Untitled - The Future Ocean

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3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe proponents have studied the fate of methane released from dissociating gas hydrates withinthe framework of large coordinated projects funded by the BMBF and EU (OMEGA, LOTUS,COMET, METRO, HERMES, and ESONET). In situ measurements with advanced lander systemsand numerical modeling have shown that dissolved methane is nearly completely oxidized andconverted into dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by microbial consortia (Luff and Wallmann 2003;Linke et al. 2005). Most of the DIC is released into the overlying bottom water, whereas smallerfractions are either fixed in microbial biomass or retained in authigenic carbonates (Luff andWallmann 2003). Substantial methane fluxes into the water column are created by gas bubbleswhich bypass the biological filter hosted in marine surface sediments. In on-going projects,participants intensively study the structure and dynamics of Arctic macrobenthos and foraminiferalassemblages, both at fixed stations and on cruises onto the Arctic shelves (Piepenburg 2005).Expertise and appropriate methodology exists with regard to the experimental and controlled studyof global change effects (singly or interactively) on macro-organisms and community interactions(Wahl et al. 2004, projects funded by DFG and GTZ). On the individual level, proteomic andgenomic studies on the stress responses of benthic invertebrates (including heat shock proteins)have recently begun.4. ObjectivesThe new JRG and the proponents will assess warming effects at the seafloor with emphasis onhydrate melting and benthic community shifts both in the field and by means of numericalmodeling. Ship time has been requested by the proponents for 2007 to 2009 to visit floodedpermafrost regions in the Laptev Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk, where methane is currently releasedfrom dissociating gas hydrates formed during glacial sea-level low stands. A wide range oftechniques, including benthic chambers, hydro-acoustic measurements, heat flow probes andsediment coring, will be applied to quantify rates of hydrate melting and resulting methane and CO 2fluxes into the water column. The use of cabled observatories will be considered since theseprovide long-term information beyond the abilities of ship-borne deployments. Based on field dataand previous modeling work completed by the proponents, new numerical models will bedeveloped to simulate the behavior of sedimentary gas hydrates under increasing bottom-watertemperatures on a global scale and to study the effects of hydrate melting on slope stability.Changes to benthic ecosystems which have already occurred due to seabed warming will beassessed by a survey of high-latitude benthic assemblages, in situ long-term experiments withartificially controlled environmental parameters, measurements of benthic metabolism in relation tochanging temperatures, comparative studies of and transplantation (‘invasions’) among highlatitude“cold” and “warm” sites, and the revisiting of historical sampling. Moreover, the effects ofwarming and methane release on Arctic benthos communities, on individual physiological stressresponses, and on interactions between the benthic fauna and symbiotic and free-living bacteriawill be studied singly and interactively in mesocosm facilities to be established and/or adapted atKoldewey Station in Ny Alesund (Spitsbergen). Interactive processes, such as the modulation by39
enthic biota of gas release or the physiological effects of methane release, are of particularinterest. Close cooperation with other Cluster groups will be established. Strong synergistic effectsof temperature and pH changes exist (A1). Increases in bottom-water temperatures predicted byocean modeling (A3) will serve as upper boundary condition for benthic modeling. Models of gashydrate formation (B3) will be coupled with hydrate melting studies, also drawing on numericalexpertise provided by P1. The effect of hydrate melting on slope stability will be investigatedtogether with B4 while the socio-economic ramifications of ocean warming and methane releasewill be addressed in A7. Microbial mats and other benthic biota found at methane-discharge sitesmay be further studied in B2. Instruments will be deployed by the manned submersible Jago andthe new Kiel ROV system provided by P4, and samples will be analyzed for their stable isotopiccomposition using techniques offered by P2.5. ReferencesBuffett B, Archer D (2004) Global inventory of methane clathrate: Sensitivity to changes in thedeep ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227, 185-199.Dayton PK (1990) Polar Benthos. Polar Oceanography, Part B: Chemistry, Biology, and Geology.WOS Jr San Diego, Academic Press, 631-685.Gage JD, Tyler PA (1991) Deep-sea biology: A natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Kvenvolden KA (1998) A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate. Gas Hydrates:Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change. Henriet J-P, Mienert J, London,Geological Society 137, 9-30.Linke P, Wallmann K, Suess E, Hensen C, Rehder G (2005) In-situ benthic fluxes from anintermittently active mud volcano at the Costa Rica convergent margin. Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters 235, 79-95.Luff R, Wallmann K (2003) Fluid flow, methane fluxes, carbonate precipitation and biogeochemicalturnover in gas hydrate-bearing sediments at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin: Numericalmodeling and mass balances. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67(18), 3403-3421.Milkov AