeanzirkulation und Klimadynamik MathematikDüsternbrooker Weg 20Christian-Albrechts-Platz 424105 Kiel24118 KielTel.: 0431-600 4003Tel.: 0431-880 7252Fax: 0431-600 4012Fax: 0431-880 1725Email: cboening@ifm-geomar.deEmail: asr@numerik.uni-kiel.deFurther Proponents: R. Schneider, C. Eden, M. Latif, M. Visbeck, D. Wallace, K. Wirtz1. Summary / ZusammenfassungAn assessment of the fate and future evolution of the oceanic CO 2 uptake is of central importancefor projections of both climate change and of changes in oceanic ecosystems. Modeling thecoupled system of ocean circulation and biogeochemistry has become a key tool for understandingthe principle physical and biological mechanisms which govern the ocean carbon cycle and itsvariability. The reliability of model-based projections of anthropogenic changes is still severelyhindered, however, by strong model dependencies on the representation of many poorlyconstrained processes, both in the physical and in the biogeochemical system. We propose toadvance this field by exploring novel approaches of combining model simulations with oceanicmeasurements, with the objective of the identification and improved representation of the criticalprocesses governing circulation and carbon cycling in the ocean. Building on the combinedexpertise and activities of the participating groups in ocean circulation and carbon cycle modelingon the one hand and in modern aspects of inverse modeling and optimization theory on the otherhand, the JRG will explore innovative methods for assimilating data in three-dimensional oceancarbon-cycle models to systematically assess and reduce model uncertainties as a key steptoward reliable determinations of natural variability and anthropogenic changes in the physical andbiogeochemical properties related to current and future oceanic CO 2 uptake.Die Prognosen sowohl von Klimaänderungen als auch von Veränderungen ozeanischerÖkosysteme hängen entscheidend von der zukünftigen Entwicklung der ozeanischen CO 2 -Aufnahme ab. Während das Verständnis der dabei beteiligten Mechanismen durch gekoppelteModelle der ozeanischen Zirkulation und Biogeochemie sehr befördert worden ist, sind quantitativeModellprognosen durch Defizite in der Darstellung der beteiligten Prozesse noch sehreingeschränkt. Die Nachwuchsgruppe wird durch innovative Ansätze in der Modell-Daten-41

Synthese, aufbauend auf einer Kombination der Expertise in hochauflösender Ozeanmodellierungam IFM-GEOMAR und in modernen Methoden nichtlinearer Optimierung am Zentrum fürNumerische Simulation der CAU Kiel, einen neuen Weg beschreiten, der über eine verbesserteDarstellung der kritischen Prozesse zu belastbaren Aussagen über Veränderungen in denphysikalischen und biogeochemischen Eigenschaften des Ozeans führt.Annual mean air-sea CO 2 exchange in three different models in mol C/m 2 /yr. Negative values(blue) denote uptake of CO 2 by the ocean. The figure demonstrates how a typical bias in thephysical model affects CO 2 uptake: a wrong pathway of the North Atlantic Current offNewfoundland in a model with low resolution (b) leads to a large and unrealistic release of carbonby the subpolar North Atlantic. In a corrected model using simple data assimilation schemes (a)this bias is reduced, and the simulation is similar to a simulation with drastically increasedresolution (c) (a and b from Eden and Oschlies 2006).2. State-of-the-artObservational compilations of the ocean's inorganic carbon inventory indicate that the ocean mayhave taken up about half of the total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions created since the beginning ofthe industrial period (Sabine et al. 2004). Due to the required, basic assumptions, currentestimates involve uncertainties of at least 20% in anthropogenic CO 2 , particularly in regionaldistributions (Wanninkhof et al. 1999). Quantitative understanding of oceanic uptake and carboncycling has been aided by ocean circulation models coupled to certain types of carbon chemistry(Maier-Reimer and Hasselmann 1987, Tanhua et al. 2006). Model comparison studies reveal,however, large inter-model differences in the regional patterns of storage and fluxes ofanthropogenic CO 2 (Orr et al. 2001). These appear to be partly related to biases which are typicalof coarse-resolution ocean models (Doney et al. 2004, Eden and Oschlies 2006) and partly to thesimplified treatment of biogeochemical processes which are of potential importance for the carboncycle, but are poorly constrained by observations (Aumont et al. 1999, LeQuere et al. 2000, Wetzelet al. 2005). Recent research has begun to explore inverse methods for optimizing biogeochemicalmodel parameters (Fasham and Evans 1995, Schartau et al. 2001), but has thus far, however,primarily focused on one dimension, thus overlooking the effects of lateral advection and mixing(Oschlies and Schartau 2005).42

3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe project builds on the combined expertise in high-resolution ocean circulation andbiogeochemical modeling at IFM-GEOMAR as well as in modern algorithms in numericalmathematics and computer science at the Interdisciplinary Center for Numerical Simulation (ICN)and is strongly aided by expertise provided by the observational groups at IFM-GEOMAR in thedetermination and interpretation of biogeochemical properties related to the anthropogenic carbonsignal. Ocean model development has a long history in Kiel, witnessed by the leading role of theproponents in major international panels, e.g., of WCRP modeling groups. Modeling activities havecontributed to the German CLIVARmarine and DEKLIM programs and are involved in SFB 460,DFG FG 432, and the EU projects NOCES, CARBOOCEAN and DYNAMITE. On-going projects atICN include research into modern algorithms in numerical mathematics and computer science, inparticular based on expertise in combinatorial and continuous optimization gained in DFG GK 357Efficient Algorithms and Multiscale Methods and DFG Priority Program 1126 Algorithmic Aspectsof Large and Complex Networks.4. ObjectivesThe objective of the research proposed here is to quantify the present and future uptake ofanthropogenic CO 2 by the global ocean, pathways into the ocean, and interactions with thebiogeochemical system. The research program will build on and be embedded in continuingdevelopments in coupled physical-biogeochemical modeling carried out at IFM-GEOMAR, inparticular within the context of the Kiel Climate Model System (KCMS). Linkage with expertise atICN will provide the critical means for refining modeling capabilities through the exploration ofnovel algorithms for large-scale optimization problems. ICN will thus provide the framework for aniterative reduction of model uncertainties, particularly in relation to simulations of biogeochemicalcomponents and air-sea gas exchange. The specific objective of the JRG is to contribute to theproject’s goal of an improved determination of the ocean’s CO 2 uptake, by exploring advancedmethods of constraining numerical simulations through the assimilation of both physical andbiogeochemical data. This represents, in the context of three-dimensional carbon cycle models, agrand challenge of vastly increased complexity. In combination with the activities of the proponentsat IFM-GEOMAR and ICN, the project will thus embark on these objectives:(1) the application and assessment of innovative methods in assimilating data in three-dimensionalocean carbon-cycle models; exploration and utilization of modern algorithmic methods foroptimizing model simulations of ocean variability and future change.(2) the refinement of the KCMS hierarchy by identifying the critical physical and biogeochemicalprocesses governing simulations of the oceanic carbon cycle as well as through systematiccombinations of model dynamics and relevant data for the last decades;(3) a determination of the mechanisms and rates of changes in the ocean’s biogeochemicalproperties, as driven by ocean-atmosphere variability on seasonal to interdecadal time scales;43

(4) a determination of the impact of anthropogenic climate changes, such as higher stratificationand lower levels of mixing, more frequent El Niño episodes, the slowing of Atlantic overturning, adecrease in Arctic sea ice, etc., on oceanic CO 2 uptake and marine biogeochemical cycles.The A3 ocean modeling program is closely related to the climate modeling in A4; together theseprojects will contribute to various other Cluster projects by providing model simulations of the earthsystem, quantifying the natural variability and range of future changes in various physical andbiogeochemical properties (e.g., circulation, temperature, CO 2 uptake), as required in A1, A2, A5,A7 and B1. A3 research will heavily rest on the infrastructure and tools provided by researchplatform P1 and interact with the observing system capabilities provided by P4; together with A4 itwill contribute to the development of the comprehensive “Kiel Climate Model System” provided andmaintained through P1.5. ReferencesAumont O, Orr JC, Monfray P, Madec G, Maier-Reimer E (1999) Nutrient trapping in the equatorialPacific: The ocean circulation solution. Glob. Biochem. Cycles 13, 351-370.Doney SC et al. (2004) Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realisticphysics. Glob. Biochem. Cycles 18 (GB3017).Eden C, Oschlies A (2006) Adiabatic reduction of circulation-related CO 2 air-sea flux biases in aNorth Atlantic carbon-cycle model. Glob. Biochem. Cycles, in press.Fasham MJR, Evans GT (1995) The use of optimization techniques to model marine ecosystemdynamics at the JGOFS station at 47N, 20W. Phil. Trans Roy. Soc. (B) 348(1324).Maier-Reimer E, Hasselmann K (1987) Transport and storage of CO 2 in the ocean - an inorganicocean-circulation carbon cycle model. Clim. Dynamics 2 (2), 63-90.LeQuere C, Orr JC, Monfray P, Aumont O, Madec G (2000) Interannual variability of the oceanicsink of CO 2 from 1979 to 1997. Glob. Biochem. Cycles 14, 247-265.Orr JC et al. (2001) Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four threedimensional globalocean models. Glob. Biochem. Cycles 15(1), 43-60.Oschlies A, Schartau M (2005) Basin-scale performance of a locally optimized marine ecosystemmodel. Journal of Marine Research (63/2), 335-358.Sabine C et al. (2004) The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO 2 . Science 305 (5682).Schartau M, Oschlies A, Willebrand J (2001) Parameter estimates of a zero-dimensionalecosystem model applying the adjoint method. Deep Sea Research II 48, 1769-1800.Tanhua T, Biastoch A, Körtzinger A, Lüger H, Böning C, Wallace DWR (2006) Changes ofanthropogenic CO 2 and CFCs in the North Atlantic 1981-2004. Glob. Biochem. Cycl.(accepted).Wanninkhof R et al. (1999) Comparison of methods to determine the anthropogenic CO 2 invasioninto the Atlantic Ocean. Tellus 51B, 511-530.Wetzel P, Winguth A, Maier-Reimer E (2005) Sea-to-air CO 2 flux from 1948 to 2003: A modelstudy. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 19, GB2005, doi:10.1029/2004GB002339.44

2.1.4 Research Topic A4: Ocean Circulation and the Hydrological Cycle during the Holoceneand AnthropoceneCoordinators:Prof. Schneider, Ralph, R.Prof. Latif, Mojib04.03.1958 29.09.1954Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielLeibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenInstitut für GeowissenschaftenIFM-GEOMARLudewig-Meyn-Str. 10FB1: Ozeanzirkulation und Klimadynamik24118 KielDüsternbrooker Weg 2024105 KielTel.: 0431-880 1457Tel.: 0431-600 4050Fax: 0431-880 4376Fax: 0431-600 4052Email: schneider@gpi.uni-kiel.deEmail: mlatif@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: N. Andersen, C. Böning, A. Eisenhauer, S. Flögel, M. Frank, P. Grootes,R. Schneider, A. Srivastav1. Summary / ZusammenfassungStrong perturbations of ocean thermohaline circulation and global temperature distribution haveoccurred on short-term scales during warm and cold climate stages over the past 60,000 years.Similarly, sudden climate changes may also occur in the near future and can happen as a functionof both natural or anthropogenic forcing mechanisms. In order to differentiate both effects, A4 aimsto comprehensively investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of temperature and precipitationchanges. This will be achieved by combining quantitative marine proxy records and fully coupledclimate models into which changes in natural forcing, such as parameters of the earth's orbit, theradiative effects of volcanic dust and aerosols, as well as total solar irradiance variations will beintroduced. By applying advanced statistical analysis and innovative model concepts, a new JRGwill aim to identify spatial and temporal patterns of natural climate variability in proxy and modeldata. These patterns will be compared with those apparent in ensemble model experiments for thecoming millennium. For this purpose, Holocene climate simulations will be extended by applyingvarious scenarios for future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This will permit anadvanced assessment of natural and anthropogenic forcing mechanisms which disturb oceancirculation and the hydrological cycle, as well as the potential influence of these perturbances oncontinental climates in future.Starke kurzfristige Veränderungen in der thermohalinen Zirkulation des Ozeans und in derglobalen Temperaturverteilung hat es mehrfach innerhalb der letzten 60.000 Jahre während KaltundWarmzeiten gegeben. Derartige Klimaänderungen sind auch für die Zukunft zu erwarten,bedingt sowohl durch natürliche Antriebsmechanismen des Klimas als auch durch anthropogene45

Einflüsse. Um deren Auswirkungen besser voneinander abgrenzen zu können, sollen in A4räumlich-zeitliche Veränderungsmuster der Temperatur und der Niederschläge rekonstruiertwerden. Dies soll anhand von geeigneten Proxyparametern aus marinen Klimarchiven erfolgen,welche mit Ergebnissen aus komplett gekoppelten Klimamodellen verglichen werden. Hierbei solldie Bedeutung einzelner natürlicher Antriebsmechanismen, z.B. Veränderungen in denErdbahnparametern, in der Rückstrahlung durch Vulkanstaub und Aerosole, sowie Variationen inder Strahlungsintensität der Sonne, erfasst werden. Die Zusammenführung von Paläodaten undModellergebnissen, sowie deren statistische Analyse zur Erfassung der natürlichenVariabilitätsmuster erfordert innovative Modellansätze und numerische Methoden, die durch eineinterdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe (JRG) entwickelt und angewendet werden sollen. Eine Abgrenzunganthropogen erzeugter Klimaveränderung gegenüber den natürlichen Variabilitätsmustern sollmittels multipler Klimasimulationen aus dem Holozän heraus in die Zukunft unter Anwendungunterschiedlicher Szenarien für die Emission von Treibhausgasen erfolgen. Dies erlaubt eineumfassende Abschätzung der natürlichen und anthropogen erzeugten klimatischenWechselwirkungen zwischen Ozeanzirkulation und hydrologischem Kreislauf, sowie möglicherAuswirkungen auf das zukünftige Landklima.Spatial distribution of precipitation changes integrated for June, July, August over the past 7000years as derived from six ensemble simulations in a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulationmodel only applying orbitally driven insolation forcing (courtesy S. Lorenz, Hamburg University, formodel set-up and ensemble experiments cf. Lorenz et al. 2006).2. State-of-the-artDespite the fact that water and water vapor exert a number of strong effects on earth's climate(e.g. Pierrehumbert 2002), future scenarios of climate change tend to focus on surfacetemperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide increases, thus ignoring the effects of the46

hydrological cycle. Therefore, improved constraints on future changes in the hydrological cycle aswell as progress in modeling the various aspects of ocean-atmosphere-continent interactionsinvolved are essential for more accurate climate change predictions (Allen & Ingram 2002, Stocker& Raible 2005). Past linkages between ocean circulation changes, ocean-atmosphere waterexchange, and shifts in the hydrological regimes over the continents are qualitatively wellunderstood (e.g. Wang et al. 2005), but not much is known about the magnitudes of change. Theperformance of coupled ocean-atmosphere-continent models for simulating realistic water vapor,precipitation and evaporation balances has been explored to an even lesser extent (e.g. Clausenet al. 2003, Lorenz et al. 2006, cf. Figure).3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe proponents combine profound levels of expertise in coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling (e.g.Latif et al. 2006) with experience in past climate reconstruction and potential forcing mechanismsas well as with applications of microfossil-based, geochemical, and isotopic paleoenvironmentalparameters (e.g. Schefuß et al. 2006). Currently, the ESF DECLAKES project provides well-datedhigh-resolution records of the isotopic composition of past precipitation derived from lakesediments within Europe. The EU 5 th framework MOTIF project is designed to create advancedpaleoclimate data and coupled climate model comparisons on a global scale for the warm and coldclimate states at 6 and 21 ka BP. The BMBF DEKLIM GHOST project has provided acomprehensive statistical analysis of Holocene temperature trends in comparison with transientAOGCM ensemble experiments on a global scale. In order to account for inherent uncertainties inmodels and proxies, new, probably stochastic, methods are required which can minimizeuncertainties and provide better constraints on the coherency between models and paleoclimatedata. Such new numerical tools for the computation of expected responses and the quantificationof the uncertainties involved are under development at the Interdisciplinary Center for NumericalSimulation (platform P1).4. ObjectivesBy pooling and extending existing scientific expertise as well as laboratory and computer facilitiesat Kiel University and associated research institutions, A4 seeks to reach an advanced level ofcooperation between climate research teams for the purpose of focusing on coupled oceanatmospheremodeling and paleoclimatic reconstructions based on paleoenvironmental parametersfrom marine climate archives. We aim to merge high-resolution time series of past oceancirculation and precipitation changes (the last Glacial and the Holocene) with those from historicaldata (the past 200 years) and to compare paleoclimate data with coupled ocean-atmospheregeneral circulation model (GCM) results on regional and global scales. The impacts of oceancirculation changes on continental precipitation and evapo-transpiration balances, as well as theirforcing mechanisms on decadal to centennial time scales may be more accurately assessed byseparating natural forcing from forcing induced by mankind. This will provide advanced estimatesfor past and future magnitudes of droughts, floods, vegetation changes, weathering and river runoff47

on longer time scales. The latter two aspects will also be important for future biogeochemicalprocesses which control marine biota, as well as air-sea gas and aerosol exchange. To reach thedefined objectives, the JRG will, together with the proponents, (1) apply coupled models whichquantitatively incorporate isotopic and geochemical parameters for past changes in temperatureand precipitation, (2) develop and improve the statistical evaluation of significant regional andbasin-scale climate trends, (3) trace past changes in the hydrological cycle and in natural climateforcing by applying new developments in isotope geochemistry of specific molecular organiccompounds and radionuclides (platform P2).We propose the installation of a JRG as an interdisciplinary team for building additionalcompetence in the development of transient climate modeling from the past into the future incollaboration with research topic A3. Central issues will be the implementation of so-called “proxyparameter” components for ocean circulation and the hydrological cycle in state-of-the-art climatemodels, together with research topics A1, A3, and platform P4. In addition, new statisticaltechniques in paleoclimate proxy data and model comparisons will be developed together withplatform P1. The JRG and the proponents will work together preferentially on ocean-atmospherecontinentlinkages via the hydrological cycle and uncertainty/probability indices in ensemble runs ofnumerical simulations. The ultimate goal will be to reach a status in which selected climate modelscan quantitatively simulate paleoenvironmental geochemical and isotope proxies representingcirculation, temperature, precipitation, and oceanic CO 2 levels for direct comparison with regionalor global-scale paleoenvironmental proxy data sets. Results generated within A4 will be relevantfor A6, A7, B1 and B5.5. ReferencesAllen MR, Ingram WJ (2002) Contraints on future changes in climate and the hydrological cycle.Nature 419, 224-232.Clausen M, Brovkin V, Ganopolski A, Kubatzki C, Petoukhov V (2003) Climate change in NorthernAfrica: The Past is not the Future. Climatic Change 57, 99-108.Latif M, Boening C, Willebrand J, Biastoch A, Dengg J, Schneider B, Schweckendiek U (2006) Isthe thermohaline circulation changing? Journal of Climate, in press.Lorenz S, Kim JH, Rimbu N, Schneider RR, Lohmann G (2006) Orbitally driven insolation forcingon Holocene climate trends: Evidence from alkenone data and climate modelling.Paleoceanography 21, PA1002, doi: 10.1029/2005PA001152.Pierrehumbert RT (2002) The hydrological cycle in deep-time climate problems. Nature 419, 191-198.Schefuß E, Schouten S, Schneider RR (2005) Climatic controls on central African hydrologyduring the last 20,000 years. Nature 437, 1003-1006, doi: 10.1038/nature03945.Stocker TF, Raible CC (2005) Water cycle shifts gear. Nature 434, 830-833.Wang P, Clemens S, Beaufort L, Braconnot P, Ganssen G, Jian Z, Kershaw P, Sarnthein M (2005)Evolution and variability of the Asian monsoon system: state of the art and outstandingissues. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 595-629.48

2.1.5 Research Topic A5: Intentional Marine Storage of CO 2Coordinators:Prof. Bernd HartkeProf. Arne Körtzinger25.01.1963 14.06.1963Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel IFM-GEOMARInstitut für Physikalische ChemieFB2: Marine BiogeochemieChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Düsternbrooker Weg 20Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 824105 Kiel24118 KielTel.: 0431-880 2753Tel.: 0431-600 4205Fax: 0431-880 1758Fax: 0431-600 4202Email: hartke@phc.uni-kiel.deEmail: akoertzinger@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: W. Bensch, G. Rehder, D. Wallace, K. Wallmann, G. Gust, W. Rabbel,V. Feeser1. Summary / ZusammenfassungThe capture and storage of CO 2 from large scale emitters has recently come under evaluation asan additional measure to mitigate future global warming (IPCC, 2006). Oceans constitute thelargest long-term sink for anthropogenic CO 2 . Given this predominant role in the global carboncycle, the question arises as to whether the natural uptake of the oceans can be acceleratedthrough the additional injection of carbon dioxide into the deep ocean or below the seabed surface.Phase transitions of CO 2 at the deep-sea floor, sediment-CO 2 interactions and the ensuingchanges in bulk geophysical properties remain, however, vastly unknown. This includes theformation and stability of CO 2 hydrates with and without the presence of impurities in sea waterand sediments, the mobilization and fixation of pH-sensitive and ecologically relevant compounds,as well as the precipitation of authigenic phases and their effects on reservoir permeability. Thenew JRG and scientists involved in A5 will address the key reactions at CO 2 -seawater-sedimentinterfaces down to the molecular level, with emphasis on the mechanisms and kinetics of thephase transition processes. To achieve this goal, the group will use cutting-edge methods includingmolecular dynamic modeling, advanced scattering techniques, and high pressure experimentalsimulations of oceanic in-situ conditions building on, extending, and interlinking the uniqueinfrastructure which currently exists in Kiel.Die Deponierung von Kohlendioxid wird zurzeit als zusätzliches Mittel zur Eingrenzung derglobalen Erwärmung diskutiert (IPCC 2006). Die Ozeane stellen langfristig die größte natürlicheSenke für anthropogenes CO 2 dar. In Anbetracht dieser bedeutenden Rolle im globalenKohlenstoffkreislauf stellt sich die Frage, ob die natürliche CO 2 Aufnahme in den Ozeanen durchzusätzliche Injektion von Kohlendioxid in die Tiefsee oder in submarine Sedimente beschleunigt49

werden kann. Allerdings sind die chemischen Reaktionen und CO 2 -Sediment-Wechselwirkungenim Nahfeld eines CO 2 -Eintrags sowie die damit verbundenen Änderungen der geophysikalischenEigenschaften weitgehend unbekannt. Hierzu zählen unter anderem die Bildung und Stabilität vonCO 2 -Hydraten im Meerwasser und im Sediment, die Mobilisierung und Fixierung pH-sensitiver undökologisch relevanter Verbindungen und die Fällungsreaktionen von Hydraten und authigenenPhasen sowie ihre Effekte auf die Permeabilität des Reservoirs. Die neue JRG und die an A5beteiligten Wissenschaftler werden sich mit den Reaktionen an CO 2 -Meerwasser-Sediment-Grenzflächen bis hinab auf die molekulare Ebene beschäftigen, wobei spezielles Augenmerk aufdie Kinetik von Phasenübergängen gelegt werden soll. Hierzu wird die Gruppe einMethodenspektrum von molekulardynamischer Modellierung über hochauflösendespektroskopische Techniken bis hin zur experimentellen Simulation ozeanischer in-situ-Bedingungen anwenden. Dabei wird sie die einzigartigen bereits existierenden infrastrukturellenBedingungen in Kiel verwenden, erweitern und verzahnen.Spatial scales to be addressed for a comprehensive understanding of deliberate carbon disposal.(A) Molecular cage structure of a CO 2 hydrate clathrate; (B) Stratification and transport of massand heat in the near-field of a CO 2 disposal site; (C) Global-scale dissipation of excess CO 2approximately 100 years after a release from various injection sites at 3000m depths as simulatedwith a state-of-the-art global circulation model (Orr 2004).2. State-of-the-artThe intentional storage of CO 2 at the seafloor could significantly reduce the atmospheric CO 2levels on time scales smaller than 1000 years (Kheshgi et al. 2005). General ocean circulationmodels have been used to predict changes in ocean chemistry which result from the dispersion ofinjected CO 2 for hypothetical examples of ocean storage (Orr 2004). High-resolution models havebeen developed to estimate the propagation of CO 2 and the ensuing pH-changes close to asubmarine disposal site on a small spatial scale where the effects of CO 2 dissolution on the bulkdensity, stratification, and temperature cannot be neglected. Models exist both for rising CO 2droplet plumes as well as for liquid or hydrate depositions of CO 2 at the seafloor (Chen et al. 2005;Haugan and Alendal 2005). Dissolution and phase transition processes of pure CO 2 have beeninvestigated through in-situ and laboratory experiments (Brewer et al. 2003, Rehder et al. 2004).However, more data are required for a proper parameterization of these processes (IPCC 2006),and the effects of impurities have not been addressed to date. The incorporation of quantumchemical ab-initio data into models for CO 2 hydrate properties (thermodynamics, phase equilibria,50

cage occupancy) and numerical modeling of liquid CO 2 permeation from the ocean floor intosediments have only recently be started (Sun and Duan 2005, Kang et al. 2005). These disparateapproaches need to be connected and extended to more realistic multicomponent systems.3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsAt IFM-GEOMAR, several scientists are involved in the assessment of the marine carbon system,including the uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 , and are playing a leading role within the EU IntegratedProject CARBOOCEAN which focuses on the ocean’s ability to sequester CO 2 . This role includeshigh pressure laboratory investigations to understand the kinetics of phase transitions betweenliquid CO 2 , seawater, and CO 2 clathrates as well as open-ocean in-situ experiments which addressthese key parameters (Rehder et al. 2004, Brewer et al. 2003). Scientists at the CAU’s Institute ofPhysical Chemistry investigate structures and dynamics of clathrates on the molecular leveltheoretically, using quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics. Present expertise in the group ofB. Hartke covers molecular-level simulations, including ab-initio quantum chemistry, force fieldfitting, global structure optimizations and other techniques. Experimental work on the formation ofsolids under hydrothermal conditions is performed in the group of W. Bensch at the Institute ofInorganic Chemistry, using high-end X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) techniques for the fluidphases and combined scattering techniques for the bulk solid phases (Michailovski 2005). Thispermits an exact characterization of critical compounds and steps, thus providing indispensableinput for modeling and experiments at larger scales. The Institute of Geosciences is experienced inthe geophysical imaging of sub-sedimentary gas accumulations by acoustic methods and theinvestigation of mechanical properties of clathrate-bearing sediments. This expertise can providesupport for the development of models and monitoring strategies for disposal sites.4. ObjectivesThe new JRG and proponents of A5 will address the reactions at the CO 2 -seawater-sedimentinterfaces down to the molecular level, with emphasis on the mechanisms and kinetics of thephase transition processes. Models concerning the consequences of CO 2 injection require aproper estimation of the transfer of CO 2 from the condensed into the dissolved state. So far, thisprocess has only been investigated in a limited number of open-ocean and laboratory experimentson the pure CO 2 -seawater system. A proper parameterization in the pressure-temperature domainand a mechanistic understanding of the reactions on a molecular level are lacking. The latter iscrucial for an estimation of the sensitivity of the reaction kinetics to impurities and other (non-CO 2 )hydrate formers, and for the potential discovery of hydrate-stabilizing additives. In addition,reactions with particulate matter under extremely high CO 2 pressures, such as metal adsorptionand chemical weathering have not been evaluated. To promote the understanding of ecologicallyimportant processes for various CO 2 deposition scenarios, the group will use methods includingmolecular dynamic modeling, advanced spectroscopy, and high pressure experimental simulationsof oceanic in-situ conditions. The head of the JRG is expected to be specialist in at least one ofthese fields, and to comprehensively address the problem within the JRG and by collaboration with51

the expertise which already exists in Kiel. This will extend and interconnect the resources of thevarious institutions which are contributing to A5. Use of the gathered process understanding andparameterizations for km-scale models near the release site as well as for ocean-wide models isassured within the framework of established international cooperations as well as by modelingexpertise available in Kiel. The evaluation of the biological consequences will be addressed incollaboration with A1, the efficiency of CO 2 removal via deliberate disposal will be compared to thenatural uptake of CO 2 studied in A3, experimental and theoretical methods used are similar toapproaches applied in A6, and the biogeochemical investigation of deliberate CO 2 sequestrationwill support the economical assessments included in A7.5. ReferencesBrewer PG, Peltzer ET, Friederich G, Rehder G (2002) Experimental determination of the fate of aCO 2 plume in seawater. Environm. Science and Technology 36(24), 5441-5446.Chen B, Song Y, Nishio M, Akai M (2005) Modelling of CO 2 dispersion from direct injection of CO 2in the water column. J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 110, doi:10.1029/2004JC002567.Haugan PM, Alendal G (2005) Turbulent diffusion and transport from a CO 2 lake in the deepocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 110, doi:10.1029/2004JC002583.IPCC, Special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. (2006)Kang Q, Tsimpanogiannis IN, Zhang D, Lichtner PC (2005) Numerical modelling of pore-scalephenomena during CO 2 sequestration in oceanic sediments. Fuel Processing Technology,86(14-15), 1647-1665.Kheshgi HS, Smith SJ, Edmonds JA (2005) Emissions and Atmospheric CO 2 Stabilization: LongtermLimits and Paths, Mitigation and Adaptation. Strateg. for Global Change 10, 213-220.Michailovski A, Grunwaldt J-D, Baiker A, Kiebach R, Bensch W, Patzke GR (2005) Solvothermalformation of MoO 3 fibers studied by complementary in-situ-EXAFS/EDXRD techniques,Angew. Chemie 117, 5787-5792.Orr JC (2004) Modelling of ocean storage of CO 2 - The GOSAC study, Report PH4/37, InternationalEnergy Agency, Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Cheltenham, UK, 96 pp.Rehder G, Kirby SH, Durham WB, Stern LA, Peltzer ET, Pinkston J, Brewer PG (2004) Dissolutionrates of pure methane hydrate and carbon dioxide hydrate in under-saturated sea water at1000 m depth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68, 285-292.Sato T, Sato K (2002) Numerical Prediction of the Dilution Process and its Biological Impacts inCO 2 Ocean Sequestration. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 6(4), 169-180.Sun R, Duan Z (2005) Prediction of CH 4 and CO 2 hydrate phase equilibrium and cage occupancyfrom ab initio intermolecular potentials. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 4411-4424.52

2.1.6 Research Topic A6: Changing Chemistry at the Ocean SurfaceCoordinators:Prof. Temps, FriedrichProf. Wallace, Douglas20.07.1955 02.01.1959Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielLeibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenInstitut für Physikalische ChemieFB2 Marine BiogeochemieLudewig-Meyn-Str. 8Düsternbrooker Weg 2024118 Kiel24105 KielTel.: 0431-880 1702Tel.: 0431-600 4200Fax: 0431-880 1704Fax: 0431-600 4202Email: temps@phc.uni-kiel.deEmail: dwallace@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: P. Croot, J. G. Friedrichs, J. Grotemeyer, B. Hartke, K. Hoernle, A. Körtzinger,A. Macke1. Summary / ZusammenfassungThe ocean surface includes microlayers, bubbles, ice and aerosols, and is subject to changingatmospheric composition, pH and physico-chemical forcing. Heterogeneous and photochemicalprocesses at this vast, complex phase boundary help determine the biogeochemical response ofthe future ocean to environmental changes as well as the future composition of the marineatmosphere. Project A6 links expertise in physical chemistry and marine chemistry at theUniversity of Kiel for the purpose of deepening understanding of structures and key processesclose to this interface. A new JRG will apply spectroscopic techniques to study the interface in thecontext of future ocean-relevant themes. JRG research will be complemented by theoreticalchemistry studies and field and laboratory studies of halogen (Br, I) and iron chemistry responsesto changing ozone, radiation and dust input to the surface ocean.Die Oberfläche der Ozeane umfasst dünne Schichten, Luftbläschen, Eis und Aerosol und wird vonwechselnder atmosphärischer Zusammensetzung, pH und physikalisch-chemischen Einflüssenverändert. Heterogene und photochemische Vorgänge an dieser riesigen, komplexenPhasengrenze bestimmen die biogeochemische Antwort des Ozeans der Zukunft auf globaleUmweltveränderungen und die zukünftige Zusammensetzung der marinen Atmosphäre. Projekt A6verbindet die physikalisch-chemischen und meereschemischen Expertisen an der Universität Kiel,und führt so zu einem besseren Verständnis der Strukturen und der wichtigsten Vorgänge andieser Grenzfläche. Eine neue Junior Forschergruppe (JRG) wird für den Ozean der Zukunftrelevante Grenzflächenprozesse mit geeigneten spektroskopischen Verfahren untersuchen. DieseForschung der JRG wird ergänzt durch theoretische Simulationen sowie Feld- undLaboruntersuchungen von Halogen-(Br, I)- und Eisen-Chemie unter Einfluss wechselndenEinflüssen von Ozon, Strahlung und Staub an der Ozeanoberfläche.53

2. State-of-the-artThe changing composition of the atmosphere will impact biological and chemical processes in thefuture ocean (cf. A1). These changing processes will themselves impact atmospheric compositionand, hence, climate forcing. Relevant forcing changes (and effects) include storminess (on sea-saltaerosol production), dust deposition (on iron delivery and biological productivity), solar radiation(on marine photochemistry/biology), biological productivity (on organic film cover/composition),increasing levels of tropospheric ozone (on surface reactions), pH and biogeochemistry (onemissions of radiatively and chemically active gases), etc. Many important chemical interactionsoccur directly at the air-sea interface (i.e. at ice, water, bubble and sea-salt surfaces), wherereactants, intermediates and products can differ significantly from those in the bulk media. Forexample, sinks for tropospheric ozone (a greenhouse gas with increasing concentrations; Lelieveldet al. 2004) are sensitive to variable surface levels of iodide (Chang et al. 2005) as well as theinterfacial flux of halogens (von Glasow and Crutzen 2003). The speciation and dissolution ofmicronutrient iron from deposited continental aerosols (dust) is a further area in which surfaceprocesses play a major role. The modeling of heterogeneous processes such as these is limited bya lack of basic understanding, but modern techniques of physical chemistry and theoreticalchemistry can, however, be applied to improve the characterization of surface reactions andstructures (Mucha et al. 2005, Bianco 2006). Complementary information comes from theoreticalwork on size-selected large-water clusters containing marine solutes (e.g. Schulz, 2005). A rangeof advanced techniques, including infrared-visible vibrational sum frequency and second-harmonicgeneration spectroscopy (Shen 1989, Richmond 2001) and cavity ringdown absorptionspectroscopy (Aarts 2005), is now available for the study of molecular and supramolecularstructures and dynamics at “clean” and “dirty” water-air interfaces, including processes relevant tothe “very dirty” ocean-atmosphere interface.3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe experience of Temps and Friedrichs on spectroscopy and reaction kinetics of free radicals,including atmospherically important reactions, provides the physical chemistry basis for A6.Friedrichs is a leading expert in time-resolved cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Both Temps andFriedrichs plan to use sum frequency spectroscopy at the water-air and water-organic interfaces.Grotemeyer employs mass spectrometry (including ICR) to explore hydrogen-bonded complexes.Hartke carries out theoretical predictions of structures and conformational dynamics of large waterclusters by ab initio and molecular dynamics methods using genetic algorithms and ab initioquantum chemical studies of reactions, including photochemical processes. Work carried out byWallace on the production and sea-to-air flux of natural organohalogens, and research conductedby Croot on the speciation and bio-availability of iron in surface seawater leads to commoninterests in marine photochemical and ozone reactions with seawater species. Major chemical fieldstudies are planned for the new BMBF Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene (SOPRAN)project . Hoernle and Macke bring expertise in atmospheric radiation transfer, the role of aerosolsand clouds for climate, and the geochemistry and chemical characterization of volcanic aerosols.54

Körtzinger studies air-sea gas exchange and provides opportunities for large-scale surfacesampling from commercial volunteer observing ships (P4).The A6 JRG will apply state-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques to studies of the seawater-airinterface in the context of existing expertise in the areas identified in the diagram.4. ObjectivesA6 will investigate chemical structures and processes at and near the seawater-air interface asrelevant to changing air-sea chemical interactions of the future ocean. Research themes for the A6project team are: (1) halogen speciation/reactivity in the surface ocean, including interactions withorganic material and ozone; (2) photochemical cycling of dust-derived iron and consequences foriron bioavailability; (3) the role of organic films for these processes. Photochemistry and surfacelayerstructures exert strong control on the sea-to-air flux of key organo-iodine compounds (Richterand Wallace 2004), influence inorganic iodine concentrations and speciations (and hence ozoneuptake), are significant for Br chemistry and fluxes. Further, the speciation and reactivity of Br issensitive to future ocean pH change. Photochemically initiated metal-ligand redox reactionsinfluence the rapid dissolution of Fe aerosols in the upper ocean, thus affecting Fe availability tophytoplankton. Within this context, a new Junior Research Group will be established in the Instituteof Physical Chemistry of the University of Kiel. The JRG will develop and apply new experimentaltechniques to probe the water-air interface at molecular and supramolecular scales in the presenceof marine solutes, atmospheric gases, and monolayers or thin films of marine-typical organiccompounds. Combined with other gas and liquid-phase spectroscopies supplied by theproponents, time-dependent measurements will allow the JRG to elucidate the mechanisms andrates of surface reactions. The research of the JRG will address these overall A6 themes, but thespecific topics will depend on the choices, interests and expertise of the best qualified candidate.Specific work to be undertaken by the A6 project team, including the JRG, includes:• Setting up of laser-based surface-sensitive and liquid phase spectroscopic tools (vibrationalsum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS), second harmonic generation (SHG), evanescent wave(EW) cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS)) for air-water interface studies55

• Field and laboratory investigations into the effects of future forcing changes on speciation andthe reactivity of halogens and iron close to the sea surface (including consideration of pHchange, ozone-iodide reactions, redox and speciation changes, quantum yields, solvent (cage)effects)• Measurements of radical, dimethylsulfide, and ozone reaction kinetics at the liquid surface(including quantitative monitoring of gas and liquid phase products, using quasi steady-stateand time-resolved (laser) photolysis, VSFS, EW-CRDS, LIF)• Structural and photochemical studies at and in organic monolayers and thin organic films onwater (including phospholipid microlayers and release of volatile organic compounds)• Theoretical studies of the processes outlined above by ab initio quantum chemistry andreactions of (catalytically active) metals in water clusters and supplementary experimentsA6 will provide basic understanding relevant to A4 and A7 and will benefit from cross-fertilization ofexperimental and theoretical approaches with A5. Acidification effects research parallels work inA1, and iron chemistry has relevance for B2. Theoretical work will use P1 and spectroscopicmethods arising from A6 can be integrated in P4.5. ReferencesAarts IMP, et al. (2005) Quasi-Ice Monolayer on Atomically Smooth Amorphous SiO 2 at RoomTemperature Observed with a High-Finesse Optical Resonator. Phys Rev. Lett. 95, 166104.Bianco R, Hynes JT (2006) Heterogeneous Reactions Important in Atmospheric Ozone Depletion:A Theoretical Perspective. Acc. Chem. Res. 39, 159-165.Chang W, Heikes BG, Lee M (2004) Ozone deposition to the sea surface: chemical enhancementand wind speed dependence. Atmos. Environ. 38, 1053-1059.Lelieveld J, van Aardenne J, Fischer H, de Reus M, Williams J, Winkler P (2004) Increasing Ozoneover the Atlantic Ocean. Science 304, 1483-1487.Mucha M, Frigato T, Levering LM, Allen HC, Tobias DJ, Dang LX, Jungwirth P (2005) UnifiedMolecular Picture of the Surfaces of Aqueous Acid, Base, and Salt Solutions. J. Phys. Chem.B, 109, 7617-7623.von Glasow R, Crutzen PJ (2003) Tropospheric Halogen Chemistry. Chapter 2 in vol. 4 of Treatiseon Geochemistry edited by KK Turekian and HD Holland, p. 21 - 64.Richmond GL (2001) Structure and Bonding of Molecules at Aqueous Surfaces. Annu. Rev. Phys.Chem. 52, 357-389.Richter U, Wallace DWR (2004) Production of methyl iodide in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L23S03.Shen YR (1989) Surface properties probed by second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation.Nature 337, 519-525.Schulz F, Hartke B (2005) A New Proposal for the Reason of Magic Numbers in Alkali CationMicrohydration Clusters. Theor. Chem. Acc. 114, 357-380.Thomas JL, et al. (2006) Gas-Phase Molecular Halogen Formation from NaCl and NaBr Aerosols:When Are Interface Reactions Important? J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 1859-1867.56

2.1.7 Research Topic A7: Valuing the OceanCoordinators:Prof. Klepper, GernotProf. Dr. Requate20.09.1951 19.09.1957Institut für WeltwirtschaftChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielDüsternbrooker Weg 120Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre24105 KielWilhelm-Seelig Platz 124118 KielTel.: 0431-8814 485Tel.: 0431-880 4424Fax: 0431-8814 522Fax: 0431-880 1618Email: gernot.klepper@ifw-kiel.deEmail: requate@wiso.uni-kiel.deFurther Proponents: A. Körtzinger, M. Latif, S. Peterson, G. Rehder, M. Visbeck, D. Wallace,K. Wallmann, A. Zimmermann1. Summary / ZusammenfassungIn the global carbon cycle, oceans constitute the largest sink for carbon dioxide and significantlyslow atmospheric changes and the impacts of climatic change. At the same time, climate changereduces the uptake of greenhouse gases in the oceans, increases ocean acidification which, inturn, impacts the commercial uses of the ocean’s biological resources, and by contributing to thewarming of the oceans may also increase emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane.The oceans therefore play an important role in the interplay of climate change and climatemitigation with social welfare and sustainable development, but are often ignored in economicanalyses of carbon management.The objective of this research group will be to conduct an integrated analysis of the economic andsocial determinants which influence the impact human activities have on oceans as well as therepercussion of these changes on economic activities and human well-being. The research groupwill serve to integrate the findings of the other research groups within the “Greenhouse Oceans”theme. It will assess the costs, benefits and risks of climate impacts and mitigation as well as ofadaptation measures linked to oceans. By adopting a global perspective, this research group willalso analyze the potential for managing the role oceans can play in integrated carbonmanagement.Die Ozeane nehmen in dem globalen Kohlenstoffkreislauf einen großen Teil derTreibhausgasemissionen auf und verhindern so einen schnelleren Klimawandel. Gleichzeitigverändert die Aufnahme von CO 2 und der Klimawandel die Pufferkapazität der Ozeane. DieVersauerung der Ozeane verändert die biologischen Bedingungen mit möglicherweisebeträchtlichen Auswirkungen auf die kommerzielle Nutzung der Ressourcen des Ozeans und die57

Erwärmung der Ozeane kann zur Freisetzung von Methan aus den Ozeanen führen. Die Ozeanespielen deshalb eine wichtige Rolle in dem Zusammenspiel von Klimawandel und Klimapolitik mitwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten und einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung, werden aber in der ökonomischenAnalyse des Kohlenstoffmanagements bislang weitgehend ignoriert.Die Ziele der Forschergruppe bestehen darin, die Erkenntnisse der anderen Gruppen zu nutzenund die wirtschaftlichen Aspekte der komplexen Rolle der Ozeane einer integrativen Analysezugänglich zu machen. Zum einen werden die Forschungsschwerpunkte in der Bewertung vonökonomischen Kosten, Nutzen und Risiken von Klimaauswirkungen und Vermeidungs- undAnpassungsmaßnahmen liegen. Zum anderen werden sie sich aus globaler Perspektive auf dieRolle der Ozeane in einem integrierten Kohlenstoffmanagement und auf die Auswirkungen desKlimawandels auf die wirtschaftliche Nutzung der Ozeane konzentrieren.2. State-of-the-artA long history of economic analyses exists which are concerned with the commercial use of naturalresources in the oceans. Optimal fishing strategies as well as the inefficiencies of institutionalarrangements for managing fish stocks have been given attention in numerous theoretical andempirical studies (Arnason 1991, Imeson 2004). The use of mineral resources and the ocean’s roleas a transport medium have been analyzed with special reference to legal aspects (Culiane 2004).Other major human impacts on the oceans which have been analyzed from an economicperspective are waste disposal in oceans and spills, the destruction of coastal ecosystems andland-based contamination (Constanza et al. 1999). Other new research activities consider theeconomics of carbon sequestration in oceans, including some first commercial experiments (IPCC2005). On the other hand, climate mitigation policies have been analyzed largely without referenceto the role of the oceans (IPCC 2001), although some analysis of the role of carbon sequestrationin oceans in a global carbon management has been initiated (for a summary of the literature cf.IPCC 2005). Thus far, a comprehensive analysis of carbon management options which include theoceans is lacking in terms of medium-term sequestration options. In addition, an evaluation of theexternalities of sequestration activities as well as the long-term challenges of a changing role of theoceans in the global carbon cycle still need to be investigated.3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsKlepper, Peterson and Requate have been involved in numerous - often interdisciplinary - projectsand studies which are concerned with the economic modeling and analysis of climate mitigationstrategies, with the impacts of climate change as well as with the effects and efficiency of climatepolicy instruments on national, European and international levels. The research of Klepper andPeterson focuses especially on the analysis of climate policies using the numerical simulationmodel DART developed at the Kiel Institute (e.g. Klepper and Peterson 2006). Currently, both areinvolved in an EU network which develops and analyzes strategies for the transition to sustainabledevelopment paths, with particular focus on model improvements, as well as in a project on thesocioeconomic cost of climate change-induced health impacts. Requate has investigated the short-58

and long-term incentives of climate policy tools with respect to the development and adoption ofadvanced abatement technologies. Recently, Moslener and Requate (2006) have developeddynamic models for studying optimal abatement paths of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 andmethane. The previous and on-going work of the remaining proponents guarantee closeconnection and interdisciplinary cooperation with other “Future Ocean” research themes and aredescribed in the corresponding chapters of this proposal.4. ObjectivesThe objective of the "Valuing the Ocean“ research group is to assess and evaluate the impactwhich human activity has on the role of the oceans in the carbon cycle as well as therepercussions of climate-induced changes in the oceans on human welfare. The research groupaims to integrate knowledge about carbon flows in the oceans from a perspective of humandimensions. This research encompasses both the role which oceans play in a long-termcomprehensive carbon management strategy and an evaluation of costs and benefits of the directuse of the ocean’s natural resources as well as an assessment of the indirect effects of a changingocean on human welfare.In particular, the aim of the research group is to compare the cost of carbon sequestration in orbelow the oceans to alternative abatement strategies and to calculate optimal emission pathswhich identify the role of the oceans in global carbon management and also account for the risksassociated with various options. This research can draw on tools for analyzing climate policieswhich have already been established, such as the DART-CGE model of the Kiel Institute for theWorld Economy. In addition, incentive schemes for rewarding sequestration must be developed,such as the issuance of storage certificates which then can be exchanged for tradable emissionpermits. Non-market valuation techniques will be used to assess the external costs of oceanacidification and ecosystem changes for the evaluation of climate impacts.This research group will provide the social science interface for activities in A1 to A6. It will provideconsistent input concerning human influence on the oceans through the emission of greenhousegases as well as other gases and particulates which are the primary drivers of physical, chemical,and biological changes in the oceans. The research group will collect knowledge gained in theseresearch topics and assess their impacts on human welfare in a comprehensive manner. The KielInstitute has initiated a project which seeks to identify the junctions at which research interactionbetween the natural and the social sciences will take place. This project will also bring togetherresearchers from the various groups in A1 to A6 such that research design can be adjusted to theinterdisciplinary needs from the very beginning of the project. Research activities will also beclosely linked with research in B1 on living resources, B3 on seafloor resources, B5 on sea-levelrise, and B6 on the legal regimes ruling the use of oceans. The role of oceans in global carbonmanagement, the linkages of the research group to the other topics in the Future Ocean Cluster aswell as the major focal points of research are summarized below.59

Valuing the Ocean: Research focus and links to the components of global carbon management inthe Future Ocean Cluster5. ReferencesArnason R (1991) Efficient management of ocean fisheries. European Economic Review 35(2),408-417.Constanza R, Andrade F, Antunes P, van den Belt M, Boesch D, Boersma D, Catarino F, HannaS, Limbur L, Low B, Molitor M, Pepiera JG, Rayner S, Snatos R, Wislon J, Young M (1999)Ecological economics and sustainable governance of the oceans. Ecological Economics 31,171-187.Culinane K (2004) Shipping economies, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Earney FC (1990) Marine mineral resources. Routledge, London.Imeson R (2004) Economic analysis and modeling of fisheries management in complex marineecosystems. Tinbergen Institute research series 330, Vrieje Universiteit Amsterdam.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2005) Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2001) Climate Change 2001: Mitigation.Klepper G, Peterson S (2006) Emissions Trading, CDM, JI and More – The Climate Strategy ofthe EU. The Energy Journal 27(2), forthcoming.Moslener U, Requate T (2006) Abatement in the Multi-Pollutant Case: When Stock-Pollutants areComplements or Substitutes. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, forthcoming.60

2.2 Theme B: Marine Resources and RisksOcean change will lead both to new opportunities as well as to new risks for the world’s increasingpopulation. Oceans provide resources and services to humankind, such as fish and seafood,genetic resources for medical purposes, fossil fuels and minerals. However, the sea is also asource of hazards through tsunamis, storm surges and sea-level rise. These opportunities andrisks pose several general questions:• Which physical, chemical, biological, and geological mechanisms lead to the evolution ofcertain resources?• What are the mechanisms that lead to marine hazards threatening coastal population?• Are ocean organisms a model system for human diseases providing a new tool in medicalresearch?• How should ocean resources be managed in a sustainable manner and which institutionaland legal frameworks are necessary for such endeavors?• How can risks be assessed, how can damages from hazardous events be evaluated, andwhich countermeasures can be taken to mitigate these?These and related topics will be addressed under Theme B, which focuses on the understandingand management of marine resources and assessment of hazards. Research into marineresources and risks is currently being conducted in particular among the geosciences,medical/biosciences, and the social sciences. Proposed JRG’s will supplement and strengthen ongoingresearch at the CAU and the participating Leibniz Institutes and will establish links which areneeded to address emerging issues in this area.In the research project B1 fishery management will be studied with the special focus onmultispecies interaction and the link between commercial species, non-commercial species, andthe ecosystem. Marine life and fisheries are presently studied at IFM-GEOMAR, but have notpreviously been linked to economic expertise at CAU and IfW. Building on this expertise, a newJRG will be established to improve the management strategies of fish stocks and fisheries,incorporating economic, legal, and scientific aspects.Kiel-based scientists from medical and natural sciences will join for the first time to study marineorganisms as a model system with the purpose of gaining a better understanding of themechanisms which trigger human diseases (B2). The proponents and the new JRG will apply agenomics approach to investigate the evolution and function of orthologs to human susceptibilitygenes for barrier dysfunction in marine organisms from diverse phyla. This approach is possiblebecause the genes which cause barrier disease have been conserved through evolution. As anultimate goal, the knowledge required in the marine model organisms will be applied to developnovel therapeutic or preventive strategies for human barrier disorders.The study of the occurrence and formation of marine resources, such as gas hydrates andhydrothermal deposits, is an important focus of research in Kiel. However, further expertise isneeded in the area of fluid flow and coupled reactions, which are responsible for the formation ofthese deposits. This aspect will be addressed by a modeling-oriented new JRG in project B3 whichwill also serve to link existing research groups in this field. Despite growing concerns regarding61

submarine earthquakes, slumps and slides and their consequences, such as the triggering oftsunamis, marine seismology is not an established discipline in Germany. To close this gap, a JRGis being proposed in order to address the problems of submarine hazards at continental margins(B4).To strengthen the existing groups investigating sea-level change, coastal evolution and coastalzone management tasks, new expertise is needed to analyze physical-morphological changes incoastal seas and to develop new tools to assess the vulnerability and resilience of coastal zonecommunities. The relevance of coastal change and risk assessment is highlighted by the tsunamitriggered off Indonesia in 2004 and hurricane Katrina, which devastated New Orleans in 2005, andjustifies the establishment of two new JRG’s in project B5 covering this important field.The study of legal aspects of the sea has a long tradition at CAU, but has suffered lately due to theloss of key faculty members. Project B6 will strengthen expertise in maritime law and a JRG isproposed to contribute to the development of new laws for the sustainable use of marine resourcesbased on a sound understanding of the oceanic ecosystem.The strong link between the topics of Theme B is the focus on resources and risks in connectionwith human benefits and threats drawn from them. Therefore, the economic and legal aspectsbridge the six topics and create a unique scientific network which is capable of developinginnovative and comprehensive approaches in the investigation and management of marineresources and risks.62

2.2.1 Research Topic B1: Living Resources and Over-FishingCoordinators:Prof. Requate, TillProf. Sommer, Ulrich19.09.1957 01.09.1952Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielLeibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenInstitut für VolkswirtschaftslehreFB3: Marine ÖkologieWilhelm-Seelig Platz 1Düsternbrooker Weg 2024118 Kiel24105 KielTel.: 0431-880 4424Tel.: 0431-600 4400Fax: 0431-880 1618Fax: 0431-600 4402Email: requate@wiso.uni-kiel.deEmail: usommer@ifm-geomar.deDr. Froese, Rainer25.08.1950Leibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenFB3: Marine ÖkologieDüsternbrooker Weg 2024105 KielTel.: 0431-600 4579Fax: 0431-600 1699Email: rfroese@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: F. Colijn, S. Garthe, G. Kraus, R. Hanel, U. Piatkowski, D. Schnack,R. Schneider, U. Siebert1. Summary / ZusammenfassungFishery exerts a prominent influence on marine ecosystems with direct effects on utilized and nonutilizedspecies and their habitats (Pauly et al. 1998). Poorly defined property rights, the failure ofinternational coordination and distorting subsidy policies have led to extremely high fishingcapacities and stock levels near the risk of extinction. The lower food web is influenced byanthropogenic environmental change affecting energy transfer from primary to fish production.Despite the obvious policy failure, there is agreement that future management regimes must dealwith rebuilding healthy ecosystems and new forms of governance. The aim of the new JRG is toapply a multidisciplinary approach toward new fishery management, focusing on advanced systemanalysis and a system of ecological and economic indicators which permit scrutiny of the successof fishery management scenarios (cf. Figure). Major issues are combining dynamic ecosysteminteractions, the stochastic nature of processes and climatic trends in a common modelingframework. The novelty of the economic approach is to use modern biological models to substituteGordon-Schaefer-based models for the management of renewable resources and to include tuningprocedures based on simple ecological and economic indicators. Intertemporal and optimalexploitation paths must be characterized, and decentralized management rules and policies whichare suitable for the implementation of these paths must be explored.63

Fischerei ist eine der wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren auf marine Ökosysteme mit direktenAuswirkungen auf genutzte und nicht-genutzte Arten sowie deren Habitate. Unzureichenddefinierte Besitzrechte, das Versagen internationaler Koordination, und verzerrendeSubventionspolitiken haben zu erheblichen Überkapazitäten in der Fischereiwirtschaft unddramatischen Rückgängen der Nutzfischbestände geführt. Die unteren Trophiestufen werdendurch anthropogene Umweltveränderungen beeinflusst mit Auswirkungen auf den Energietransfervon Primär- zu Fischproduktion. Trotz des offensichtlichen Politikversagens bestehtÜbereinstimmung darin, dass zukünftige Managementsysteme auf die Wiederherstellung derÖkosysteme und nachhaltige Nutzung abzielen müssen. Ziel der neuen Junior Forschergruppe(JRG) ist es, mit Hilfe eines multidisziplinären Ansatzes und komplexer dynamischerSystemanalyse ökologische und ökonomische Indikatoren zu identifizieren, die es erlauben, denErfolg von neuen Fischereimanagementregimen zu evaluieren. Ein Modellierungsschwerpunkt liegtauf der dynamischen Analyse von Ökosysteminteraktionen, stochastischen Prozessen und demEinfluss des Klimawandels. Die Innovation im ökonomischen Ansatz besteht darin, dietraditionellen Gordon-Schaefer Modellvarianten durch moderne ökologische Modelle alsNebenbedingungen für ökonomische Maximierungsprobleme zu ersetzen, und ökonomischeAnpassungsprozesse zu entwickeln, die auf einfachen ökologischen und ökonomischenIndikatoren beruhen. Intertemporal optimale Nutzungspfade sollen charakterisiert und optimaleManagement- sowie Politikregeln entwickelt werden.Modeling strategy for the assessment of fishery management approaches:usenon−useStand S tdenote stocks of commercial and non-use species. Y tdenotes harvest, B( Y t) denotes itsuseeconomic benefit and CY (t, St) denotes the cost of harvest. Ft(,,) ⋅ ⋅⋅ and Gt(,,) ⋅⋅⋅ denoteregeneration functions of use and non-use species. Etrepresents a vector of ecologic variablesand indicators, some of which are subject to random shocks.2. State-of-the-artPresent scientific management objectives for North Atlantic fish stocks are intended to ensure theconservation of the biological resources and do not explicitly consider economic or social64

objectives. However, the importance of economics in explaining fishing activities and theoverexploitation of resources has, meanwhile, been accepted, and a transition towards anecosystem-based management of marine resources can be observed (Browman and Stergio2004). Traditionally, ecosystem models have been developed to simulate nutrient cycles in theocean with an explicit focus on lower trophic levels (for a review cf. Gentleman 2002). In contrast,models of higher trophic levels have been developed as tools for fishery assessment. Apart from afew exceptions which use simplified mass balance models (Christensen and Pauly 1992), thoseapproaches have not yet been coupled with each other. Wätzold et al. (2006) point outfundamental similarities between ecological and economic approaches. In particular, bothdisciplines use similar methods for the study of the dynamics and stability of systems. Furthermore,ecologists explore the manner in which species maximize reproductive success and survival underfood limitation, while economists examine how humans maximize their well-being under aconstrained budget (Settle et al. 2002). At present, most economic fishery managementapproaches build on equilibrium models, in which the population growth of a single species ismodeled through inverse U-shaped functions. Recent approaches generalize these models byintroducing stochastic parameters (Carson et al. 2005) or introduce new methods, includingviability theory or qualitative differential equations, to deal with knowledge of various qualities (foran overview cf. Luna-Reyes and Andersen 2003). Thus far, state-of-the-art marine ecosystemmodels have not been coupled to economic models.3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsMajor international and national research projects which address the biological basis forecosystem-oriented marine resource management are coordinated fully or in part at IFM-GEOMAR(Schnack / Froese: GLOBEC, UNCOVER, BECAUSE, INCOFISH). The experimental ecologygroup (Sommer) concentrates on the lower trophic levels (Sommer and Sommer 2005). Climatechange effects are studied within the DFG priority program AQUASHIFT. IFM-GEOMAR hosts theworld's largest compilation of data on fish and fishery (http://www.fishbase.org). The Research andTechnology Center Westcoast (FTZ) in Büsum possesses complementary data on marinemammals and birds. At the CAU Department of Economics, incentives for environmental andresource managing policy instruments are studied. Recently, Moslener and Requate (2006)studied multi-pollution problems. The structure and methodology for dealing with these problems issimilar to multi-species approaches.4. ObjectivesAn examination of the mechanisms of marine resource exploitation indicates that a fundamentalchange in the socio-economic, institutional, and ecological settings is needed to achieve a return tosustainability. Since the majority of bio-economic models draw on single species models and donot reflect dynamic ecosystem interactions or the stochastic nature of processes related to thespecific life strategy of marine organisms, the aim of this JRG is to develop coupled bio-economicmodels which adequately take account of the complexity and the uncertainty of marine65

ecosystems. In particular, the following objectives will be addressed: (1) Evaluation, improvementand coupling of multi-species and ecosystem models with respect to their applicability inecosystem-based fishery management; (2) coupling of improved dynamic and stochastic multispecies/ ecosystem models with economic models to substitute Gordon-Schäfer approaches; (3)development of ecologic and economic indicators to evaluate management performance; (4)creation of policy rules for decentralized decision making, e.g., indicator-based individually tradablefishing quotas (ITQ’s) including regimes for banking and non-linear landing fees, combined withtechnological and behavioral standards; (5) simulation of scenarios on the basis of the modelsoutlined above using advanced numerical methods with stochastic parameters and (6) employmentof an integrated approach to ecological dynamics and the human use of marine resources for thepurpose of evaluating policy scenarios.The intensive modeling approach, including stochastic components, requires strong support by P1.Links are given to topics defined under B2, B5 and A7. B6 investigates the degree to which newlydeveloped decentralizing incentive schemes are compatible with international law. Results fromA1, A3, and A4 will be important for forecasting ecological indicators, such as temperature, CO 2concentrations and salinity, which are crucial for the development of species populations.5. ReferencesBrowman HI, Stergiou KI (eds) (2004) Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to themanagement of marine resources. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 274, 269–303.Carson T, Granger C, Jackson J, Schlenker W (2005) Are Current Fisheries Management ModelsWrong? UCSD-Disc. Paper, Dept. of Economics & Scripps Institution of Oceanography.Christensen V, Pauly D (1992) Ecopath II—a software for balancing steady-state ecosystemmodels and calculating network characteristics. Ecol. Model. 61, 169–185.Gentleman WC (2002) A chronology of plankton dynamics in silico: How computer models havebeen used to study marine ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 480, 69-85.Luna-Reyes LF, Andersen DL (2003) Collecting and analyzing qualitative data for systemdynamics: Methods and models. Syst. Dynam. Rev. 19(4), 271-296.Moslener U, Requate T (2006) Abatement in the Multi-Pollutant Case: When Stock-Pollutants areComplements or Substitutes. J. Econ. Dyn. Control (in press).Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, Froese R, Torres F Jr (1998) Fishing down marine foodwebs. Science 279, 860-863.Settle C, Crocker TD, Shogren JF (2002) On the joint determination of biological and economicsystems. Ecol. Econ. 42, 301-312.Sommer U, Sommer F (2005) Cladocerans versus copepods: the cause of contrasting top-downcontrols on freshwater and marine phytoplankton. Oecologia 135, 639-647.Wätzold F et al. (2006) Ecological-economic modeling for biodiversity management: Potential,pitfalls, prospects. Conserv. Biol. (in press).66

2.2.2 Research Topic B2: Marine Medicine: Interactions between Complex Barriers andMicrobiota in the OceanCoordinators:Prof. Schreiber, StefanProf. LaRoche, Julie25.06.1962 25.06.1957Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielLeibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenInstitut für klinische MolekularbiologieIFM-GEOMARSchittenhelmstr. 12Düsternbrooker Weg 2024105 Kiel24105 KielTel.: 0431-597 2350Tel.: 0431-600 4212Fax: 0431-597 1434Fax: 0431-600 4202Email: s.schreiber@mucosa.deEmail: jlaroche@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: T. Bosch, B. Hartke, J. Imhoff, U. Kunzendorf, E. Maser, S. Ott,P. Rosenstiel, R. Schmitz-Streit, R. Schulz-Friedrich1. Summary / ZusammenfassungThe protection of organisms by simple (i.e. cell membrane/transporters) or complex barriers isregarded as a pivotal step in the diversification of life. Complex barrier organs are vitally importantto human health. Diseases which affect barrier organs (e.g. skin, mucosa of the lung, urogenitaland gastrointestinal tract) often develop from the interaction between microbes (as triggeringagent) and individual genetic susceptibility. Using a combined bioinformatics and high throughputgenomics approach, the JRG will investigate the evolution and function of orthologs to humansusceptibility genes for barrier dysfunction in marine organisms from diverse phyla. The primaryobjective is to trace the diversification of disease-related genes in marine organisms subject to highselective pressure. This will lead to a better understanding of the interaction between barrier andenvironment and aid in an understanding of the evolutionary pressures which have shaped humandiversity profiles and result in disease under modern living conditions. Laboratory and field studiesinto the complex interplay of host/marine microbiota will be pursued in coordination with the marinegenome mining approach and will result in the development of model systems for the study ofbarrier disease and which may lead to the identification of novel targets for therapy or prevention.Der Schutz von Organismen durch einfache (z.B. Zellmembranen/Transporter) oder komplexeBarrieren ist ein wichtiges Merkmal der Diversifizierung von Lebensformen. Barriereorgane spieleneine entscheidende Rolle für die menschliche Gesundheit. Erkrankungen, die Organe mit großenGrenzflächen befallen (z.B. Haut, Lunge, Darm), entstehen häufig durch die Interaktion zwischenMikroorganismen (als Auslöser) und der individuellen genetischen Suszeptibilität. Die JuniorForschergruppe (JRG) wird mittels kombinierter bioinformatischer Analyse und genomischer67

Hochdurchsatztechnologien die Evolution und Funktion der Orthologe humanerSuszeptibilitätsgene für Barrierestörungen in einfachen und komplexen marinen Organismenuntersuchen. Im Fokus des Projekts wird der Einfluss des hohen Selektionsdrucks auf diegenetische Variabilität mariner Organismen und die komplexe Interaktion zwischen Barriereorganund Umwelt stehen. Ein Verständnis dieser evolutionären Mechanismen, wird Rückschlüsseerlauben, warum genetische Varianten in Barrieregenen unter heutigen Bedingungen beimMenschen zu Erkrankungen führen. Labor- und Feldstudien in Kombination mit 'marine genomemining’ werden in der Etablierung von Modellsystemen resultieren, die zur Entwicklung neuertherapeutischer oder präventiver Strategien für menschliche Barriereerkrankungen genutzt werdensollen.2. State-of-the-artThe large diversity of marine organisms is due to the long evolutionary period preceding thecolonization of terrestrial habitats (2.7 my). Of the 33 currently described phyla, 32 are present inthe marine environment and 15 are found exclusively there. Biological barriers which shieldunicellular and complex organisms against environmental stress or invading microbiota evolved inthe ocean. The surfaces of marine organisms are exposed to complex microflora and are subjectto extensive attack and counterattack processes. The resulting evolutionary selection pressureswhich act on marine barrier organs are also relevant for human barrier organs and their microbiota.However, in contrast to humans, who control their physical habitat, the genetic diversity of marinebiota remains under strong evolutionary pressure from its variable environment. The broadspectrum of human diseases linked to barrier dysfunction, ranging from acute bacterial infectionsto atopy and Crohn's disease, poses a burden for healthcare worldwide. Genetic variations whichaffect barrier function strongly predispose humans to acute and chronic inflammatory disorders ofbarrier organs. Thus, it is vital that we understand the factors which precipitate polygenicsusceptibility to disease. These factors are difficult to understand by observational methods inhumans, but are better understood in simple and accessible model systems. The importance ofthis approach has been recently demonstrated by a series of publications describing how Vibriospecies attach to the same sugar groups in the chitin exoskeleton of marine invertebrates as theydo in the epithelial cells which line the human stomach (Kin et al. 2005). Chitinase has recentlybeen linked to a number of human diseases, such as allergic inflammation which occurs in asthmaand to the colonization of epithelial stomach cells by pathogenic Vibrio in cholera (Zhu et al. 2004).3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe several proponents have expertise in the following fields: (i) genetic and functional genomicanalysis of human disease genes which affect barrier function (Crohn's disease) (Hampe et al.2001, Stoll et al. 2004), (ii) phylogenetic analyses of complex microbial populations in marineenvironmental samples and human biofilms (i.e. 16S/18S rDNA profiles, functional gene diversity),(iii) construction and archiving of metagenomic libraries for functional studies (Streit and Schmitz2004), (iv) mechanisms of adaptation to iron limitation in marine biota (Boyd et al. 2000), (v) thestudy of genetically modified oceanic organisms (diatom, urochordates) for mechanistic studies of68

the topics outlined above (Wittlieb et al. 2006). Phylogenetic analysis of the presence of orthologsof human disease genes and a joint first project which investigates the interaction betweencopepods and their associated bacteria in various environments as well as an EST library-basedsearch for conserved genes relevant to human disease and/or stress reactions have been initiated.Strategy of proposed research4. ObjectivesThe primary objective is to understand human barrier disorders by dissecting phylogeneticallyancient molecular mechanisms of marine host/microbial interactions which have evolved in themarine environment in the last million years. This is possible because the genes which causebarrier disease have been conserved throughout evolution. The JRG, located in the Center forMolecular Biosciences (ZMB) as part of the School (Faculty) of Medicine, will focus on relevantmarine model organisms (e.g. diatoms, crustaceans) from various trophic conditions and willexplore the sequence variation and expression signatures of gene families involved in physical andimmunological barrier function and stress responses. This will be achieved through threecomplementary approaches. 1) Bioinformatics using rapidly expanding marinegenome/metagenome databases to analyze the phylogenies and genetic diversity of gene familiesand the mapping of associated signaling pathways. This will initially focus on four groups of genefamilies: (i) genes for innate immune receptors and effectors, (ii) iron homeostasis, (iii) steroidmetabolism, (iv) energy metabolism and cell death. These gene families reflect the currentscientific expertise of the proponents. This approach will be the primary research area of the JRG,which will build on initial research work and develop its own independent research profile. 2) Fieldwork to collect and analyze populations of marine organisms from various habitats. The goal will beto characterize the diversity of the selected gene families in the organisms collected and to analyze69

microbial diversity on their barrier organs for the purpose of identifying potential species-specifichost-microbiota associations. Comparative SNP maps of relevant human disease genes in variouspopulations of marine species (e.g. copepods, fish) will be developed to determine sequencevariability or conservation as a function of defined selection pressures. 3) Laboratory work withdefined model organisms, including some transgenic models (e.g. diatom species.). This will tieobserved genetic variations with bioinformatically predicted changes in protein structure andfunction by studying selected genetic variants in vivo. These last two approaches will be developedby the proponents and the JRG through focused research projects funded either by the Cluster orother sources.The project will utilize marine genome/metagenome resources. Because of its remoteness, marineresources remain largely undiscovered. As an ultimate goal, the knowledge acquired in the marinemodel organisms will be transferred to the etiopathogenesis of human barrier disorders and thedevelopment of novel therapeutic or preventive strategies. The activity of the group will lead togene/function discovery (patents) which will then be transferable to marine biotechnologyindustries. The project is linked to A1 (sharing of marine model systems), A2 (deep-sea microbialmats), A6 (iron chemistry), B1 (fish-associated microbiota from aquaculture and the open ocean)and B6 (laws concerning marine genome resource exploitation) and strongly relies on thetechnological resources of platforms 3 (genomic technologies) and 4 (biological sampling).5. ReferencesBoyd P, Watson AJ, LaRoche J, et al. (2000) Mesoscale iron fertilization elevates phytoplanktonstocks in the polar Southern Ocean. Nature 407, 695-702.Hampe J, Cuthbert A, Schreiber S et al. (2001) Association between insertion mutation in NOD2gene and Crohn's disease in German and British populations. Lancet 357, 1925-8.Kirn TJ, Jude BA, Taylor RK (2005) A colonization factor links Vibrio cholera environmentalsurvival and human infection. Nature 438, 863-866.Stoll M, Corneliussen B, Rosenstiel P, Schreiber S (2004) Genetic variation in DLG5 isassociated with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genet 36, 476-80.Streit WR, Schmitz RA (2004) Metagenomics – the key to the uncultured microbes. CurrentOpinion in Microbiology 7, 49 -8.Wittlieb J, Khalturin K, Lohmann J, Anton-Erxleben F, Bosch TCG (2006) Transgenic Hydra allowin vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, inpress.Zhu Z, Zheng T et al. (2004) Acidic Mammalian Chitinase in Asthmatic Th2 Inflammation and IL-13Pathway Activation. Science 304, 1678-82.70

2.2.3 Research Topic B3: Fluid-Derived Seafloor ResourcesCoordinators:Prof. Devey, ColinProf. Schneider, Reinhold07.07.1961 20.03.1957Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielIFM-GEOMARInstitut für Informatik und PraktischeFB4: Dynamik des OzeanbodensMathematikWischhofstr. 1-3Christian-Albrechts-Platz 424148 Kiel24118 KielTel.: 0431-600 2256Tel.: 0431-880 7470Fax: 0431-600 2924Fax: 0431-880 4464Email: cdevey@ifm-geomar.deEmail: rs@numerik.uni-kiel.deProf. Hoernle, Kaj16.06.1960Leibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenIFM-GEOMARFB4: Dynamik des OzeanbodensWischhofstr. 1-324148 KielTel.: 0431-600 2256Fax: 0431-600 2924Email: khoernle@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: W. Bensch, J. Behrmann, D. Garbe-Schönberg, I. Grevemeyer,W. Hackbusch, F. Hauff, P. Herzig, A. Holzheid, D. Kläschen, T. Kuhn, K. Lackschewitz, P. Linke,S. Petersen, G. Rehder, V. Schenk, M. Schmidt, K. Wallmann1. Summary / ZusammenfassungSeafloor resources, such as polymetallic sulfides and gas hydrates, are formed by fluidspercolating through and interacting with the igneous and sedimentary rocks of the ocean crust.Polymetallic sulfides are characterized by high contents of copper, zinc as well as of gold, silverand other industrial trace metals which are potential metal resources. Gas hydrates may becomean important energy resource in the near future. The resource elements are extracted from thesubseafloor, transported in fluids and subsequently precipitated close to the seafloor in response tochanging physical-chemical conditions (cf. Figure). Although the physical properties andcomposition of these fluids are well known, there is a substantial gap in our worldwide knowledgeof the mechanisms which drive and control three-dimensional, time-dependent reactive fluid flowthrough the ocean crust. This knowledge is essential for a proper understanding of the formation ofthese seafloor resources and thus their potential exploration. We therefore propose theestablishment of a JRG to determine geologically relevant boundary conditions and to model71

transient three-dimensional fluid flow in the ocean crust in order to improve our understanding ofthe formation of these seafloor resources.Die Bildung von polymetallischen Sulfiden und Gashydraten am Meeresboden ist das Ergebnis derBewegung von Fluiden durch die ozeanische Kruste und der Wechselwirkung mit denmagmatischen und sedimentären Gesteinen. Polymetallische Sulfide sind durch hohe Kupfer- undZinkgehalte gekennzeichnet und können darüber hinaus auch hohe Gold-, Silber- undSpurenmetallgehalte aufweisen, die sie als Rohstoffe interessant machen. Gashydrate hingegengelten als eine mögliche, wichtige Energieresource für die Zukunft. Die chemischen Komponentenwerden aus den Ausgangsgesteinen im Untergrund entfernt, durch Fluide transportiert und angeochemischen und physikalischen Barrieren nahe dem Meeresboden angereichert. Obwohl diephysikochemischen Parameter und die Zusammensetzung der Fluide relativ gut bekannt sind, gibtes kaum Kenntnisse über die Mechanismen, die diesen reaktiven, räumlich-zeitlichen Fluidflussantreiben bzw. kontrollieren. Diese Kenntnisse sind von herausragender Bedeutung für unserVerständnis der Bildung dieser Resourcen und zur Vorhersage ihres Auftretens. Wir schlagendaher die Einrichtung einer neuen Forschergruppe vor, die den dreidimensionalen undzeitabhängigen Fluidfluss in der ozeanischen Kruste und seine Rolle bei der Entstehung vonmarinen Ressourcen untersuchen soll. Die Gruppe soll die geologisch relevantenRahmenbedingungen aufstellen und die notwendigen Modellierungen der Fluidflüsse durchführen,um die Bildung dieser marinen Resourcen besser zu verstehen.2. State-of-the-artThe source of fluids emanating from vents on the seafloor is still under debate, although circulatingheated seawater, metal-rich magmatic fluids and dewatering during subduction appear to be theprinciple sources (Lackschewitz et al. 2004, Hannington et al. 2005, Hensen and Wallmann 2005.Thermal and tectonic cracking of the ocean floor are the major mechanisms for forming apermeable network, thus permitting fluid to penetrate and alter the crust, which however probablybecomes impermeable within several million years after crack formation (Hauff et al. 2003). Recentstudies demonstrate the difficulties involved in modeling the circulation of saline, multi-phasehydrothermal fluids through the ocean crust (Kawada et al. 2004, Geiger et al. 2005). Numericalsimulation, including phase separation, requires the combined treatment of diffusion-type andadvection-type differential operators. A combination of semi-implicit Finite Element Methods (FEM)and explicit (second-order) Finite Volume Methods (FVM) was applied by Geiger et al. (2005) fortemporal two-dimensional flow. Modeling of transient, three-dimensional, time-dependent flow asproposed here, however, requires more advanced numerical techniques, such as adaptivity andfast solvers. Thermodynamics and reaction kinetics of fluids during water/rock interaction arepoorly known, especially for super-critical hydrothermal systems. Currently-used transport-reactionmodels do not incorporate new data, for example, on metal solubility changes or isotopefractionations during sub- and supercritical phase separation (e.g. Allen and Seyfried 2003).72

Similar fluid-flow models are applicable to the formation of different seafloor resources.3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe proponents have strengths, both nationally and internationally, in the following areas: 1) thealteration and metamorphism of the seafloor, 2) the structural geology, physics and chemistry ofthe ocean crust, 3) thermodynamics and the chemistry of fluids, 4) the formation and dissociationof gas hydrates, 5) the evolution of hydrothermal systems and 6) numerical simulation. This isreflected in the proponents’ publication records and their leading roles in large projects, e.g.SPP1144 (From Mantle to Ocean: Energy, Material and Life Cycles at Spreading Axes), SFB 574(Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones), COMET (Controls on Methane Fluxes and theirClimatic Relevance in Marine Gas Hydrate-Bearing sediments), METRO (Methane and MethaneHydrates in the Black Sea), EU IHP Network (Breaking Complexity) and SFB 393 (NumericalSimulation on Parallel Computers). The petrological and geochemical groups in Kiel have, or willobtain, the necessary background data on fluids, host rocks and the marine resources. Based onmathematical expertise (e.g. discretization and approximation methods and efficient solvers forlarge systems; Beuchler et al. 2004), the numerical simulation group will provide advancedcomputational tools for complex models. The structural geology and marine geophysical groupswill generate basis data on heat flow and the structure of the ocean floor.4. ObjectivesThe goal of the JRG will be to improve our knowledge of resource formation resulting from fluidflow in the ocean crust. During the first half of the project, the JRG will establish realistic boundaryconditions (geological, physical, chemical) for fluid flow, dissolution and precipitation processes.Thereafter, emphasis will shift to the numerical modeling of these geological systems in threedimensions, integrating chemical and biological reactions and the thermodynamics of the fluids.The petrological and geochemical groups will provide kinetic and thermodynamic components for73

modeling, which describe chemical and biological reactions occurring during fluid flow in porousmedia. The structural geology and geophysical groups will assist the JRG in developing techniquesfor mapping fracture networks in the ocean crust. Modeling of the three-dimensional, timedependentevolution of fluid-derived marine resources requires, for example, 1) the application ofstate-of-the-art discretization tools to take into account phase separation at low and hightemperatures, and 2) the use of novel multi-scale homogenization techniques to calculate fluid flowthrough different crack geometries. Since uncertainty is inherent in all numerical modeling, theJRG, together with the mathematical group and the “Numerical Simulations” platform, will developappropriate processing tools for the quantitative representation of uncertainty using, for example,Stochastic Finite Element Methods. The JRG will then integrate the knowledge of geologicalsystems and novel numerical techniques into a coupled transport-reaction model. This JRG hasclear links to subprojects A2 (gas hydrate melting), A7 (global carbon management), B4 (fluid flowat active continental margins) and B6 (legal aspects of mineral deposit extraction) as well as toplatforms P1, P2 and P4.5. ReferencesAllen DA, Seyfried WE (2003) Compositional controls on vent fluids from ultramafic-hostedhydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges: An experimental study at 400°C, 500 bars.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67, 1531–1542.Beuchler S, Schneider R, Schwab C (2004) Multiresolution weighted norm equivalences andapplications. Numer Math 98, 67-97.Geiger S, Driesner T, Heinrich CA, Matheei S (2005) On the dynamics of NaCl-H 2 O fluidconvection in the Earth’s crust. J Geophys Res 110, B07101.Hannington MD, de Ronde C, Petersen S (2005) Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermalsystems. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, 111-141.Hauff F, Hoernle K, Schmidt A (2003) The Sr-Nd-Pb composition of Mesozoic Pacific oceaniccrust (ODP Leg 185). Implications for alteration of ocean crust and the input into the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system. Geochem Geophys Geosys 4, # 8913.Hensen C, Wallmann K (2005) Methane formation at Costa Rica continental margin: constraintsfor gas hydrate inventory and cross-decollement fluid flow. Earth Planet Sci Lett 236, 41-60.Kawada Y, Yoshida Y, Watanaba S (2004) Numerical simulations of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermalcirculation including phase separation of seawater. Earth Planet Space 56, 193-215.Lackschewitz KS, Devey C, et al. (2004) Mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic characteristicsof hydrothermal alteration processes in the active, submarine, felsic-hosted PACMANUSfield, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68, 4405-4427.74

2.2.4 Research Topic B4: Submarine Hazards at Continental Margins: Earthquakes,Submarine Slope Failure and Tsunami GenerationCoordinators:Prof. Behrmann, JanProf. Flüh, Ernst23.02.1953 19.06.1953Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften Leibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenIFM-GEOMARIFM-GEOMARFB4: Dynamik des OzeanbodensFB4: Dynamik des OzeanbodensWischhofstr. 1-3Wischhofstr. 1-324148 Kiel24148 KielTel.: 0431-600 2273Tel.: 0431-600 2328Fax: 0431-600 2922Fax: 0431-600 2922Email: jbehrmann@ifm-geomar.deEmail: eflueh@ifm-geomar.deProf. Rabbel, Wolfgang16.01.1957Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für GeowissenschaftenOtto-Hahn-Platz 124118 KielTel.: 0431-880 3916Fax: 0431-880 4432Email: wrabbel@geophysik.uni-kiel.deFurther Proponents: W. Brückmann, V. Feeser, R. Hackney, M. Jegen-Kulczar, H. Kopp,K. Stattegger, H. Sterr1. Summary / ZusammenfassungEarthquakes, submarine slope failures and resulting tsunamis pose a major threat to coastalcommunities which are home to over sixty percent of mankind and the location of a largeproportion of major industrial installations, increasingly including offshore installations. Economicand population growth will increase the vulnerability of society to these natural hazards. It is thusimperative that geoscientists adopt integrated approaches in order to better understand earthquakegeneration as a deep-earth process, investigate the causes, mechanics, consequences as well asthe future likelihood of submarine slope failure, and elucidate the consequences of these dynamicsfor tsunamis and other continental margin geohazards. Based on a new concept of combinedactive and passive geophysical observations and geotechnical experiments, the proposed workinggroup will undertake synoptic studies at high-risk continental margins to study the processesconnecting dewatering, pore-pressure changes and hazard potential.75

Erdbeben, submarine Hangrutschungen und die durch beide Prozesse ausgelösten Tsunamisstellen eine große Bedrohung küstennaher Zivilisationen dar. Mehr als sechzig Prozent derErdbevölkerung und ein hoher Anteil der Industrieansiedlungen befinden sich anKontinentalrändern. Globalisierung und Wirtschaftswachstum führen zu einer steigendenVulnerabilität der Gesellschaft durch diese Naturgefahren. In dieser Lage sind dieGeowissenschaften aufgefordert, Studien voranzutreiben, die zu einem besseren Verständnis vonErdbeben führen, und die Ursachen, Mechanik und Folgen submariner Massentransporte zuerforschen. Schließlich muss der Einfluss der Dynamik beider Prozesse auf die Entstehung vonTsunamis und auf andere Naturgefahren besser geklärt werden. Ausgehend von einem neuenKonzept kombinierter aktiver und passiver seismischer Messungen und geotechnischerExperimente soll die vorgeschlagene Arbeitsgruppe synoptische Studien an Hochrisiko-Kontinentalrändern durchführen und dabei die Prozesse der Entwässerung und der damitverbundenen Porendruckänderungen und tektonischen Gefährdungspotentiale untersuchen.2. State-of-the-artCoastal communities, industry and offshore installations are all threatened by shallow earthquakesat active margins and submarine landslides at all margins (cf. Figure). Despite considerableinternational efforts, subduction-zone earthquakes are still poorly understood. Recent events in theIndian Ocean (Ammon et al. 2005) demonstrate that earthquake magnitude and location alone arenot sufficient to explain massive displacement of the seafloor and devastating tsunamis. Slowearthquakes may have relatively small magnitudes and still generate large seafloor displacementsif rupture dimensions are sufficient. Dewatering at plate boundaries is thought to control the updipextent of the seismogenic zone, but, since seismological arrays are usually installed onshore, theseismogenic zone remains unconstrained. Pore-pressure variations may influence the importanceof asperities and thus controls on seismic vs. aseismic slip and fast vs. slow (tsunamogenic) slip,but the physical properties within the shallow seismogenic zone are poorly known. In addition,earthquakes lead to sediment liquefaction and thus may trigger large (up to 100-km-scale)tsunamogenic submarine landslides. Even the small 1998 Sissano slide, which was triggered by anearthquake, generated a devastating local tsunami. The conditions for such triggering processesmust be investigated. Since submarine slides can be far larger than on-shore events, submarinemass wasting, long thought of as a sedimentary process, has been recognized as a majorgeohazard for offshore installations and, if tsunamogenic in nature, for coastal communities(Canals et al, 2004). The effect of hydrates on the shear strength of sediments implies that globalchange and thermal hydrate destabilization may have devastating future consequences for slopestability, and this factor must be modeled. Both earthquakes and slope failure are triggered by fluidmobility, are related to the physical properties of sedimentary rocks and can have devastatingconsequences for coastal communities, consequences which are likely to be increased by globalchanges and the increased use of offshore installations.76

Interdependence between earthquakes, slope stability and resulting tsunami generation in a typicalactive continental margin setting to be investigated by the proponents working group3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe University of Kiel offers unique opportunities for addressing the problems outlined abovethrough expertise in marine instrumentation, the advanced processing and inversion of geophysicaldata, and static and dynamic laboratory rock and sediment testing. There is also considerableexpertise regarding the dewatering cycle as well as instrumentation to monitor earthquakes (Husenet al. 2000) and dewatering at the seafloor. The proponents have a long-standing and strongrecord of studying the seismicity, structure and tectonics of active margins and providecomplementary expertise in the fields of geophysics, rock and soil mechanics, and structuralgeology. Ship time has already been secured for 2006 and 2007, and existing data are availablefor further analysis. Various proponents have extensive experience in leading marine expeditions,including Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) cruises in high-risk continental margins, andplay leading roles in SFB 574 (Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones).4. ObjectivesWhile many land-based seismological and geotechnical working groups exist both in Germany andthroughout the world, their marine equivalents are practically non-existent. The proponents plan toaddress these shortcomings as well as the interrelationships between seismogenesis, fluids, andslope failure by establishing a novel combined marine seismology/geotechnical group in Kiel. Keyobjectives include the delineation of the updip limit of the seismogenic zone using passiveseismology, the determination of physical properties (including shear moduli) beneath the slopeand along the plate boundary using active seismic methods, and the mapping of fluidconcentrations, fluid mobility and local overpressure both beneath the slope and within theseismogenic zone using active seismic and electromagnetic methods. The proponents will takeadvantage of the recent development of broadband ocean-bottom seismometers, which aredeployable down to full ocean depths, and of new approaches in interpretation (e.g. Song and77

Simons 2003) to investigate shallow seismogenesis at the plate boundary directly beneath thecontinental slope. In addition, future seismogenic-zone drilling (e.g. the CRISP and Nankaiprojects) will provide for the unprecedented integration of seismic and seismological studies,borehole measurements and monitoring, as well as geotechnical investigation on drilling cores.Seismic studies will be complemented by geotechnical/petrophysical experiments by subjectingsediment samples to triaxial experiments, simulating seismogenic zone PT conditions andmeasuring mechanical parameters. A key goal is the consideration of the link between dewatering,pore-pressure variations and induced variations in seismic subsurface parameters. Geophysicalstudies will be complemented by new seafloor observation technologies and geotechnicallaboratory experiments to better constrain the critical parameters governing slope stability, inparticular, the relationship between shear moduli and shear strength as well as the influence ofpore pressure. Tools to be applied include: instruments to conduct long-term in situ deformationmeasurements (e.g. networked fiberoptic strainmeters) and microstructural observation techniquesfor deformation studies (e.g. analogue materials, E-SEM technology). Based on the ground truthprovided by geotechnics and petrophysics, focus will be placed on the integrative analysis ofgeophysical data to yield the shear modulus and stability of the slope and on predicted rupturemaps of the plate boundary. The JRG will maintain close ties to B5, especially B5-2, for whichmaps of ground parameters relevant for hazard assessment will be provided. Close cooperationwith B3 is foreseen in the study of active dewatering at continental margins and the link to theearthquake cycle. The effects of gas hydrates on slope stability will be investigated together withA2. The group will strongly rely on resources provided by the P1 and P4 platforms.5. ReferencesAmmon CJ, Ji C, Thio H-K, Robinson D, Ni S, Hjorleisdottir V, Kanamori H, Lay T, Das S,Helmberger D, Ichinose G, Polet J, Wald D (2005) Rupture Process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake. Science 308, 1133-1139.Canals M and 16 co-authors (2004) Slope failure dynamics and impacts from seafloor and shallowsub-seafloor geophysical data: case studies from the COSTA project. Marine Geology 213,9– 72.Husen S, Kissling E, Flueh ER (2000) Local earthquake tomography of shallow subduction in northChile: a combined on- and offshore study. J Geophys. Res 105, 28.183-28.198.Song TA, Simons M (2003) Large trench-parallel gravity variations predict seismogenic behavior insubduction zones. Science 301, 630–633.78

2.2.5 Research Topic B5: Sea-Level Rise and Coasts at RiskCoordinators:Prof. Stattegger, KarlProf. Rabbel, Wolfgang23.09.1951 16.01.1957Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für GeowissenschaftenInstitut für GeowissenschaftenOtto-Hahn-Platz 1Otto-Hahn-Platz 124098 Kiel24098 KielTel.: 0431-880 2881Tel.: 0431-880 3916Fax: 0431-880 4432Fax: 0431-880 4432Email: kstattegger@gpi.uni-kiel.deEmail: wrabbel@geophysik.uni-kiel.deFurther Proponents: H. Sterr, A. Dahmke, W. Dombrowsky, C. Dullo, H.-J. Götze, R. Hackney,R. Horn, R. Mayerle, J. Müller, U. Müller, K. Ricklefs, U. Schmidt, K. Schwarzer1. Summary / ZusammenfassungMany coastal zones can suffer from the destructive impacts of tsunamis, storm surges and waves,particularly in densely populated river-mouth systems. Climate change and related sea-level rise(SLR) will strongly modify hydro-, sediment- and morphodynamics in coastal environments,forward saltwater intrusion into ground water and soils, and aggravate coastal hazards for manycities and societies. Two Junior Research Groups (JRG's) will be established under B5. B5(1) Sea-Level Rise and Physical-Morphological Changes in Coastal Seas will analyze the interaction of thethree land-sea, freshwater-saltwater, and water column-seafloor coupled interfaces. Combinedwater column and seafloor surveys at high-resolution timescales will integrate information onsediment dynamics and on migrating freshwater/saltwater transition zones. This constitutes a new,multifaceted approach referred to as Change Analysis. The JRG will be positioned at the interfacebetween marine sedimentology and marine geophysics and will bridge the gaps betweenmeasurements of present-day hydro- and sediment-dynamic processes and reconstructions fromthe sedimentary record. B5(2) From Coastal Hazards and Vulnerability to Risk Management willintegrate this information, along with data on the socio-economic and ecologic vulnerability on thelandward side, to establish a quantitative and model-based multihazard risk assessment tool. Theprimary objectives of the new JRG in B5(2) are to identify possible hotspots of risk in selectedregions, to quantify potential damage versus the economic benefits of response options and toimprove the feasibility of decision-making processes in risk mitigation in the presence ofconsiderable uncertainties.Küstenzonen, besonders die dicht besiedelten Flussmündungsgebiete, können durch den Einflussvon Tsunamis, Sturmfluten und Wellenangriff nachteilig beeinflusst werden. Klimawandel und79

damit zusammenhängender Meeresspiegelanstieg werden in erheblichem Maße die Hydro-,Sediment- und Morphodynamik in Küstengebieten verändern, die Intrusion von Salzwasser inGrundwasser und Böden begünstigen, sowie die Risiken für Ballungsräume verschärfen. Unter B5sollen zwei JRG's eingerichtet werden. B5(1) „Sea-Level Rise and Physical-MorphologicalChanges in Coastal Seas“ wird das Zusammenwirken der drei gekoppelten Schnittstellen Land-Meer, Salzwasser-Süßwasser und Wassersäule-Sediment analysieren. Die Verbindung vonUntersuchungen in der Wassersäule und am Meeresboden bietet einen neuen und differenziertenForschungsansatz, um auf hoch aufgelösten Zeitskalen Informationen über Sedimentdynamik wieauch über die wandernden Grenzen und Mischungsbereiche zwischen Süß- und Salzwasserzusammenzuführen. Die JRG wird an der Schnittstelle zwischen mariner Sedimentologie undmariner Geophysik angesiedelt, um die Lücken zwischen der Untersuchung heute ablaufenderhydro- und sedimentdynamischer Prozesse und deren Rekonstruktion aus den Sedimenten zuschließen, sowie die Verbindung zu B5(2) herzustellen. B5(2) „From Coastal Hazards andVulnerability to Risk Management“ wird diese Informationen mit Daten zur sozioökonomischen undökologischen Vulnerabilität integrativ zusammenführen, um quantitative, modell-basierteWerkzeuge zur Risikoabschätzung zu entwickeln. Die JRG bei B5(2) soll vorrangig die Zieleverfolgen, in ausgewählten Küstenregionen die Risiko-Hotspots zu identifizieren, die potentiellenSchäden ökonomisch zu quantifizieren und im Vergleich mit dem Nutzen von Vorsorge- undSchutzmaßnahmen abzuwägen und die Plausibilität von Entscheidungsprozessen zurRisikominderung zu verbessern.The increasingly populated coastal zones, which are subject to diverse oceanic hazards, will beinvestigated by two JRGs established under B5. The main objective of B5 is to link the dynamicprocesses that control impacts on the coastal system to be studied by B5(1) with the assessmentof coastal vulnerability and risks in B5(2). The results will allow the prediction of the criticalconsequences of future sea-level-rise scenarios and will strongly support risk managementprocesses. In the following, the proposed groups are presented under two separate Sections.80

Sea-Level Rise and Hazards at the Land-Sea Interface81

B5(1) Sea-Level Rise and Physical-Morphological Changes in Coastal Seas2. State-of-the-artChanging sea levels have been the driver of shoreline changes over geological time. The overallglobal rate of SLR during the past 100 years has been nearly 2 mm/yr, distinctly higher than theaverage rate during the past millennia (Church and White 2006), and may further accelerate in thefuture (Overpeck et al. 2006). Extreme events, such as storms, peak freshwater run-off ortsunamis, further increase the impact of SLR on coastal vulnerability. Coastal water processes arestrongly affected by land-derived, ocean-derived and atmospheric loads. New global balances ofsediment discharge from rivers simultaneously show increases through soil erosion, but reductionsin sediment flux which reaches the world’s coasts because of retention within reservoirs (Syvitski etal. 2005). Hydro- and morphodynamic processes which act at the various land-sea interfaces overvarying timescales (from single events to centuries) have been studied separately, but the interplaybetween these processes is mainly responsible for triggering major coastal hazards (Ericson et al.2006). An improved understanding of the physical processes which control sediment fluxes andbudgets is needed because these processes induce major coastal changes and risks to society(Crossland et al. 2005, Pickrill and Todd 2003).3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsExpertise in Kiel encompasses both, coastal geology and marine geophysics. Principal researchtopics include late Quaternary sea-level change and coastal evolution, as well as current hydroandsediment dynamics in the North and Baltic Seas and in the tropical coastal seas off Brazil,Madagascar, Vietnam and Malaysia (Caldas et al. 2006, Diesing et al. in press, Hanebuth et al.2000, Schwarzer et al. 2003). This research is linked to international programs (e.g. LOICZ, EUFramework Programs). Expertise in marine geophysics includes shallow-reflection seismology,satellite altimetry and gravimetry (TIPTEQ Project, SPP 1257: Mass Transport in the EarthSystem), shallow-water acoustic archeometry and engineering geophysics based on Scholte waveanalysis (Rabbel 2006). In-situ observations and measurements are supported by the ScientificDiving Group established at the Institute of Geosciences of the University of Kiel and the mannedsubmersible JAGO provided by P4.4. ObjectivesThe proponents and the new JRG will study the interaction of the three coupled interfaces: landsea,freshwater-saltwater, and water column-seafloor. Water column, seafloor, and subsurfacestructures in coastal seas will be jointly investigated to integrate information on sediment mobility,deposition and erosion, as well as on migrating freshwater/saltwater boundaries and mixing zones.The primary objective is to quantify major physical-morphological changes in river-mouth systemsand adjacent coastal seas which are triggered by rising sea levels. This will provide reliable datafor various coastal threat scenarios.High-resolution hydroacoustic and shallow-reflection seismic techniques will be adapted forsurveying and imaging complex 4-D hydrodynamic structures and sediment fluxes in the water82

column, as well as sedimentary structures on and beneath the seafloor. Parallel to data acquisitionat sea, seismic and georadar measurements will be carried out on land for comprehensivereconstructions of shoreline change. These combined results will provide the input necessary forthe development of multidisciplinary strategies for coastal risk assessment and will form the basisfor numerical model development.An improved understanding of the dynamics which control near-shore sediment budgets duringsea-level fluctuations is required to accurately assess future coastal evolution. Data concerningthese processes on variable timescales are needed to assess the conditions which trigger coastalhazards. By considering various scenarios for climate change and human intervention which affectSLR and shoreline migration, the following key and interrelated topics will be addressed in aninnovative change analysis approach: (1) changes in near-shore slope gradients; (2) changes innear-shore circulation systems; (3) impacts on the coastal sediment budget, including rates of andbalances between erosion and sedimentation; (4) effects on biological and ecological systems; and(5) disturbances of coastal infrastructures.Principal research targets are primarily changing river-mouth systems, in particular: (1) thetransition from deltaic to estuarine systems; (2) shoreline changes ranging from prograding toretrograding; (3) inland migration of the groundwater/saltwater interface which leads to the pollutionof freshwater resources; and (4) the consequences of sand/gravel extraction and waste dumping.In addition to direct connections with B5(2), B5(1) will have close ties to A4 (climate change), B1(nursery habitats in the coastal zone), B4 (impacts of deep-sea hazards) and B6 (juridicaldefinitions of offshore economic zones). Research platforms P1, P2 and P4 will be usedextensively.5. ReferencesCaldas LH, Stattegger K, Vital H (2006) Holocene sea-level history: Evidence from coastalsediments of the northern Rio Grande do Norte coast, NE Brazil. Marine Geology 228, 39-53.Church JA, White NJ (2006) A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise. GeophysicalResearch Letters 33, L01602, doi:10.1029/2005GL024826.Crossland JC, Kremer HH, Lindeboom HJ, Marshall Crossland JI, Le Tissier MD (2005) CoastalFluxes in the Anthropocene. Global Change – The IGBP Series, 232 pp., Springer.Diesing M, Kubicki A, Winter C, Schwarzer K (in press) Decadal scale stability of sorted bedforms,German Bight, southeastern North Sea. Continental Shelf Research.Ericson JP, Vörösmarty CJ, Dingman SL, Ward LG, Meybeck M (2006) Effective sea-level rise anddeltas: Causes of change and human dimension implications. Global and Planetary Change50, 63-82.Hanebuth T, Stattegger K, Grootes P (2000) Rapid flooding of the Sunda Shelf - a late glacialsea-level record. Science 288, 1033-1035.Overpeck JT, Otto-Bliesner BL, Miller GH, Muhs DR, Alley RB, Kiehl JT (2006) Paleoclimaticevidence for future ice-sheet instability and rapid sea-level rise. Science 311, 1747-1750.83

Pickrill RA, Todd BJ (2003) The multiple roles of acoustic mapping in integrated oceanmanagement, Canadian Atlantic continental margin. Ocean & Coastal Management 46,601-614.Rabbel W (2006) Seismic methods for hydro-geological applications. In: R Kirsch (ed.),Hydrogeophysics, Springer, Berlin, 23-84.Schwarzer K, Diesing M, Larson M, Niedermeyer R-O, Schumacher W, Furmanczyk K (2003)Coastline evolution at different time scales. - Examples from the southern Baltic Sea(Pomeranian Bight). Marine Geology 194, 79 - 101.Syvitski JPM, Vörösmarti CJ, Kettner AJ, Green P (2005) Impact of humans on the flux ofterrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science 308, 376-380.B5(2): From Coastal Hazards and Vulnerability to Risk Management2. State-of-the-artSince the IPCC’s (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) first predictions of climate changeand accelerated SLR, a number of studies have addressed the issue of hazards to low-lyingcoastal areas. Several methods for the quantitative assessment of coastal vulnerability have beenproposed (e.g. Boruff et al. 2005, Klein and Nicholls 1999). These methods primarily analyze theeffects of gradual coastal-system changes, such as slow inundation, erosion or saltwater influenceon groundwater and soils. More recently, coastal risk research has focused on eithermacroeconomic assessment models on a global scale (Vafeidis et al. 2004) or on specific regional(microscale) aspects of the economic drawbacks arising from SLR (Darwin and Tol 2001). In 2004and 2005, devastating flood events revealed that vulnerability assessments which rely solely onmorphologic or economic methods are not adequate to support the complex process of coastal riskmitigation. Hence, a comprehensive approach for risk modeling which also incorporates social andecological components is needed. The first attempts to derive integrated decision-making supporttools for flood risk assessment and management are underway (Onate and Piazzese 2005), butthey need to be further expanded to include multihazard situations as well as various types ofcoastal environments and regions.3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsH. Sterr has been a member of the Coastal Zone Management Subgroup of the IPCC and areviewing author of the IPCC Second Assessment Report. He has directed several researchprojects on coastal hazards related to climate change which have focused on: (a) the developmentof risk assessment methods on various spatial scales (Sterr et al. 2003); (b) scenario-basedmodeling of vulnerability via GIS (Sylt Island, State of Para, Brazil), and (c) risk management in theNorth Sea region and Europe (COMRISK, FLOODSITE, EU). U. Schmidt from the Department ofEconomics of the University of Kiel has conducted several research projects in the area of riskperception, risk evaluation and risk management (Schmidt and Zank 2005). W. Dombrowsky fromthe Disaster Research Unit at the University of Kiel has conducted several projects on disaster andflood management (Dombrowsky and Ohlendieck 1998). R. Horn is a renowned specialist on soil84

mechanics, also with respect to dike stability, while J. Müller and U. Müller have addressed issuesof prehistoric and ancient disasters in coastal environments.4. ObjectivesIn 2005, the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction called upon both natural and socialscientists all over the world to assist in the development and implementation of early warninginstruments and risk management tools. The proponents of B5(2) suggest, therefore, that a JRGshould adopt this challenge and address the full range of vulnerability issues in coastal zones bybuilding on the wide range of experiences in geographic, economic and social risk research in Kiel.With respect to future trends in the oceans (A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, B1, B4, B6 and, above all, B5(1)),these increasingly overlapping and interacting hazards call for innovative instruments forcomprehensive vulnerability assessments and integrated risk management. The objective of B5(2)can be reached by following a step-wise approach: (1) identification of the most crucial geographicrisk parameters for selected hazards by utilizing high-resolution remote sensing techniques; (2)integration of results into existing GIS-based models (e.g. flood inundation models, erosionmodels); (3) quantitative assessments of potential economic damages within the risk zone,covering both direct and indirect, tangible and intangible (e.g. ecological) values; subsequentincorporation into value-at-risk and related microeconomic models; (4) analysis of risk perceptionand awareness factors in societies with and without previous risk experiences; (5) utilization ofeconomic cost-benefit quantifications of risk mitigation strategies in order to develop a compositerisk valuation model; (6) adaptation of scenario-based techniques for fuzzy-set modeling ofdecision-making processes under uncertainty (Agent-Based Model, e.g. ABM, from the PotsdamInstitute for Climate Impact Research). The final product (model) may serve as a basic decisionsupporttool of the type recently requested by Munich Re and other insurance companies.With its focus on densely populated river mouths, B5(2) will have direct links to B5(1), where SLRrelatedchanges along the crucial interfaces will be detected, and to B4 for an analysis of tsunamipronelow-lying coastal regions (e.g. in Southeast Asia). For steps 5 and 6 the proponents andJRG will closely cooperate with Platform 1. The research of groups A4 (climate change), A7(economic valuing), and B6 (legal constraints) will also be of relevance to B5(2).5. ReferencesBoruff B, Emrich C, Cutter S (2005) Erosion Hazard Vulnerability of US Coastal Counties. Journalof Coastal Research 21, 932-942.Darwin RF, Tol RSJ (2001) Estimates of the Economic Effects of Sea Level Rise. Environmentaland Resource Economics 19 (2), 113-129.Dombrowsky WR, Ohlendieck L (1998) Flood management in Germany. In: Rosenthal UT, Hart P(Eds.): Flood Response and Crisis Management in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis.Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 153-187.Klein RJT, Nicholls RJ (1999) Assessing of Coastal Vulnerability to Climate Change. Ambio 28,182-187.85

Onate E, Piazzese J (2005) Decision Support System for Risk Assessment and Management ofFloods. Source: http://www.eu-lat.org/eenviron/Onate.pdfSchmidt U, Zank H (2005) What is Loss Aversion? Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 30, 157-167.Sterr H, Klein RJT, Reese S (2003) Climate Change and Coastal Zones: An Overview on thestate-of-the-art of Regional and Local Vulnerability Assessments. In: Giupponi C, Shechter M(Eds.) Climate Change in the Mediterranean. Cheltenham. 245 - 278.Vafeidis AT, Nicholls RJ, McFadden L, Hinkel J, Grashoff PS (2004) Developing a GlobalDatabase for Coastal Vulnerability Analysis: Design Issues and Challenges. In: Altan, MO(Ed.) The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial InformationSciences 35 (B), 801-805.86

2.2.6 Research Topic B6: Law of the Sea and Marine ResourcesCoordinators:Prof. Zimmermann, AndreasProf. Colijn, Franciscus18.06.1961 07.08.1945Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielWalther-Schücking-Institut für Internationales Forschungs- und TechnologiezentrumRechtWestküste (FTZ)Westring 400Hafentörn 124098 Kiel25761 BüsumTel.: 0431-880 2149 Tel.: 04834-604 200Fax: 0431-880 1619 Fax: 04834-604 299Email: azimmermann@internat-recht.uni-kiel.de Email: fcolijn@ftz-west.uni-kiel.deFurther Proponents: T. Giegerich, U. Jenisch, K. Lochte, C. Devey, T. Requate, S. Garthe, U.Siebert, M. Visbeck1. Summary / ZusammenfassungMost, if not all, activities at sea have a legal dimension. At the same time the oceans offer anextremely wide range of possible (traditional and innovative) uses, including fishery, theexploitation of hydrocarbons (such as oil and gas), mineral and non-mineral resources (“bluebiotechnology”), alternative energies, climate change-related uses, such as the sequestration ofCO 2 , and transport. Against this background the proposed JRG and the proponents of B6 will focuson the interrelationships between the technical feasibility of these and other uses, their domesticand international legal and economic dimensions, and their possible ecological impacts. The groupwill focus both on the current regulation of ocean uses under the United Nations Law of the SeaConvention (UNCLOS) (and customary international law) as well as on possible futuredevelopments in the area in light of the aforementioned ecological, economic and natural sciencebasedrequirements. These studies will take account of the varying degree of sovereign rights tobe exercised by coastal states over their internal waters and territorial seas, their respectivecontinental shelves and exclusive economic zones, in particular those of the high seas and thedeep-sea floor.Fast alle Aktivitäten auf See haben eine rechtliche Dimension. Gleichzeitig bieten die Ozeane einegroße Fülle an traditionellen und innovativen Nutzungsmöglichkeiten, insbesondere in Form vonFischerei, der Ausbeutung fossiler Brennstoffe, der Gewinnung mineralischer und nichtmineralischerRessourcen, der Nutzung alternativer Energien, Sequestrierung von CO 2 , und nichtzuletzt Transport. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll sich die hier beantragte Junior-Forschergruppe aufdas Verhältnis zwischen technologisch möglichen Nutzungsmöglichkeiten einerseits und den87

echtlichen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen unter Berücksichtigung ökologischerAuswirkungen andererseits konzentrieren. Die Forschergruppe wird dabei den Schwerpunkt zumeinen auf die derzeitige Regulierung der Ozeannutzung im Rahmen der Seerechtskonvention derVereinten Nationen, zum anderen auf zukünftige Entwicklungen im Lichte der oben genanntenökologischen, ökonomischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Erfordernisse setzen. DieUntersuchungen müssen dabei die unterschiedlichen von den Küstenstaaten ausgeübtenHoheitsrechte im Küstenmeer, die der jeweiligen ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone und die imBereich des Tiefseebodens berücksichtigen.Relationship between sovereign countries, national and international law and the impact of thesefactors, including rules, incentives and the allocation of property rights, on economic activities inthe ocean.2. State-of-the-ArtThe international law of the sea is characterized by its codification in the UNCLOS and a growingset of global and regional conventions which cover either regional seas or specific uses of the seas(Jenisch 2006). Nevertheless, (coastal) states continue to be the main actors in the regulation andexploitation of maritime resources with the European Union (EU) and play an increasinglyprominent role (Jenisch 2004). It is against this background that legal research in the areacontinues to focus on the extent of national prerogatives to regulate maritime matters in the variouszones and their interrelationship with applicable rules of international law, including the freedom ofthe high seas and the concept of the ‘common heritage of mankind’.Since no clear and comprehensive legal framework has been established to cover theenvironmental protection of internal waters and the territorial sea or areas which belong to theexclusive economic zone (EEZ) and the high seas, the various types of use and the complexity ofthe marine ecosystem cause complicated interactions which often lead to international conflicts (cf.Figure). In many cases it is unclear whether certain measures will help to improve the ecologicalquality of a given maritime area (Colijn and Garthe 2006). Therefore, there is a need formultidisciplinary research which combines ecological knowledge on the one hand and legal88

mechanisms on the other hand. Most experience within the EU exists with rules governing theprotection of specific groups of organisms (cf. e.g. Agreement on the Conservation of SmallCetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS), Helsinki Commission (HELCOM)), or withseveral EU directives, such as those concerning birds and habitats. With regard to the EEZ, aEuropean marine strategy is currently in the process of being developed.Maritime economic research has primarily focused on fishery, including the modeling of dynamicmultidimensional problems of species interaction, optimal harvesting, economic regulation andinternational environmental agreements. A further line of research relevant for this project is thedevelopment of liability rules (Shavell 2004).3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe Walther Schücking Institute of International Law (WSI) has traditionally been very active inmatters related to the law of the sea, with one of its members acting as adviser to the German Lawof the Sea delegation to the 3 rd UNCLOS. In co-operation with IFM-GEOMAR, the WaltherSchücking Institute is currently undertaking a study on international legal aspects of unmannedmaritime research instruments, in particular, drifters, gliders and voluntary ship observations, whichare all part of the platform P4. IFM-GEOMAR has a strong background in seafloor resourceresearch and is becoming increasingly involved in defining good research practice relevant to thediscussion of protected marine areas and provides expert advice to the ABE-LOS (Advisory Bodyof Experts on the Law of the Sea) The Research and Technology Center Westcoast (FTZ) isconcerned with the ecology of marine mammals and seabirds. Research performed over the pastten years include studies of the anthropogenic effects on these animals with a focus on the effectsof pollutant burden on the immune system and endocrinium of marine mammals. The researchdone in this group will deliver data and knowledge necessary for the development of criteria forprotected marine areas. These data must be compared with applicable legal rules in order todiscuss whether those rules are appropriate for improving the protected status of marine livingresources and thus also ensure the sustainable use of the seas (cf. e.g. Garthe and Scherp 2003,Scheidat et al. 2004, Schwemmer and Garthe 2005).The Department of Economics at the University of Kiel has been and continues to be primarilyconcerned with incentive schemes of policy instruments, such as tradable fishing quotas, permitsfor pollution and other forms of allocating property rights for (seabed) resources whereinadequately defined property rights may lead to overexploitation and insufficient regard for(maritime) pollution issues (Requate 2005).4. ObjectivesThe JRG and the proponents will study the legal issues associated with marine observations anduse of resources which have not yet been sufficiently addressed by norms of international law,such as the UNCLOS Convention of 1982/94. They will combine expertise in the law of the sea,international economic law (e.g. GATT/WTO) and/or international environmental law. Given theclear multidisciplinary composition of the overall group, research will focus on: (1) problems of89

marine resources, such as energy exploitation at sea (alternative energies, pipelines), taking intoaccount the work of the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the EU and other regional maritimeorganizations; (2) the analysis of innovative marine observations and uses and their environmentalimplications from both a legal perspective and from the viewpoint of practical implementation; (3)the legal and economic analysis of various types of incentive schemes induced by national andinternational law, in particular liability rules; (4) the design of innovative legal rules suitable tomitigate inadequately defined property rights, such as new forms of tradable fishing quotas orexploitation rights; (5) the analysis of climate change repercussions on the law of the sea; (6) theexamination of the issues of safety and security at sea (such as natural disasters, terrorism, illegalacts) and the environmental protection of regional seas (such as the Baltic Sea) and protectedareas.B6 is designed to provide research into the legal framework for a number of marine issues withinthe Cluster. Close linkages are envisioned with the A7, B1, B2, B3 and B5.5. ReferencesColijn F, Garthe S (2006) EU Directives and their effects on the ecosystem of the Wadden Sea.Proceedings of the 11 th Scientific Wadden Sea Symposium (forthcoming).Garthe S, Hüppop O (2004) Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds:developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 724-734.Garthe S, Scherp B (2003) Utilization of discards and offal from commercial fisheries by seabirdsin the Baltic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, 980-989.Jenisch U (2006) Zehn Jahre neues Internationales Seerecht – eine Bilanz des VN- Seerechtsübereinkommens1994 – 2004. Natur u. Recht, 79-86.Jenisch U (2004) EU Maritime Transport – Policy, Legislation and Administration. WMU Journal,2, 67-83.Jenisch U (2002) The Development of Environmental Standards for the Baltic Sea. in: MarineIssues. Ehlers/ Mann-Borgese/ Wolfrum (eds.) 63-72.Requate T (2005) Dynamic Incentives by Environmental Policy Instruments - a Survey, EcologicalEconomics 54, 175-195.Scheidat M, Kock KH, Siebert U (2004) Summer distribution of harbour porpoise (Phocoenaphocoena) in the German North and Baltic Sea. Journal of Cetacean Research andManagement 6, 251-257.Schwemmer P, Garthe S (2005) At-sea distribution and behaviour of a surface-feeding seabird,the lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus, and its association with different prey. MarineEcology Progress Series 285, 245-258.Shavell S (2004) Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Ma.Zimmermann A (2003) Rechtliche Probleme bei der Errichtung seegestützterWindenergieanlagen, Die Öffentliche Verwaltung, 133-140.90

2.3 Research PlatformsThe Cluster has established four overarching research platforms to provide infrastructure andresources for all scientists within the Cluster. They offer a wide range of high-end instrumentationwhich was mostly acquired over the past few years (Section 3.1). Many aspects of Clusterresearch require access to high performance computing facilities, specialized analysis systemsand will benefit from modern numerical techniques. Hence, numerical expertise and support will beoffered by a network connecting the recently established Interdisciplinary Center for NumericalSimulation at CAU, the Seismic Processing Center and the ocean and climate modeling groups atIFM-GEOMAR with the Computing Centers of both CAU and IFM-GEOMAR (P1).Research into the ocean conditions of the past and its important role in guiding our understandingof the future ocean requires highly specialized and accurate isotope and trace metal analysis, bothcurrently performed at CAU and at IFM-GEOMAR. High-end instruments and advanced techniquesavailable at CAU in the Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research and theInstitutes of Physical Chemistry and Geosciences will be integrated with the analytical facilitiesassembled at IFM-GEOMAR to establish the new virtual Tracer Analysis Center which will offer acomprehensive analytical support for the Cluster (P2)Improved understanding of human deseases by the study of marine organisms and mechanisticstudies of pH-sensitive processes in plankton at the molecular level will benefit from the recentlyestablished Center for Molecular Biosciences (ZMB) at CAU. ZMB provides unique expertise inmolecular biosciences and access to high throughput molecular techniques (P3).In-situ observations of current conditions and on-going trends in the ocean require an array ofspecialized oceanographic sampling and observing platforms. The newly established Technologyand Logistics Center for Ocean Observations at IFM-GEOMAR and the soon-to-be-delivered deepseaRemotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) financed by the State of Schleswig-Holstein serve as theideal nucleus for a new platform offering cutting edge technology to explore the ocean over spaceand time and in remote regions from the oceanic crust to the air-sea interface (P4).The novel platforms set up in the Cluster allow for a more efficient use of resources and will befurther developed and strengthened according to the needs of the Cluster.91

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2.3.1 Research Platform P1: Numerical Simulation and Data ManagementCoordinators:Prof. Schneider, ReinholdProf. Böning, Claus20.03.1957 26.09.1954Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielLeibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenInstitut für Informatik und Praktische Mathematik IFM-GEOMARChristian-Albrechts-Platz 4FB1 Ozeanzirkulation und Klimadynamik24118 KielDüsternbrooker Weg 2024105 KielTel.: 0431-880 7470Tel.: 0431-600 4003Fax: 0431-880 4464Fax: 0431-600 4012Email: rs@numerik.uni-kiel.deEmail: cboening@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: R. Bröck, R. Froese, W. Hackbusch, B. Hartke, M. Latif, A. Lehmann,T. Requate, A. Srivastav, B. Thalheim, W. Weinrebe1. Summary / ZusammenfassungThe numerical modeling of marine systems, either directly by simulation or through the utilization ofsimulation results in projects of a primarily observational nature, represents an important crosscuttingtheme in the Cluster. All numerical simulation activities require access to a well-tuned andflexible hierarchy of models of various complexities, based on highly efficient algorithms frommathematics and computer science, and an excellent infrastructure in computer facilities, datastorage and retrieval systems in order to cope with large-scale problems in high dimensions andmultiple scales. Pioneering research supported by the Cluster seeks to create an interdisciplinarycombination of modeling with methods from numerical analysis, optimization, and the systematicincorporation of inherent uncertainty in numerical simulations.Die numerische Modellierung mariner Systeme, entweder direkt durch Simulation oder durchVerwendung von Ergebnissen aus solchen Simulationen in empirisch-observatorischenForschungsprojekten ist ein unverzichtbarer Bestandteil des Clusters. Moderne numerischeSimulation beruht auf einer gut abgestimmten und flexiblen Modellhierarchie, die sich hinsichtlichihrer Qualität und Komplexität unterscheidet, und bedarf hocheffizienter Algorithmen derMathematik und Informatik, einer exzellenten Rechnerinfrastruktur und Datenverwaltungssystemen,um die auftretenden großskaligen Probleme in hohen Dimensionen undMultiskalenphänomenen zu bewältigen. Die durch den Cluster geförderte zukunftsweisendeForschung bedarf einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit von Modellierung mit Methoden derNumerik, Optimierung und einer systematischen numerischen Behandlung der inhärentenUnschärfe in Daten und Parametern.93

2. State-of-the-artThe variety of numerical simulation within the Cluster ranges from the modeling of oceancirculation interactions with climate and the carbonate system (A3, A4), the formation of mineraldeposits (B3), the molecular physics of chemical reactions (A5, A6) to the simulation ofecosystems and economics (B1). Continuing effort in modeling has led to highly complexformulations which require efficient and reliable numerical treatment and modern datamanagement. Substantial progress in computational fluid dynamics, multi-scale modeling,optimization, etc. has been achieved through interdisciplinary research. Partial differentialequations describe the transient evolution of various physical systems, e.g. fluid flow, and can besolved up to a reasonable resolution using adaptive and stabilized discretizations. Extremely largesystems of equations are tackled by efficient numerical tools, which scale linearly with the problemsizes. All computations of geophysical phenomena must cope with inherent uncertainties in modelparameters. Stochastic methods can, in principle, assess the errors involved, and recentdevelopments permit the computation of expected responses and the quantification ofuncertainties.Schematic structure of the platform3. Existing and Emerging TechnologiesThe purpose of this platform is to develop and support various forms of numerical simulation anddata processing activities within the Cluster. An effective support for these activities will be built onan integration of the distinct expertise of various groups, thereby creating a platform combininginnovative methods in applied mathematics and software technologies. Excellent computingresources at CAU, which comprise both a NEC-SX8 vector processor architecture and a massivelyparallel architecture (SGI-ALTIX) in shared funding with IFM-GEOMAR, permit large-scalecomputations. Ocean climate model development has a long history in Kiel, witnessed by theleading role of proponents in major international panels. The groups have contributed extensivelyto the modeling activities of major EU programs, the German climate research programs DEKLIMand CLIVARmarine, and to SFB 460. Current activities, embedded in an international network ofcollaboration, are centered around the development of a new model hierarchy (KCMS), involving aflexible coupling of various state-of-the-art ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and atmosphere94

components, along with optimized implementations on various high-performance computingplatforms, including the NEC-SX8 at CAU, as well as the HLRN (HochleistungsrechnerverbundNorddeutschland), the DKRZ (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum) and the HLRS(Bundeshöchstleistungsrechenzentrum Stuttgart). Marine seismic measurements are the mosteffective method for gathering information on structures and compositions below the sea surface.Modern methods are available for structure imaging, inversion and modeling. In addition,developments in modern data processing systems can potentially lead to substantial improvementsin managing the vast data sets typical of geoscience applications.The Interdisciplinary Center for Numerical Simulation (ICN) was recently established to collect andfocus computational efforts and research in various disciplines at CAU. Proponents from appliedmathematics, scientific computing and combinatorial optimization have expertise in thediscretization of boundary value problems and the efficient treatment of large systems, in particularthe treatment of non-local high-dimensions operators by multi-scale and tensor product methods.Expertise in large-scale optimization and regularization has been gained, e.g., in shapeoptimization, combinatorial and stochastic optimization, including discrepancy analysis andelectronic structure calculations. Proponents of the ICN are involved in the EU TMR and IHPNetwork EU NEST Project BIGDFT. They have contributed to SFB 393, Research Training Group(Graduiertenkolleg) 357 and priority programs SPP1126, SPP1145, and SPP1253. The prominentrole of numerical analysis at CAU has been established by Prof. Hackbusch, currently member ofthe Board of Directors of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences (MPI) in Leipzig,and recipient of the Leibniz Award. The present platform will benefit from his on-going presence atCAU and close collaboration with his group at MPI Leipzig. The development of the ICN has beenrecognized by the government of Schleswig-Holstein within the framework of a venture capital(Innovationsfonds) program by supporting a W2 faculty position in applied mathematics. Thisposition, together with a new W3 position in numerical mathematics, will supplement thecomputational mathematics group in the ICN and the Cluster within the next year. The SeismicProcessing Center (SPC) at IFM-GEOMAR has been appointed by the EU as a Large-ScaleResearch Facility within their HCM, TMR and IHP programs for more than 10 years. The hardwareand software facilities comprised there are unique in the European academic community in theirsize, functionality and sophistication. Software devoted to the analysis and processing of seismicdata includes efficient migration algorithms, modeling techniques, inversion methods, signalprocessing, and 3-D visualization. Strong expertise in data management and data mining will beprovided by leading experts (ICN) in data base systems, with additional expertise in dataprocessing and data mining systems. The Kolmogorov honorary professorship at LomonosovMoscow State University was conferred upon one of the proponents in 2005.4. New Cluster Technologies─ Kiel Climate Model System (KCMS): The KCMS will be based on joint expertise on highresolutionatmospheric and ocean circulation, including biogeochemical modeling at IFM-GEOMAR95

and will benefit from expertise in optimization, high-resolution flow solvers and adaptive schemes,and data processing contributed by the ICN.─ Numerical simulation in B3 is employed to better understand the transient spatial and temporalevolution of geological processes in the earth's crust which are responsible for the production ofseafloor resources. The modeling of porous media thermohaline convection, including phaseseparation, leads to combined parabolic and hyperbolic equations. Large-scale transient flowcalculations will be supported by the applied mathematics group. B3 will also benefit from datamanagement and data processing experience in the platform.─ Uncertainty processing tools will be develeoped for the quantitative representation of uncertaintyin input data and its propagation to the output of numerical simulation, including high-dimensionalapproximation for stochastic finite element methods based on Karhunen-Loève transformationsand chaos polynomials. Data analysis should be supplied with required input. Since uncertainty inthe models is inherent in most geophysical computations, but also in multispecies models ofbiological population dynamics, this development will have further impacts on A3 and A4 as well ason modeling for ecological and economical systems (B1, B5).─ The computational results of classical as well as Carr-Parinello molecular dynamics will becompared with spectroscopic experiments (A5, A6). The combined efforts of proponents fromcomputational chemistry and applied mathematics are intended to extend the size of molecularsystems and geometry optimization computable by ab initio methods.Theoretical foundation of geophysical processes, together with computational modeling andnumerical simulation, will support the educational profile of the Integrated School of OceanSciences.5. ReferencesBabuška I, Tempone R, Zouraris GE (2004) Galerkin finite element approximations of stochasticelliptic partial differential equations. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 42 (2), 800-825.Hackbusch W (1985) Multigrid methods and applications. Springer Series in ComputationalMathematics 4, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Ciarlet PG (1991) Handbook of numerical analysis (II). Finite element methods. Part 1. North-Holland, Amsterdam.Latif M, Böning C et al. (2006) Is the thermohaline circulation changing? J. of Climate, in press.Eppler K, Harbrecht H, Schneider R (2005) On Convergence in Elliptic Shape Optimization,WIAS-Preprint 1016, WIAS Berlin, submitted.Srivastav A (2001) Derandomization in combinatorial optimization. Handbook of randomizedcomputing, Vol. I, II, 731-842, Comb. Optim., 9, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht.Helgaker T et al. (2002) Molecular electronic-structure theory, John Wiley & Sons, New York.Geiger S et al. (2005) On the dynamics of NaCl-H 2 O fluid convection in the Earth's crust. J. ofGeophys. Res. 110, B07101.96

2.3.2 Research Platform P2: Isotope and Tracer AnalysisCoordinators:Prof. Grootes, Pieter M.Prof. Grotemeyer, Jürgen22.01.1944 23.11.1952Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielLeibniz-Labor für Altersbestimmung und Institut für Physikalische ChemieIsotopenforschungLudewig-Meyn-Str. 8Max-Eyth-Str. 1124098 Kiel24118 KielTel: 0431-880 3894Tel: 0431-880 2816Fax: 0431-880 7401Fax: 0431-880 2843Email: pgrootes@leibniz.uni-kiel.deEmail: grote@phc.uni-kiel.deProf. Eisenhauer, Anton15.08.1959Leibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenFB2 Marine BiogeochemieWischhofstr. 1-324148 KielTel: 0431-600 2282Fax: 0431-600 2928Email: aeisenhauer@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: N. Andersen, A. Dahmke, M. Frank, D. Garbe-Schönberg, K. Hoernle,K. Lochte, M.-J. Nadeau, R.R. Schneider, U. Sommer, D. Wallace1. Summary / ZusammenfassungResearch Platform 2 provides analytical infrastructure for the use of isotopes, trace elements, andtrace compounds, which are the basis for marine research in themes A and B. The participantsinvolved in the platform lead a wide range of analytical facilities which can provide nearly any kindof isotope and tracer data required in modern marine research (Section 3.1). The quality of thedata created is internationally recognized, and new developments generated by these outstandinglaboratories have contributed to positioning Kiel at the forefront of marine research, a factor whichwill help to attract world-class junior researchers to take up positions within the Cluster. Theanalytical facilities of the platform will establish a virtual Tracer Analysis Center (TAC), which willprovide analytical support to the research groups within the Cluster. According to the needs of thefuture JRG's a number of innovative investments will become necessary within platform 2 and willserve to maintain and further strengthen analytical expertise in Kiel. Investments in newtechnologies, such as isotope ratio mass-spectrometry of organic compounds and laser ablation insitu microanalysis, will focus on the improvement of analytical resolution and capability. Theseinvestments will ideally complement and extend existing analytical capabilities.97

Die Plattform 2 stellt die analytische Infrastruktur zur Nutzung von Isotopen und Spurenelementenbereit, die die Grundlage der marinen Forschung in den Themenbereichen A und B des Clustersist. Die Teilnehmer der Plattform betreiben ein breites Spektrum von analytischen Laboren, die fastjede Art von Isotopen- und Tracer-Daten für die moderne Meeresforschung liefern können. DieQualität der Daten ist international anerkannt und neue Entwicklungen aus diesen exzellentenLaboren haben dazu beigetragen, Kiel mit an die Spitze der marinen Forschung zu bringen. Dieswird eines der wichtigsten Kriterien für ausgezeichnete Nachwuchsforscher sein, imExzellenzcluster zu arbeiten. Die teilnehmenden Isotopenlabore werden das virtuelle TracerAnalysis Center (TAC) gründen, welches analytische Daten und Beratung für dieNachwuchsforschergruppen auf höchstem Niveau liefern und koordinieren wird. Entsprechend denAnforderungen der zukünftigen Nachwuchsgruppen sind Investitionen zur Erhaltung und weiterenStärkung der analytischen Expertise in Kiel notwendig. Die Investitionen in neue Technologien,organische Isotopengeochemie und Laser Ablationsmikroanalyse, werden hauptsächlich auf eineVerbesserung der instrumentellen Analytik abzielen. Die geplanten Innovationen werden dievorhandene Analytik in idealer Weise ergänzen und erweitern.2. State-of-the-artDriven by rapid progress in analytical technology, the analysis of elemental and isotopic tracershas become an integral part of most fields in marine research. The participants of the platform andthe TAC perform isotopic and elemental analyses at the highest possible levels of precision andsensitivity using a wide range of technologies. This involves state-of-the-art gas massspectrometers, one accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS), various types of inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometers (ICP-MS), thermal ionization mass spectrometers (TIMS), and timeof-flight(TOF) mass spectrometers. Supported by sophisticated sampling systems, thesetechnologies offer high-precision measurements of all types of marine materials, such as watersand fluids, gases, carbonates, organic matter, silicate rocks, Fe-Mn crusts or sulfides. Some ofthese analytical technologies are available in comparable quality at other national and internationallocations. However, in contrast to other locations, the dedication of all these facilities to marineresearch within the platform is truly unique.3. Existing TechnologiesExisting Technologies: Analytical facilities within the TAC permit the analysis of a wide range ofisotopes, trace elements, and trace substances using (1) two ICP mass spectrometers (onequadrupole MS, one sector-field MS, both single collector) at the ICP-MS laboratory within theInstitute of Geosciences at CAU and one at IFM-GEOMAR (multicollector ICP-MS) providing highqualitydata for a wide variety of isotopic systems and trace element abundances (a furthermulticollector ICP-MS will be purchased by IFM-GEOMAR in 2007); (2) two state-of-the-art thermalionization mass spectrometers (MAT 262, Finnigan TRITON) at IFM-GEOMAR measure preciseisotope ratios from minute amounts of samples; (3) a 3-MV AMS system at the Leibniz Laboratoryfor Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research to measure 14 C on small samples for dating and98

tracer research; (4) in total, eight mass spectrometers (MAT 251, ΔE, and Δ plus XL, MAT 252 and 4Δ plus ) provide stable isotope (δ 2 H, δ 13 C, δ 15 N, δ 18 O) data on various materials, which serve as abasis for a wide range of marine research in Kiel; (5) various TOF mass spectrometers withassociated laser systems, a Maldi system and systems for laser spectroscopy at the Institute ofPhysical Chemistry to analyze organic compounds and gas exchange at the air-sea interface athighest possible resolutions; (6) α-, β-, γ-counting systems at IFM-GEOMAR for studies of shortlivedisotopes; (7) auxiliary equipment, such as raster and scanning electron microscopes, XRD,AAS, ICP-OES, available at platform institutes.Schematic illustration of the Tracer Analysis Center (TAC). This virtual center is formed by thoseinstitutions which provide isotopic and elemental tracer measurement capacities for the Cluster.Any request of the Cluster for tracer measurements will be coordinated by the TAC and distributedto the partner institutions involved.Organizational Structure: The Tracer Analysis Center (TAC)The Tracer Analysis Center will be a virtual institution which provides the structural frame of theisotope platform and will be formed by those institutions contributing analytical capacities to theCluster. The foundation of the TAC will provide the institutional basis for the JRG’s and othermembers of the Cluster with respect to isotope and trace element measurements. The TAC willcoordinate any request for isotope measurements or for the development of new isotope systemsfor distinct scientific questions. The coordination of and a focus on access to analytical facilitieswithin the framework of the TAC will guarantee excellent research conditions both within theCluster and at CAU. The TAC will also be able to provide on-demand analyses and expertise as auniversity service to society and to industry in a transferable service account.99

4. New Cluster TechnologiesIn order to facilitate future excellence in isotopic and tracer research, the TAC facilities must beimproved and expanded. The proposal lists three primary new developments for the expansion ofanalytical research capabilities for the Cluster in order to further develop cutting-edge andinternationally competitive marine research in Kiel. Definitive choices will be made according toneeds within the Cluster and available funding.(a) Organic (isotope) geochemistry: Due to a unique combination of compound-specific isotopeanalysis (H, C, N, S, including radiocarbon), organic compounds and their isotopes will be apowerful tool to study: the reaction of marine organisms to elevated CO 2 -induced oceanacidification (A1), seafloor warming (A2), changes in ocean thermohaline circulation (A4), and fluidcirculation in ocean sediments (B3). The extraction and isolation of various compound classesrequires investments in chromatographic equipment (LC, HPLC, GC, CN analyzer), a newlyinstalled isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) for compound-specific isotope analysis (C, H) oflipids, such as alkanes and alkenones, and an interface Trace GC to upgrade an existing massspectrometer for the analysis of stable isotope signatures (C, N, S) in fatty and amino acids. Thisapplication will enhance the resolution of flux process studies (nutrient cycling, energy sources,carbon sequestering) addressed primarily in research topics A1, A2, and A3.(b) Laser ablation (LA) coupled with various ICP technologies or gas mass spectrometersprovides a powerful in situ analytical tool for the direct analysis of solids with high spatialresolution. A laser ablation system for trace element analysis is currently available at the Instituteof Geosciences at CAU for trace element determination in various geological archives. Anadditional laser ablation system coupled to an MC-ICP-MS for the precise determination of isotoperatios will soon be available at IFM-GEOMAR. With the laser ablation systems, higher spatialresolution in geological archives, such as fish otoliths (e.g. B2), corals, coraline sponges,foraminifera (A4), manganese crusts and ore minerals (B3), etc., can be achieved for a variety oftracer and isotope systems. The scientific benefits will comprise more highly resolved time seriesand sample throughput compared to conventional analytical methods.(c) Cosmogenic isotopes (e.g. 10 Be, 26 Al, 129 I) and a wide variety of trace elements and isotopesfrom light to 236 U at levels not attainable by ICP-MS may be analyzed using a medium-sizeduniversal AMS system (3 MV with bouncer injection and heavy ion analysis system). This will opennew possibilities in the study of ocean circulation, sediment sources, biogenic particle fluxes,sediment cycling, etc. The Leibniz Laboratory is actively pursuing the establishment of such auniversal AMS system.100

2.3.3 Research Platform P3: High-Throughput Molecular Bioscience TechnologiesCoordinators:Prof. Schreiber, StefanProf. Bosch, Thomas25.06.1962 03.09.1955Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für klinische MolekularbiologieZoologisches InstitutKlinik für Allgemeine Innere MedizinAm Botanischen Garten 1-9Schittenhelmstr. 1224118 Kiel24105 KielTel.: 0431-597 2350Tel.: 0431-880 4169Fax: 0431-597 1434Fax: 0431-880 4747Email: s.schreiber@mucosa.deEmail: tbosch@zoologie.uni-kiel.deFurther Proponents: U.-P. Hansen, C. Jung, M. Krawczak, G. Rimbach1. Summary / ZusammenfassungThe Center for Molecular Biosciences (ZMB) provides as platform P3 high-throughput molecularbiology and genetics technologies for the marine biology projects of the Cluster. The ZMB wasfounded in an interdisciplinary approach by three faculties of the Christian-Albrechts-University(Medicine, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences) to concentrateautomated technologies within the life sciences. The five main areas of expertise within theplatform are (i) (ultra)high-throughput analyses of genetic diversity, (ii) systematic expressionprofiling, (iii) robot-assisted cell-based assays including automated genome-wide siRNAtransfection protocols, (iv) competitive proteome analysis techniques and (v) the availability of apopulation-representative biobank (PopGen). The state-of-the-art technologies form a tightlyconnected versatile network which will be able to adapt to the needs of the Cluster. Noveltechnologies for the generation of transgenic marine animal models, automated live microscopyand high-content image analysis will be developed together with the Cluster partners. Use of thestructures available at the ZMB for marine life sciences will provide a unique opportunity forcombining local excellence in content-driven research and cutting-edge technologies.Das Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (ZMB) stellt als Plattform P3 des Clustersmolekulare Hochdurchsatztechnologien für die meeresbiologischen Projekte zur Verfügung. DasZMB wurde in einem interdisziplinären Ansatz von drei Fakultäten (Medizinische Fakultät,Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät und Agrar- und ErnährungswissenschaftlicheFakultät) gegründet. Die Plattform konzentriert fünf technologische Schwerpunkte in einerInstitution: (i) Hochdurchsatzanalyse von genetischer Diversität, (ii) systematische Expressionsprofilierung,(iii) roboter-unterstützte zellbasierte Assays ( z.B. genomweite RNAi Applikationen),101

(iv) Proteomanalysetechniken und (v) die populationsrepräsentative Proben- und Datensammlungder PopGen Biobank. Diese unterschiedlichen Technologien bilden ein flexibles Netzwerk, welchesschnell an den Bedarf der Clusterprojekte angepasst werden kann. Neue Technologien umfassendie Entwicklung von Modellen transgener Meerestiere und die automatisierte Live-Mikroskopie mitmultidimensionaler Bildanalyse. Der Einsatz der Technologien des ZMB bietet eine einzigartigeMöglichkeit die lokale Exzellenz der meeresbiologischen Inhaltsforschung und kompetitiveTechnologie auf einer neuen Ebene zu verknüpfen.2. State-of-the-artDeciphering the sequence of entire genomes is regarded as a major breakthrough in biomolecularresearch and has provided the basis for a deeper understanding of many organisms. Althoughmany definite answers are given, comprehensive genome analysis also raises numerous assailingquestions, many of which address the function of gene products in pathways and ultimatelyresulting in a phenotype. The challenge of high-content data generation and analysis for thepurpose of addressing genetic (sequence) variability in populations, the expression of genes, thedetection of the proteome and cell-based annotation of functions requires a broad range of cuttingedgetechnologies which can only be implemented in a central research facility. Key elements forsuccess are a high level of both standardization and versatility. Efficient networking with academicgroups as well as research groups from industry will be a prerequisite for the economical use ofresearch resources using high-throughput screening (HTS) technology in aquatic life sciences.3. Existing and Emerging TechnologiesCAU has established the Center for Molecular Biosciences (ZMB) to concentrate multifacetedcompetence in high-throughput genetics and genomics. The ZMB will move into a new state-ofthe-artbuilding centrally located on the campus by 2008. An additional level in the building will bededicated to small companies or small corporate research centers interested in close contact withZMB research activities. ZMB technology platforms have been formed through University activitiesin the National Genome Research Network (NGFN), the National Plant Genome Project (GABI),the National Genome Program on Livestock (FUGATO) and the BMBF Molecular Nutrition Group.The complete integration of the three founding University faculties (Medicine, Mathematics, NaturalSciences and Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences), is a unique example of the development ofnew university structures in one of its main areas of focus, the biosciences. The existing platformscomprise: (i) Multiple high-throughput technologies for the detection and assessment of DNAsequence and sequence variants. With large robotic facilities for sample handling and four capillarysequencers, the platform is part of the National Genotyping Platform of the NGFN and hasgenerated over 40 million genotypes and over 400,000 sequence traces within the last year. Thiscompetitive technology has aided the identification of complex disease genes for inflammatorybarrier disorders (Hampe et al. 2001, Stoll et al. 2004, Valentonyte et al. 2005) or neurobehavioraltraits (Spanagel et al. 2005). (ii) A systematic platform for the assessment of gene expression usesAffymetrix® microarray technology. Custom-made solutions can include specific arrays for102

surveying expression in marine organisms. (iii) Cell-based assays for functional characterizationand pathway mapping, including a core platform for automated cell-based assays for up to 75.000parallel experimental conditions (e.g. genome-wide siRNA approaches). This platform presentlycollaborates with cell biology groups focused on inflammation pathway research, alternativesplicing (Hiller et al. 2004) and on the elucidation of developmental and innate immune processesin cnidarians and urochordates (Wittlieb et al. 2006). (iv) A platform for proteome analysis iscurrently under construction and is strengthened by the integration of proteome-driven researchagendas from the Institute of Botany. (v) A population-representative DNA biobank (PopGen), withmore than 50,000 DNA samples from disease cohorts and population controls from northernSchleswig-Holstein, uses a LIMS system and an integrated database which supports GLPstandards in most parts of the operation and provides automated analysis procedures for efficientdata handling.As a result of their versatility and standardization, the platforms of the P3 project, whichare now primarily used for the systematic analysis of biological processes in humans,plants and freshwater animals, will be adapted to the needs of the Cluster projects. Thiswill permit a further understanding of the genomic biology of marine organisms and willalso address questions regarding diversity in populations.Schematic structure of the Cluster platform103

4. New Cluster TechnologiesA special emphasis of the platform will be the development of a core facility for transgenic marinemodel organisms. Existing expertise on Hydra (Wittlieb 2006) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum(diatom) transgenic technology will be an excellent starting point for the creation of transgenicanimals which can be brought into defined and genetically modified microbial interactions. Thesegenetically modified organisms will be prerequisite for the marine biology projects of the Clusterand can be used for functional in vivo studies which dissect the pathways of barrier function,screen marine substance libraries and elucidate complex host/microbial interactions in B2.TheCluster is designed to set up an automated live microscopy facility (e.g. a Cellomics® instrument)in the ZMB for advanced high-content image analysis of single cells and model organisms. Thisplatform will be instrumental in generating multidimensional image data sets from numerousexperimental conditions in parallel. It will be complimentary to the high-throughput cell-based assayplatform and will be able to delineate morphological readouts which cannot be assessed by simplemolecular biology assays (e.g. developmental processes or cell motility).ReferencesHampe J, Cuthbert A, Croucher PJ, Mirza MM, Mascheretti S, Fisher S, Frenzel H, King K,Hasselmeyer A, MacPherson AJ, Bridger S, van Deventer S, Forbes A, Nikolaus S, Lennard-Jones JE, Foelsch UR, Krawczak M, Lewis C, Schreiber S, Mathew CG (2001) Associationbetween insertion mutation in NOD2 gene and Crohn's disease in German and Britishpopulations. Lancet. 357, 1925-8.Stoll M, Corneliussen B, Costello CM, Waetzig GH, Mellgard B, Koch WA, Rosenstiel P, AlbrechtM, Croucher PJ, Seegert D, Nikolaus S, Hampe J, Lengauer T, Pierrou S, Foelsch UR,Mathew CG, Lagerstrom-Fermer M, Schreiber S (2004) Genetic variation in DLG5 isassociated with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genet. 36, 476-80.Valentonyte R, Hampe J, Huse K, Rosenstiel P, Albrecht M, Stenzel A, Nagy M, Gaede KI,Franke A, Haesler R, Koch A, Lengauer T, Seegert D, Reiling N, Ehlers S, Schwinger E,Platzer M, Krawczak M, Muller-Quernheim J, Schurmann M, Schreiber S (2005) Sarcoidosisis associated with a truncating splice site mutation in BTNL2. Nat Genet. 37, 357-64.Spanagel R, Pendyala G, Abarca C, Zghoul T, Sanchis-Segura C, Magnone MC, Lascorz J,Depner M, Holzberg D, Soyka M, Schreiber S, Matsuda F, Lathrop M, Schumann G,Albrecht U (2005). The clock gene Per2 influences the glutamatergic system and modulatesalcohol consumption. Nat Med. 11, 35-42.Hiller M, Huse K, Szafranski K, Jahn N, Hampe J, Schreiber S, Backofen R, Platzer M (2004)Widespread occurrence of alternative splicing at NAGNAG acceptors contributes toproteome plasticity. Nat Genet. 36, 1255-7.Wittlieb J, Khalturin K, Lohmann J, Anton-Erxleben F, Bosch TCG (2006) Transgenic Hydra allowin vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, inpress.104

2.3.4 Research Platform P4: Ocean ObservatoriesCoordinators:Prof. Visbeck, MartinProf. Körtzinger, Arne21.03.1963 14.06.1963Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften Leibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenIFM-GEOMARIFM-GEOMARFB1 Ozeanzirkulation und Klimadynamik FB2 Marine BiogeochemieDüsternbrooker Weg 20Düsternbrooker Weg 2024105 Kiel24105 KielTel.: 0431-600 4100Tel.: 0431-600 4205Fax: 0431-600 4102Fax: 0431-600 4202Email: mvisbeck@ifm-geomar.deEmail: akoertzinger@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: O. Pfannkuche, J. Bialas, W. Brückmann, C. Devey, C. Dullo, E. Flueh,P. Höher, J. Karstensen, R. Koch, P. Linke, N. Luttenberger, U. Riebesell, M. Wahl, G. Rehder1. Summary / ZusammenfassungThe proposed Cluster aims to understand future ocean changes and their interactions with humansociety in terms of resources and risks. This can only be accomplished on the basis of a soundscientific understanding of the mechanisms and feedbacks involved. Major tools for achieving thiscrucial knowledge comprise integrated ocean observatories which can provide adequateobservational and manipulative skills. Future ocean changes will have many facets which require awide range of observatories and platforms, stretching from the seafloor to the atmosphere andfrom the sub-meter to the global scale. Furthermore, the highly coupled nature of processes in theoceans calls for comprehensive approaches which combine (geo-) physical, chemical andbiological parameters. Current observational capabilities in Kiel provide a strong basis for theCluster, one which can be matched by only a few institutes throughout the world. The platformincludes classical tools (e.g. research vessels, multiple mapping and sampling devices, moorings)as well as innovative autonomous observatories (multi-sensor floats, "Voluntary Observing Ships”,seafloor observatories). This basis will be further expanded by emerging and new approaches,such as enhanced four-dimensional ocean observation ("glider swarm”) and seafloor or openoceanlaboratories for manipulative biogeochemical studies (bottom landers, free-drifting"mesocosms”).105

Illustration of existing/emerging and new technologies which will be available for and furtherdeveloped within the Cluster. The existing global network of the various observatories already runby or in cooperation with the Cluster is also shown.Der vorgeschlagene Exzellenzcluster verfolgt das Ziel, zukünftige Veränderungen im Ozean zuverstehen und seine Rolle als Lieferant von Ressourcen und Erzeuger von Georisiken zubeurteilen. Dieses setzt ein grundlegendes Verständnis der beteiligten Mechanismen undRückkopplungen voraus. Eine entscheidende Voraussetzung hierfür ist die Verfügbarkeit einesintegrierten und vielseitigen Ozean-Beobachtungssystems. Die vielfältigen und weitreichendenAuswirkungen des Globalen Wandels im marinen Milieu erfordern ein weitesBeobachtungsspektrum, das vom Ozeanboden bis zur Atmosphäre und von der Meterskala bis zurglobalen Skala reicht. Aufgrund der starken Kopplung von Prozessen im Ozean liegt einHauptaugenmerk auf einer umfassenden Beobachtungsstrategie, die (geo-) physikalische,chemische und biologische Parameter gleichzeitig erfasst. Die gegenwärtig am Kieler Standortverfügbare Infrastruktur stellt eine ausgesprochen starke Basis für den Exzellenzcluster dar, wiesie nur an wenigen Standorten in Europa oder sogar weltweit vorgefunden werden kann. Diesereicht von klassischen Instrumenten der Meeresforschung (Forschungsschiffe,Beprobungssysteme, Verankerungen, etc.) bis hin zu modernsten autonomen Systemen(Multisensortiefendrifter, Handelsschiffe im Dienst der Forschung, Ozeanbodenobservatorien,etc.). Im Aufbau bzw. in der Entwicklung befindliche Technologien sollen diese Basis weiter106

ausbauen und z.B. vollkommen neue Möglichkeiten der Ozeanbeobachtung in vier Dimensionen("Gleiterschwarm") erschließen oder aber manipulative biogeochemische Experimente amMeeresboden und im Pelagial des offenen Ozean ermöglichen (Ozeanbodenobservatorien, freidriftende "Mesokosmen").2. State-of-the-artThe Future Ocean will be characterized by significant, perhaps dramatic, changes in the physicaland chemical environment and increasing use loads, factors which will have major implications formarine biota and are likely to cause climatic feedback of environmental and socio-economicrelevance. These changes will affect a multitude of processes in largely unknown ways, whichinclude synergistic and antagonistic behavior and span all spatial and temporal scales fromcentimeters to thousands of kilometers and from hours to centuries. Ocean observatories with themandate to provide adequate observational capabilities thus face a daunting task which can onlybe met with innovative and integrative approaches in close collaboration with the internationalcommunity. Advances in sensor communication and power technologies provide the technologicalbasis on which a future ocean observatory can be built. Key aspects which will guide the designand implementation of such an observatory are a) temporal and spatial coverage (e.g.augmentation of existing internationally coordinated global observatories of profiling floats or"Voluntary Observing Ships”), b) spatial and temporal resolution (e.g. quantum leap in 4-Dcapabilities with a "glider swarm”), c) long-term stability and endurance, d) manipulativecapabilities, and e) multipurpose functionality.3. Existing and Emerging TechnologiesThe University of Kiel and IFM-GEOMAR operate or have access to a state-of-the-art range oftechnologies/platforms for ocean observation, which include the following major existing oremerging components:• Two small research vessels (Littorina, Polarfuchs) for coastal work;• Access to the German fleet of medium- and large-size research vessels (e.g. Alkor, Meteor,Sonne, Merian, Polarstern) for regional to world-wide operation through a peer review system;• Manned research submersible Jago with 400-m depth capability for world-wide operation;• Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) with 6000-m max. working depth and multipurpose sciencecapabilities for world-wide operation from large research vessels;• Autonomous surface ocean observation and sampling systems (e.g. drifters, "VoluntaryObserving Ships");• Autonomous interior ocean observation and sampling systems (e.g. long-term moorings,profiling floats, gliders);• Autonomous seafloor observation and sampling systems (e.g. bottom landers, ocean bottomhydrophone and seismometer arrays);• Wide ranges of in situ sampling/sensing technologies for biological, chemical, geological, and107

physical parameters (e.g. lowered and towed nets, special-purpose water samplers,CTD/rosette systems, sediment imaging and coring devices, current meters, T/S andautonomous biogeochemical sensors, shallow and deep streamers for seismic work, towedside-scan sonars).Dedicated development as well as maintenance and repair capabilities for ocean observation andsampling technology are provided through the Technology and Logistics Center at IFM-GEOMAR,which will form the technical base of P4.4. New Cluster TechnologiesThe development of new technologies is purely science-driven, i.e., will be guided by theobservational and manipulative skills required by the research to be carried out in the Cluster.Major guidelines which will be followed include an integrative multipurpose concept as well as highplatform versatility. Five major lines of development which will play an important role in the Clusterhave been identified and are already being initialized in Kiel:Fully autonomous robotic systems: Plans exist to establish an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV) capability with actively propelled torpedo-like vehicles which can explore the deep oceandown to 4000-6000 m with significant payloads up to 24 h duration.(1) Four-dimensional autonomous observing system: Plans exist to establish a "glider swarm”capability which will permit physical-biogeochemical observations at unprecedented spatial andtemporal resolution down to 1000 m.(2) Eulerian (i.e. fixed-point) surface ocean observatories: Cutting-edge mooring technology withreal-time data transfer and a submerged winch system. This technology will fill a crucial gap incurrent surface ocean observational capabilities.(3) Benthic biogeochemical in situ experimentation capabilities: More capable seafloor landersystems have been developed which can be connected to cabled or moored observatories. Inaddition, visually controlled marine vehicles which will permit the placement of variousautonomous sensors will be implemented.(4) Open-ocean pelagic mesocosm facilities: The existing coastal mesocosm platform will befurther developed and expanded for open-ocean applications.These developments will require multiple lines of expertise (including underwater instrument andsensor communication, multimedia information processing, etc.) which will, to a major extent, beprovided by the Cluster consortium. Additionally, cooperation with private firms and industrieswithin the marine technology sector will play a vital role in these developments.108

2.4 Z: Central AdministrationCoordinators:Prof. Wallmann, KlausDr. Schmidt, Ingmar22.06.1960 22.03.1964Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielIFM-GEOMARReferat für Forschung und TechnologietransferFB2: Marine BiogeochemieOlshausenstr. 40Wischhofstr. 1-324118 Kiel24148 KielTel.: 0431-600 2287Tel.: 0431 880 3050Fax: 0431-600 2928Fax: 0431 880 1560Email: kwallmann@ifm-geomar.deEmail: dez132@uv.uni-kiel.deFurther proponents: T. Bauer, G. Klepper, P. Herzig, F. Temps, K. Lochte, T. Requate,U. Riebesell, B. Schell, R.R. Schneider, S. Schreiber, M. Visbeck, A. Zimmermann2.4.1 Summary / ZusammenfassungThe central administration of the proposed Cluster will support the Executive Committee and theCouncil of the Cluster in the realization of their scientific goals and will bring into agreement thegoals of structural development of the Cluster and those of the CAU. Moreover, coordination withthe various funding bodies of the Cluster (DFG, University, other third parties) will take placethrough the central administration. To ensure the successful realization of the Cluster's scientificaims, a scientific controlling system will be established for the purpose of monitoring the scientific,educational, and exploitation/dissemination outputs of the Cluster. A financial controlling will beimplemented to ensure the efficient use of the Cluster's resources in accordance with Cluster aimsand annual implementation plans as well as with funding party regulations. Financial controlling willbe realized through an existing data bank system for fund administration at CAU. Moreover, thecentral administration will coordinate procedures and policies for the dissemination of knowledgefrom the project. The Cluster administration will be embedded in the existing structures of researchmanagement at CAU to ensure the use of pertinent expertise and to interlink the structuralplanning of the Cluster and the University.Ziel der zentralen Administration des Exzellenzclusters ist es, einerseits den Vorstand in derUmsetzung der wissenschaftlichen Ziele des Clusters zu unterstützen und andererseits dieEntwicklungsziele des Clusters mit den Entwicklungszielen der Universität in Übereinstimmung zubringen. Darüber hinaus wird die Abstimmung mit den Förderern des Clusters (DFG, Universität,Dritte) über die zentrale Administration erfolgen. Für die Sicherstellung der wissenschaftlichenZiele des Clusters wird in Abstimmung mit dem Vorstand ein wissenschaftliches Controlling109

etabliert, das insbesondere auf wissenschaftliche Publikationen, interdisziplinäre Kooperationen,Nachwuchsförderung, Technologietransfer und Drittmitteleinwerbungen aufbaut. Ein finanziellesControlling soll eine den Verwendungsregelungen der Förderer entsprechende und den Zielen desClusters angepasste Nutzung der finanziellen Ressourcen sicherstellen. Die Abstimmung mit denFörderern soll auf der Grundlage von Beschlüssen des Vorstands erfolgen. Durch Einbindung indie vorhandene Forschungsmanagementstruktur der Universität soll einerseits das dortvorhandene Know-how auf diesem Gebiet (Technologietransfer, Vertragsmanagement,Fördermanagement) und andererseits die enge Verzahnung mit der Strukturplanung derUniversität sichergestellt werden.2.4.2 DescriptionIn order to achieve the administrative goals of the Cluster, an office will be established to managethe Cluster. A Cluster manager, a budget manager, and an assistant will be employed in theCluster office (Section 1.7.1). This office will be allocated in the Division of Research andTechnology Transfer at CAU as the central junction between Cluster and University development.The Cluster office will fulfill the following obligations:(A) Alignment of the structural development of the Cluster and the University.The dedication of vacant professorships at the CAU and at IFM-GEOMAR will be carefullyexamined to provide permanent W2/W3 professorships to the most successful new juniorprofessors during the initial 5-year funding period. Major investments for instrumentation requiredby the research projects and platforms will be adjusted in accordance with the generalinfrastructure planning of the University and IFM-GEOMAR.(B) Development and maintenance of a data bank for scientific controlling. The structuralevolution and success of the Cluster will be monitored through a data bank (Section 1.7.2). Annualreports for the research projects will be provided to the Executive Committee through thisdatabank.(C) Financial controlling. The funding received from various agencies (DFG, University, otherthird parties) will be coordinated by the Cluster Office. Controlling will take place through anexisting data bank for fund administration at CAU. Based on these data, the central administrationwill review and propose budget transfers to the Executive Committee in accordance with thebylaws and the annual implementation plan.(D) Support of the Cluster in other administration and organization issues. These include theannouncement of positions, supporting the Chair in the preparation of project bodies meetings, theorganization of internal workshops, meetings and international research conferences and themaintenance of the Cluster homepage.110

2.4.3 Requested FundingFunding is requested for the central administration (Section 2.4.3.1) and other Cluster activities(Section 2.4.3.2), including the forums for transfer to application (Section 1.2.2.6) and publicoutreach (Section 1.2.2.7), the planned Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS, Section 1.4),and the pool of positions and equipment accessible to the members of the Cluster through internalresearch proposals (Section 2).2.4.3.1 Cluster OfficeStaff fundingSalary scale 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011BAT I, Ia, Ib (assistant professor)1) BAT IIa (Ph.D. students and postdocs)1 1 1 1 1 12-3) BAT VII – III (non-scientific staff) 2 2 2 2 2 2Total (k€) 23.8 142.8 142.8 142.8 142.8 1191) A BAT IIa position is required for the project manager. The manager will coordinate activities ofthe Cluster with the University and the participating Leibniz Institutes, report to the ExecutiveCommittee of the Cluster and to the Chancellor's Office at the University, and support scientificcontrolling.2) A BAT IV position is required to support the Chair and the Executive Committee in the planningof funding distribution, to support the project manager in organizational issues, to maintain theCluster homepage and for financial controlling.3) A BAT VI position is required for the distribution of information within the Cluster, for theorganization of Cluster events, and for data maintenance and management.Other direct expensesDescription 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Travel expenses/colloquia/visiting 10 75 75 75 75 65scientistsOthers 3 5 5 5 5 2Total (k€) 13 80 80 80 80 67Justification:Other costs for the Cluster Office include costs for the organization of workshops and conferencesincluding travel expenses for visiting scientists (k€ 75 per year), as well as funds for consumables,computers, software and costs for data bank development (k€ 5).111

2.4.3.2 Central Funds for Transfer to Application, Public Outreach, the Integrated School ofOcean Sciences and a Central Pool for Members of the ClusterStaff fundingSalary scale 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Transfer to application1) BAT IIa (Ph.D. students and post-docs) 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,52) BAT VII – III (non-scientific staff) 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5Public outreach3-5) BAT IIa (Ph.D. students and post-docs) 2 2 2 2 2 2ISOS6) BAT I, Ia, Ib (assistant professor) 1 1 1 1 1 17) BAT IIa (Ph.D. students and post-docs) 1 1 1 1 1 18) BAT VII – III (non-scientific staff) 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5Pool for Cluster members (9-38)BAT IIa (Ph.D. students and post-docs) 20 20 20 20 20 20BAT VII – III (non-scientific staff) 10 10 10 10 10 10Total (in k€) 318.3 1 909.8 1 909.8 1 909.8 1 909.8 1 591.5Transfer to application (Section 1.2.2.6)1) A BAT IIa position is required for six months per year for a patent scout. The scout will be incharge of actively searching for and identifying patentable inventions across the institutes involvedin the Cluster and will closely collaborate with the PVA.2) A BAT IVa position is required for six months per year for the organization of technology transferevents and for political consulting.Public outreach (Section 1.2.2.7)3) A BAT IIa position is required for elaborating concepts and organizing a touring exhibition for theFuture Ocean Cluster. The position requires a background in marine sciences as well as creativeand organizational skills.4) A BAT IIa/2 position is required for a Press and Communications manager, in charge forthe organization and coordination of all public relation and outreach activities of the Cluster.5) A BAT IIa/2 position is requested for NaT-working for the coordination of cooperation betweenthe Cluster scientists and partner schools, the identification of research topics suitable for studentprojects, as well as the organization of meetings, exhibitions, teacher training events andpresentations, and the maintenance of web pages.Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (Section 1.4)6) A BAT Ib position is required for the coordination of the ISOS office. He/she will be responsiblefor the coordination and organization of the ISOS. The tasks comprise the development andcoordination of the educational modules in collaboration with the faculty members involved, the112

development of a quality control system for teaching and the initiation of the various supportactivities within the ISOS. This senior scientist must have ample experience in teaching and in theeducational system and a multidisciplinary scientific background.7) A BAT IIa position is required for the maintenance and update of the e-learning system and thearchiving of the information for students enrolled. Support will also be given for the development ofe-learning modules in collaboration with lecturers.8) A BAT Va position is required for a part-time secretary. He/she will run the central office, providesupport for the organization of workshops, seminars and aid in the practical organization oflectures, lab rotations and practical training offerings when required.Pool for Members of the Cluster (Section 2)9-38)10 BAT IIa (post-docs), 20 BAT II a/2 (Ph.D.), and 10 BAT V positions (technicians) arerequired for the pool of research positions which will be accessible to the members of the Clusterthrough successful research proposals.InstrumentationDescription 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011JRG's 1 400Pool for members 100 1 600 500 500Total (k€) 100 3 000 500 500Justification:A total of 4100 k€ is requested for the acquisition of new instrumentation, both for the installation ofthe new JRG's and for the development of the platforms through successful research proposals ofthe members.Other direct expensesDescription 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011JRG's - 280 280 280 280 233.3Pool for Cluster members 33.3 200 200 200 200 166.7School of Ocean Sciences 19.7 118 118 118 118 98.3Public Outreach 17 100 100 100 100 83.4Total (k€) 70 698 698 698 698 581.7Justification:JRG's and Pool for Cluster membersFunding for travel, marine expeditions, equipment under 10 k€, and other costs are requested forthe equipment of the JRG's and for the pool accessible to the members of the Cluster throughsuccessful research proposals.113

International School of Ocean SciencesAn annual budget of 118 k€ is requested for the ISOS to cover costs for student positions, Ph.D.seminars, travel to national and international workshops and scientific conferences, support of acentral computer science facility and teaching and e-learning activities.Public Outreach and Transfer to applicationAn annual budget of 100 k€ is requested for public relations activities, including funds for NaT-Working, exhibitions and events, printing costs, fees for photos, writing, design, etc. It is expectedthat additional funds for public outreach activities will be contributed by sponsors for pertinentexhibits and events.114

3 Overview of the Cluster of Excellence´s Resources3.1 Core SupportStaffEmployees who will be working in the Cluster, but whose positions will not be financed by thefunding of the programmeScientific staffW3 (full professor) 34W2 (full professor) 32W1 (assistant professor) 23BAT I, Ia, Ib (assistant professor) 32BAT IIa (Ph.D students and post-docs) 89Total scientific staff 210Non-scientific staffBAT VII – III (non-scientific staff) 115Total non-scientific staff 115Infrastructure and InstrumentationInstrumentation exceeding > 150 k€ gross provided by the participating institutions through theCluster platforms.Description Year of purchase Amount (k€)Platform 1: Numerical Simulation and Data ManagementAnnual leasing costs for high-perfomance computersallocated in CAU’s computing center (SGI-Altix with SharedMemory Parallel Architecture, NEC-SX8 with VectorProcessor Architecture)Annual costs for additional supercomputing contingents at200520051 335200HLRN, DKRZ (Hamburg), HLRS (Stuttgart)Server infrastructure available at the Interdisciplinary Centerfor Numerical Simulation:Sun Ultra E4000,14 CPU's, 14 GB 1997 250SunFire 280r (2 CPU's, 2 GB 2000 A5000; DLT autoloader,Sun Ultra 60,2 CPU'S,2 GB, 2 SunFire V440,4 CPU's,8 GB,SunFire V20z, 2 CPU's,8 GB, SunFire V40z, 4 CPU's,16GB, SunFire V440, 4 CPU's, 8 GB, SunFire W110z, 1 CPU,1 GB, SunFire W110z,1 CPU, 1 GB, Sun-Ray-contingent (3xSunRay 150; 4x SunRay 1; 27x SunRay 1g)1999-2004 176115

Description Year of purchase Amount (k€)Seismic Processing Center:Hardware (8 Sun stations, Overland Neo Jukebox)Software SIRIUS “prestack depth migration”Software SEISMOS “seismic processing package”Total Instrumentation > € 150,000 gross2000-2005 5702 531Platform 2: Isotope and Tracer AnalysisAcceleration Mass Spectrometer AMS 1994 2 150Finnigan MAT 251/ CarboPrep 1987 350MAT ΔplusXL/gas bench 2 2000 165Finnigan MAT 252 1996 380MAT ΔplusXL/gas bench 2 192ICPMS 7500cs Agilent with laser ablation 1996-1997 500OES, ICPMS simultanes Atomemissionsspektrometer, 2000-2001 230EA-IRMS with element analyser 2005 150Gas chromatograph Agilent 6890N;2005-2006 179Accelerated solvent extraction instrument ASE;Prep. Gas chromatographTi :Sa Femtosecond laser system 2001 400Nanosecond Nd :YAG and eximer laser pumped dual dye2001 270laser systemVPVG Axiom 2002 700Triton Finnigan 2002 500Quantolus Liquid-cintillation counter 2003 160Instrumentation to be acquired:NewWave Laserablation system 2006 280Multi Collector ICP-MSTotal Instrumentation > € 150,000 gross2006 7507 356Platform 3: High-Throughput Molecular Bioscience TechnologiesAffymetrix Complete System 2004 702DNA-Analyser3730x1, Applied Biosystems 2003 480DANN-Analyser3730x1, Applied Biosystems 2004 480DANN-Analyser3730XL 2004 480DANN-Analyser3700 2003 450Prep Robot, Tecan 250116

Description Year of purchase Amount (k€)7900HT Sequence Detection System, Applied Biosystems 2001 208Robot Genesis RSP 150, Tecan 1999 200Genesis RSP 150 (Pipette Robot), Tecan 150Robot Genesis RSP 150, Tecan 2001 150Re-Arraying Robot, Tecan 2006 165Real Time PCR System, Applied Biosystems 2005 199Pipette Robot, Tecan 2005 306Pipette Robot, Tecan 2005 180Total Instrumentation > € 150,000 gross4 400Platform 4: Ocean Observatories3 Glider 2004-2006 27060 ADCPs and Current meter for mooring instrumentation 1995-2005 1 20020 Floatation and Release Systems for moorings 1990-2005 8006 CTD and water sampler 1990-2003 5409 Rafos Sound Sources 1995-2003 225Moored CTD Recorder 2002 600100 OBS/OBH systems 1991-2006 4 000Lander System 1996-2003 1 800TV Grab 1990-2006 800JAGO In Kiel 2006 1 800DeepTow Seismic Streamer 2002 600PCO 2 and O 2 Sensors 2002-2006 225Towed Sidescan Sonar 2001 800Seismic Sources, 3 Bolt 32 Ltr. Guns, 1 Gi-Gun, 4 G-Gun2004-2005 1 000ClustersPosidonia, portable USBL Positioning System 2002 300Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS), 2 towed systems 1995- 2004 1 000for TV-monitoring and still camera shotsInstrumentation to be acquiredROVTotal Instrumentation > e€150,000 gross2006 4 00019 960Public Outreach activities will greatly benefit from the marine-oriented Kiel Science Center which isplanned to open in 2008. The State of Schleswig-Holstein and the City of Kiel will provide fundingin the order of k€ 20 000 for this new center.Technology transfer will be supported by the new Center of Marine Natural Products founded inDecember 2005 through State funding (k€ 2 700).117

3.2 Auxiliary Support3.2.1 Total Funding Requested for each Research TopicAverage budget for a typical JRGPersonnel 2006 2007* 2008 2009 2010 2011W1 1 1 1 1 1BAT IIa (post-doc) 1 1 1 1 1BAT IIa/2 PhD student 2 2 2 2 2BAT VII – III (Vc Technician) 1 1 1 1 1Total Personnel (k€) 156.2 225.6 225.6 225.6 188Investments 100 - - - -Other 20 20 20 20 20Total (k€) 276.2 245.6 245.6 245.6 208* anticipated delay in recruitment of 4-5 months3.2.2 Total Funding Requested for the Entire ClusterStaff FundingFunds for sientific and non-scientific staff requested for the ClusterSalary scale 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011W1 (assistant professor) 14 14 14 14 14BAT I, Ia, Ib (assistant professor) 1 1 1 1 1 1BAT IIa (Ph.D. students and postdocs)24.5 52.5 52.5 52.5 52.5 52.5BAT VII – III (non-scientific staff) 13 27 27 27 27 27Total (in k€) 342.1 4 239.6 5 211 5 211 5 211 4 342InstrumentationBudget for acquisition of instrumentation including costs for large instruments (>k€ 150) that maybe acquired pending on the needs of the new JRG’sDescription 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011100 3 000 500 500Total (in k€) 100 3 000 500 500118

Other direct expensesCosts for travel, small equiment, flexible funds and consumablesDescription 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Travel /Colloquia /Visiting scientists 10 75 75 75 75 65Others 73 703 703 703 703 583.3Total (in k€) 83 778 778 778 778 648.3Total funding requestedDescription 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 totalStaff 342.1 4 239.6 5 211 5 211 5 211 4 342 24 556.7Instrumentation 100 3 000 500 500 - - 4 100Others 83 778 778 778 778 648.3 3 843.3Total (in k€) 525.1 8 017.6 6 489 6 489 5 989 4 990.3 32 500Together with the overhead of 20% total requested funding sums up to k€ 39 000.119

120- Notes -

4 Appendices4.1 Most Important PublicationsZimmermann A, Tomuschat C, Oellers-Frahm K (eds.) (2006) Statute of the International Court ofJustice – A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 1575 pp.Klepper G, Peterson S (2005) Trading hot-air. The influence of permit allocation rules, marketpower and the US withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol. Environmental & ResourceEconomics 32 (3), 205-137.Schefuss E, Schouten S, Schneider RR (2005) Climatic controls on central African hydrologyduring the past 20,000 years. Nature 437 (7061), 1003-1006.Körtzinger A, Schimanski J, Send U, Wallace D (2004) The ocean takes a deep breath. Science306 (5700), 1337-1337.Lackschewitz KS, Devey CW, Stoffers P, Botz R, Eisenhauer A, Kummetz M, Schmidt M, SingerA (2004) Mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of hydrothermal alterationprocesses in the active PACMANUS hydrothermal field hosted by felsic volcanic rocks,Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 (21), 4405-4427.Mills MM, Ridame C, Davey M, La Roche J, Geider RJ (2004) Iron and phosphorus co-limitnitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Nature 429 (6989), 292-294.Sabine CL, Feely RA, Gruber N, Key RM, Lee K, Bullister JL, Wanninkhof R, Wong CS, WallaceDWR, Tilbrook B, Millero FJ, Peng TH, Kozyr A, Ono T, Rios AF (2004) The oceanic sink foranthropogenic CO 2 . Science 305, 367-371.Stoll M, Corneliussen B, Costello CM, Waetzig GH, Mellgard B, Koch WA, Rosenstiel P, AlbrechtM, Croucher PJP, Seegert D, Nikolaus S, Hampe J, Lengauer T, Pierrou S, Foelsch UR,Mathew CG, Lagerstrom-Fermer M, Schreiber S (2004) Genetic variation in DLG5 isassociated with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genetics 36, 476-480.Requate T, Unold W (2003) Environmental policy incentives to adopt advanced abatementtechnology: Will the true ranking please stand up? European Economic Review 47 (1),125-146.Worm B, HK Lotze, Hillebrand H, Sommer U (2002) Consumer versus resource control of speciesdiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature 417, 848-851.Hanebuth T, Stattegger K, Grootes PM (2000) Rapid flooding of the Sunda Shelf: A late-glacialsea-level record. Science 288 (5468), 1033-1035.Riebesell U, Zondervan I, Rost B, Tortell PD, Zeebe RE, Morel FMM (2000) Reduced calcificationof marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO 2 . Nature 407 (6802), 364-367.Schroeder BC, Waldegger S, Fehr S, Bleich M, Warth R, Greger R, Jentsch TJ (2000) Aconstitutively open potassium channel formed by KCNQ1 and KCNE3. Nature 403 (6766),196-199.Eickhoff U, Temps F (1999) FTIR study of the products of the reaction between HCCO and NO.Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1 (2), 243-251.A1

Suess E, Torres ME, Bohrmann G, Collier RW, Greinert J, Linke P, Rehder G, Trehu A, WallmannK, Winckler G, Zuleger E (1999) Gas hydrate destabilization: enhanced dewatering, benthicmaterial turnover and large methane plumes at the Cascadia convergent margin. Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 170, 1-15.Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, Froese R, Torres F (1998) Fishing down marine food webs.Science 279 (5352), 860-863.Visbeck M, Marshall J, Haine T, Spall M (1997) Specification of eddy transfer coefficients incoarse-resolution ocean circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography 27 (3),381-402.Srivastav A, Stangier P (1996) Algorithmic Chernoff-Hoeffding inequalities in integerprogramming. Random Structures & Algorithms 8 (1), 27-58.Ye S, Bialas J, Flueh ER, Stavenhagen A, vonHuene R, Leandro G, Hinz K (1996) Crustalstructure of the middle American trench off Costa Rica from wide-angle seismic data.Tectonics 15 (5), 1006-1021.Böning CW, Holland WR, Bryan FO, Danabasoglu G, McWilliams JC (1995) An overlookedproblem in Model Simulations of the Thermohaline Circulation and Heat-Transport in theAtlantic-Ocean. Journal of Climate 8 (3), 515-523.Hoernle K, Zhang YS, Graham D (1995) Seismic and geochemical evidence for large-scalemantle upwelling beneath the Eastern Atlantic and Western and Central-Europe. Nature 374(6517), 34-39.Wahl M, Hay ME (1995) Associational resistance and shared doom – effects of Epibiosis onHerbivory. Oecologia 102 (3), 329-340.Latif M, Barnett TP (1994) Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North-America. Science 266 (5185), 634-637.Grootes PM, Stuiver M, White JWC, Johnsen S, Jouzel J (1993) Comparison of Oxygen-IsotopeRecords from the GISP2 and Grip Greenland Ice Cores. Nature 366 (6455), 552-554.Hartke B, Carter EA (1992) Abinitio Molecular-Dynamics with correlated Molecular Wave-Functions - Generalized Valence Bond Molecular-Dynamics and Simulated Annealing.Journal of Chemical Physics 97 (9), 6569-6578.A2

4.2 Additional Pieces of Evidence of QualificationPrincipleInvestigatorsEisenhauer, AntonFriedrich, TempsFroese, RainerLatif, MojibRequate, TilmanBöning, ClausBosch, Thomas C. G.Colijn, FranciscusDevey, ColinFlueh, ErnstGrotemeyer, JürgenKlepper, GernotKörtzinger, ArneLochte, KarinRiebesell, UlfSchneider, Ralph R.Awards1997: Goldschmidt Award of the German Mineralogical Society2000: Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz Prize, German Research Council(DFG)2003: Pew Marine Conservation Fellow Award2000: Sverdrup Gold Medal of the American Meteorological Society2004: Winner of the Eric Kempe Award, European Association ofEnvironmental and Resource EconomistsLeading positions in Committees/Projects1999 - 2005: Chair, SFB 460 Dynamics of Thermohaline CirculationVariability, CAU KielSince 2002: Chair, WGCM/CLIVAR Working Group on Ocean ModelDevelopmentSince 2003: Deputy speaker SFB 617 Molecular Mechanisms ofEpithelial DefenseSince 2005: Speaker Coastal Part MARCOPOLI Program (HGF)Since 2004: Leader of DFG SPP1144 From Mantle to Ocean: Energy-Material- and Life-Cycles at Spreading AxesSince 2004: Chair, International InterRidge OfficeSince 2004: German representative to SCORSince 2001: Vice-Speaker of SFB 574 Volatiles and Fluids inSubduction ZonesSince 2005: President of the German Society for Mass Spectrometry(DGMS)Since 2001: Co-chair of the German National Committee on GlobalChange Research (NKGCF) of the DFG and the BMBFCo-chair, Joint IMBER/SOLAS Carbon Implementation GroupSince 2006: Chair, Scientific Commission of the “Wissenschaftsrat”Since 2002: Vice-chair, Scientific Committee of IGBP (InternationalGeosphere-Biosphere Program)Since 2004: Chair, Senate Commission of the German ResearchCouncil (DFG) for OceanographySince 2005: Co-Chair of IGBP Fast Track Initiative ‘Ocean Acidification’Since 2004: Chair, Task Team, SOLAS-IMBERSince 2004: Director of IMAGES, the Marine Past Global ChangesProgram, core project of IGBPA3

Schreiber, StefanVisbeck, MartinSrivastav, AnandSince 2001: Speaker, project committee German National GenomeResearch Network (NGFN)Since 2000: Chair of International CLIVAR Atlantic SectorImplementation PanelSince 2000: Chair of DFG Graduate School 357 Efficient Algorithmsand Multiscale MethodsTable A2: The 25 most important additional pieces of evidence (besides publications) thatdemonstrate the qualification of the principal investigators involved in the Cluster.The Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz Prize was also awarded to the Cluster members WolfgangHackbusch, Peter Herzig and Wolf-Christian Dullo in 1994, 2000 and 2002, respectively. Therecently retired colleges Michael Sarnthein and Hans-Ulrich Schmincke, who are activelysupporting the Cluster, received this most prestigious German scientific award in 1989 and 1991.A4

4.3 Third-Party FundingNo. FundingBodyType ofFundingTitle Coordinator Start Finish Amount(annual averagein k€)1 DFG SFB Collaborative Research Center SFB 460: Dynamics ofThermohaline Circulation VariabilityBöning 01.07.1996 31.12.2006 2 1632 DFG SFB Collaborative Research Center SFB 574: Volatiles and Fluidsin Subduction ZonesFlüh 01.01.2001 30.06.2008 1 4573 DFG SFB Collaborative Research Center SFB 617: MolecularMechanism of Epithelial DefenseSchröder 01.07.2002 30.06.2009 1 3784 DFG SPP DFG Priority Program SPP 1144: From Mantle to Ocean:Energy-, Material and Life-Cycles at spreading axesDevey 01.10.2003 30.09.2007 4325 DFG SPP DFG Priority Program SPP 1162: AQUASHIFT: The Responseof Aquatic Ecosystems to Climate ChangeSommer 25.10.2004 24.10.2010 70Riebesell6 BMBF Joint ResearchProjectCLIVAR marine: Climate Variability & Predictability in theAtlantic OceanBöning01.06.2002 31.08.2005 419Latif7 BMBF Joint ResearchProjectCOMET: Controls on Methane Fluxes and their ClimaticRelevance in Marine Gas Hydrate-bearing EnvironmentsLinke01.01.2005 29.02.2008 579WallmannEisenhauer8 BMBF Joint ResearchProjectNational Genome Research Network 2 - Environmental Schreiber 21.10.2004 20.10.2007 2 957Diseases9 BMBF Joint ResearchProjectCoastal Futures Colijn 01.04.2004 31.03.2007 1 48710 BMBF Joint ResearchProjectGhost Deklim: Global Holocene Spatial Temperature Variability Schneider, R.R. 01.09.2001 31.08.2004 199A5

4.3 Third-Party FundingNo. FundingBodyType ofFundingTitle Coordinator Start Finish Amount(annual averagein k€)11 EU 6 th FrameworkProgramCARBOOCEAN: Marine Carbon Sources and SinksAssessmentKörtzinger 01.01.2005 31.12.2009 276RiebesellWallace12 EU 5 th FrameworkProgramMOTIF: Models and Observations to Test Climate Feedbacks Latif01.02.2003 31.01.2006 59Schneider, R.13 EU 6 th FrameworkProgramBIGDFT: Density Functional Calculations for Systems of Schneider, R. 15.01.2005 14.01.2008 54Unprecedented Size on Parallel Computers14 EU 6 th FrameworkProgramPROTECT: Marine Protected Areas as a Tool for EcosystemConservation and Fisheries ManagementKraus,01.01.2005 31.12.2008 31Froese15 EU 5 th FrameworkProgramTranSust: Transition to Sustainable Economic Structures Klepper 01.01.2006 31.06.2009 242003 2004 2005Individual grants (total annual average since 2003 for all principal investigators involved, in k€) 8 167 8 930 9 442A6

4.4 Participating Institutions and Cooperation PartnersInstitutes and institutions of the host universityCAU: Center for Molecular BiosciencesCAU: Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and AllergologyCAU: Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertonic DiseasesCAU: Department of Computer Science and Applied MathematicsCAU: Department of EconomicsCAU: Disaster Research UnitCAU: Division of Research and Technology TransferCAU: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCAU: Institute of BotanyCAU: Institute of Clinical Molecular BiologyCAU: Institute of Crop Science and Plant BreedingCAU: Institute of General MicrobiologyCAU: Institute of GeographyCAU: Institute of GeosciencesCAU: Institute of Human Nutrition and AgricultureCAU: Institute of Inorganic ChemistryCAU: Institute of Medical Informatics and StatisticsCAU: Institute of Physical ChemistryCAU: Institute of PhysiologyCAU: Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil SciencesCAU: Institute of Polar EcologyCAU: Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric ArcheologyCAU: Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural ScientistsCAU: Institute of ZoologyCAU: Interdisciplinary Center for Numerical SimulationCAU: Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope ResearchCAU: Research and Technology Center West CoastCAU: Walther-Schücking Institute of International LawInstitutes and institutions of participating Leibniz institutes and other universitiesThe Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW):Environmental and Resource EconomicsLeibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR):Ocean Circulation and Climate Dynamics (FB1)Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR):Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2)LocationKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielKielBüsumKielKielKielKielA7

Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR): Marine Ecology (FB3)KielLeibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR):KielDynamics of the Ocean Floor (FB4)Muthesius Academy of Fine Arts in KielKielNon-university institutions * (if applicable)LocationPatent and Evaluation Agency for Scientific Institutions in Schleswig-HolsteinKielGmbH (PVA SH)Cooperation partners ** (if applicable)LocationBusiness Development and Technology Transfer Corporation ofKielSchleswig-Holstein (WTSH)Business Development Corporation Kiel (KiWi)KielcampuscienceconomyKielCoastal Research & Management (CRM)KielGabler Maschinenbau GmbHLübeckGerman Association for Marine Technology (GMT)HamburgHydrobiosKielKiel Center of Innovation and Technology (Kitz)KielL-3 Communications ELAC Nautik GmbH KielLeibniz-Institute for Science Education at the University of Kiel (IPN)KielMaritime Cluster Schleswig-HolsteinRendsburgMaritime Forum KielKielNetwork of competence - Maritime Technology of Schleswig-HolsteinKielRaytheon Anschütz GmbHKielSea-and Sun TechnologiesTrappenkampSociety for Marine Aquaculture mbH (GMA)Büsum* Institutions which will receive funding from the budget of the planned Cluster of excellence.** Institutions with which a collaboration already exists and which will contribute their own funding to theplanned Cluster of excellence.A8

4.5 The Future Ocean Cluster: Executive SummaryRationaleThe oceans host our planet’s largest ecosystem, help regulate the composition of the atmosphereand global climate, and provide us with essential living and non-living resources. Coastal regionsare home to the majority of the world’s population and the open seas are key to global trade andsecurity and a source of major natural hazards. In short, the oceans are vital for human welfarenow and in the future. But mankind is altering the oceans in both direct and indirect ways and on aglobal scale. The alteration started with fishing which has already drastically changed the globalmarine ecosystem. Human impacts now extend from regional changes, such as alterations ofcoastal and deep sea habitats, to global scale impacts on marine life, ocean circulation and carboncycling through emissions of CO 2 and other pollutants. The motivation for the Future Oceanproposal is the recognition of mankind’s increasing dependency on the oceans in the context of ourincreasing power to alter it. These two factors imply a need to understand in order to be able topredict and manage. They also imply a need to educate, in order that the next generation is awareof the need for responsible and sustainable use of the ocean and is prepared to adapt to thechanges that we have already set in motion.ObjectivesThe Future Ocean Cluster at the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU) aims to (1) improveour understanding of ocean changes in response to human activities, (2) provide the scientificbasis to develop, implement and assess sound global and regional ocean management options (3)build our capacity to reliably predict the risks associated with ocean change and natural hazardsand (4) explore new marine resources and develop strategies for their sustainable use. This will beachieved by a multidisciplinary research strategy on the pathways, impacts and feedbacks ofocean change and their interaction with society in terms of ocean resources, services and risks.Cluster Concept and Long-Term PerspectiveRather than forming a separate research unit, the Cluster will be fully integrated into the Universityand will function as a virtual institute to strengthen multidisciplinary cooperation between severalfaculties and research institutes of CAU and the participating Leibniz Institutes (IFM-GEOMAR:Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, IfW: Institute for the World Economy). It will augment, focusand enhance marine-oriented research and education in Kiel and will provide additional interfacesto the general public, stakeholders, non-governmental and scientific organizations as well asmarine-oriented industries. A strategic instrument of the Cluster will be the establishment of 14new Junior Research Groups (JRG’s) in key interdisciplinary research areas (A1 - B6 in Fig. 1).A9

These JRG’s will augment the expertise provided by the well-established research groups of theproponents. The group leaders will be endowed with tenure-track positions which will betransferred to permanent positions (W2/W3) based on a review of merit. The Cluster will providethe JRG’s with resources and personnel as well as scientific support through the establishedresearch groups of the proponents. The commitment of CAU to offer permanent faculty positions toup to nine of the new junior professors ensures a long-term strategic impact on the fabric of theUniversity. The Cluster is strongly determined to attract more women to careers in science andaims to fill at least half of the new junior professorships with women scientists.Figure 1: Elements of the Future Ocean Cluster (www.uni-kiel.de/future-ocean) consisting of theresearch topics under Themes A. Greenhouse Oceans (green) and B. Resources and Risks (red),overarching activities (yellow) and research platforms (blue)A10

The Cluster objectives will be addressed by the new JRG’s in collaboration with the proponentsunder two overarching themes (Fig. 1):• Oceans in the Greenhouse World: The human-induced rise in atmospheric CO 2 will affect theocean in two ways: increased surface warming and seawater acidification. These changesmay in turn trigger major shifts in ocean circulation, ecosystem structure, marine carboncycling, and exchanges with the atmosphere. These issues as well as an evaluation ofcarbon abatement strategies will be assessed by the Future Ocean Cluster through a highlymultidisciplinary approach integrating climate sciences, oceanography, biogeochemistry,marine biology, geosciences and economy.• Marine Resources and Risks: The depletion of resources on land and the changingregulatory and geopolitical environment will lead to increasing pressure to develop marineresources in the future. Concomitantly, ocean change will have immediate implications for theexploitation of marine resources and will increase the likelihood of hazardous and extremeevents. This will lead to both new opportunities and new risks for the growing worldpopulation. The Future Ocean Cluster will combine natural sciences with medicine,economics, social sciences and law to explore this opportunities and risks in an integratedapproach.The multidisciplinary collaborations required to cover the breath of research topics will lead to anew level of cross-disciplinarity to address ocean-related questions with a truly integrated andinnovative approach. Never previously have experts from this wide range of disciplines and provenexcellence merged to focus on questions of such key relevance to the Future Ocean. It is expectedthat new avenues of research will emerge from this initiative. Based on this novel researchprogram, the Future Ocean Cluster will be able to better assess the chances and risks associatedwith ocean change and provide sound guidance to decision makers and stakeholders.Cluster research will be supported by four fundamental research platforms (P1 - P4 in Fig. 1). Theplatforms will offer a wide range of services including numerical expertise, ocean modeling, andsuper-computer support, isotope and trace element analysis, access to high-throughput molecularanalysis facilities, and cutting-edge marine technology to explore and observe the global ocean inspace and time from the oceanic crust to the air-sea interface. The Cluster platforms permit themore efficient use of resources and will be further developed and strengthened according to thescientific needs of the Cluster.A11

The Cluster is embedded in the “Kieler Forschernetzwerk: Ozean der Zukunft” (www.ozean-derzukunft.de).This network of Kiel-based scientists was founded in November 2005 and receivedstart-up funding from the State of Schleswig Holstein to coordinate a range of activities devoted tothe Future Ocean theme. The network will continue beyond the funding period of the Cluster andensure that all major Cluster elements will carry on working after Cluster funding has ended. Thescientific objectives identified in the Cluster proposal will be pursued and further developed withinthis network over the coming decades.Four general strategies are followed at CAU for its structural development: (1) the University iscurrently in the process of concentrating its infrastructural resources into centers, (2) the Universityhas developed a concept to establish new JRG’s at the interface between and at the forefront ofvarious existing research fields; (3) new educational paths have been developed on the Master’sand Ph.D. levels to offer curricula with a wide disciplinary scope provided from various faculties; (4)multidisciplinary research themes are identified and supported by University funding to overcomethe traditional boundaries between the faculties and to sharpen the University’s scientific profile.The Cluster will act as a pilot project to implement these new structures at the University and is,hence, fully consistent with strategic planning at CAU.Organizational bodies of the Cluster defined in the full proposal will ensure the effectivecooperation between CAU, IFM-GEOMAR and IfW. Quality control and monitoring of theperformance of the Cluster will be supported by a central data bank of quantitative indicatorsrelated to scientific performance and to success in achieving structural goalsCluster ResourcesCAU and its associated research institutions are proud of having a long tradition of excellence inmarine-oriented science. The Future Ocean Cluster will build on the existing excellence by forminga consortium of more than one hundred scientists, including 66 full professors, from six facultiesand two Leibniz Institutes to further broaden and strengthen the CAU’s profile as a leadingEuropean university in ocean sciences. Cluster proponents have received several internationalawards and honours in addition to four Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz Prizes and currently lead threeCollaborative Research Centers (SFB 460, 574, 617). The most recent rankings reveal that CAUhas received the highest levels of German third-party funding in the field of the geosciences andthat CAU takes first place in attracting esteemed international geoscientists as Research Fellowsof the Humboldt Foundation. The participating Leibniz Institutes add to this existing excellence.Thus, IFM-GEOMAR is among the top 10 marine science institutions, world-wide, according to theinternational CEST-ranking and IfW has an excellent reputation in providing advice for key politicaldecisions. A high level of international recognition is also documented through more than 50contributions to NATURE and SCIENCE by Cluster proponents over the past decade.A12

Promotion of Young ScientistsThe multidisciplinary approach of the Future Ocean Cluster will be complemented by an integratededucational program in ocean sciences. Core elements of the proposed Integrated School ofOcean Sciences (ISOS) are (1) coordinated Master`s programs in Marine Sciences, (2) a newlydesigned Ph.D. program, (3) a career-advancement program for professionals, covering thescientific, legal and economic management of marine resources and (4) support activities for earlycareer development. The integration of six faculties of the CAU within the Cluster presents achallenging opportunity and the marine focus will sharpen the educational profile of the Universitynationally and internationally. The ISOS will provide an intellectually stimulating forum forexchange of ideas, information and educational services between the Cluster, CAU faculties,partners in the maritime industry, and policy-making bodies.Public Outreach and Transfer to ApplicationThe Future Ocean Cluster will pro-actively communicate its findings and insights to the broaderscientific community, the general public and the political and economic audience. Together with theMuthesius Academy of Fine Arts, it will design exhibitions providing Future Ocean experiencesstimulating all senses. These exhibitions and other scientific contents will also be presented to thegeneral public through the marine-oriented Kiel Science Center, which is planned to open in 2008.The Future Ocean Cluster will closely cooperate with the “Maritime Cluster Schleswig-Holstein“, anetwork of 1200 companies representing all branches of the maritime industry (www.maritimescluster.de),and additional partners to promote on-going, and develop new, technology transferactivities related to marine aquaculture, the screening of marine biomolecules for medical use, gashydrates exploration and the use of other marine resources.A13

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4.6 Curricula Vitae and Lists of PublicationsCurriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameBehrmann, Jan, Prof. Dr.born 23.02.1953 in Ingolstadt, GermanyAffiliationInstitution IFM-GEOMAR (as of May, 2006)Institute/Department Dynamics of the Ocean Floor (FB4)Address Wischhofstr. 1-3City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24148Phone +49-431-6002271Fax +49-431-6002271e-mailjbehrmann@ifm-geomar.deEducation1978 Diploma in Geology, Universität Erlangen, Germany1983 Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil.), University of Oxford, England1990 Habilitation and venia legendi in Geology, Universität Gießen, GermanyResearch Experience1979 - 1982 Research on fabrics, strain and rheology of mylonites, Betic Cordillera, Spain1982 - 1984 Finding hydrothermal gold in Scotland, France and U.S.A.1984 - 1990 Investigation of continental collision, Alps1986 - 1989 Structural study of Barbados accretionary prism, ODP Leg 110 plus post-cruisework1988 - 2006 Computer-aided 3D retrodeformation (Variscan, Alps, Carpathians, Chile, NorthSea)1988 - 2003 Shore-based research, structural geology, ODP Legs 131, 141, 146, 160, 180,1861990 - 1992 Tectonics of spreading ridge subduction, Chile, co-chief scientist, ODP Leg 1411996 - 2002 Studies in deformation of rock analogues and application to tectonic problems1998 - 2006 Structure, evolution, active tectonics and geohazards, Upper Rhine Graben riftzone2000 - 2006 Neutron textures, petrophysics and acoustic properties of hard rocks2004 - 2006 Petrography, fabrics and geotechnics of trench sediments, Chile2005 - 2006 Overpressures and fluid flow, Gulf of Mexico, co-chief scientist, IODP Expedition308Projects1998 - 2006 EUCOR-URGENT (Upper Rhine Graben Evolution and Neotectonics)Transnational Research Network, (Group Leader, Working Group 3; Presidentfor 2005). Financed principally through EU-INTERREG, EU-Research & TrainingNetworks, DFG (Germany), CNRS (France), ELTEM (Switzerland), NWO(Netherlands).2000 - 2007 Rock textures determined by neutron diffraction, and relation to petrophysicalrock properties. Development and operation of neutron texture diffractometer atthe IBR-2 Reactor, Dubna, Russia. Financed by BMBF (Germany)2004 - 2007 PetroTec, petrography, provenance and geotechnical properties of Chile Trenchsediments. Integrated in TIPTEQ-Verbundprojekt. Financed by BMBF-Geotechnologien (Germany)2006 - 2008 FastSed, Fabric genesis, strength and physical properties of young Sediments,Ursa and Brazos-Trinity basins, Gulf of Mexico. A follow-up laboratory study ofIODP Expedition 308. Funding in the framework of SSP "Integrated OceanDrilling Program IODP/ODP expected by DFG (Germany)Main PublicationsFlemings PB, Behrmann JH, John CM, and the Expedition 308 Scientists (2006) Proc. IODP308, College Station TX (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.),doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.308.101.2206.A16

Behrmann JH, Tanner DC (2006) Structural synthesis of the Northern Calcareous Alps,TRANSALP segment. Tectonophysics 414, 225-240.Rotstein Y, Behrmann JH, Lutz M, Wirsing G, Luz A (2005) Tectonic implications oftranspression and transtension: Upper Rhine Graben. Tectonics 24, TC6001,doi:10.1029/2005TC001797.Roller S, Pohl C, Behrmann JH (2003) Data Report: Investigations on triaxial shear strength ofsediments and sedimentary rocks from the Japan Trench – ODP Leg 186. In: Suyehiro K, SacksIS, Acton GD, Oda M (eds.): Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. 186, 1-19.Kopf A, Behrmann JH, Deyhle A, Roller S, Erlenkeuser H (2003) Isotopic evidence (B, C, O) ofdeep fluid processes in fault rocks from the active Woodlark Basin detachment zone. EarthPlanet. Sci. Lett. 208, 51-68.Kilian R, Behrmann JH (2003) Geochemical constraints on the sources of continent-relateddeep-sea sediments and their recycling in arc magmas of the Southern Andes. J. Geol. Soc.Lond. 160, 57-70.Roller S, Behrmann JH, Kopf A (2001) Deformation fabrics of faulted rocks, and somesyntectonic stress estimates from the active Woodlark Basin detachment zone. Geol. Soc.London, Spec. Publ. 187, 319-334.Behrmann JH, Kopf, A (2001) Balance of tectonically accreted and subducted sediment at theChile Triple Junction. Int. J. Earth Sciences (Geol. Rundsch.) 90, 753-768.Kopf A, Behrmann JH (2000) Extrusion dynamics of mud volcanoes on the MediterraneanRidge accretionary complex. In: Vendeville B, Mart Y, Vigneresse J-L (eds.), From the Arctic tothe Mediterranean: Salt, shale, and igneous diapirs in and around Europe. Geol. Soc. London,Spec. Publ. 174, 169-204.Behrmann JH, Lewis SD, Cande S, ODP Leg 141 Scientific Party (1995) Tectonics and geologyof spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction; a synthesis of results from Leg 141 ofthe Ocean Drilling Program. Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Sci. Results 141, 445-465 (reprintedfrom Geol. Rundschau 83, 832-852).A17

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameBleich, Markus, Prof. Dr. med.born at 05.05.1964 in Baden-Baden, GermanyAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Institute of PhysiologyAddress Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 5City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24118Phone +49-431-880 2961Fax +49-431-880 4580e-mailm.bleich@physiologie.uni-kiel.deEducation1991 Staatsexamen Humanmedizin (state examination human medicine)Approbation (medical license)1991 Doctor of medicine (PhD), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany1998 PD Dr. habil (Physiology), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany2004 Professor of PhysiologyResearch Experience1988 - 1990 Doctoral fellow at the Institute of Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg,Germany; K + channels in the distal nephron1991 Ludwig Heilmeyer Award (first description of the renal outer medullary K + channelROMK/ KCNJ1 on the single channel level in isolated perfused thick ascendinglimb)1993 - 1999 Postdoc at the Institute of Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg,Germany; Head of department: Prof. Dr. med. Rainer F. Greger; Epithelialphysiology, mechanisms and regulation of kidney and colon electrolyte transport,1995 -1996 -1998 -phenotyping of aldosterone-receptor knock-outMember of the German Physiological SocietyMember of the German Society of NephrologyMember of the European Kidney Research Association (EKRA)1997&1998 Postdoc at the Mount-Desert-Island Biological Laboratory, Maine, USA; Salttransport and pH regulation in the rectal gland of the spiny dogfish Squalusacanthias1999 - 2000 Provisional Head of Department of Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University,Freiburg, Germany; Molecular biology, function, regulation and pathophysiologyof KCNQ1 and its regulatory subunits2000 - 2004 Cardiovascular research and drug development at Aventis Pharma, Frankfurt,Germany; Director and Head of Section Pharmacology2004 - Professor of Physiology, Director, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany;Physiology of intake and excretion, epithelial physiology and pharmacologyProjects2001 - 2004 Aventis program head Arrhythmia (Development of new therapeutic approachesand drugs in atrial fibrillation)2002 - 2004 Aventis Program head CARED (Target identification, design of treatmentstrategies and animal models for cardiovascular endpoints in diabetes mellitus)2005 - Sanofi-Aventis Program ROMK (Inhibitors of renal ion channels)2005 - Associated member SFB617: molecular mechanisms of epithelial defense;functional analysis of antimicrobial peptide action on epitheliaMain PublicationsBarth AS, Merk S, Arnoldi E, Zwermann L, Kloos P, Gebauer M, Steinmeyer K, Bleich M, KaabS, Hinterseer M, Kartmann H, Kreuzer E, Dugas M, Steinbeck G, Nabauer M (2005)Reprogramming of the human atrial transcriptome in permanent atrial fibrillation: expression of aventricular-like genomic signature. Circ Res 96, 1022-29.A18

Goldschimdt I, Grahammer F, Warth R, Schulz-Baldes A, Garty H, Greger R, Bleich M (2004)Kidney and colon electrolyte transport in CHIF knockout mice. Cell Physiol Biochem 14, 113-20.Schafer S, Linz W, Vollert H, Biemer-Daub G, Rutten H, Bleich M, Busch AE (2004) The vasopeptidaseinhibitor AVE7688 ameliorates Type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 47, 98-103.Wirth KJ, Paehler T, Rosenstein B, Knobloch K, Maier T, Frenzel J, Brendel J, Busch AE, BleichM (2003) Atrial effects of the novel K(+)-channel-blocker AVE0118 in anesthetized pigs.Cardiovasc Res 60, 298-306.Grahammer F, Herling AW, Lang HJ, Schmitt-Graff A, Wittekindt OH, Nitschke R, Bleich M,Barhanin J, Warth R (2001) The Cardiac K+ Channel KCNQ1 Is Essential for Gastric AcidSecretion. Gastroenterology 120, 1363-71.Schroeder BC, Waldegger S, Fehr S, Bleich M, Warth R, Greger R, Jentsch TJ (2000) Aconstitutively open potassium channel formed by KCNQ1 and KCNE3. Nature 403,196-99.Bleich M, Thiele I, Warth R, Greger R (1998) pH-regulatory mechanisms in in vitro perfusedrectal gland tubules of Squalus acanthias. Pflügers Arch 436, 248-54.Mall M, Bleich M, Greger R, Schreiber R, Kunzelmann K (1998) The amiloride inhibitable Na+conductance is reduced by CFTR in normal but not in CF airways. J Clin Invest 102,15-21.Berger S, Bleich M, Schmid W, Cole TJ, Peters J, Watanabe H, Kriz W, Warth R, Greger R,Schütz G (1998) Mineralocorticoid receptor knock out mice: Pathophysiology of Na+ metabolism.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 9424-29.Bleich M, Briel M, Busch AE, Lang HJ, Gerlach U, Gögelein H, Greger R, Kunzelmann K (1997)KvLQT channels are inhibited by the K+ channel blocker 293B. Pflügers Arch 434, 499-501.A19

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameBöning, Claus, Prof. Dr.born at 26.09.1954 in Oldenburg i.O.AffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Ocean Circulation and Climate (FB1)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600-4003Fax +49-431-600-4012e-mailcboening@ifm-geomar.deEducation1973 Abitur1973 - 1974 Civil Service, City Hospital, Braunschweig1974 - 1975 Physics, Braunschweig1976 - 1980 Physical Oceanography, Kiel; Diplom1984 Dr. rer. nat. - Kiel, Physical OceanographyResearch Experience1985 - 1987 Visiting Research Staff, Princeton University, USA1987 - 1993 Hochschulassistent, Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel1993 Visiting Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA1993 - 1996 Oberassistent, Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel1996 - 1998 Professor, Bremen University and Alfred-Wegener-Institut (AWI), Bremerhaven1998 - Professor for Theoretical Oceanography, Kiel University2001 - 2003 Head of Research Division Ocean Circulation and Climate, Institut fürMeereskunde2002 - Speaker, SFB 460, Kiel University2004 - Deputy-Head, RD Ocean Circulation and Climate Dynamics, IfM-GEOMARMajor International Science Boards1992 - 1995 Numerical Experimentation Group, World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)1995 - 2000 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP): Scientific Steering Group forWOCE1998 - 2005 Chair, WCRP Working Group for Ocean Model DevelopmentEditorial Boards1993 - 1999 Journal of Physical Oceanography, Associate Editor1999 - Ocean Modelling, Associate EditorSelected Activities1998 Chair, CLIVAR Workshop on Ocean Modelling for Climate Studies, NationalCenter for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Co, USA1998 - Convenor of several EGS- and IAPSO-symposia on ocean circulation dynamics2001 Contributing Author, Climate Change 2001, Third Assessment Report of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change2002 - Scientific Steering Group (Wissenschaftlicher Lenkungsausschuss), GermanClimate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg2003 - Science Committee (Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss des Verwaltungsrates desNorddeutschen Verbundes für Hoch- und Höchstleistungsrechnen), HLRN2004 Co-Chair, CLIVAR Workshop on North Atlantic Thermohaline CirculationVariabilityProjects1989 - 1994 Head of subproject “High-resolution modelling of the North Atlantic” in the SFBA20

1331993 - 1996 Co-P.I. in EU-project “Dynamics of North Atlantic Models: Simulation andassimilation with high-resolution models” (DYNAMO)1996 - Head of subproject “Modelling of thermohaline processes in the subpolar NorthAtlantic and their relevance for decadal circulation variability” in SFB 4602001 - 2005 Co-P.I. in subproject “Model representation of mesoscale ocean processes andtheir effect on the CO 2 uptake”, German Climate Research Programme DEKLIM2002 - 2005 Co-P.I. of subproject “Mechanisms of tropical-subtropical interactions in theAtlantic”, German CLIVAR-marine programme2004 - Co-P.I. in the French-German ocean model development programme DRAKKARMain PublicationsGetzlaff J, Böning CW, Eden C, Biastoch A (2005) Signal propagation related to the NorthAtlantic Overturning. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021002.Böning CW, Rhein M, Dengg J, Dorow C (2003) Modelling CFC inventories and formation ratesof Labrador Sea Water. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (2), 1050, doi: 10.1029/2002GL014855.Eden C, Böning CW (2002) Sources of eddy kinetic energy in the Labrador Sea. J. Phys.Oceanogr., 32, 3346-3363.Willebrand J, Barnier B, Böning CW, Dieterich C, Killworth P, LeProvost C (2001) Circulationcharacteristics in three eddy-permitting models of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography,48, 123-162.Griffies SM, Böning CW, Bryan FO, Chassignet EP, Gerdes R, Hasumi H, Hirst A,Treguier M,Webb D (2000) Developments in ocean climate modelling. Ocean Modelling, 2, 123-192.Böning CW, Bryan FO, Holland WR, Döscher R (1996) Deep-water formation and meridionaloverturning in a high-resolution model of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1142-1164.Böning CW, Holland WR, Bryan FO, Danabasoglu G, McWilliams JC (1995) An overlookedproblem in model simulations of the thermohaline circulation and heat transport in the AtlanticOcean. J. Climate, 8, 515-523.Beckmann A, Böning CW, Brügge B, Stammer D (1994) On the generation and role of eddyvariability in the central North Atlantic Ocean: Results from surface drifters, satellite altimetry andnumerical modelling. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20381-20391.Böning CW, Herrmann P (1994) Annual cycle of poleward heat transport in the ocean: Resultsfrom high-resolution modelling of the North and Equatorial Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 91-107.Döscher R, Böning CW, Herrmann P (1994) Response of meridional overturning and heattransport to changes in thermohaline forcing in northern latitudes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2306-2320.A21

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameBosch, Thomas C. G., Prof. Dr.born at 1955 in AugsburgAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU)Institute/Department Institute of ZoologyAddress Olshausenstrasse 40City, ZIP Code24098 KielPhone +49-431-880-4169Fax +49-431-880-4747e-mailtbosch@zoologie.uni-kiel.deEducation/Training1976 - 1983 Study of Biology at University of Munich, Germany, and University CollegeSwansea, UK1983 -1986 Doctoral student, Zoological Institute, University of Munich1986 - 1988 Post-Doc (Feodor Lynen fellow of Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation) at theDevelopmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine, USA1988 - 1993 Research Assistant, Zoological Institute, University of MunichResearch Experience/Academic Appointments1993 - 1997 Junior Faculty (Oberassistent, Privatdozent C2), Zoological Institute, University ofMunich1997 - 1999 Professor (C3) „Spezielle Zoologie“ at the Friedrich-Schiller University Jena2000 - Professor (C4) „Allgemeine Zoologie“ at the Christian-Albrechts University KielImportant Scientific Prizes/Functions1986 Feodor Lynen Fellowship2004 Doctor „honoris causa“ from St. Petersburg State University, Russia2003 - Deputy speaker SFB 617 (Molecular mechanisms of epithelial defense)Projects1999 - 2006 Isolation and characterization of transcription factors that are involved in theregulation of the head specific gene ks1 in Hydra. (DFG)2000 - 2004 Peptides as patterning signals: The function of HEADY in axis formation andposition dependant differentiation in Hydra. (DFG)2000 - 2005 Molecular analysis of self-/ non-self recognition in Botryllus schlosseri. (DFG)2002 - 2009 Molecular mechanisms of epithelial defense in the simple metazoan Hydra. (SFB617, DFG)2005 - 2008 Towards a molecular code of individuality: analysis of ancestral natural killer cells,natural killer cell signaling and individually variable genes in the urochordatesBotryllus schlosseri and Ciona intestinalis. (DFG)Main PublicationsWittlieb J, Khalturin K, Lohmann JU, Anton-Erxleben F, Bosch TCG (2006) Transgenic Hydraallow in vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis PNAS published March 23,10.1073/pnas.0510163103 (Developmental Biology)Habetha M, Bosch TCG (2005) Symbiotic Hydra express a plant-like peroxidase gene duringoogenesis. J Exp Biol 208, 2157-2164.Konstantin K, Kürn U, Pinnow N, Bosch TCG (2005) Towards a molecular code for individualityin the absence of MHC: screening for individually variable genes in the urochordate Cionaintestinalis. Dev. Comp. Immunology 29(9), 759-773.Khalturin K, Pancer Z, Cooper MD, Bosch TCG (2004) Recognition strategies in the innateimmune system of ancestral chordates. Molecular Immunology 41, 1077-1087.Bosch TCG (2003) Ancient signals: peptides and the interpretation of positional information inancestral metazoans. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 136,185-196.A22

Kasahara S, Bosch TCG (2003) Enhanced antibacterial activity in Hydra polyps lacking nervecells. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 27, 79-166.Khalturin K, Becker M, Rinkevich B, Bosch TCG (2003) Urochordates and the origin of naturalkiller cells: identification of a CD94 / NKR-P1 related receptor in blood cells of Botryllus. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 622-627.Bosch TCG, Fujisawa T (2001) Polyps, peptides and patterning. BioEssays 23(5), 420-427.Lohmann JU, Bosch TCG (2000) The novel peptide HEADY specifies apical fate in a simple,radially symmetric metazoan. Genes and Development 14 (21) 2771-2777.Takahashi T, Koizumi O, Ariura Y, Romanovitch A, Bosch TCG, Kobayakawa Y, Mohri S, BodeHR, Yum S, Hatta M, Fujisawa T (2000) A novel neuropeptide, Hym-355, positively regulatesneuron differentiation in Hydra. Development 127 (5), 997-1005.A23

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameDevey, Colin, Prof. Dr.born at 07.07.1961 in Holmfirth, UKAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/DepartmentDynamics of the Ocean Floor (FB4)Address Wischhofstraße 1-3City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24148Phone +49-431-600-2257Fax +49-431-600-2924e-mailcdevey@ifm-geomar.deEducation1982 BSc (Hons.) Imperial College, Univ. London1986 D. Phil. Oxford Univ.1994 PD Dr. habil (Geology), CAU KielResearch Experience1986 - 1988 Royal Society Postdoc at CRPG-CNRS, Nancy France on hotspotvolcanism in French Polynesia1988 - 1993 Postdoc at Geosciences Institute, Kiel University working onsubmarine hotspot and spreading axis volcanism1994 - 1998 Assistant Prof. at Geosciences Institute, Kiel University1998 - 2004 C3-Professor “Petrology of the ocean crust”, Univ. Bremen2002 - 2004 Dean, Earth Sciences, Univ. Bremen1999 - Editor, Journal of Petrology2004 - Leader of DFG SPP1144 “From mantle to ocean: Life-, energy- andmaterial-cycles at spreading axes”2004 - Chair, InterRidge initiative for the coordination of spreading axisresearch world-wide.2004 - C4-Professor “Dynamics of the Ocean Floor”, IFM-GEOMAR2004 - Head of Research Division “Dynamics of Ocean Floor” IFM-GEOMARMain PublicationsLackschewitz KS, Devey C, Stoffers P, Eisenhauer A, Kummetz M, Schmidt M, Singer A (2004)Mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of hydrothermal alteration processes inthe active, submarine, felsic-hosted PACMANUS field, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68, 4405-4427, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.04.016.Devey C, Lackschewitz KS, Mertz DF, Bourdon B, Cheminée J-L, Dubois J, Guivel C, HékinianR, Stoffers P (2003) Giving birth to hotspot volcanoes: Distribution and composition of youngseamounts from the seafloor near Tahiti and Pitcairn islands. Geology 31, 395-398.Grevemeyer I, Schramm B, Devey C, Wilson DS, Jochum B, Hauschild J, Aric K, Villinger HW,Weigel W (2002) A multibeam-sonar, magnetic and geochemical flowline survey at 14°14'S onthe southern East Pacific Rise: insights into the fourth dimension of ridge crest segmentation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 199, 359-372.Devey C, Hémond C, Stoffers P (2000) Metasomatic reactions between carbonated plume meltsand mantle harzburgite: the evidence from Friday and Domingo Seamounts (Juan Fernandezchain, SE Pacific). Contrib Mineral Petrol 139, 68-84.Haase KM, Devey C (1996) Geochemistry of lavas from the Ahu and Tupa volcanic fields,Easter Hotspot, SE Pacific: Implications for intraplate magma genesis near a spreading axis.Earth Planet Sci Lett 137, 129-143.Haase KM, Devey C, Goldstein SJ (1996) Two-way exchange between the Easter mantle plumeand the Easter Microplate spreading axis. Nature 382, 344-346.Devey C, Garbe-Schönberg C-D, Stoffers P, Chauvel C, Mertz DF (1994) Geochemical effectsof dynamic melting beneath ridges: Reconciling major and trace element variations in Kolbeinsey(and global) mid-ocean ridge basalt - J Geophys Res 99, 9077-9095.Woodhead JD, Devey C (1993) Geochemistry of the Pitcain seamounts: 1. Source characterA24

and temporal trends. Earth Planet Sci Lett 116, 81-99.Mertz DF, Devey C, Todt W, Stoffers P, Hofmann AW (1991) Sr-Nd-Pb isotope evidence againstplume-asthenosphere mixing north of Iceland. Earth Planet Sci Lett 107, 243-255.Devey C, Albarède F, Cheminée J-L, Michard A, Mühe R, Stoffers P (1990) Active submarinevolcanism on the Society hotspot swell (W. Pacific): A geochemical study. J Geophys Res 95,5049-5066.A25

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataName Colijn, Franciscus, Prof. Dr.born at 07.08.1945 in ‘t Zandt, die NiederlandeAffiliationInstitution Research and Technology Center West CoastInstitute/Department Coastal EcologyAddress Hafentörn 1City, ZIP Code Büsum, 25761Phone +49 4834 604200Fax +49 4834 604299e-mail fcolijn@ftz-west.uni-kiel.deEducation1964 - 1971 Diplom-Biology Uni Groningen, with limnology, microbiology and marine botany1971 - 1983 PhD, University of Groningen, Primary production in the Ems_Dollard estuaryResearch Experience1971 - 1986 Ph.D. student, since 1975 scientific position at the Department of MarineBotany, later Marine Biology at the University of Groningen1986 - 1994 Head of Biology Department, National Institute for Coastal and MarineManagement (RIKZ), The Hague, NL1994 - Professor coastal ecology CAU, Director FTZ-Westküste , Büsum, Germany2001 - Director Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS-Forschungszentrum in the HGF,Geesthacht, Germany2005 - 2008 Speaker MarcoPoli Research Program, CO part, AWI and GKSS1995 - Reviewer for several journals: MEPS, (N)JSR, Coastal Shelf Dynamics,Ecological Indicators, Regional Environmental Changes,Co-ordinator EU FP5 Project FerryBox (2002-2005)Vice–Chair DWK, German Scientific Commission for Marine ResearchMember Senate Commission for Oceanography (DFG)Chair Dutch Commission for Marine Facilities (NWO)Co-ordinator BMBF Project Coastal Futures, 2004-2007Partner in EU funded ENCORA Project, 2006-2009Current research items: eutrophication and phytoplankton growth in the WaddenSea and German Bight; development of operational methods for biologicalobservations in coastal waters, including flow-cytometry; research for integratedcoastal zone management, interaction between biological knowledge andsocietal demands.Main PublicationsColijn F, van Beusekom JEE (2004) Effect of eutrophication on phytoplankton productivity andgrowth in the Wadden Sea. In: JG Wilson (ed.) The Intertidal Ecosystem: The Value of Ireland’sshores, 56-66. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.Colijn F, Cadée GC (2003) Is phytoplankton growth in the Wadden Sea light or nitrogen limited?J Sea Res 49, 83-93.Peperzak L, Colijn F, Koeman R, Gieskes WWC, Joordens JCA (2003) Phytoplankton sinkingrates in the Rhine region of freshwater influence. J Plankton Res 25(4), 365-385.Petersen W, Petschatnikov M, Schroeder F, Colijn F (2003) FerryBox systems for monitoringcoastal waters. In: H Dahlin et al., (eds.) Building the European Capacity in operationalOceanography. Proc. 3rd International Conference on EuroGOOS. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Colijn F, Hesse K-J, Ladwig N, Tillmann U (2002) Effects of the large-scale uncontrolledfertilisation process along the continental coastal North Sea. Hydrobiologia 484, 133-148.Lippemeier S, Hintze R, Vanselow KH, Hartig P, Colijn F(2001) In-line recording of PAMfluorescence of phytoplankton cultures as a new tool to study effects of fluctuating nutrientsupply on photosynthesis. European J Phycol 36(1), 89-100.Colijn F, Reise K (2000) Transboundary Issues: linking drainage basins and the coast – theWadden Sea. Dahlem Conference on Science and Integrated Coastal management, 12-17.December 1999. Springer Verlag, pp. 51-70.A26

Peperzak L, Duin RNM, Colijn F, Gieskes WWC (2000) Growth and mortality of flagellates andnon-flagellate cells of Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae). J Plankt Res 22(1), 107-120.Peperzak L, Colijn F, Vrieling EG, Gieskes WWC, Peeters JCH (2000) Observations offlagellates in colonies of Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae); a hypothesis for theirposition in the life cycle. J Plankt Res 22(12), 2181-2203.Tillmann U, Hesse KJ, Colijn F (2000) Planktonic primary production in the German WaddenSea. J Plankton Research 22(7), 1253-1276.A27

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameEisenhauer, Anton, Prof. Dr.born at 15.08.1959 in Röttingen, Ufr. Bay.AffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2)Address Wischhofstraße 1-3City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24148Phone +49-431-600-2282Fax +49-431-600-2928e-mailaeisenhauer@ifm-geomar.deEducation1986 Dipl. Physics, Dipl. Mathematics, Univ. Heidelberg1990 Dr. Univ. Heidelberg1999 PD Dr. Univ. GöttingenResearch Experience1990 - 1991 Postdoc at Institute for Environmental Physics at Heidelberg Univ.1991 - 1993 Research Fellow for Geochemistry at CALTECH, Pasadena CA, U.S.A.1993 - 1995 Research Scientist at the Heidelberg Academy for Sciences1995 - 1999 Assisitant professor at the Institute for Geochemistry at Göttingen university.1999 - C3-Professor at CAU for Marine Environmental GeologyAwards1997 Victor-Moritz-Goldschmidt PreisProjects2003 - 2005 ArcheGeo: Korraline Schwämme als Archive geochemischer und klimatologischerProxies (DFG)2003 - 2005 MAGISO: Magnesiumisotope ( 26 Mg) als Proxy für abiogene und biogeneKalzifikationsprozesse und für die chemische Evolution der Ozeane imPhanerozoikum (DFG)2003 - 2005 CARLA: The Role of High- and Low-Temperature Ocean Crust Alteration for theMarine Calcium Budget (DFG)2004 - 2005 SENECA: Die Abhängigkeit der Strontiumisotopenfraktionierung (δ 88 Sr) bei derkontrollierten Präzipitation von Calziumcarbonat (DFG)2005 - 2007 CASIOPEIA: Evaluation of the Ca Isotope System (δ 44 Ca) in CarbonatePolymorphs as a new Proxy for Seawater Temperature and Secular Variations ofCa Concentrations and Fractionation throughout Earth History (ESF)2005 - 2006 German-Israel-Foundation for Research & Development U-Th age determinationof the Samra Formation, Israel (GIF)Main PublicationsFietzke J, Eisenhauer A, Gussone N, Bock B, Liebetrau V, Nägler TF, Spero HJ, Bijma J, DulloWC (2004) Direct Measurement of 44 Ca/ 40 Ca Ratios by MC-ICP-MS Using the Cool-Plasma-Technique, Chemical Geology 206(1-2), 11-20.Gussone N, Eisenhauer A, Haug G, Heuser A, Müller A, Tiedemann R (2004) Carribean SeaSurface Temperature and Salinity Fluctuations During the Pliocene Closure of the Central-Americal Gateway (4.6 and 4.0 Ma) A Comparison of δ 44 Ca- and Mg/Ca Thermometry, EarthPlanet Sci Lett 227, 201-214.MacDonald IR, Bohrmann G, Escobar E, Abegg F, Blanchon P, Blinova V, Brückmann W, DrewsM, Eisenhauer A, Han X, Heeschen K, Meier F, Mortera C, Naehr T, Orcutt B, Bernard B,Brooks J, Farago MD (2004) Asphalt volcanism and chemosynthetic life, Campeche Knoll, Gulfof Mexico, Science 304, 999-1002.Gussone N, Eisenhauer A, Heuser A, M Dietzel, B Bock, F Böhm, H Spero, DW Lea, J Bijma, RZeebe, TF Nägler (2003) Model for Kinetic Effects on Calcium Isotope Fractionation (δ 44 Ca) inA28

Inorganic Aragonite and Cultured Planktonic Foraminifera, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67 (7)1375-1382.Teichert BMA, Eisenhauer A, Bohrmann G, Haase-Schramm A, Bock B, Linke P (2003) U/ThSystematics and ages of authigenic carbonates from Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin:Recorders of fluid flow variations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67(12), 3845-3857.Dietzel M, Gussone N, Eisenhauer A (2003) Precipitation of aragonite by membrane diffusion ofgaseous CO 2 and the coprecipitation of Sr 2+ and Ba 2+ (10 to 50°C). Chemical Geology 203, 139-151.Haase-Schramm A, Böhm F, Eisenhauer A, Dullo WC, Joachimski MM, Hansen B, Reitner J(2003) Sr/Ca ratios and oxygen isotopes from sclerosponges: Temperature history of theCarribean mixed layer and thermocline during the Little Ice Age. Paleoceanography 18(3), 1073,doi:10.1029/2002PA830), 1 -15.Han X, Xianglong J, Shufeng Y, Fietzke J, Eisenhauer A (2003) Rhythmic Growth of PacificFerromanganese Nodules and Their Milankovitch Climatic Origin. Earth Planet Sci Lett 211, 143-157.Böhm F, Haase-Schramm A, Eisenhauer A, Dullo WC, Joachimski MM, Lehnert H, Reitner J(2002) Evidence for preindustrial variations in the marine surface water carbonate system fromcoralline sponges. AGU G3 / Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 3(3).Eisenhauer A, Meyer H, Rachold V, Hansen BT, Wiegand B, Spielhagen RF, Lindemann F,Kassens H (1999) Grain Size separation and sediment mixing in Arctic Ocean sediments:evidence from the strontium isotope systematic. Chem Geol 158, 173-188.A29

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameFlueh, Ernst R., Prof. Dr.born 19.06.1953 in FlensburgAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Geodynamics (FB4)Address Wischhofstr. 1-3City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24148Phone +49-431-600-2328Fax +49-431-600-2922e-maileflueh@ifm-geomar.deEducation1973 Dipl. Geophys., CAU, Kiel1982 Dr. rer. nat., CAU Kiel1990 PD Dr. habil, CAU Kiel1995 apl. Prof.Research Experience1975 - 1983 Research assistant (wiss. Mitarbeiter)1977 - 1978 field work in Colombia1983 - 19911984 - 19851986 - 1987Junior-Professor (Hochschulassistent)Lecturer at Copenhagen UniversityPost Doc at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratorium, USA1991 - 1995 Assistant Professor (Oberassistent)1995 - Researcher1994 - Manager of EU-supported Large Scale Facility at IFM-GEOMAR2001 - Vice-Speaker of SFB 574more than 20 times chief-scientist on research vesselsresponsible for more than 40 research grants (DGG, BMBF. EU and others)supervision of more than 30 Diploma and PhD-thesisesprofessional memberships: DGG, EAGE, EUG, AGU, DFOProjects2005 - 2008 SALVADORE (EU)2006 - 2009 THALES (EU)2005 - 2010 GITEWS (BMBF)2001 - 2008 SFB 574 (DFG)2004 - 2007 TIPTEQ (BMBF)2004 - 2006 MERAMEX (BMBF)2005 - 2008 SEACAUSE (BMBF)2006 - 2009 SINDBAD (BMBF)2004 - 2007 PORCUPINE (DFG)2006 - 2009 WESTMED (DFG)2007 - 2010 MANGO (BMBF)Main PublicationsZillmer M, Flueh ER, Petersen J (2005) Seismic investigations of a bottom simulating reflectorand quantification of gas hydrate in the Black Sea. Geophys J Int 161, 662-678.Tilmann F, Flueh ER, Planert L, Reston T, Weinrebe W (2004) Microearthquake seismicity ofthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 5°S: A view of tectonic extension. J Geophys Res 109, B06102,doi:10.1029/2003JB002827.Deshon HR, Schwartz SY, Bilek SL, Dorman LM, Gonzalez V, Protti JM, Flueh ER, Dixon TH,(2003) Seismogenic zone structure of the southern Middle America Trench, Costa Rica. JGeophys Res 108, No. B10, 2491, doi 10.1029/2002JB002294.Kopp H, Klaeschen D, Flueh ER, Bialas J, Reichert C (2002) Crustal structure of the Javamargin from seismic wide-angle and multichannel reflection data. J Geophys Res 107, B2,A30

10.1029/2000JB000095.Kopp H, Flueh ER, Klaeschen D, Bialas J, Reichert C (2001) Crustal structure of the centralSunda margin at the onset of oblique subduction. Geophys J Int 147, 449-474.Tréhu AM, Flueh ER (2001) Estimating the thickness of the free gas zone beneath HydrateRidge, Oregon continental margin, from seismic velocities and attenuation. J Geophys Res 106,2035-2045.Husen S, Kissling E, Flueh ER (2000) Local earthquake tomography of shallow subduction innorth Chile: a combined on- and offshore study. J Geophys Res 105, 28183-28198.Ranero CR, von Huene R, Flueh ER, Duarte M, Baca D, McIntosh K (2000) A cross section ofthe convergent Pacific margin of Nicaragua. Tectonics 19, 2, 335-357.Ye S, Flueh ER, Klaeschen D, von Huene R (1997) Crustal structure along the EDGE transectbeneath the Kodiak Shelf off Alaska derived from OBH seismic refraction data. Geophys J Int130 (2), 283-302.Ye S, Bialas J, Flueh ER, Stavenhagen A, von Huene R, Leandro G, Hinz K (1996) Crustalstructure of the Middle American Trench off Costa Rica from wide-angle seismic data. Tectonics15 (5), 1006-1021.A31

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameFroese, Rainer, Dr.born at 25.08.1950 in Wismar, GermanyAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Ecology (FB3)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600 4579Fax +49-431-600 1699e-mailrfroese@ifm-geomar.deEducation1975 Graduation Dipl. Eng. for Marine Traffic and Nautical License (AG) to steerships of all types on all oceans, University for Applied Sciences, Hamburg1985 M.Sc. Biology, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel1990 Ph.D. Biology, Hamburg University2005 Habilitation submittedResearch Experience1986 - 1990 Research Associate, IfM-Kiel, themes: Under-water video systems andArtificial Intelligence methods for identification of fish larvae1990 - 2000 Coordinator of FishBase Project and Senior Scientist at ICLARM, Philippines1990 - 2000 Leader of four subsequent large FishBase-related EU Projects2001 - FishBase Coordinator and Senior Scientist at IfM-GEOMAR; FishBase is themost successful biological information system with over 20 million ‘Hits’ permonth; it has been translated into 12 languages; FishBase has over 900citations, including several in Science and Nature.2001 - Coordinator of two subsequent global EC projects (ECOFISH; INCOFISH); WPleader in ENBI; participant in EUROCAT and MARBEF1985 - Conceptualized 20 international projects, most of which were successful andattracted altogether over €12 million in funding2001 - Counting from 2001, 39 oral presentations at international conferences,symposia and workshops, including five keynotes and eight invitedpresentations1995 - Organizer of 15 international workshops and conferences1995 - 2003 Founding Member of Species 2000; Member of Management Team2001 Member of the International Steering Committee of the Ocean BiogeographicInformation System (OBIS), the information component of the Census ofMarine Life Program2001 - 2006 Member of the Governing Board of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility(GBIF)1993 - Member of the editorial board of the Journal of Applied Ichthyology2003 - Member of the editorial board of Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria1998 - Member of Société Française d’Ichthyologie2001 - Member of European Ichthyological Society2003 Pew Marine Conservation Fellow Award (US$ 150,000)Projects1990 - FishBase: An online information system with key data on all fishes of the world.Supported by a Consortium of eight international institutions, coordinated byIFM-GEOMAR; additionally funded through subsequent projects, mainly by theEU, to a total of about € 5 million.Citation: Froese R, Pauly D (Eds.) (2006) FishBase. World Wide Webelectronic publication. www.fishbase.org2005 - 2008 INCOFISH: Reconciling multiple demands in the coastal zone, with specialemphasis on fisheries (EU). Ten work packages deal with different aspects ofA32

ICZM, such as shifting baselines, biogeographic mapping, ecosystemmodelling, marine protected areas, new approaches to fisheries management,impact of ecotourism, and legal aspects. The project involves 70 scientistsfrom 35 institutions in 22 countries. It is coordinated by IFM-GEOMAR, € 4.9million.2003 - 2006 Creating a marine atlas (Mara) with maps for all species of the oceans (PewFoundations). Pew Marine Conservation Fellow Award (US$ 150,000) to bringthe respective international groups (OBIS, Species 2000, GBIF, custodians ofvarious species database) together to jointly create such free online service.Main PublicationsFroese R, Piatkowski U, Garthe S, Pauly D (2004) Trophic signatures of marine organisms inthe Mediterranean as compared with other ecosystems. Belgian Journal of Zoology 134, 31-36.Froese R, Luna S (2004) No Relationship between Fecundity and Annual Reproductive Rate inBony Fish. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 34(1), 11-20.Froese R (2004). Keep it simple: three indicators to deal with overfishing. Fish and Fisheries 5,86-91.Froese R, Pauly D (2003) Dynamik der Überfischung, p. 288-295. In J. Lozán, E. Rachor, K.Reise, J. Sündermann & H. v.Westernhagen (eds.) Warnsignale aus Nordsee & Wattenmeer –Eine Aktuelle Umweltbilanz. GEO, Hamburg. 448 p.Froese R, Binohlan C (2003) Simple methods to obtain preliminary growth estimates for fish.Journal of Applied Ichthyology 19(6), 376-379.Froese R, Binohlan C (2000) Empirical relationships to estimate asymptotic length, length at firstmaturity and length at maximum yield per recruit in fishes, with a simple method to evaluatelength frequency data. Journal of Fish Biology 56, 758-773.Froese R, Palomares MLD (2000) Growth, natural mortality, length-weight relationship,maximum length and length-at-first-maturity of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae.Environmental Biology of Fishes 58, 45-52.Froese R, Pauly D (Eds.) (2000) FishBase 2000: concepts, design and data sources. ICLARM,344 p. With 4 CD-ROMs. (43 chapters authored by RF; this is the last of 5 annually updatededitions; the 1998 edition was published in French; the 2000 edition was translated intoChinese).Froese R (1999) The good, the bad, and the ugly: a critical look at species and their institutionsfrom a user’s perspective. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 9, 375-378.Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, Froese R, Torres F Jr (1998) Fishing down marine foodwebs. Science 279, 860-863.A33

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameGrootes, Pieter M., Prof. Dr.born 22.01.1944 in Wieringerwaard, The NetherlandsAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope ResearchAddress Max-Eyth-Str. 11City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24098Phone +49-431-880 3894/7400Fax +49-431-880 7401e-mailpgrootes@leibniz.uni-kiel.deEducation1964 Kandidaats: Physics and Chemistry, State University Groningen1970 Doctoraal: Experimental Physics with Biochemistry, State University Groningen1977 Ph.D.: Thermal diffusion enrichment and radiocarbon dating beyond 50,000 yearsBP. State University GroningenResearch Experience1979 - 1976 Res. Associate, U. Groningen, 14 C enrichment, 14 C dating, paleoclimate1977 - 1978 Res. Associate, U. Washington, Seattle, 14 C enrichment, K/Ar dating1978 - 1984 Res. Assist. Professor, U. Wash. , 18 O mass spectrometry, ice core analysis, 14 CAMS1984 - 1991 Senior Res. Associate, U. Wash., same, CO 2 cycling under forest canopy,glaciology1991 - 1993 Res. Associate Professor, Geol. Sci. & Physics, U. Wash., 18 O mass spectrometryand 14 C-AMS, GISP2 & Taylor Dome ice core projects, paleoclimatology1993 - 1994 Res. Professor, Geol. Sci. & Phys., U. Washington, same1994 - Professor of Physics and Director Leibniz Laboratory1995/1996 Affiliate Professor Geological Sciences, University of WashingtonProjects2000 - 2006 Soils as source and sink for anthropogenic CO 2 (DFG, Priority Program 1090)1996 - 2006 Dynamics of thermohaline circulation variability (DFG, SFB 460)2001 - 2005 Impact of Gateways on Ocean Circulation, Climate, and Evolution (DFG, FG 451).2003 - 2006 APAME: “Archeoseismology and Paleoseismology for the Protection of CulturalHeritage and Archeological Sites in the Middle East. (EU, FP5 INCO-MED)2006 - 2008 DecLakes, Decadal Holocene and late-glacial variability of the oxygen isotopecomposition in precipitation over Europe (ESF)2004 - 2007 Isotope Analysis by AMS (IAAMS, Steering Comm.) (ESF, Network)1989 - 1994 PI and Chief Scientist, GISP 2 ice core project, member Executive Committee1990 - 1994 PI Taylor Dome Antarctic Ice Core Project1999 - Editorial Board RadiocarbonMain PublicationsFairbanks RG, Mortlock RA, Chiu T-C, Cao L, Kaplan A, Guilderson TP, Fairbanks TW, BloomAL, Grootes PM, Nadeau M-J (2005) Radiocarbon calibration curve spanning 0 to 50,000 yearsBP based on paired 230 Th/ 234 U/ 238 U and 14 C dates on pristine corals. Quaternary Science Review24, 1781-1796.Conard NJ, Grootes PM, Smith FH (2004) Unexpectedly recent dates for human remains fromVogelherd, Nature 430, 198-201.Rethemeyer J, Kramer C, Gleixner G, Wiesenberg GLB, Schwark L, Andersen N, Nadeau M-J,Grootes PM (2004) Complexity of soil organic matter: AMS 14 C analysis of soil lipid fractionsand individual compounds, Radiocarbon 46, 465-473.Sarnthein M, Van Kreveld S, Erlenkeuser H, Grootes PM, Kucera M, Pflaumann U, Schulz M(2003) Centennial-to-millennial-scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injectionsoff the western Barents shelf, 75°N. Boreas 32, 447-461.A34

Grootes PM, Steig EJ, Stuiver M, Waddington ED, Morse DL, Nadeau M-J (2001) The TaylorDome Antarctic 18 O record and globally synchronous changes in climate. Quaternary Res. 56,289-298.Hanebuth T, Stattegger K, Grootes PM (2000) Rapid flooding of the Sunda Shelf: A late-glacialsea-level record. Science 288, 1033-1035.Van Kreveld S, Sarnthein M, Erlenkeuser H, Grootes P, Jung S, Nadeau M-J, Pflaumann U,Voelker A (2000) Potential links between surging ice sheets, circulation changes, and theDansgaard-Oeschger cycles in the Irminger Sea, 60-18 kyr. Paleoceanography 15, 425-442.Voelker AHL, Grootes PM, Nadeau M-J, Sarnthein M (2000) Radiocarbon levels in the IcelandSea from 25-53 kyr and their link to the earth´s magnetic field intensity. Radiocarbon 42, (2000)437-452.Taylor KC, Mayewski PA, Alley RB, Brook EJ, Gow AJ, Grootes PM, Meese DA, Saltzmann ES,Severinghaus JP, Twickler MS, White JWC, Whitlow S, Zielinski GA (1997) The Holocene-Younger Dryas transition recorded at Summit, Greenland, Science 278, 825-827.Grootes PM, Stuiver M (1997) Oxygen 18/16 variability in Greenland snow and ice with 10 -3 to10 5 -year time resolution, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 26455-26470.A35

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameGrotemeyer, Jürgen, Prof. Dr.born at 23.11.1952 in HannoverAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Institute of Physical ChemistryAddress Ludewig-Meyn Str. 8City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24098Phone +49-431-880-2816Fax +49-431-880-2843e-mailgrote@phc.uni-kiel.deEducation1974 - 1978 Study of Chemistry at the Universität Bielefeld1979 Diplom-Chemiker (1st class honours) Universität Bielefeld1982 Dr. rer. nat. (1st class honours) Universität Bielefeld1989 Habilitation TU München1990 PD Dr. habil (Chemistry), TU Kiel1993 - 1996 C3-Professor für Physikalische Chemie, Bay. Julius Maximilians UniversitätWürzburg1996 -1999 C4-Professor für Physikalische Chemie und Analytik, BrandenburgischeTechnische Universität Cottbus1999 - C4-Professor für Physikalische Chemie, Christian Albrechts Universität zu KielResearch Experience1983 - 1984 DAAD NATO Research Grant1984 - 1986 Research Grant des Fonds der Chemischen Industrie1985 - 1989 BMFT Research Grant „Moderne Laser-Verfahren in der Chemie“, ProjektträgerVDI, Düsseldorf1989 - 1992 BMFT Research Grant „Laser-Massenspektrometrie“, Program Laser 2000Projektträger VDI, Düsseldorf1992 - 1996 BMFT Research Grant „Photodissoziationsmethoden“Projektträger KFA Jülich1985 - 2002 Total of 11 DFG Research Grants for Mass Spectrometry and LaserSpectroscopy1985 - 6 Reserch Grants sponsored by German Companies (Bruker-Franzen, Drägeretc.)1994 - Editor of the European Journal of Mass Spectrometry1990 - 1994 Editorial Board Member of the Organic Mass Spectrometry1994 - 1997 Editorial Board Member of the Journal of Mass Spectrometry1992 - Editorial Board Member of the Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry1997 - Editorial Board Member of the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry1999 - 2002 Vice President of the German Society for Mass Spectrometry (DGMS)2002 - 2004 President of the German Society for Mass Spectrometry (DGMS)2005 - 2008 Reelected President of the German Society for Mass Spectrometry (DGMS)2003 - 2009 Region A (Europe) Representative of the Executive Committee of theInternational Society for Mass Spectrometry1996 - 1999 Vice dean of the Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, BTU Cottbus2002 - 2004 Vice dean of the Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel2004 - 2006 Dean of the Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielA36

Main PublicationsAbd Elrahman O, Grotemeyer J (2005) Formation and Reactions of Clusters in the Gas Phase :Small Peptides and Carboxylic Acids. Europ.J. Mass Spectrom. 11, 295.Uphoff A, Grotemeyer J (2003) The secrets of time-of flight mass spectrometry revealed.Europ.J. Mass Spectrom. 9, 151.Gunzer F, Grotemeyer J (2002) New Features in the Mass Analyzed Threshold Ions (MATI)Spectra of Alkyl Benzenes. Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys., 5966.Uphoff A, Grotemeyer J (2002) TOF and ReTOF Mass Spectrometers”; Enzyclopedia of MassSpectrometry (P. Armentrout, Ed.), pp 519-569 Vol. 9.Draack T, Weikhardt C, Grotemeyer J (2000) Hyperthermal Surface Ionization in a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer; Eur.J. Mass Spectrom. 6, 319.Heinicke R, Grun C, Grotemeyer J (2000) Laser Ion Kinetics : Dynamics of IntramolecularReactions in Substituted Benzalacetones.“; Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 6, 143.Weickhardt C, Moritz F, Grotemeyer J (1996) Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry : State-of-the-Art in Chemical Analysis and Molecular Science”; Mass Spectrom. Rev. 15, 139.Dey M, Grotemeyer J (1994) Multiphoton Ionization and Photodissociation at Second OrderSpace Focus: The Amino Acid Tryptophan"; Org. Mass Spectrom. 29, 659.Grotemeyer J, Schlag EW (1989) Biomolecules in the Gasphase : Multiphoton Ionization MassSpectrometry."; Acc.Chem.Res. 27, 399.Grotemeyer J, Schlag EW (1988) Multiphoton-Ionisations-Massenspektrometrie; ein neuesHilfsmittel in der Analytik." Angew.Chem., 100, 461 (1988); Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 27, 447.A37

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameHartke, Bernd, Prof. Dr.born at 25.01.1963 in Concepción (Chile)AffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Institute of Physical ChemistryAddress Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 8City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24118Phone +49-431-880 2753Fax +49-431-880 1758e-mailhartke@phc.uni-kiel.deEducation1982 Abitur, Gymnasium Philippinum Marburg1988 Diploma in Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg1990 Dr.rer.nat. (PhD), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg1998 PD Dr. habil. (Habilitation, Theoretical Chemistry), University of StuttgartResearch ExperiencePositions1990 - 1992 Postdoc at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), ab-initio moleculardynamics with correlated wavefunctions1992 - 2001 Staff Scientist at the Universities of Bielefeld and Stuttgart, quantum-mechanicalreaction dynamics and global cluster structure optimization2002 - C3-Professor for Theoretical Chemistry at CAUAwards and Scholarships1986 - 1990 Student and PhD scholarship of the “Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes”1988 Best diploma award of the faculty of chemistry, University of Würzburg1990 Study completion award of the “Fonds der Chemischen Industrie” (FCI)1990 - 1992 Liebig scholarship of the “Fonds der Chemischen Industrie” (FCI)2000 - 2005 Karl-Winnacker scholarship of the Aventis Foundation (formerly Hoechst AG)Presentations1987 - 48 talks (21 invited) at national/international conferences; 25 postersAdditional scientific responsibilities1992 - referee for the NSF (USA) and for many leading journals (Science, Angew.Chem.,J.Chem.Phys., J.Phys.Chem., PCCP, Chem.Phys.Lett., Phys.Rev.Lett.,Phys.Rev.)2004 - member of the scientific committee of the Northern High-Performance ComputingCenter (HLRN, Berlin/Hannover)Projects1994 - Total of 5 DFG research grants (“Normalverfahren” and“Schwerpunktprogramm”), leading to 13 years of a full BAT-IIa position; 200,000.-Euro for computers & software1990 - 1995 Ab-initio molecular dynamics, with Prof. E.A.Carter (UCLA & Princeton)2001 - 2002 Federal project on global geometry optimization of water clusters, at the highperformancecomputing center Stuttgart (HLRS)1998 - 2002 Ion solvation cluster structures, with Prof. B.Abel (MPI and University Göttingen)2003 - Several projects on global geometry optimization of silicon and water clusters, atthe high-performance computing center Berlin/Hannover (HLRN)2003 - efficient global optimization of expensive functions, new force fields andalgorithms for the protein folding problem, with Prof. A.Neumaier (Mathematics,Univ. Wien, Austria)2004 - integration of global cluster structure optimization into the MOPAC package, withDr. J.J.P.Stewart (Fujitsu Japan)2004 - Ion solvation cluster spectra, with Prof. J.M.Lisy (University of Illinois)2004 - direct dynamics using system-specifically reparametrized semiempirical methods,A38

with Prof. M.Persico (Univ. of Pisa, Italy)2004 Co-founding member of the “Center for Numerical Simulations” at the CAUMain PublicationsSchulz F, Hartke B (2005) A new proposal for the reason for magic numbers in alkali cationmicrohydration clusters, based on global geometry optimization and molecular dynamics. TheorChem Acc 114, 357.Tekin A, Hartke B (2005) Global optimization, DFT and MP2 calculations of silicon clustersbelow, at, and beyond the shape transition region. J Theor Comput Chem 4, 1119.Koskowski F, Hartke B (2005) Towards protein folding with evolutionary techniques. J ComputChem 26, 1169.Schulz F, Hartke B (2003) Structural information on alkali cation microhydration clusters frominfrared spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 5, 5021.Hartke B (2003) Size-dependent transition from all-surface to molecule-centered structures inneutral water clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 5, 275.Hartke B (2002) Structural transitions in clusters. Angew Chem 114, 1534.Schulz F, Hartke B (2002) Dodecahedral clathrate structures and magic numbers in alkali cationmicrohydration clusters. Chem Phys Chem 3, 98.Hartke B, Charvat A, Reich M, Abel B (2002) Experimental and theoretical investigation ofmicrosolvation of Na+ ions in the gas phase, by high resolution mass spectrometry and globalgeometry optimization. J Chem Phys 116, 3588.Simah D, Hartke B, Werner H-J (1999) Photodissociation of H 2 S on new coupled ab initiopotential energy surfaces. J Chem Phys 111, 4523.-Hartke B, Werner H-J (1997) Time-dependent quantum simulations of FH 2 photoelectronspectra on new ab initio potential energy surfaces for the anionic and the neutral species. ChemPhys Lett 280, 430.A39

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameHoernle, Kaj Alexander, Prof. Dr.Birth date 16.06.1960 location Stuttgart, GermanyAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Dynamics of the Ocean Floor (FB4)Address Wischhofstr. 1-3City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24148Phone +49-431-600-2642Fax +49-431-600-2924e-mailkhoernle@ifm-geomar.deEducation1990 Ph.D., Geochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), U.S.A.1987 M.A., Petrology, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), U.S.A.1983 - 1984 Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; German Academic Exchange Scholarship(DAAD)1982 B.A., Summa Cum Laude, Geology, Columbia University, New York City,U.S.A.1978 High School Diploma, Valedictorian, Academy of Richmond County HighSchool, Augusta, Georgia, U.S.A.Research Experience2004 - 2006 Assistant Director (2 nd ), Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR)2004 - 2006 Associate Professor (C3); Petrology/Geochemistry; IFM-GEOMAR/CAU Kiel2003 - 2004 Chair of Department of Volcanology & Petrology (GEOMAR) and ResearchDivision 4: Dynamics of the Ocean Floor (IFM-GEOMAR)1999 - 2003 Assistant Director, GEOMAR Research Center1994 - 2003 Associate Professor (C3); Petrology/Geochemistry; GEOMAR/CAU Kiel2001 - 2006 Member, InterRidge Work Group “Ridge-Hotspot Interaction”1999 - 2002 Chair of GEOMAR public relations committee1999 - 2000 William Evans Fellowship; Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand1993 - 1994 Assistant Research Scientist and Lecturer, Marine Sciences Institute and Dept.of Geological Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), U.S.A.1991 - 1993 Postdoctoral Researcher, University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC)1990 - 1991 Postdoctoral Researcher, Geological Sciences, Univ. of California, SantaBarbara1985 - 1990 Research Assistant, Radiogenic Isotope Laboratory, Univ. California, SantaBarbara1985 - 1986 Consultant, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Hawaii Geologic MapProject1991 - 2005 Reviewer for Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Geology, Chemical Geology,Bulletin of Volcanology, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,Journal of Petrology, Lithos, Tectonophysics, Contributions to Mineralogy andPetrology, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta and other international scientificjournals.1993 - 2005 Member of the Editorial Board of Geologische Rundschau/International Journalof Earth Sciences.2002 - 2004 Member of the Editorial Board of Journal of Volcanology and GeothermalResearch.1997 - 2003 Chief Scientist: Poseidon 235, Meteor 51/1 (Vulkosa), Sonne 168 (Zealandia)cruises.Projects2001 - 2008 SFB 574 Phase I & 2: Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones: ClimateFeedback and Trigger Mechanisms for Natural Disasters (DFG); Subproject C22002 - 2005 Chief Proponent of SO168 (Zealandia) cruise (BMBF)A40

2001 - 2004 Chief Proponent of Meteor 51/1 (Vulkosa) cruise (DFG)2001 - 2004 Chief Proponent of SO158 (Megaprint) cruise (BMBF)1998 - 2004 KOMEX I & II: Kurile and Sea of Okhostk Experiment (BMBF)1999 - 2001 Co-Proponent of SO144-3 (Paganini) cruise (BMBF)1996 - 2006 Chief Proponent of 13 funded DFG projects not listed above1994 - 2006 Co-proponent of 6 funded DFG projects not listed aboveMain PublicationsKokfelt TF, Lundstrom C, Hoernle KA, Hauff F, Werner R (2005) Plume-ridge interaction studiedat the Galapagos spreading center: Evidence from 226Ra-230Th-238U and 231Pa-235Uisotopic disequilibria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 234(1-2), 165-187.Hoernle KA, Hauff F, Bogaard Pvd (2004) A 70 Myr history (139-69 Ma) for the Caribbean largeigneous province. Geology 32, 697-700.Duggen S, Hoernle KA, Bogaard Pvd, Rüpke L, Phipps-Morgan J (2003) Deep Roots of theMessinian Salinity Crisis. Nature 422, 602-606.Hauff F, Hoernle KA, Schmidt A (2003) The Sr-Nd-Pb composition of Mesozoic Pacific oceaniccrust (Site 1149 and 801, ODP Leg 185): Implications for alteration of ocean crust and the inputinto the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 4, No 8,paper # 8913, doi:10.1029/2002GC000421.Hoernle KA, Bogaard Pvd, Werner R, Lissinna B, Hauff F, Alvarado G, Garbe-Schönberg D(2002) The Missing History (16-71 Ma) of the Galápagos Hotspot: Implications for the Tectonicand Biological Evolution of the Americas. Geology 30, 795-798.Hoernle KA, Tilton G, Le Bas M, Duggen S, Garbe-Schönberg D (2002) Geochemistry ofoceanic carbonatites compared with continental carbonatites: mantle recycling of oceanic crustalcarbonate. Contrib Mineral Petrol 142, 520-542.Hoernle KA, Werner R, Phipps Morgan J, Bryce J, Mrazek J (2000) Existence of a complexspatial zonation in the Galápagos plume for at least 14.5 Ma. Geology 28, 435-438.Hoernle KA (1998) Geochemistry of Jurassic oceanic crust beneath Gran Canaria (CanaryIslands): Implications for crustal recycling and assimilation. Journal of Petrology 39(5), 859-880Hoernle KA, Zhang Y-S, Graham D (1995) Seismic and geochemical evidence for large-scalemantle upwelling beneath the eastern Atlantic and western and central Europe. Nature 374, 34-39.Hoernle KA, Tilton G, Schmincke H-U (1991) Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic evolution of Gran Canaria:evidence for shallow enriched mantle beneath the Canary Islands. Earth Planet Sci Lett 106, 44-63.A41

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameKlepper, Gernot, Prof. Dr.born 20.09.1951 in Weinheim, GermanyAffiliationInstitutionThe Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW)Institute/Department Environmental Policy InstrumentsAddress Düsternbrooker Weg 120City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-8814-485Fax +49-431-522e-mailGernot.klepper@ifw-kiel.deEducation1978 Diplomvolkswirt, Universität Heidelberg1981 M.S. Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky USA1983 Ph.D. Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky USAResearch Experience1983 - 1984 Universität Mannheim1984 - 2006 Institut für Weltwirtschaft an der Universität Kiel1988 - 1994 Research Fellow Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)1998 - Research Fellow of the „Europäische Akademie zur Erforschung von Folgenwissenschaftlich-technischer Entwicklungen“Projects2006 - 2009 TranSustScan: Scanning Policy Scenarios for the Transition to SustainableEconomic Structures; together with 11 European research institutions (EU 6 thframework program)2005 - 2006 Biokraftstoffe – Eine vergleichende Analyse für Entscheidungsträger in Politik,Verwaltung und Wirtschaft. FNR/BMVEL2006 Climate change and health cost – socioeconomic effects for Germany and Europe(WWF)Main PublicationsKlepper G, Peterson S (2006). Emissions Trading, CDM, JI and More – The Climate Strategy ofthe EU. The Energy Journal 27(2), 1-25.Klepper G, Peterson S (2006) Marginal Abatement Cost Curves in General Equilibrium: Theinfluence of World Energy Prices. Resource and Energy Economics 28(1),1-23.Klepper G, Peterson S (2005) Trading Hot Air - The Influence of Permit Allocation Rules, MarketPower and the US Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol. Environmental and Resource Economics32(3), 205-137.JM Henke, Klepper G, Schmitz N (2005) Tax Exemption for Biofuels in Germany: Is Bio-EthanolReally an Option for Climate Policy? Energy 30, 2617-2635.Klepper G (2005) Fallstricke, Gräben und Anreizstrukturen: Reflexionen zur umweltpolitischenPolitikberatung in Deutschland. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Umweltforschung, Sonderheft 15,261-269.Klepper G, Peterson S (2004) The EU Emissions Trading Scheme: Allowance Prices, TradeFlows, Competitiveness Effects. European Environment 14, 201-218.Klepper G (2002) Integration natur- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Wissens. In: S. Lingner, D-F Gethmann (Hrsg.): Integrative Modellierung zum Globalen Wandel. Springer Verlag. Berlin.Klepper G, Springer K (2001) National Climate Policy in a Globalizing World. In: Contributions toGlobal Change Research. A report by the German National Committee on Global ChangeResearch. Bonn.A42

Klepper G, Stähler F (1998) Sustainability in Open and Closed Economies. Review ofInternational Economics, 6 (3), 488-506.Klepper G, Stähler F (1998) The International Dimension of Sustainability Policies: In: PMichaelis, F Stähler (Hrsg.) Recent Policy Issues in Environmental and Resource Economics,Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg.A43

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameKörtzinger, Arne, Prof. Dr.born at 14.06.1963 in BremenAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600-4205Fax +49-431-600-4202e-mailakoertzinger@ifm-geomar.deEducation1982 Abitur, Clemens-August-Gymnasium, Cloppenburg/Germany1987 Vordiplom in Chemistry, University of Hannover/Germany1991 Diplom in Chemistry, University of Kiel/Germany1995 Ph.D. in Marine Chemistry, Institute of Marine Research Kiel/Germany1984 - 1991 Scholarship: Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes (German Nat. AcademicFound.)1999 - 2001 Scholarship (Habilitandenstipendium): German Research Foundation (DFG)Research Experience1991 Scientist, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, participation in“International Arctic Ocean Expedition” on Swedish icebreaker1991 - 1995 Ph.D. student, Institute of Marine Research Kiel/Germany1995 - 1996 Postdoc (HSPII), Institute of Marine Research Kiel/Germany1996 - 1999 Postdoc, SFB 460 (DFG), Institute of Marine Research Kiel/Germany1999 - 2000 Scholarship (DFG), School of Oceanography, Univ. of Washington, Seattle/USA2000 Short-term lecturer, University of Concepción/Chile2000 - 2001 Habilitation scholarship (DFG), Alfred-Wegener-Inst. for Polar and MarineResearch2001 - Professor of Marine Chemistry, University of Kiel (IFM-GEOMAR)Projects2003 - 2006 SFB 460: Dynamics of Thermohaline Circulation Variability, Sub-project A2: Deepconvection: processes, integral effects, and variability2003 - 2006 SFB 460: Dynamics of Thermohaline Circulation Variability, Sub-project A5:Uptake and transport paths of anthropogenic CO 22005, 2006 DFG: Proposals for R/V Meteor and R/V Maria S. Merian cruises2000 - 2003 EU / FP5: CAVASSOO – Carbon Variability Studies by Ships of Opportunity2001 - 2004 EU / FP5: ANIMATE – Atlantic Network of Interdisciplinary Moorings and Timeseriesfor Europe2005 - 2009 EU / FP6: CARBOOCEAN – Marine carbon sources and sinks assessment2006 - 2008 EU / FP6: TENATSO – Tropical Eastern North Atlantic Time-Series Observatory2006 - 2009 BMBF: NICO – Nitrate Continuous Observation Sensor for autonomous subsurfaceapplications (F+E-Verbundprojekt)Membership in international science boards2002 - 2004 Member, IGBP/SCOR Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Transition Team2004 - Member, IMBER Scientific Steering Committee2004 - Co-chair, Joint IMBER/SOLAS Carbon Implementation Group2004 - Member, CLIVAR Atlantic Panel2005 - Member, IOCCP Scientific Steering CommitteeMain PublicationsKörtzinger A, Schimanski J, Send U (2005) High-quality oxygen measurements from profilingfloats: A promising new technique, J Atm Ocean Techn 22, 302-308.A44

Körtzinger A, Schimanski J, Send U, Wallace DWR (2004) The ocean takes a deep breath.Science 306, 1337.Körtzinger A (2003) A significant CO 2 sink in the tropical Atlantic Ocean associated with theAmazon River plume. Geophys Res Lett 30(24), 2287, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018841.Körtzinger A, Quay PD, Sonnerup RE (2003) Relationship between anthropogenic CO 2 and the13 C Suess effect in the North Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 17(1), 1005, doi:10.1029/2001/GB001427.Körtzinger A, Hedges JI, Quay PD (2001) Redfield ratios revisited: Removing the biasing effectof anthropogenic CO 2 . Limnol Oceanogr 46, 964–970.Körtzinger A, Koeve W, Kähler P, Mintrop L (2001) C:N ratios in the mixed layer during theproductive season in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res I 48, 661-688.Körtzinger A, Mintrop L, Wallace DWR, Johnson KM, Neill C, Tilbrook B, Towler P, Inoue H,Ishii M, Shaffer G, Torres RF, Ohtaki E, Yamashita E, Poisson A, Brunet C, Schauer B, Goyet C,Eischeid G (2000) The International At-sea Intercomparison of fCO 2 systems during the R/VMeteor cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean. Mar Chem, 72, 171-192.Körtzinger A, Rhein M, Mintrop L (1999) Anthropogenic CO 2 and CFCs in the North AtlanticOcean – a comparison of man-made tracers. Geophys Res Lett 26, 2065–2068.Körtzinger A, Mintrop L, Duinker JC (1998) On the penetration of anthropogenic CO 2 into theNorth Atlantic Ocean. J Geophys Res 103, 18,681–18,689.Körtzinger A, Duinker JC, Mintrop L (1997) Strong CO 2 emissions from the Arabian Sea duringSouth-West Monsoon. Geophys Res Lett 24, 1763–1766.A45

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameLatif, Mojib, Prof. Dr.born at 29.091954 in Hamburg, GermanyAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Ocean Circulation and Climate Dynamics (FB1)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600 4050Fax +49-431-600 4052e-mailmlatif@ifm-geomar.deEducation1974 Matriculation examination1974 -1976 Business Sciences, Hamburg University1976 -1983 Meteorology, Hamburg University1983 Diploma in Meteorology1987 Ph.D. in Oceanography, Hamburg University1989 Qualification as university lecturer in Oceanography (‘Habilitation’), HamburgUniversityResearch Experience1983 - 1985 Scholarship of the Max-Planck-Society at the Max-Planck-Institute of Meteorology(MPI), Hamburg, Germany1985 - 1988 Scientist at the MPI1989 - 2002 Senior scientist at the MPI (Associate Professor (C3) level)2003 - Full Professor at the Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften IFM-GEOMAR,Kiel1993 - 1998 Editor Monthly Weather Review1999 - 2003 Editor Journal of ClimateAwards2000 Sverdrup Gold Medal of the American Meteorological Society2000 Max-Planck Award for public Science2002 Fellow of the American Meteorological Society2004 DUH Media Award (Life-work Award)2006 NORBERT GERBIER – MUMM International AwardProjects2000 - 2005 BMBF-CLIVAR-marin (Ocean variability)2000 - 2005 BMBF-DEKLIM (German climate research program)2004 - 2008 EU-ENSEMLES (Multi-model forecasting)2005 - 2007 EU-DYNAMITE (Climate variability)2004 - 2008 EU-AMMA (African Monsoon)Main PublicationsPohlmann H, Latif M (2005) Atlantic versus Indo-Pacific Influence on Atlantic-European climate.Geophys Res Lett 32, L05707, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021316.Latif M, Roeckner E, Botzet M, Esch M, Haak H, Hagemann S, Jungclaus J, Legutke S,Marsland S, Mikolejewicz U, Mitchell J (2004) Reconstructing, Monitoring, and PredictingDecadal-Scale Changes in the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation with Sea SurfaceTemperature. J Climate 17, 1605-1614.Metzger S, Latif M, Fraedrich K (2004) Combining ENSO-Forecasts: A Feasibility Study. MonWea Rev 132, 456-472.Park W, Latif M (2004) Ocean dynamics and the Nature of Air-Sea Interactions over the NorthAtlantic. J Climate 18, 982-995.Pohlmann H, Botzet M, Latif M, Roesch A, Wild M, Tschuck P (2004) Estimating the DecadalPredictability of a Coupled AOGCM. J Climate 17 (22), 4463-4472.A46

Hasselmann K, Latif M and co-authors (2003) Long term mitigation of anthropogenic climatechange. Science 302, 1923-1925.Latif M (2001) Tropical Pacific/Atlantic Ocean interactions at multidecadal time scales. GeophysRes Lett 28, 539-542.Latif M and co-authors (2001) ENSIP: The El Niňo Simulation Intercomparison Project. ClimateDynamics 18, 255-276.Latif M, Arpe K, Roeckner E (2000) Oceanic control of decadal North Atlantic sea level pressurevariability in winter. Geophys Res Lett 27, 727-73.Latif M, Roeckner E, Mikolajewitz U, Voss R (2000) Tropical stabilisation of the thermohalinecirculation in a greenhous warming simulation. J Climate 13, 1809-1813.A47

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameLaRoche, Julie, Prof. Dr.born at 25.06.1957 in Quebec, CanadaAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/DepartmentMarine Biogeochemistry (FB2)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600-4212Fax +49-431-600-4202e-mailjlaroche@ifm-geomar.deEducation1978 B.Sc. in Biology McGill University, Montreal, Canada1981 M.Sc. in oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada1986 Ph.D. in Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, CanadaResearch Experience1986 - 1987 Post-doctoral fellow with Dr. E. Zouros (Dalhousie University)1987 - 1991 Research Associate with Dr. P. Falkowski (Brookhaven National Lab, USA)1991 - 1998 Scientist Brookhaven National Lab. USA1998 - 2003 Angestellte nach BAT 1b (Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften, Kiel)2003 - 2006 Angestellte nach BAT 1a (Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften, Kiel)2002 Außerplanmäßige ProfessorinProjects2005 - 2008 Carboocean (EU)2005 - 2008 Diatomics (EU)2006 - 2009 Effects of Global Warming and Higher CO 2 Levels on Aquatic NitrogenFixation (BMBF)Main PublicationsMoore, CM, Mills MM, Milne A, Langlois R, Achterberg EP, Lochte K, LaRoche J, Geider R(2006) Iron limits primary productivity during spring bloom development in the central NorthAtlantic. Global Change Biology 12.Jickells TD, An ZS, Andersen KK, Baker AR, Bergametti G, Brooks N, Cao JJ, Boyd PW, DuceRA, Hunter KA, Kawahata H, Kubilay N, LaRoche J, Liss PS, Mahowald N, Prospero JM,Ridgwell AJ, Tegen I, Torres R (2005) Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, OceanBiogeochemistry and Climate. Science 308, 67-71.Mills MM, Ridame C, Davey M, LaRoche J, Geider RJ (2004) Iron and phosphorus co-limitnitrogen fixation in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic. Nature 429, 292-294.Boyd P, Watson AJ,Law CS, Abraham ER, Trull T, Murdoch R, Bakker DC,Bowie AR, BuesselerKO, Chang H, Charette M, Croot P, Downing K, Frew R, Gall M, Hadfield M, Hall J, Harvey M,Jameson G, LaRoche J, Liddicoat M, Ling R, Maldonado M, TMcKay RM, Nodder S, PickmereS, Pridmore R, Rintoul S, Safi K, Sutton P, Strzepek R, Tanneberger K, Turner S, Waite A,Zeldis J (2000) Mesoscale iron fertilization elevates phytoplankton stocks in the polar SouthernOcean. Nature 407, 695-702.Boyd P, LaRoche J, Gall M, Frew R, McKay RM (1999) Phytoplankton dynamics in sub-Antarctic waters south-east of New Zealand. J Geophys Res 104,13, 395.LaRoche J, Nuzzi R, Waters R, Wyman K, Falkowski PG, Wallace DWR (1997) Brown tideblooms in Long Island’s coastal waters linked to interannual variability in groundwater flow.Global Change Biology 3, 397-410.McKay RM, Geider RJ, LaRoche J (1997) Physiological and biochemical response of thephotosynthetic apparatus of two marine diatoms to iron stress. Plant Physiol 114, 615-622.LaRoche J, Boyd PW, McKay RML, Geider RJ (1996) Flavodoxin - an in situ diagnostic markerfor phytoplankton iron stress along a transect in the NE Subarctic Pacific. Nature 382, 802-805.LaRoche J, Van der Staay G, Partensky F, Ducruet A, Aebersold A, Li R, Golden SS, Hiller RG,A48

Wrench PM, Larkum AD, Green B (1996) The chl a/b light-harvesting proteins ofprochlorophytes evolved independently from those of green plants. Proc Nat Acad Sci 93 152,44-48.Escoubas J-M, Lomas M, LaRoche J, Falkowski PG (1995) Light intensity regulation of cabgene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Proc Nat Acad Sci92, 10237-41.A49

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameLochte, Karin, Prof. Dr.born at 20.09.1952 in HannoverAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600-4250Fax +49-431-600-4252e-mailklochte@ifm-geomar.deEducation1972 - 1976 Technical University Hannover, Chemistry and Biology,1976 State Examination High School teaching (HL) Biology, Chemistry1977 - 1984 Marine Science Laboratories Bangor, University of Wales, UK; Marine Biology1979 B.Sc. in Marine Biology1985 Ph.D. in Marine BiologyResearch Experience1985 - 1990 PostDoc, Institute for Marine Research at the University Kiel1990 - 1994 Research Scientist, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research,Bremerhaven1994 Habilitation in Marine Biology/Aquatic Microbiology at the University Bremen1995 - 2000 Professor for Biological Oceanography, Institute for Baltic Sea ResearchWarnemünde at the University Rostock2000 - Professor for Biological Oceanography, IFM-GEOMAR at the University KielMemberships in international science boards1995 - DFG Senate Commission for Oceanography (Chair since 2004)1998 - Scientific Advisory Board of the Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Sea(ICBM), University Oldenburg (Chair)1998 - 2004 Scientific Advisory Board of the Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ),Texel1999 - 2003 Scientific Advisory Board of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and MarineResearch (AWI), Bremerhaven1999 - 2005 Scientific Advisory Board of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research(PIK), Potsdam2000 - 2005 National Committee for Global Change Research (Co-chair)2001 - Scientific Committee of IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme)(Vice chair)2002 - Jury of Science Award of the WGL “Society needs Science”2004 - 2005 Member of the DFG Fachkollegium 313 „Atmospheric and Marine Research“2004 - Member of the German Science Council (Wissenschaftsrat), chair of the ScientificCommission since 2006, member of the joint DFG and Science CouncilCommittee for the Excellence Initiative (Bewilligungsausschuss) since 20052005 - Founding Member of the Academy of Sciences in Hamburg, Vorstandsmitglied2006 - Scientific Advisory Committee of the Max Plank Institute for Marine Microbiology,BremenProjects2003 - International Study Course Biological Oceanography BIO-OCEAN (EUINTERREG Project), Coordination2004 - Sino-German Cooperation on Higher Education in Marine Sciences (BMBF),coordination of the Kiel participation2005 - European Network of Excellence for Ocean Ecosystem Analysis EUROCEANS,leading WP 1.1 Sharing Facilities (EU)A50

2006 - Organics over the Ocean Modifying Particles in both Hemispheres OOMPH (EU)2006 - Ocean – Atmosphere – Land Impacts on Tropical Atlantic Ecosystems TRACES(WGL)Main PublicationsWalter S, Peeken I, Lochte K, Webb A, Bange HW (2005), Nitrous oxide measurements duringEIFEX, the European Iron Fertilization Experiment in the subpolar South Atlantic Ocean.Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23613, doi:10.1029/2005GL024619.Voss M, Croot P, Lochte K, Mills M, Peeken I (2004) Patterns of Nitrogen Fixation along 10°N inthe Tropical Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L23S09, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020127.Lochte K, Anderson R, Francois R, Jahnke R A, Shimmield G, Vetrov A (2003) BenthicProcesses and the Burial of Carbon. In: The role of the ocean carbon cycle in global change, Ed.Fasham MJR, Springer:Lochte K (2002) The Deep Sea Floor – New Discoveries and Visison. In: Marine Issues from aScientific, Political and Legal Perspective; Eds. Ehlers, P., Mann-Borgese, E., Wolfrum, R.,Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, New York, pp. 233-240.Lochte K, Pfannkuche O (2002): Processes driven by the small sized organisms at the watersedimentinterface. In: Ocean Margin Systems, Eds. Wefer, G., Billett, D., Hebbeln, D.,Jorgensen, BoB., Schlüter, M., van Weering, T., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 405-418.Wasmund N, Voss M, Lochte K (2001) Evidence of nitrogen fixation by non-heterocystouscyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea and re-calculation of a budget of nitrogen fixation. MarineEcology Progress Series 214, 1-14.Boetius A, Lochte K (2000) Regional variation of total microbial biomass in sediments of thedeep Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research, Part II, 47, 149-168.Lochte K, Bjørnsen PK, Giesenhagen H, Weber A (1997) Bacterial standing stock andproduction and their relation to phytoplankton. Deep Sea Research, Part II, 44, 321-340.Boetius A, Lochte K (1996) Effect of organic enrichments on hydrolytic potentials and growth ofbacteria in deep-sea sediments. Marine Ecology Progress Series 140, 239-250.Turley CM, Lochte K, Lampitt RS (1995) Transformations of biogenic particles duringsedimentation in the North Eastern Atlantic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal SocietyLondon, B 348, 179-189.A51

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameRabbel, Wolfgang, Prof. Dr.born at 16.01.1957 in BremerhavenAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Institute of GeosciencesAddress Otto-Hahn-Platz 1City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24118Phone +49-431-880-3916Fax +49-431-880-4432e-mailwrabbel@geophysik.uni-kiel.deEducation1982 Dipl. Geophysics, CAU Kiel1987 Dr. rer. nat., CAU Kiel1994 PD Dr. habil (Geophysics), CAU KielResearch Experience1983-1989 Research scientist at CAU. Research themes:- Global earth deformation: atmospheric and ocean loading affecting gravity,deformation and very-long-baseline-interferometry),- seismic ray theory: Gaussian beam and edge wave theory,- near surface geophysics: investigation of shallow fault zones with P- and S-waves and geomagnetic measurements; application of P-and S-wave seismics inenvironmental studies and prospecting.1989-1995 Assistent professor at CAU. Research themes:- Deep crustal seismics: structure of the lower crust in N and S Germanybased on seismic refraction and reflection (DEKORP project),- investigation of seismic anisotropy in situ: vertical seismic profiling at theContinental Deep Drill hole KTB, deep crustal seismic investigation of laminatedlower crust, determination of elastic tensors in situ and their relation to rock fabricand crack alignment.- exploration seismics: development of data adaptive seismic processingmethods (CRE stacking), development of new methods to determine fracturepermeability and transmissivity using tube-waves.1995 - Professor of Geophysics at CAU, Director at the Institute of Geosciences and headof near surface geophysics and seismic working groups. Externally fundedresearch grants (2000-2004): ca. 3.000.000 Euro. Research themes:- Near surface geophysics: development of multi-sensor systems for nearsurface geophysical exploration, archaelogical and environmentalprospecting, 3D shear wave seismics, development of geophysical methodsto analyse soils, application of shear wave seismics to investigatesedimentation in mediterranean coastal areas.- rock physics: development of methods for the joint interpretation ofpetrological and seismic lab and in situ data,- Seismic properties of the upper and middle crust: Application of verticalseismic profiling to investigate the structure and state of fault zones at depthwith high resolution (PI of major international research project at the KTB),determination of seismic anisotropy of sedimentary and crystallinesequences in situ and their relation to fractures,- structure of the crust and upper mantle: deep seismic refraction andreflection profiling of the N-German and Donbas-Basins (DEKORP andDOBRE projects), teleseismic transect across the Trans-European Suturezone between Germany and Sweden (TOR project)- seismological investigation of the Central American subduction zone (withinSFB574 “Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction zones, since 2004).A52

Projects2006-2008 FINO 3 (BMBF): Development of an integrated seismic approach to investigate thesoil meachanical properties of near surface marine sediments at off shore windenergy plants and the change of these properties with time2005-2008 Geophysikalische Erfassung von Bodenverdichtung (BLE): Development of ageophysical multi-sensoric approach for determining soil types and soil compactionon large agricultural areas.2004-2008 SFB 574-A2 (DFG): Investigation of the lithospheric structure of the Central-American subduction zone based on seismicity, seismic tomography, seismicscattering and receiver function studies.2005-2007 Scherseis-3D (DFG): Development of a seismic method combining seismicrefelctions and Scholte-waves in order to investigate structure and materialproperties of near surface marine sediments.2004-2007 Seamap3D/MARSAM (BMBF): Development of a combined seismic and hydroacoustictool for high-resoltion archaeological prospecting in near-shore marineenvironment.2004-2006 MERAMEX 3 (BMBF): Amphibious seismic and seismologival measurements forinvestigating the crustal structure of the subduction zone of central Java(Indonesia)2004-2007 CORTEC (DFG): Seismic and gravimetric investigation of the tectonic structure andstress patterns of the North-Sea basin.2005-2006 Der seismo-elektrische Effekt (DFG): Investigation of actively generated seismoelectricalsignals and their potential to study hydro-geological properties of nearsurfacesediments.Main PublicationsWoelz S, Rabbel W (2005) Seismic prospecting in archaeology: A 3-D shear wave study of theancient harbour of Miletus (Turkey). Near Surface Geophysics 3, 245-257.Okaya D, Rabbel W, Beilecke T, Hasenclever J (2004) P wave material anisotropy of a tectonometamorphicterrane: An active source seismic experiment at the KTB super-deep drill hole,southeast Germany. Geophys Res Lett 31, L24620, 4p. (doi:10.1029/2004GL020855).Rabbel W, Beilecke T, Bohlen T, Fischer D, Frank A, Hasenclever J, Borm G, Kück J, Bram K,Druivenga K, Lüschen E, Gebrande H, Pujol J, Smithson SB (2004) Super-deep vertical seismicprofiling at the KTB deep drill hole (Germany): Seismic close-up view of a major thrust zonedown to 8.5 km depth. J Geophys Res 109, B09309, 20 p. (doi: 10.1029/2004JB002975).Maystrenko Y, Stovba S, Stephenson R, Bayer U, Menyoli E, Gajewski D, Huebscher C, RabbelW, Saintot A, Starostenko V, Thybo H, Tolkunov A (2003) Crustal-scale pop-up structure incratonic lithosphere: DOBRE deep seismic study of the Donbas Foldbelt, Ukraine. Geology 31,733-736.Rasolofosaon PNJ, Rabbel W, Siegesmund S, Vollbrecht A (2000) Characterization of crackdistribution: Fabric analysis vs. Ultrasonic inversion. Geophys J Int 141, 413-424.Bayer U, Scheck M, Rabbel W, Krawczyk CM, Götze H-J, Stiller M, Beilecke TH, Marotta AM,Barrio-Alvers L (1999) Crustal structure of the NE-German Basin, inferred from geological andgeophysical data and models. Tectonophysics 314, 285-307DEKORP-BASIN Research Group (1999) Deep crustal structure of the Northeast German Basin:New DEKORP-BASIN ’96 deep-profiling results. Geology 27, 55-58Weiss T, Siegesmund S, Rabbel W, Bohlen T, Pohl M (1999) Seismic velocities and anisotropyof the lower continental crust: a review. Pure and Applied Geophysics 156, No.1/2, 97-122.Rabbel W, Siegesmund S, Weiss T, Pohl M, Bohlen T(1998) Shear wave anisotropy oflaminated lower crust beneath Urach (SW Germany): a comparison with xenoliths and withexposed lower crustal sections. Tectonophysics 298, 337-356.Rabbel W, Mooney W (1996) Seismic anisotropy of the crystalline crust. Terra Nova, 8, 16-21.Rabbel W, Förste K, Schulze A, Bittner R, Röhl J (1995) A high velocity layer in the lower crustof the North - German basin. Terra Nova 7, 327-337.A53

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameRequate, Timan (Till) Karl Wilhelm, Prof. Dr.born at 19.09.1957 in BielefeldAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Department of EconomicsAddress Olshausenstrasse 40City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24118Phone +49-431-880-4424Fax +49-431-880-1618e-mailrequate@wiso.uni-kiel.deEducation1964 - 1967 Primary school1967 - 1976 High school1976 - 1978 Professional soldier at the German Air Force, last degree: Lieutenant1978 - 1985 Studies at the University of Bielefeld: Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics, Sports.Diploma in Mathematics, Staatsexamen Sek I&II in Mathematik und Philosophie1989 Dissertation: Dr. rer. pol in Economics, University of Bielefeld1995 Habilitation, venia legendi in “Volkswirtschaftslehre”, University of BielefeldResearch Experience1986 - 1990 Research Assistant at the Department of Economics, University of Bielefeld1989 Visiting Scholar at the University of California at San Diego1990 Dissertation award by the Lippisch-Westfälische Universitätsgesellschaft (1.000DM)1990 - 1996 Assistant Prof. at the Institute of Mathematical Economics, University of Bielefeld1991 Winner of a Bennigsen-Foerder Award (50.000 DM), state government of NRW1992 Visiting Associate at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena1993 Visiting Scholar at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder1995 - 1996 Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Oldenburg, Germany1996 - 2002 Full Professor of Economics at the University of Heidelberg, Director of theInterdisciplinary Institute of Environmental Economics2001 Visiting Scholar at the University of Arizona at Tucson1998 - 2002 Deputy Speaker of Graduate Programme GK 488/1-2 "Environmental andResource Economics", Universities of Heidelberg and Mannheim2004 Visiting Scholar at the University of Central Florida at Orlando2000 - Associate Editor of European Economic ReviewEditorial Board of Global Environmental Issues2004 First German to win the Eric Kempe Award, (10.000€); awarded biannual by theEuropean Association of Environmental and Resource Economists for thebest paper published in Environmental and Resource Economic in the last twoyears.Major Soft Money Projects:DFG: GK „Umwelt- und Ressourcen-Ökonomik,“ part I&II 1997-2006 (1.2 Mio€)DFG-Project „Dynamische Anreize Umweltpolitischer Instrumente“, I & II (0.19Mio€)BMBF/OECD Project together with ZEW, Mannheim; RWI, Essen (0.1 Mio€)Memberships: Verein für Sozialpolitik, Econometric Society, European EconomicAssociation, American Economic Association, European Association ofEnvironmental and Resource Economists, Ausschüsse für „Umwelt undRessourcen-Ökonomik“ und „Wirtschaftstheorie“ des Vereins für Sozialpolitik,DFG-Senatskommission für Wasserforschung, Wissenschaftlicher Beirat desRheinisch-Westfälischen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung (RWI, Essen),Leibniz-Institut.A54

Main PublicationsGraichen P, Requate T (2005) Der steinige Weg von der Theorie in die Praxis des Emissionshandels:Die EU-Richtlinie zum CO2-Emissionshandel und ihre nationale Umsetzung.Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 6 (1), 41-56.Mensink P, Requate T (2005) The Dixit-Pindyck and the Arrow-Fisher-Hanemann-Henry OptionValues are not Equivalent. A note on Fisher (2000). Resource and Energy Economics 27, 83-88.Requate T (2005) Commitment and Timing of Environmental Policy, Adoption of NewTechnology, and Repercussions on R&D. Environmental and Resource Economics 31, 175-199.Requate T (2005) Dynamic Incentives by Environmental Policy Instruments - a Survey.Ecological Economics 54, 175-195.Alpizar F, Requate T, Schram A (2004) Collective versus Ransom Fining: An ExperimentalStudy on Controlling Ambient Pollution. Environmental and Resource Economics 29, 231-252.Gersbach H, Requate T (2004) Emission Taxes and the Design of Refunding Schemes. Journalof Public Economics 88, 713-725.Hamilton T, Requate T (2004) Vertical Contracts and Strategic Environmental Trade Policy.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 47, 260-269.Unold W, Requate T (2003)Environmental Policy Incentives to Adopt Advanced AbatementTechnology – Will the True Ranking Please Stand up? European Economic Review 47, 125-146.Graichen P, Dijkstra B, Requate T (2001) How to win the Political Contest: A Monopolist vs.Environmentalists. Public Choice 108, 273-293.Unold W, Requate T (2001) Pollution Control by Options Trading. Economics Letters 73, 353-358.A55

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameRiebesell, Ulf, Prof. Dr.born 15.10.1959 in Stade, GermanyAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24159Phone +49-431-600-4581Fax +49-431-600-4205e-mailuriebesell@ifm-geomar.deEducation1988 M.Sc. University of Rhode Island, USA; Biological Oceanography1991 Ph.D., summa cum laude; Biological OceanographyBremen University, GermanyResearch ExperiencePositionsheld1991 - 1992 Post-Doc, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven1992 - 1994 Research scientist, University of California Santa Barbara, USA1994 - 1995 Research scientist, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven1995 - 2003 Senior scientist, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven1995 - 2003 Co-head of interdisciplinary carbon group, Alfred Wegener Institute2003 - C3 Professor of Biological Oceanography, University of Kiel2004 - Chair of Scientific Council, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), KielAdditional scientific responsibilities1998 - 2004 Associate Editor for Journal of Sea Research2003 - 2005 Contributing author of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report2004 Chair of task group for SCOR/IOC Symposium on “The Ocean in a High CO 2World”2004 - 2005 Member of SOLAS/IMBER Joint Carbon Implementation group2004 - 2005 Member of Royal Society Working Group on Ocean Acidification2004 - Editor Biogeosciences2005 - Member of Faculty of 1000, section ‘Global Change Ecology’2005 - Co-Chair of IGBP Fast Track Initiative ‘Ocean Acidification’Awards1994 Wilhelmshaven Award for Marine Sciences1995 Lindeman Award, American Society of Limnology and OceanographyProjects2002 - 2005 DYNCARB – Dynamics of carbon and nutrient acquisition in ecologically relevantphytoplankton (DFG)2003 - 2006 German-Israeli Cooperation in Marine Science – New approaches to determineprimary production, photorespiration, and isotope fractionation in aquatic systems:from the cellular to the ecosystem level (BMBF)2005 - 2007 DIATOMICS - Understanding Diatom Biology by Functional Genomics Appr. (EU)2000 - 2005 PEECE - Pelagic Ecosystem CO 2 Enrichment Studies (EU)2004 - 2008 CARBOOCEAN Carbon Sinks and Sources in the Ocean (EU)2004 - 2009 AQUASHIFT - The impact of climate variability on aquatic ecosystems (DFG)2005 - 2007 OOMPH – Organics over the ocean modifying particles in both hemispheres (EU)2005 - 2008 CASIOPEIA – Evaluation of the Ca Isotope System ( 44 Ca) in CarbonatePolymorphs as a new Proxy for Seawater Temperature and Secular Variations ofCa Concentration and Fractionation throughout Earth History (ESF/DFG)A56

Main PublicationsRost B, Riebesell U, Sültemeyer D (2006) Carbon acquisition of marine phytoplankton: Effect ofthe photoperiodic length. Limnol Oceanogr 51, 12-20.Riebesell U (2004) Effects of CO 2 enrichment on marine phytoplankton. J Oceanogr 60, 719-729.Engel A, Thoms S, Riebesell U, Rochelle-Newall E, Zondervan I (2004) Polysaccharideaggregation: a sink of marine dissolved organic carbon. Nature 428, 929-932.Schulz KG, Zondervan I, Gerringa LJA, Timmermans KR, Veldhuis MJ, Riebesell U (2004) Effectof trace metal availability on coccolithophorid calcification. Nature 430, 673-676.Rost B, Riebesell U, Burkhardt S, Sültemeyer D (2003) Carbon acquisition of bloom-formingmarine phytoplankton. Limnol Oceanog 48, 55-67.Zondervan I Zeebe RE, Rost B, Riebesell U (2001) Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: anegative feedback on rising atmospheric pCO 2 . Global Biogeochem Cycles 15, 507-516.Riebesell U, Dauelsberg A, Burkhardt S, Kroon B (2000) Carbon isotope fractionation by a marinediatom: Dependence on the growth rate limiting resource. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 193, 295-303.Riebesell U (2000) Unicellular C 4 Photosynthesis in a marine diatom. Nature 407, 959-960.Riebesell U, Zondervan I, Rost B, Tortell PD, Zeebe RE, Morel FMM (2000) Reduced calcificationin marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO 2 . Nature 407, 634-637.Pahlow M, Riebesell U (2000) Temporal trends in deep ocean Redfield ratios. Science 289,1839-1840.A57

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameSchneider, Ralph R., Prof. Dr.born at 04.03.1958 in HamburgAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Institute of Geosciences, Marine Paleoclimate Research UnitAddress Ludewig-Meyn Straße 10City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24118Phone +49-431-880 1457Fax +49-431-880 4376e-mailschneider@gpi.uni-kiel.deEducation1988 Diploma in Geology and Palaeontology1990 DAAD Doctoral Fellowship at LDEO, Columbia University, N.Y.1991 PhD Thesis (summa cum laude),2000 Habilitation, Geology & Palaeontology, Geoscience Institute, Bremen Univ.Research ExperienceContracts1991 - 1994 Post-doc researcher, Special research project (SFB) 261: The South Atlantic,Circulation and Material Fluxes, Present and Past, Bremen University1995 - 2000 Assistant Professor, Bremen University, Subproject leader A4: Paleocirculation,Paleoproductivity, and Paleo-CO 2 , SFB 2612001 - 2003 Senior Researcher, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), BremenUniversity2002 Invited Guest-Professorship, Bordeaux University2003 - 2004 Professor for Paleoceanography & Paleoclimatology, Bordeaux University, France2005 - C4-Professor, Marine Paleoclimate Research, Director at the Institute forGeosciences, Kiel UniversityFunctions1995 - 1998 Scientific Secretary, SFB 2611999 - 2003 German representative, IMAGES Scientific Committee2001 - 2003 Section leader ´Marine Paleoenvironments´ and Steering Committee member ofthe DFG Research Center ´Ocean Margins´, Bremen University2002 - 2003 Speaker of the German climate research program (DEKLIM, BMBF)2004 - Director of IMAGES, the marine Past Global Changes programme (PAGES), coreproject of IGPB2005 - Member Steering Committee Article 169 Initiative “Deep Sea Floor Frontier inMarine Research” (ECORD ESSAC)External member of RCOM BremenProjects2000 - 2003 The distribution, scavenging, and sedimentary accumulation of the radionuclides231 Pa- und 230 Th in the Atlantic with special emphasis on high productive areas –German Science Foundation2001 - 2004 GHOST, Global Holocene Spatial Temperature Variability – German ClimateResearch Programme (DEKLIM), BMBF2001 - 2004 Past Climate Sensitivity and Variability – German Climate Research Programme(DEKLIM), BMBF – (S. Harrison, MPI Jena (coordinator))2002 - 2004 Microbial biomarkers as indicators for biogeochemical methane cycling in CongoFan sediments – German Science Foundation2002 - 2004 AMS- 14 C dating of specific organic molecular compounds from marine sediments– German Science Foundation2005 - 2006 Nitrogen cycling in low-latitude upwelling systems related to Plio-Pleistoceneclimate change – German Science Foundation, ODP/IODP SSP ProgrammeA58

2001 - 2003 The TEMPUS project on intercalibration and application of alkenones forpaleotemperature reconstructions in the surface ocean – EU 5 th FrameworkProgramme – (A. Rosell-Melé, Barcelona (coordinator))2002 - 2004 Coordinated European Surface Ocean Palaeo-estimation Collaboration, (CESOP)–- (E. Jansen, Bergen (coordinator))2002 - 2004 European Co-ordination on Mediterranean and Black Sea Prodeltas,(EURODELTA) – EU 5 th Framework Programme – (F. Trincardi, Bologna(coordinator))2002 - 2006 PROfiles across Mediterranean Sedimentary Systems. Part 1 (PROMESS 1) – EU5 th Framework Programme – (S. Berné, Brest (coordinator))2003 - 2006 Models and observations to test climate feedbacks (MOTIF) – EU 5 th FrameworkProgramme – (P. Branconot, Paris (coordinator))2003 - 2006 Sedimentation Processes on the Portuguese Margin (SEDPORT): The Role ofContinental Climate, Ocean Circulation, Sea Level, and Neotectonics – EuropeanScience Foundation, Eurocores Euromargin Programme – (coordinator)Main PublicationsLorenz S, Kim J-H, Rimbu N, Schneider RR, Lohmann G (2006) Contrary Holocene sea-surfacetemperature trends between the tropics and the extra-tropics. Paleoceanography, 21, PA1002,doi 10.1029/2005PA001152.Weldeab S, Schneider RR, Kölling M (2006) Deglacial sea surface temperature and salinityincrease in the western tropical Atlantic in synchrony with high latitude climate instabilities. EarthPlanetary Science Letters 241, 699 -706Schefuß E, Schouten S, Schneider RR (2005) Climatic controls on central African hydrologyduring the last 20,000 years. Nature doi 10.1038/03945.Rimbu N, Lohmann G, Lorenz S, Kim JH, Schneider RR (2004) Holocene climate variability asderived from alkenone sea surface temperature and coupled ocean-atmosphere modelexperiments. Climate Dynamics 23, 215–227.Kim JH, Rimbu N, Lorenz SJ, Lohmann G, Nam S-Il, Schouten S, Rühlemann C, Schneider RR(2004) North Pacific and North Atlantic sea-surface temperature variability during the Holocene.Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 2141–2154.Peeters FJC, Acheson R, Brummer G-J, deRuijter WPM, Schneider RR, Ganssen GM, Ufkes E,Kroon, D. (2004) Vigorous exchange between Indian and Atlantic ocean at the end of the pastfive glacial periods. Nature 430, 661-665.Kim J-H, Schneider RR (2003) Low-latitude control of interhemispheric sea-surface temperaturecontrast in the tropical Atlantic over the past 22 kyr: The role of SE trade winds. ClimateDynamics 21, 337-347.Kim J-H, Schneider RR, Mulitza S, Müller PJ (2003) Reconstruction of SE trade wind intensitybased on sea-surface temperature gradients in the SE Atlantic over the last 25 kyr. GeophysicalResearch Lett 30 (22), 2144, doi:10.1029/2003GL017557.Schneider RR (2001) Alkenone temperature and carbon isotope records: Temporal resolution,offsets, and regionality. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2, doi 2000GC000060.Schneider RR, Müller PJ, Ruhland G (1995) Late Quaternary surface circulation in the eastequatorialSouth Atlantic: Evidence from alkenone sea-surface temperatures. Paleoceanography10(2), 197-219.A59

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameSchneider, Reinhold, Prof. Dr.born at 20.03.1957 in BerndrothAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Department of Computer Science and Applied MathematicsAddress Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4City, ZIP CodeD-24118 KielPhone +49-431-880-7470Fax +49-431-880-4464e-mailrs@numerik.uni-kiel.deEducation1975 University Entrance Qualification1982 Masters (Mathematics)1989 PhD1995 HabilitationResearch Experience1994 - 1996 Member of SFB 298 Research Group “Deformation und Versagen beimetallischen und granularen Werkstoffen”1995 - 1996 Representation of C3-professorships , Univ. Essen and RWTH Aachen1996 C4-professorship, Techn. Univ. Chemnitz1997 - 2002 Member of EU-TMR-Network “Wavelets and multiscale methodsin numerical simulation”1997 - 2003 Member of SFB 393 Research Group “Numerische Simulation auf massivparallelen Rechnern”: Biorthogonale Waveletbasen zur parallelen Behandlung fürRandintegralgleichungen2002 - 2005 Member of EU-Project IHP Network H.HPRN-CT-2002-00286 “Nonlinearapproximation and adaptivity: breaking complexity in numerical modelling anddata representation”2003 - C4-professorship, CAU Kiel2004 - 2006 Member of SPP 1145 “Moderne und universelle first-principles Methoden fürMehrelektronensysteme in Chemie und Physik”2005 - 2007 Member of EU-Project BIGDFT: “Density functional calculations for systems ofunprecedented size on parallel computers”Main PublicationsDahmen W, Harbrecht H, Schneider R (2006) Compression Techniques for Boundary IntegralEquations - Optimal Complexity Estimates, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 43 (6), 2251-2271.Flad H-J, Hackbusch W, Schneider R (2006) Best N-term approximation in electronic structurecalculations I. One-electron reduced density matrix. M2AN 40, 49-61.Harbrecht H, Schneider R (2006) Wavelet Galerkin Schemes for Boundary Integral Equations -Implementation and Quadrature, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 27 (4), 1347-1370.Beuchler S, Schneider R, Schwab C (2004) Multiresolution weighted norm equivalences andapplications. Numer. Math. 98 (1), 67--97.Gatica G N, Harbrecht H, Schneider R (2003) Least squares methods for the coupling of FEMand BEM, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 41 (5), 1974-1995.Harbrecht H, Pereverzev S, Schneider R (2003) Self-regularization by projection for noisypseudodifferential equations of negative order, Numer. Math. 95 (1), 123-143.Dahmen W, Kunoth A, Schneider R (2002) Wavelet least squares methods for boundary valueproblems. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 39 (6), 1985--2013.Harbrecht H, Paiva F, Pérez C, Schneider R (2002) Biorthogonal wavelet approximation for thecoupling of FEM-BEM, Numer. Math. 92 (2), 325-356.A60

Dahmen W, Schneider R, Xu Y (2000) Nonlinear functionals of wavelet expansions---adaptivereconstruction and fast evaluation. Numer. Math. 86 (1), 49-101.Dahmen W, Schneider R (1999) Composite wavelet bases for operator equations. Math. Comp.68 (228), 1533—1567.A61

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameSchreiber, Stefan, Prof. Dr.born at Berlin in 1962AffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU) / University HospitalInstitute/DepartmentAddress Schittenhelmstrasse 12City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-597-2350Fax +49-431-597-1434A62Schleswig-HolsteinInstitute for Clinical Molecular Biology and Department ofGeneral Internal Medicinee-mails.schreiber@ikmb.uni-kiel.deEducation1981 - 1987 Study of Medicine at University of Hamburg, San Diego and Boston1987 - 1994 Training in Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Univ. Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf1994 - 1998 Junior Faculty (“Oberarzt”), Dep. Gastroenterology, Charité BerlinResearch Experience/Academic Appointments1988 - 1991 PostDoc at Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (cell biology) and Univ. ofPennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Gastroenterology)1998 - 2004 C3 Professor, Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, CAU2005 - C4 Professor, Director Institute for Clincial Molecular BiologySection Director, Hospital for General Internal MedicineManaging Director, Interfacultary Center for Molecular BiosciencesImportant Scientific Prizes/Functions1995 Frerichs Prize, German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM)1998 Gülzow Prize, German Society for Gastroenterology and Metabolism (DGVS)2001 - Speaker, project committee German National Genome Research Network (NGFN)Projects2000 - BMBF -National Genome Research Network (Environment Network, NationalGenotyping Platform, Population Biobank (popgen))BMBF - explorative project “longevity”BMBF - D-GRID (subproject)BMBF - Molecular Nutrition (subproject)BMBF - German Human Genome project (DHGP)BMBF - Competence Network “IBD”DFG - SFB 415DFG - SFB 679DFG - SFB 617 (Rosenstiel)DFG - FOR 423 “Polygenic Disease”DFG - GRK820 (Antioxidants)EU - 5 th FP (RTD and training network)EU - 6 th FP (IP GEHA)Main PublicationsOtt SJ, El Mokhtari NE, Musfeldt M, Hellmig S, Smalla K, Namsolleck P, Blaut M, Hampe J,Sahly H, Reinecke A, Günther R, Krüger D, Lins M, Herrmann G, Fölsch UR, Simon R,Schreiber S (2006) Coronary heart disease is associated with high bacterial diversity inatherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 113, 929-937Rosenstiel P, Huse K, Till A, Hampe J, Hellmig S, Sina C, Billmann S, von Kampen O, WaetzigGH, Platzer M, Seegert D, Schreiber S (2006) A short isoform of NOD2/CARD15 (NOD2-S) isan endogenous inhibitor of NOD2/RIP2-induced signaling pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA103, 3280-5. (280 x cited)

Valentonyte R, Hampe J, Huse K, Rosenstiel P, Albrecht M, Stenzel A, Nagy M, Gaede KI,Franke A, Haesler R, Koch A, Lengauer T, Seegert D, Reiling N, Ehlers S, Schwinger E, PlatzerM, Krawczak M, Muller-Quernheim J, Schurmann M, Schreiber S (2005) Sarcoidosis isassociated with a truncating splice site mutation in the BTNL2 gene. Nat Genetics 37, 357-64. (7x cited)Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Enns R, Feagan BG, Hanauer SB, Lawrance IC, Panaccione R,Sanders M, Schreiber S, Targan S, van Deventer S, Goldblum R, Despain D, Hogge GS,Rutgeerts P (2005) Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease. NewEngl J Med 353, 1912-1925. (2x cited)Costello CM, Mah N, Häsler R, Rosenstiel P, Waetzig GH, Hahn A, Lu T, Gurbuz Y, Nikolaus S,Albrecht M, Hampe J, Lucius R, Klöppel G, Eickhoff H, Lehrach H, Lengauer T, Schreiber S(2005) Dissection of the inflammatory bowel disease transcriptome using genome wide c-DNAmicroarrays identifies novel candidate disease genes. PLOS Medicine 2, 771-787 (e199). (280 xcited)Stoll M, Corneliussen B, Costello CM, Waetzig GH, Mellgard B, Koch WA, Rosenstiel P, AlbrechtM, Croucher PJP, Seegert D, Nikolaus S, Hampe J, Lengauer T, Pierrou S, Foelsch UR, MathewCG, Lagerstrom-Fermer M, Schreiber S (2004) Genetic variation in DLG5 is associated withinflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genetics 36, 476-480. (45x cited)Rosenstiel P, Fantini M, Bräutigam K, Kühbacher T, Waetzig GH, Seegert D, Schreiber S(2003) TNF-a and IFN-g regulate the expression of the NOD2 (CARD15) gene in humanintestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 124, 1001-1009. (71 x cited)Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Mayer LF, Schreiber S, Colombel JF, RachmilewitzD, Wolf DC, Olson A, Bao W, Rutgeerts P (2002). Maintenance infliximab for Crohn’s disease:the ACCENT I randomized trial. Lancet 359, 1541-1549. (301 x cited)Hampe J, Grebe J, Nikolaus S, Solberg C, Croucher PJP, Mascheretti S, Jahnsen J, Moum B,Klump B, Foelsch UR, Krawczak M, Foelsch UR, Vatn M, Schreiber S (2002) Association ofNOD2 (CARD 15) genotype with clinical course of Crohn’s disease: a cohort study. Lancet 359,1661-1665. (90 x cited)Hampe J, Cuthbert A, Croucher PJP, Mirza MM, Mascheretti S, Fisher S, Frenzel H, King K,Hasselmeyer A, MacPherson AJS, Bridger S, Deventer SJH, Forbes A, Nikolaus S, Lennard-Jones JE, Foelsch UR, Krawczak M, Lewis C, Schreiber S, Mathew CG (2001) An insertionmutation in the NOD2 gene predisposes to Crohn’s Disease in the German and Britishpopulations. Lancet 357, 1925-1928 (280 x cited)A63

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameSommer, Ulrich, Prof. Dr.born at 01.09.1952 in Vienna, AustriaAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Ecology (FB3)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600 4400Fax +49-431-600 4402e-mailusommer@ifm-geomar.deEducation1970 Matura, Vienna1970 - 1977 Student of biology, Univ. of Vienna1977 Doctorate, Univ. of Vienna1985 Habilitation, Univ. of ConstanceResearch Experience1974 - 1977 Primary production of freshwater benthic microalgae (Univ. of Vienna)1978 - 1979 Competition among phytoplankton of Neusiedler See (Univ. of Vienna)1979 - 1985 Seasonal succession and competition in Lake Constance phytoplankton (Univ. ofConstance)1985 - 1991 Interactions of competition and grazing among lake phytoplankton (Max-Planck-Inst- of Limnology, Plön)1985 - 1991 Identification of phytoplankton nutrient limitation in situ (Max-Planck-Inst- ofLimnology, Plön)1985 - 2002 Role of competition and disturbance for phytoplankton diversity (Univ. ofConstance, Max-Planck-Inst- of Limnology, Plön, Univ. of Oldenburg, IFM-GEOMAR)1991 -1994 Phytoplankton and microphytobenthos of the Wadden Sea (Univ. of Oldenburg)1994 - Food web interaction in littoral benthos (IFM-GEOMAR)1994 - 2000 Role of competition and disturbance for benthos diversity (IFM-GEOMAR)1994 - Food web interactions in marine plankton (IFM-GEOMAR)2002 - Response of marine plankton to climate change2005 - Ecosystem function of benthos diversityProjects2004 - 2006 The role of grazing in the nutrient cycling of the Northern Red Sea (German IsraeliFoundation)2004 - 2010 DFG priority program 1162 AQUASHIFT: The impact of climate variability onaquatic ecosystems: program coordination and metaanalysis (DFG)2004 - 2010 So 145/23-1: Match and mismatch during phytoplankton spring succession (DFG)2004 - 2006 So 145/25-1: Food selection of marine copepods: Is there a switch between algaeand protozoa (DFG)2005 - 2006 So 145/26-1: Causes and consequences of genetic, taxonomic and functionaldiversity in marine ecosystems (DFG)Main PublicationsSommer U, Sommer F (2005) Cladocerans versus copepods: the cause of contrasting top-downcontrols on freshwater and marine phytoplankton. Oecologia, DOI 10.1007/s00442-005-0320-0Sommer U, Hansen T, Blum O, Holzner N, Vadstein O, Stibor H (2005) Copepod andmicrozooplankton grazing n mesocosms fertilised with different Si:N ratios: no overlap betweenfood spectra and Si:N-influence on zooplankton trophic level. Oecologia 142, 274-283Sommer U, Sommer F, Feuchtmayr H, Hansen T (2004) The influence of mesozooplankton onphytoplankton nutrient limitation: A mesocosm study with northeast Atlantic phytoplankton.Protist 155, 295-304.Sommer U, Hansen T, Stibor H, Vadstein O (2004) The persistence of phytoplankton responsesA64

to different Si:N ratios under mesozooplankton grazing: a mesocosm study with NortheastAtlantic plankton. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 278, 67-75.Sommer U, Stibor H (2002) Copepoda – Cladocera – Tunicata: The role of three majormesozooplankton groups in pelagic food webs. Ecol Res 17, 161-174.Sommer U, Stibor H, Katechakis A, Sommer F; Hansen T (2002) Pelagic food webconfigurations at different levels of nutrient richness and their implications for the ratio fishproduction: primary production. Hydrobiologia 484, 11-20.Worm B, HK Lotze, Hillebrand H, Sommer U (2002) Consumer versus resource control ofspecies diversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature 417, 848-851.Sommer U (2000) The scarcity of medium sized phytoplankton in the northern Res Seaexplained by strong bottom-up and weak top-down control. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 197, 19-25.Worm B, Lotze HK, Sommer U (2000) Consumer versus nutrient control in a marine macroalgalfood web. Species composition, carbon and nitrogen storage. Limnol Oceanogr 45, 339-349.Sommer U (1999) Competition and coexistence. Nature 402, 366-367.A65

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameSrivastav, Anand, Prof. Dr.born at 16.03.1958 in Agra, IndienAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU)Institute/Department Department of Computer Science and Applied MathematicsAddress Olshausenstr. 40City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24098Phone +49-431-880 7252Fax +49-431-880 1725e-mailasr@numerik.uni-kiel.deEducation1978 - 1984 Study of Physics and Mathematics at the Westfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätMünster1984 Dipl. Math. degree (Master of Math.), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster1988 Dipl. Phys. degree (Master of Physics), Westfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätMünster1988 Dr. rer.nat. (in Mathematics), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster1996 PD (Habilitation) in Computer Science, Freie Universität BerlinResearch Experience1988 - 1993 Research Scientist, Inst. for Discrete Math., Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn1993 - 1994 Visiting professor at IMA (University of Minnesota), Courant Institute (New YorkUniversity), Yale University.1994 - 1995 Habiliation stipend awarded by the DFG.1994 - 1995 Visiting professor at the Computer Science Department, Freie Universität Berlin.1995 - 1997 Assistent professor at Computer Science Department, Humboldt UniversitätBerlin.1997 Stipend awarded by the Japan Society of Science, work at Research Institute ofMath. Sciences, Kyoto University, on flows in networks.1997 - Professor at the Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics,Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; research areas: combinatorialoptimization,(de-)randomization, large-scale optimization, network algorithms, discrepancytheory.1999 - 2003 Managing Director of “Mathematisches Seminar II”, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel.2000 - Speaker of the DFG graduate school 357 “Efficient Algorithms and MultiscaleMethods” at Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel.Projects1999 - 2004 Co-proponent of EU research cluster APPOL (“Approximation and On-lineAlgorithms”)1999 - 2000 Industrial cooperation with Bayer AG, Leverkusen, on large-scale optimization inchemical processing.1999 - 2006 Advisor of 4 postdoc and 8 PhD projects in the DFG graduate school.2001 - Research project “Algorithms for Multicast Networks” in the DFG priorityresearch program 1126 “Algorithmic Aspects of Large and Complex Networks”.2002 - DFG Project “Structure and Algorithmics of Combinatorial Discrepancies”2005 - Industrial cooperation funded by state Schleswig-Holstein on travelling salesmanproblems with time windows.Main PublicationsSrivastav A (2006) The Lovasz Local Lemma in Scheduling. In Efficient Approximation and On-Line Algorithms, E. Bampis, K. Jansen , C. Kenyon (eds), LNCS 3484, Springer Verlag, 321-A66

347.Balzt A, Jäger G, Srivastav A (2005) Constructions of sparse asymmetric connectors withnumber-theoretic methods. Networks 45 (3), 1-6.Doerr B, Gnewuch M, Srivastav A (2005) Bounds and constructions for the star-discrepancy viadelta covers. Journal of Complexity 21, 691-709.Jäger G, Srivastav A (2005) Improved approximation algorithms for maximum graph partitioningproblems. Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 10, 133-167.Baltz A, Srivastav A (2004) Fast Approximation of minimum multicast congestion –Implementation versus Theory. RAIRO Operations Research 38, 319-344.Doerr B, Srivastav A, Wehr P (2004) Discrepancies of cartesian products of arithmeticprogressions. Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 11 (1), 16 pages.Gröpl C, Prömel HJ, Srivastav A (2004) Ordered binary decision diagrams and the Shannoneffect. Discrete Appl Math 142, 67-85.Doerr B, Srivastav A (2003) Multicolor discrepancy. Combinatorics, Probability and Computing12, 365-399.Michel C, Schroeter H, Srivastav A (2002) Approximation algorithms for pick-and-place robots.Annals of Operations Research 107, 321-333.Srivastav A (2001) Derandomization in Combinatorial Optimization. In: Handbook ofRandomized Computing, Volume II, Chapter 18, 731-842, Pardalos, Rajasekaran, Reif, Rolim(eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers.A67

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameStattegger, Karl, Prof. Dr.born at 23.09.1951 in Graz, AustriaAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, (CAU)Institute/Department Institute of GeosciencesAddress Olshausenstrasse 40-60City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24118Phone +49-431-880 2881Fax +49-431-880 4432e-mailkstattegger@gpi.uni-kiel.deEducation1970 - 1977 Studies in Geology, Paleontology, and Mineralogy, University of Graz, Austria1977 Ph.D. Geology and Paleontology, University of Graz, Austria,Sub Auspiciis Presidentis (best possible success)1986 Habilitation in Mathematical Geology, University of GrazResearch Experience1977 Fellowship Austrian Government, University of Graz1977 - 1986 Assistant professor, University of Graz1983 - 1985 Fellowship Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation,FU Berlin (Prof. Skala), Queen`s University of Belfast (Prof. Schwarzacher)1986 - 1988 Senior Lecturer (Universitätsdozent), University of Graz1988 - 1990 Associated Professor, University of Graz1990 - Professor (C3), Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel1990 - 1998 SFB 313 Veränderungen der Umwelt: Der nördliche Nordatlantik, Head of theworking group Numerische Modelle von Paläoklima, Paläozeanographie undSedimentation1996 - 2001 Late Pleistocene-Holocene sea-level fluctuations and high-resolution stratigraphyof the Sunda and Vietnam Shelf (several projects BMBF, DFG)2001 - 2003 Research unit 451 Impact of Gateways on Ocean Circulation, Climate, andEvolution1999 - Coastal Evolution of NE Brazil (several projects DFG, DAAD)2002 - Coastal evolution of W-Madagascar (2 projects VW-foundation, DAAD)Projects2003 - 2008 Land-ocean-atmospheric interactions in the coastal zone of SE Vietnam (DFG)2002 - 2006 Eumarsand (EU)2003 - 2006 Erforschung der FFH Lebensraumtypen Sandbank und Riff in der AWZ der NordundOstsee (BA Naturschutz)2006 Sonne Fahrt SO 187, Land-Ozean-Atmosphäre Wechselwirkungen in derKüstenzone Vietnams (BMBF)Main PublicationsSchimanski A, Stattegger K (2005) Holocene and late Pleistocene sediments on the Vietnamshelf: stratigraphy, distribution, and relation to sea-level changes. Marine Geology 214, 365-387.Steinke S, Kienast M, Pflaumann U, Weinelt M, Stattegger K (2001) A high-resolution seasurfacetemperature record from the tropical South China Sea (16,500-3000 yr BP). QuaternaryResearch 55, 352-362.Kienast M, Steinke S, Stattegger K, Calvert, SE (2001) Synchronous tropical South China SeaSST change and Greenland warming during deglaciation. Science 291, 2131-2134.Vital H, Stattegger K (2000) Lowermost Amazon River: Evidence of late Quaternary sea-levelfluctuations in a complex hydrodynamic system. Quaternary International 72, 53-60.Vital H, Stattegger K (2000) Major and trace elements of stream sediments from the lowermostAmazon River. Chemical Geology 168, 151-168.Hanebuth T, Stattegger K, Grootes P (2000) Rapid flooding of the Sunda Shelf - a late glacialA68

sea-level record. Science 288, 1033-1035.Vital H, Stattegger K, Garbe-Schönberg C-D (1999) Composition and trace elementgeochemistry of detrital clay and heavy mineral suites of the lowermost Amazon river: aprovenance study. J Sedimentary Research 69, 563-575.Vital H, Stattegger K, Posewang J, Theilen F (1998) Lowermost Amazon River: morphology andshallow seismic characteristics. Marine Geology 152, 277-294.Schulz M, Stattegger K (1997) SPECTRUM: Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced paleoclimatictime series. Computers & Geosciences 23, 929-945.Seidov D, Sarnthein M, Stattegger K, Prien R, Weinelt M (1996) North Atlantic Oceancirculation during the last glacial maximum and subsequent meltwater event: A numerical model.J Geophysical Research 101, C7, 16305-16332.A69

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameTemps, Friedrich, Prof. Dr.born at 20.07.1955 in Neustadt am Rübenberge, GermanyAffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU)Institute/Department Institute of Physical ChemistryAddress Olshausenstr. 40City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24098Phone +49-431-880-1702Fax +49-431-880-1704e-mailtemps@phc.uni-kiel.deEducation1973 Abitur, Gymnasium Neustadt am Rübenberge1974 Military Service1979 Diploma in Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen1983 Promotion to Dr. rer. nat., Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, with a thesis onthe “Investigation of Radical-Radical-Reactions using Laser MagneticResonance”1994 Habilitation in Physical Chemistry with a thesis on “The Dynamics of HighlyVibrationally Excited Molecules in Single Quantum States”Research ExperiencePositions held1980 - 1985 Staff Scientist, Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Göttingen (Prof. Dr.h.c. mult. H. Gg. Wagner)1985 - 1986 Visiting Scientist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Profs. Dres. J. L.Kinsey and R. W. Field)1987 - 1989 Staff Scientist, Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Göttingen1989 - 1995 Sub-group Leader, Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Göttingen1995 - C4 Professor of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel1997 - Managing Director, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel1997 - 2000 Chair, Chemistry Section, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielAwards1985 Otto-Hahn Medal, Max-Planck-Society1999 Broida Award, International Symposium on Free Radicals2000 Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz Award, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft2001 C4 call, Philipps-Universität MarburgAdditional scientific responsibilities1990 - 1992 Project Leader, Sonderforschungsbereich “Photochemie mit Lasern”1993 - 1998 Project Leader, Sonderforschungsbereich “Molekulare MechanismenUnimolekularer Reaktionen”1995 - 2000 Advisory function, Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Göttingen2000 - 2002 Accreditation Committee for Chemistry, Biochemistry, and ChemicalEngineering (A-CBC)2001 - 2003 Chair, Education Committee, Deutsche Bunsengesellschaft für PhysikalischeChemie2003 Review Committee, US Department of Energy2003 Chair, Annual Meeting, Deutsche Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie2004 - Bologna Committee, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker2004 - Vice Chair, Accreditation Committee II, ASIIN2004 - Permanent Board, Deutsche Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische ChemieA70

Main PublicationsLudwig W, Brandt B, Friedrichs G, Temps F (2006) Kinetics of the Reaction C 2 H 5 + HO 2 by TimeResolved Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 110, 3330 - 3337.Pancur T, Schwalb NK, Renth F, Temps F (2005) Femtosecond Fluorescence Up-ConversionSpectroscopy of Adenine and Adenosine: Experimental Evidence for the πσ* State? Chem Phys313, 199-212.Riedel J, Dziarzhytski S, Kucmann A, Renth F, Temps F (2005) Velocity Map Imaging of HAtoms from the Dissociation of HCO (A 2 A”) using Doppler-Free Multi-Photon Ionization. ChemPhys Lett 414, 473 - 478.Guo Y, Fikri M, Friedrichs G, Temps F (2003) An Extended Simultaneous Kinetics andRingdown Model: Determination of the Rate Constant for the Reaction SiH 2 + O 2 . Phys ChemChem Phys 5, 4622-4630.Renth F, Tröllsch A, Temps F (2003) Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Redistribution, ModeSpecificity, and Non-Exponential Unimolecular Decay of Vibrationally Highly Excited States ofDCO (X 2 A'). J Chem Phys 118, 659-668.Wei J, Kucmann A, Riedel J, Renth F, Temps F (2003) Photofragment Velocity Map Imaging ofH Atom Elimination in the First Excited State of Pyrrole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 5, 315-320.Roggenbuck J, Temps F (1998) An ab Initio Study of the Reaction between CH 2 (X 3 B 1 ) and NO.Determination of Selected Reaction Pathways and Calculation of Barrier Heights. Chem PhysLett 285, 422-428.Stöck C, Li X, Keller H-M, Schinke R, Temps F (1997) Unimolecular Dissociation Dynamics ofHighly Vibrationally Excited DCO (X 2 A’): I. Investigation of Dissociative Resonance States byStimulated Emission Pumping Spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 106, 5333-5358.Bley U, Temps F (1993) Collision - Induced Intersystem Crossing of CH 2 from a 1 A 1 to X 3 B 1 : ACase Study of the Mixed-State Model. J Chem Phys 98, 1058-1072.Geers A, Kappert J, Temps F, Wiebrecht JW (1993) Direct Measurements of State SpecificUnimolecular Dissociation Rate Constants of Highly Excited Single Rotation Vibration QuantumStates of CH 3 O (X 2 E). J Chem Phys 99, 2271-2274.A71

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameVisbeck, Martin, Prof. Dr.born at 21.03.1963 in BraunschweigAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Ocean Circulation and Climate Dynamics (FB1)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600 4100Fax +49-431-600 4102e-mailmvisbeck@ifm-geomar.deEducation1982 - 1989 Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel1989 Diploma in Physical Oceanography1989 - 1993 Graduate student in Physical Oceanography at IfM Kiel, Germany1993 Ph. D. Physical Oceanography; Advisor: Prof. Dr. F. SchottResearch Experience1994 - 1995 Postdoctoral fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA;Prof. J. Marshall1995 - 2003 Associate Research Scientist, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, ColumbiaUniversity, New York, USA1997 - 1999 Storke-Doherty Lecturer, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,Columbia University, New York, USA1998 - 1999 Visiting Scientist, CSIRO Hobart, Australia1999 - 2004 Associate Professor, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,Columbia University, New York, USA2003 Promotion to Associate Professor with Tenure, Columbia University, NewYork, USA2003 Promotion to Senior Research Scientist, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory,Columbia University, New York, USA2004 - Adjunct Senior Research Scientist, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory,Columbia University, New York, USA2004 - C4-Professor of Oceanography, Research Division Ocean: Circulation andClimate Dynamics, Leibniz-Institute for Marine ScienceAwards1993 Postdoctoral fellowship sponsored by NOAA-OGP's Global & Climate Changeprogram1997 Storke-Doherty Lectureship sponsored by Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory,Columbia UniversityCommittees2000 - Chair of International CLIVAR (Climate Variability and PredictabilityProgramme of the World Climate Research Programme) Atlantic SectorImplementation Panel1999 - Member NOAA-OAR/OGP (National Oceanographic and AtmosphericAdministration, USA) Climate Observing System Council2004 Member of international WCRP COPES (Coordinated Prediction of the EarthSystem) Task Force2004 - Steuergruppe BMBF Verbundprojekt "NORDATLANTIK"2005 - Member Steering Group "Mittelgroße Forschungsschiffe" der Bund-Länder-Arbeitsgruppe "Deutsche Forschungsflotte"2005 - Member RAPID (Rapid Climate Changes associated with the North AtlanticOverturning Circulation) Science Steering Group (NERC, UK)2005 - Member of Science and Technology Panel Group on Earth Observations(GEO) on behalf of POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans)A72

2006 - Member of German Delegation to IOC ABE-LOS (International OceanographicCommission of UNESCO - Advisory Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea)Large Projects1998-2005 Weddell Sea Bottom Water Time Series Site (2.000k US$, NOAA)2000-2004 Analysis of Arctic Climate Change (400k US$, NASA)2000-2004 Climate Impacts of the Southern Annular Mode (300k US$, NSF)2000-2004 Tropical Atlantic Climate Variability (300k US$, NOAA)2002-2004 ANSLOPE: Antarctic Bottom Water Formation (1.200k US$, NSF)2003-2007 IGERT: Integration of Mathematics with Geosciences (2.900k US$, NSF)2003-2008 CLIVAR Global Hydrography: LADCP measurements (500k US$, NSF)2006-2008 TENATSO: Cape Verde Time Series Site (500k€, EU)Research AreasOverall: Improve our understanding of the oceans role in the climate system.Observation and analysis of water mass formation and transformation in thesubpolar and polar regions. With an emphasis on the North Atlantic andAntarctic Oceans.Long-term observations of changes in water mass structure and boundarycurrent circulation in key locations (Labrador Sea, Weddell Sea) to determinevariability and trends in the oceans heat transport.Ocean circulation and interactions with the atmosphere in the tropical AtlanticOcean with emphasis on the role of the ocean in tropical climate variability.Application and development of modern oceanographic observing systems.Application of glider technology to observe critical ocean processes.Improve and optimize mooring technology for the generation of long timeseries of ocean properties and transport.Main PublicationsVisbeck, M, J Marshall, T Haine, M Spall (1997) Specification of eddy transfer coefficients incoarse resolution ocean circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 381-402.Hurrell JW, Y Kushnir, Visbeck M (2001) The North Atlantic Oscillation. Science 291 (5504)603-605.Keeling, R F, Visbeck M (2001) Antarctic stratification and glacial CO 2 . Nature 412, 605-606.Visbeck M, J Hurrell, L Polvani, and H Cullen (2001) The North Atlantic Oscillation, Present,Past and Future. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, 12876-12877.Houghton B, Visbeck M (2002) Quasi-decadal salinity fluctuations in the Labrador Sea. Journalof Physical Oceanography 32, 687-701.Visbeck M (2002) Deep velocity profiling using lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler:Bottom track and inverse solutions. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 19, 794Visbeck M (2002) The Ocean's Role in Atlantic Climate Variability. Science 297, 2223-2224.Robertson R, Visbeck M, Gordon AL, Fahrbach E (2002) Long-term Variability of Deep andBottom Waters in the Weddell Sea. Deep Sea Research 49, 4791-4806.Krahmann G, Visbeck M (2003) Arctic Ocean sea ice response to Northern Annular Mode-likewind forcing. Geophysical Research Letters 30 (15), 1793, doi:10.1029/2003GL017354.Garabato ACN, Polzin KL, King BA, Heywood KJ, Visbeck M (2004) Widespread IntenseTurbulent Mixing in the Southern Ocean. Science 303, 210-213.A73

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameWahl, Martin, Prof. Dr.born 15.04.1955 in WiesbadenAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Ecology (FB3)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24105Phone +49-431-600-4577Fax +49-431-600-1671e-mailmwahl@ifm-geomar.deEducation1974 Abitur (German High School, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia)1977 Bachelor in Biology (DEUG B, Univ. de Perpignan, France)1979 Master’s in Biology (Maitre es Sciences, Univ. de Montpellier, France)1982 Master’s in Marine Biology (Diplom Zoologie/Meereskunde/Biochemie, CAU,Kiel)1987 PhD Biological Oceanography, CAU, Kiel1996 Habilitation Biological Oceanography, CAU, KielResearch Experience1984 - 1987 PhD research at Univ. Paris VI (Banyuls/mer), France: Chemical Ecology (Fellowof the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes)1987 - 1991 Research assistant, Univ. Kiel: Marine Zoology1991 - 1992 PostDoc at Scripps Institution, San Diego, USA: Marine Chemical Ecology1992 - 1993 PostDoc at IMS, Moorhead City, USA: Marine Chemical Ecology1993 - 1996 Research assistant, Univ. Kiel: Marine Zoology1996 - 1998 Assistant professor (PD), Univ. Kiel: Marine Zoology1999 - 2001 Senior lecturer at UNAM, Namibia: Marine Biology & Conservation (DAADDozent)2002 - C3 professor at CAU/IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel: Marine Ecology1995 - Scientific advisor for Int. Science Foundation (USA), NSF (USA), NERC (GB),Leverhulme Trust (GB), Natl. Research Foundation (South Africa), Int. Foundationfor Sciences (S), DFG (D), DAAD (D)2000 Organizer of the first International Workshop ‘Impact of UV radiation on benthicdiversity’ in Windhoek, Namibia2000-2002 Initiation and coordination of the international project ‘GlobalUV’ (13 participatingcountries, GTZ funding)2002 Organizer of the second International Workshop ‘Impact of UV radiation onbenthic diversity’ in Maasholm, Germany2002 - Conceptualization and coordination of the International Research and TrainingProgram ‘GAME’ (ca 20 participating countries)2004, 2005 Organizer of 2 workshops on ‘Chemical Ecology’ (DFG funding)Specific approachesTopic 1 Role of indirect and direct interaction for community structure and performanceTopic 2 Effects of single and multiple stressors on community dynamicsTools 1 Comparative lab and field experimentsTools 2 Multidisciplinary studies (ecology, microbiology, genetics, chemistry)Tools 3 Globally synchronized and methodologically harmonized experiments with marineinstitutions in 20 countries on both hemispheresProjectsGlobal change effects on benthic community dynamics (DFG)Invasibility of benthic communities under shifting climate parameters (temperature, salinity,traffic)Effects of warming and acidification on shell-formation in bivalves (ESF)A74

Interaction between disturbance and variability on benthic diversity (15 countries, MercatorFound.)Influence of diversity and disturbance on community invasibility (9 countries, MercatorFoundation)Influence of climate change on chemical interactions in benthic communities (DBU)Community-wide effects of an invasive species in the Western Baltic (LANU)Invasiveness of mussels as a function of regional specialization (DFG)Main PublicationsValdivia N, Heidemann A, Thiel M, Molis M, Wahl M (2005) Disturbance and diversity in hardbottommacrobenthic communities at the coast of Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 299, 45-54.Dürr S, Wahl M (2004) Isolated and combined impacts of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) andbarnacles (Balanus improvisus) on structure and diversity of a fouling community. J Exp Mar BiolEcol 306, 181-195.Enderlein P, Wahl M (2004) Dominance of blue mussels versus consumer-mediatedenhancement of benthic diversity. J Sea Research 51 (2), 145-155.Lenz M, Molis M, Wahl M (2004) Testing the intermediate disturbance hypothesis: response offouling communities to various levels of emersion intensity. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 278, 53-65.Wahl M, Molis M, Davis A, Dobretsov S, Dürr ST, Johansson J, Kinley J, Kirugara D, Langer M,Lotze HK, Thiel M, Thomason JC, Worm B, Zeevi Ben-Yosef D (2004) UV effects that come andgo: A global comparison of marine benthic community level impacts. Global Change Biol 10,1962–1972.Lotze HK, Worm B, Molis M, Wahl M (2002) Effects of UV radiation and consumers onrecruitment and succession of a marine macrobenthic community. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 243, 57-66.Wahl M (2001) Small scale variability of benthic assemblages: biogenic neighborhood effects. JExp Mar Biol Ecol 258, 101-114.Wahl M (1997) Living attached: aufwuchs, fouling, epibiosis. in: "Fouling organisms of the IndianOcean: biology and control technology." (Nagabhushanam, R & MF Thompson, eds.), Oxford &IBH Publ.Co. Put Ltd, New Delhi, 31 – 83.Wahl M, Hay ME (1995) Associational resistance and shared doom: effects of epibiosis onherbivory. Oecologia 102, 329-340.Wahl M (1989) Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling: some basic aspects. Mar Ecol ProgrSer 58, 175-189.A75

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameWallace, Douglas William Roy, Prof. Dr.born at 02.01.1959 in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, U.K.AffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2)Address Düsternbrooker Weg 20City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24159Phone +49-431-600-4200Fax +49-431-600-4202e-maildwallace@ifm-geomar.deEducation1978 B.Sc. University of East Anglia, U.K. Environmental Science1985 Ph.D. Dalhousie University, Canada Chemical OceanographyResearch Experience1987 - 1995 Assistant Sci., Associate Sci., Scientist, Brookhaven National Laboratory1993 - 1998 Technical Director for U.S. Department of Energy Global CO 2 Survey.Responsible for planning, implementation of 10-year, multi-investigator surveyof the oceanic content of inorganic carbon.1995 - 1998 Scientist with Tenure, Brookhaven National Laboratory1998 - C4 Professor of Marine Chemistry, University of Kiel2000 - Head Marine Biogeochemistry Research Division, Inst. für Meereskunde, Kiel2004 - 1st Deputy-Director, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR),KielAdditional Scientific Responsibilities (highlights)1996 - 1999 JGOFS-IOC Ocean CO 2 Advisory Panel1996 US National Academy of Sciences Global Ocean Observing System Panel1996 - 2000 Member, US JGOFS Science Steering Committee1998 - 2001 Member NOAA Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study Steering Group1998 - 2001 Member International JGOFS Science Steering Committee2000 - 2004 Chair, IOC/SCOR Ocean CO 2 Panel . International panel tasked withcoordination and planning of research into the ocean carbon cycle includingatmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange.2001 - SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study) International SteeringCommittee. Tasks included writing of science plan and implementation strategyfor this major international program focused on atmosphere-ocean interactions(chemical/biological/physical).2001 - 2002 IGBP, Ocean Futures (now IMBER) Planning Group2001 - Member Scientific Advisory Board, Inst. Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde2003 - Member, UK SOLAS Thematic Program Steering Committee2004 - Theme Leader, CARBOOCEAN EU Integrated Project2004 - Member Advisory Board, Hanse Wissenschaftskolleg, DelmenhorstProjectsTIEFBIT (BMBF) study of natural halogenated compounds in the deep seaCAVASSOO (EU) International study of air-sea flux of CO 2 from Volunteer ShipsANIMATE (EU) deployment of new autonomous chemical sensors from mooringsCARBOOCEAN Integrated Project (EU) Theme Leader and Steering Committee memberSFB-460 (DFG) Coordination committee member; Sub-project on Anthropogenic carbon Uptakeby the North Atlantic ocean.TENATSO Specific Support Action (EU) Coordinator, project is to establish a new tropical oceanObservatory (atmosphere and ocean sites) in Cape Verde aimed at studying atmosphere-oceanexchanges of gases and particles. Contract negotiations underway.SOPRAN – Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene (Coordinator, new BMBF project,A76

under review): German SOLAS project: Large coordinated project to examine role of surfaceocean for atmosphere and role of atmospheric change for surface ocean. This project involves42 principal investigators from 12 institutions from all over Germany.Main PublicationsWallace DWR, Bange HW (2004) Meteor 55: A tropical SOLAS expedition. Geophys Res Lett31 (23), Art. No. L23S01.Sabine CL, Feely RA, Gruber N, Key RM, Lee K, Bullister JL, Wanninkhof R, Wong CS, WallaceDWR, Tilbrook B, Millero FJ, Peng TH, Kozyr A, Ono T, Rios AF (2004) The Oceanic Sink forAnthropogenic CO 2 . Science 305, 367-371.Richter U, Wallace DWR (2004) Photochemical production of methyl iodide in the tropicalAtlantic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 31 (23), Art. No. L23S03.Quack B, Atlas E, Petrick G, Schauffler S, Wallace DWR (2004) Oceanic bromoform sources forthe tropical atmosphere. Geophys Res Lett 31 (23), Art. No. L23S05.Körtzinger A, Schimanski J, Send U, Wallace DWR (2004) The Ocean Takes a Deep Breath.Science 306 (5700), 1337-1337.Quack B, Wallace DWR (2003) Rates and controls of the air-sea flux of bromoform (CHBr3): areview and synthesis. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17 (1), 1023. doi:10.1029/2002GB001890Wallace DWR (2001) Storage and Transport of Excess CO 2 in the Oceans: the JGOFS/WOCEGlobal CO2 Survey. In: Ocean Circulation and Climate. Church J, Siedler G, Gould J (eds.),Academic Press, pp. 489-521.Wallace DWR (2001) Ocean Measurements and Models of Carbon Sources and Sinks. GlobalBiogeochemical Cycles, 15, 1, 3-11.Prentice IC, Farquhar GD, Fasham MJR, Goulden ML, Heimann M, Jaramillo VJ, Kheshgi HS,Le Quéré C, Scholes RJ, Wallace DWR (2001) The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CarbonDioxide. In: Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to theThird Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Houghton JT,Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, van der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K and Johnson CA (eds.),Cambridge University Press, 881pp.Happell JD, Wallace DWR (1998) Methyl iodide in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas and theTropical Atlantic Ocean: Evidence for photochemical production. Geophys Res Lett 23, 2105-2108.A77

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameWallmann, Klaus, Prof. Dr.born at 22.04.1960 in WolfsburgAffiliationInstitutionIFM-GEOMARInstitute/Department Marine Biogeochemistry (FB2)Address Wischhofstraße 1-3City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24148Phone +49-431-600-2287Fax +49-431-600-2928e-mailkwallmann@ifm-geomar.deEducation1982 - 1986 Scholar of the Evangelische Studienstiftung, Haus Villigst1983 Metal-organic chemistry, Bristol University1986 Dipl. Chemie (Master in Chemistry), Phillipps-University Marburg1990 Dr. Ing. (Ph.D. Engineering), TU Hamburg-Harburg1999 PD Dr. habil (Geology), CAU KielResearch Experience1990 - 1992 Post-doc at GKSS Research Center Geesthacht, trace metal fluxes from estuarinesediments1992 - 1993 Post-doc at Graduate School, Bremen University, early diagenesis in marinesediments1993 - 2005 Research Scientist at IFM-GEOMAR (Dept. Environmental Geology, FB2), fluidflow and gas hydrates at the seafloor, volatile cycling in subduction zones,geochemical evolution of oceans and atmosphere2005 - W3-Professor at CAU, head of the research division Marine Geosystems, IFM-GEOMAR (FB2)2000 - Reviewer for NATURE, SCIENCE and other leading journals2002 Chief Scientist at METEOR expedition M54/22001 - 2004 Vice-Speaker of SFB 5742005 - Steering committee of SFB 574Projects1994 - Co-proponent of various RV SONNE proposals2001 - SFB 574: Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones: Climate Feedback andTrigger Mechanisms for Natural Disasters (DFG)1996 - 2001 BIGSET: Biogeochemical fluxes in the deep-sea (BMBF)1998 - 2004 KOMEX: Kurile and Sea of Okhostk Experiment (BMBF)2000 - 2004 OMEGA: Shallow Marine Gas Hydrates: Dynamics of a Sensitive MethaneReservoir (BMBF)2001 - 2004 LOTUS: Long-term Observatory for the Study of Control Mechanisms for theFormation and Destabilization of Gas Hydrates (BMBF)2004 - METRO: Methane and methane hydrates within the Black Sea: Structuralanalyses, quantification and impact of a dynamic methane reservoir (BMBF)2005 - COMET: Controls on Methane Fluxes and their Climatic Relevance in Marine GasHydrate-bearing Environments (BMBF)A78

Main PublicationsLinke P, Wallmann K, Suess E, Hensen C, Rehder G (2005) In-situ benthic fluxes from anintermittently active mud volcano at the Costa Rica convergent margin. Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 235, 79-95.Wallmann K (2004) Impact of atmospheric CO 2 and galactic cosmic radiation on Phanerozoicclimate change and the marine δ 18 O record. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 5 (6), Q06004,doi: 10.1029/2003GC000683.Torres ME, Wallmann K, Trehu AM, Bohrmann G, Borowski WS, Tomaru H (2004) Gas hydrategrowth, methane transport, and chloride enrichment at the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge,Cascadias margin off Oregon. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226, 225-241.Hensen C, Wallmann K, Schmidt M, Ranero CR, Suess E (2004) Fluid expulsion related to mudextrusion off Costa Rica - a window to the subducting slab. Geology 32, 201-204.Wallmann K (2003) Feedbacks between oceanic redox states and marine productivity: A modelperspective focused on benthic phosphorus cycling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17 (3), 1084,doi: 10.1029GB001968.Luff R, Wallmann K (2003) Fluid flow, methane fluxes, carbonate precipitation and biogeochemcialturnover in gas hydrate-bearing sediments at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin: Numerical modelingand mass balances. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67 (18), 3403-3421.Wallmann K (2001) Controls on Cretaceous and Cenozoic evolution of seawater composition,atmospheric CO 2 and climate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 (18), 3005-3025.Wallmann K (2001) The geological water cycle and the evolution of marine δ 18 O values.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 (15), 2469-2485.Wallmann K, Linke P, Suess E, Bohrmann G, Sahling H, Schlüter M, Dählmann A, Lammers S,Greinert J, von Mirbach N (1997) Quantifying fluid flow, solute mixing, and biogeochemical turnoverat cold vents of the eastern Aleutian subduction zone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 5209-5219.Wallmann K, Suess E, Westbrook GH, Winckler G, Cita MB, and MEDRIFF consortium (1997) Saltybrines on the Mediterranean sea floor. Nature 387, 31-32.A79

Curriculum of ResearchPersonal DataNameZimmermann, Andreas B., Prof. Dr.born at 18.06.1961 in Tübingen (Germany)AffiliationInstitutionChristian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU)Institute/Department Walther Schücking Institute of International LawAddress Westring 400City, ZIP Code Kiel, 24098Phone +49-431- 880 2149Fax +49-431- 880 – 1619e-mailazimmermann@internat-recht.uni-kiel.deEducation1999 Habilitation at the University of Heidelberg; venia legendi for „German andForeign Public Law, Public International Law, European Community Law1996 Hague Academy of International Law, Center for Studies and Research1994 Dr. jur., University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Law: summa cum laude; awarded the1994 Ruprecht-Karls-Prize, University of Heidelberg1992 Zweites Juristisches Staatsexamen ranking 7 th in class of 5741989 Harvard Law School, LL.M.1986 Erstes Juristisches Staatsexamen grade: 'sehr gut' ranking first in class of 2281982 - 1983 Université de Droit, d`Économie et des Sciences d`Aix-Marseille III, France1980 - 1982 University of Tübingen, Faculty of Law1983 - 1986Research Experience2001 - Professor of Law, Director Walther-Schücking-Institute for International Law, CAU2001- Counsel in three cases before the International Court of Justice2001- Editor German Yb. Int. Law and of the „Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel”, Duncker &Humblot2006 Judge ad hoc European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg in the case of Weberand Saravia v. Germany2005 - 2006 Research project “Commentary on the Statute of the International Court ofJustice” (published by Oxford University Press March 2006 (German ResearchCouncil)2005 Symposium: “Dispute resolution, compliance control and enforcement ofinternational obligations” (in collaboration with T. Marauhn and G. Ulfstein (cofinancedby the German Research Council and the Norwegian Research Council)2004 Symposium “Unity and Diversity in International Law” (Thyssen foundation)2004 - Research project “Völkerrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit internationalerUnternehmen” (International Responsibility of Multinational Enterprises)(Volkswagen foundation)2003 Member expert commission of the Office of the Prosecutor of the InternationalCriminal Tribunal on „The principle of complementarity in practice“2002 Symposium “International Criminal Law and the Current Development of PublicInternational Law” (funded by the Volkswagen Foundation)2001 - Mediator under the Annex to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties2001 - Member of the Advisory Board on International Law of the German Red Cross2002 Offer to join the Institut de Hautes Etudes Internationales, Geneva rejected2001 Offer to join the Faculty of Law of the University of Hannover rejected1995, 2001,2005Visiting professor at University of Michigan Law School, University ofCopenhagen, Faculty of Law, and University of Johannesburg respectively1999, 2001 Visiting professor University of Düsseldorf, Regensburg and Hannoverrespectively1999 - 2001 Member, expert commission for the drafting of a Code of Offenses againstInternational Law, German Ministry of Justice, Berlin.A80

1997 - 1998 Member and legal adviser of the German delegation United Nations DiplomaticConference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International CriminalCourt1992-2001 Research Fellow, Max-Planck-Institute for Comparative Public and Public(partly onInternational Law, Heidelberg, Germanyleave)Main PublicationsZimmermann A, Tomuschat C, Oellers-Frahm K (eds) (2006) Statute of the International Courtof Justice, Oxford University Press, 1575 pp.Zimmermann A, Delbrück J, Giegerich T. (eds) (2005) German Yb. Int. Law, FocusSection:”1995 – 2005 - UNCLOS revisited” (contributions by various authors on UNCLOS and itsimpact on the law of the sea)Zimmermann A ed. (2004) Deutschland und die Internationale Gerichtsbarkeit“, Duncker &Humblot, 112 pp. (includes inter alia contribution on the International Tribunal of the Law of theSea)Zimmermann A ed. (2003) International Criminal Law and the Current Development of PublicInternational Law, Duncker & Humblot, 254 pp.Zimmermann A (2003) Rechtliche Probleme bei der Errichtung seegestützterWindenergieanlagen. Die Öffentliche Verwaltung, p. 133 et seq.Zimmermann A, Oellers-Frahm K (2001) Dispute Settlement – Texts and Materials, Springer-Verlag, 2329 pp.Zimmermann A (2000) Staatennachfolge in Verträgen, Springer-Verlag 960 pp. (in particularpp. 545 et seq. (state succession maritime boundary Guinea-Bissau/Senegal), 472 et seq.; 484et seq. (maritime boundaries), 491 et seq. (Gulf of Fonseca), 492 et seq. (Caspian Sea), 500 etseq. (fisheries agreements of the former GDR), 526 et seq. (State succession with regard toUNCLOS)Zimmermann A, Klabers J, Ribbelink O (1999) State Practice regarding State Succession andIssues of Recognition, Kluwer, 521 pp.Zimmermann A (1994) Das neue Grundrecht auf Asyl. Springer-Verlag, 437 pp.Zimmermann A, Hofmann R, Oellers-Frahm K, Walter C, Krisch N, World Court Digest, vol. 1(1986-1990), Springer-Verlag, 1993, 309 pp.; vol. 2 (1991-1995), 1997, Springer-Verlag, 453pp.; vol. 3 (1996-2000), 2002, Springer-Verlag, 745 pp.A81

A82- Notes -

Abbreviations used in this ProposalAASAtomic Absorption SpectroscopyABE-LOSAdvisory Body of Experts on the Law of the SeaABMAgent-Based ModelAMSAccelerator Mass SpectrometerAOGCMAtmosphere Ocean General Circulation ModelAQUASHIFTThe Response of Aquatic Ecosystems to Climate Change(DFG-Priority Program SPP 1162)ASCOBANSAgreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic andNorth SeasAUVAutonomous Underwater VehicleAWIAlfred Wegener Institute, BremerhavenBECAUSECritical Interactions BEtween Species and their Implications for aPreCAUtionary FiSheries Management in a variable Environment- a Modelling Approach (EU-Project)BIGDFTDensity Functional Calculations for Systems of Unprecedented Sizeon Parallel Computers (EU-Project)BMBFFederal Ministry of Education and ResearchCAUChristian-Albrechts-University in KielCARBOOCEANMarine Carbon Sources and Sinks Assessment (EU-Project)CASIOPEIAEvaluation of the Isotope System (δ 44 Ca) in Carbonate Polymorphsnew Proxy for Seawater Temperature and Secular Variations ofConcentration and Fractionation throughout Earth History(EU-Project)CLIVARmarineClimate Variability & Predictability in the Atlantic Ocean(BMBF-Project)COMETControls on Methane Fluxes and their Climatic Relevance in MarineGas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments (BMBF-Project)COMRISKCommon Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Storm Floods in CoastalLowlands (EU-Project)CRDSCavity Ring Down SpectroscopyCRISPCosta Rica Seimogenesis Project (IODP Proposal)CRMCoastal Research & ManagementCTDConductivity/Temperature/Depth ProbeDART-CGE Model Dynamic Applied Regional Trade Computable General EquilibriumModelDecLakesDecadal Holocene and Late-glacial Variability of the Oxygen IsotopicComposition in Precipitation over Europe Reconstructed from DeeplakeSediments (EuroCLIMATE-Project)A83

DEKLIMGerman Climate Research ProgramDFGGerman Research FoundationDFG FG 432DFG Research Group on BioGeoChemistry of Tidal FlatsDFG GK 357 Graduiertenkolleg 357DGMSGerman Society for Mass SpectrometryDICDissolved Inorganic CarbonDIVERSITASAn International Programme of Biodiversity Science(Science plan)DKRZDeutsches KlimarechenzentrumDYNAMITETropical Coupled Climate Modelling (EU-Project)EEZExclusive Economic ZoneESFEuropean Science FoundationESONETEuropean Seas Observatory NetworkESSPEarth Science System PartnershipESTExpressed Sequence TagEUEuropean UnionEU IHP NetworkEU Improving Human Potential Network (Titel: “BreakingComplexity”, EU-Project)EuroCLIMATEClimate Variability and the (past, present and future) Carbon Cycle(ESF-Program)EWEvanescent WaveFEMFinite Element MethodsFLOODSITEIntegrated Flood Risk Analysis and Management Methodologie(EU-Project)FTZResearch and Technology Center Westcoast, BüsumFUGATONational Genome Program on LivestockFVMFinite Volume MethodsGABINational Plant Genome ProjectGATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGCMGeneral Circulation ModelGEOMARResearch Center for Marine Geosciences, Kiel(now IFM-GEOMAR )GHOSTGlobal Holocene Spatial Temperature Variability(DEKLIM, BMBF-Project)GISGeographic Information SystemGKSSGKSS-Research Center, GeesthachtGLOBECGlobal Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (BMBF-Project)GLPGood Laboratory PracticesA84

GMAGMTGraduiertenkolleg 357GTZHGFHELCOMHERMESHLRNHLRSHTSICNICP-MSICP-OESICRIfGIfM Kiel(now IFM-GEOMAR )IFM-GEOMARIfM HamburgIFREMERIfWIGBPIHDPIHPINCOFISHIMAGESIMBERIOC/UNESCOIODP (previously ODP)IOWIPCCIPNIRMSSociety for Marine Aquaculture mbHGerman Association for Marine TechnologyResearch Training Group 357 “Efficient Algorithms and MultiscaleMethods”Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische ZusammenarbeitHelmholtz Association of German Research CentersHelsinki CommissionHot Spot Ecosystem Research on the Margin of European Seas(EU-Project)Hochleistungsrechnerverbund NorddeutschlandBundeshöchstleistungsrechenzentrum StuttgartHigh-Throughput ScreeningInterdisciplinary Center for Numerical SimulationInductively Coupled Plasma Mass SpectrometerInductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectrometryIon Cyclotron ResonanceInstitute of GeosciencesInstitute of Marine Research, KielLeibniz Institute of Marine SciencesInstitute of Oceanography, University of HamburgFrench Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Brest, FranceKiel Institute for the World EconomyInternational Geosphere-Biosphere ProgramInternational Human Dimensions Program on Global EnvironmentalChange (EU-Project)Improving Human Potential (EU- Project)Integrating Multiple Demands on Coastal Zones with Emphasis onAquatic Ecosytems and Fisheries (EU-Project)Marine Past Global Change Program (Core project of IGBP)Intengrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research(Science plan)Intergovernmental Oceanographic Committee of the United NationsEducation, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationIntegrated Ocean Drilling ProgramBaltic Sea Research Institute, WarnemündeIntergovernmental Panel of Climate ChangeLeibniz-Institute for Science Education at the University of KielIsotope Ratio Mass SpectrometerA85

ITQ’sISAISOSJRGKCMSKitzLALIFLIMSLOICZLOTUSMC-ICP-MSMETROMOTIFMPINankaiNaT-WorkingNESTNGFNNKGCFNOCNOCESOcean GatewaysOMEGAPeECEPETMPOGOPopGenPVA SHR-COMROVSCORIndividually Tradable Fishing QuotasInternational Seabed AuthorityIntegrated School of Ocean SciencesJunior Research GroupKiel Climate Model SystemKiel Center of Innovation and TechnologyLaser AblationLaser Induced FluorescenceLaboratory Information Management SystemLand-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (core project of IGBPand IHDP)Long-term Observatory for the Study of Control Mechanisms for theFormation and Destabilisation of Gas Hydrates (BMBF-Project)Multi Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass SpectrometerMethane and Methane Hydrates in the Black Sea (BMBF-Project)Models and Observations to Test Climate Feedbacks (EU-Project)Max-Planck-InstituteNanTroSeize (IODP-Program)NaT-Working Marine Research, a competence network for secondaryschools and scientistsNew and Emerging Science and Technologies (EU-Project)National Genome Research Network (BMBF-Project)National Committee on Global Change ResearchNational Oceanography Center, Southampton, Great BritainNorthern Ocean Carbon Exchange Study (EU-Project)The impact of Gateways on Ocean Circulation, Climate andEvolution. Refining δ 44/40 Ca temperature calibrations and compilationof δ 44/40 Ca-based SST records in the Nordic Seas (DFG-Project)Shallow Marine Gas Hydrates: Dynamics of a Sensitive MethaneReservoir (BMBF-Project)Pelagic Ecosystem CO 2 Enrichment Study (EU-Project)Paleocene-Eocene Thermal MaximumPartnership for Observation of the Global OceansPopulation-representative DNA BiobankPatent and Evaluation Agency for Scientific Institutions in Schleswig-Holstein GmbHResearch Center Ocean Margins, BremenRemotely Operated VehicleScientific Committee on Oceanic ResearchA86

SFB 313Veränderungen der Umwelt: Der nördliche Nordatlantik(DFG Collaborative Research Center SFB 313)SFB 393Numerical Simulation on Parallel Computers(DFG Collaborative Research Center SFB 393)SFB 460Dynamics of Thermohaline Circulation Variability(DFG Collaborative Research Center SFB 460)SFB 574Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones(DFG Collaborative Research Center SFB 574)SFB 617Molecular Mechanisms of Epithelial Defense(DFG Collaborative Research Center SFB 617)SHGSecond Harmonic GenerationSLRSea-Level RiseSNPSingle Nucleotide PolymorphismSOLASSurface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (Science plan)SOPRANSurface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene(proposed BMBF-Project)SPCSeismic Processing Center (at IFM-GEOMAR)SPP 1126Algorithmik großer und komplexer Netzwerke(DFG-Priority Program SPP 1126)SPP 1144From Mantle to Ocean: Energy, Material and Life Cycles atSpreading Axes (DFG-Priority Program SPP 1144)SPP 1145Modern and Universal first-principles Method for many ElectronSystems in Chemistry and Physics (DFG-Priority Program SPP 1145)SPP 1253 Optimization with PDE constraints (DFG-Priority Program SPP 1253)SPP 1257Mass Transport in the Earth System(DFG-Priority Program SPP 1257)TACTracer Analysis CenterTIMSThermal Ionisation Mass SpectrometerTIPTEQFrom the Incoming Plate to Mega-Thrust EarthQuake Processes(BMBF-Project)TMRTraining and Mobility of Researchers (EU-Program)(TOF) mass spectrometer "Time Of Flight" mass spectrometerT/STemperature/SalinityUNCLOSUnited Nations Law of the Sea ConventionUNCOVERUnderstanding the Mechanisms of Stock Recovery (EU-Project)TACTracer Analysis CenterVSFSVibrational Sum Frequency SpectroscopyWCRPWorld Climate Research ProgramWSIWalther Schücking Institute of International LawA87

WTOWTSHXAFSXRDZMBWorld Trade OrganizationBusiness Development and Technology Transfer Corporation ofSchleswig-HolsteinX-ray Absorption Fine StructureX-Ray DiffractionCenter for Molecular BiosciencesA88

H PVA 5H Gmnt{Pätent- und Verwertungsa genturfür die wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungenin Schleswig-Holstein GmbHLetter of IntentDear Prof. Dr. Klaus Wallmann,The ,,Patent- und Verwertungsagentur für die wissenschaftlichen EinrichtungenSchleswig-Holstein GmbH, PVA SH Gmo-tl" declareS thäl it is urillinEto co-operate wfth th.e Clusfe-r ofExcellence ,The Future Oceano, especially in the field of Technology Transfer. We willparticipate in the way, outlined in chapter rz.z.6 -Transfer to Application", to the clusteractivities.Kiel, o6. April zoo6Prof. Erhard PfeilGeschäftsführer

Prof. Dr. Boris Culik • Maritimes Cluster • Bergstraße 2 • 24103 KielProf. Dr. Klaus WallmannLeibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenIFM-GEOMARWischhofstr. 1-324103 KielBoris CulikProf. Dr. rer. nat.M a n a g e rTel.: 0431 5194 - 381Mobil: 0172 750 4192Fax.: 0431 5194 - 597bculik@maritimes-cluster.dewww.maritimes-cluster.deHaus der WirtschaftB e r g s t r a s s e 22 4 1 0 3 K i e lBetreff:Datum: 12. April 2006Letter of IntentDear Prof. Wallmann,the management of theMaritime Cluster Schleswig-HolsteinHerewith declares that it is willing to intensively co-operate with the Cluster of Excellence “TheFuture Ocean”, especially in the field of Technology Transfer.We are happy to participate in “The Future Ocean” as outlined in chapter 1.2.2.6 “Transfer toApplication”.Yours sincerely,Prof. Dr. Boris CulikManagerMaritime Cluster Schleswig-HolsteinClusterasistenz: Gudrun Dittrich, Tel.: 04331 1386-79, Fax.: 04331 1386-87, gdittrich@maritimes-cluster.deTräger: Technologie-Region K.E.R.N. e. V., Königinstrasse 1, 24768 Rendsburg, www.kern.de

Coastal Research & ManasemenDr. PeterKrcstDr. Ingmar SchmidtReferatsleiter Forschung & Technol ogietransferChristian Albrechts-Universität zu KielOlshausenstraße 4024098 K|ELLetter of lntentDear Prof. Klaus Wallmann,CRM, Coastal Research and Management declares that it is willing to co-operatewith the Cluster of Excetlence at at,,The Future Ocean", especially in the field ofTechnofogy Transfer. We will participate in the way, outlined in chapter 1.2.2.6,,Transfer to Application" to the Cluster activities.Kie|.5.4.20060. / /(r,//Dr. Peter KrostScientific Director, CRMKlidenforschung und -nranagemenlGbR mil Hafi ungsbeschränkungDr. S. Heise. Diol. lno. Ch. KochDr. P. Krod. Drl L. PlkerCRMTiessenkai 12D-24159 Kiel+loltenaüGermanyTel: 0431 -3645-E80Fax: 0 431 - 36 45 - 888e-mail: crm@crmonline.dehtlp //tiwvur.crm-on line.deBankveöindungKto. Nr.9ü132046Sparkasse Khl8V210501 70

GMT-Geschäf*sstelleWe"*w{eltJ"*n $fr. ß$&, 2},3&5 [;ä*waY:usrgYä**ew : '4"4* 4{b hTW#ry{iryW *Tt xä : {} A 7 fr -3,.{32 ä 2, 4y.$f -k€s{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{;un*räAf rzt*,tt**tavxfW"q4*W wts : w w w " rvl &E' s thntz ** ä.* Eayi" xLx, qE *Letter of lntendDear Prof. Klaus Wallmann,The German Association for Marine Technology (GMT- Gesellschaft fürMaritime Technik) declares that it is willing to co-operate with the Clusterof Excellence"The Future Ocean", especially in the field of TechnologyTransfer.We will participate in the way, outlined in chapter 1 .2.2.6"TransfertoApplication" to the Cluster activities.Michael JarowiMember of the

Dr. Ingmar SchmidtReferatsleiter Forschung &TechnologietransferChristian-Albrecht-Universität zu KielOlshausenstraße 4024098 Kiel10.04.06Letter of IntendDear Prof. Klaus Wallmann,The Leibniz-Institute for Science Education (IPN), Kiel, declares that it is willing to co-operatewith the Cluster of Excellence "The Future Ocean", especially in the transfer of knowledge toeducation in the school and the development of the School of Ocean Sciences at theChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel.NameFunctionManfred PrenzelManaging DirectorYours sincerely,Prof. Dr. Manfred Prenzel

f,rylheonRaytheon Anschütz GmbHPostfach l'l 66D - 24'100 KielGermanyTel +49-4 31-3019-0Fax+49-4 31-3019-291Email info@raykiel.comwww. raytheon-anschuetz.comProf. Dr. Klaus WallmannChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOhlhausenstraße 4024098 Kiellhr Zeichen / Your ReferenceVom / DatedUnser Zeichen / Our Reference VNM-ScTel Durchwahl / ExtensionFax Durchwahl / ExtensionEmail:0431-3019- 5120431-3019- 94512BSchell@raykiel.comDatum / DateApril6, 2006Re: Gluster of Excellence,"The Future Ocean"Letter of IntendDear Prof, Klaus Wallmann,our company Raytheon Anschütz GmbH declares that it is willing to co-operate with the Cluster of'TheExcellence Future Ocean", especially in the field of Technology Transfer, Raytheon AnschützGmbH is also a sponsoring partner of the "Maritime Cluster of Schleswig-Holstein". We will"Transferparticipate in the way, outfned in chapter 1.2.2.6 to Application" to the Cluster activities'Marketing Manager andProgram-Managär of the project"OceanMonitoring System"Geschäftsführer:Dr L. Hogr€feEanken/Account:Commerzbank AG, Kiel BLZ: 21040010Deutsche Bank AG, Kiel BLZ; 21070020Registergericht:Ust-ldNr':SteuerNr.:Amtsgedcht Kiel Nr HRB 4086DE81 18271251929722973Kto.-Nr.: 74014 O0 8lC (Swift-Code): COEADEFF2lOKto.-Nr.: 0311 258 BIC (Swift-Code): DEUTDEHH2l OIBAN: DE79 21040010 07401 t44 00IBAN: DE42107 002000311 25800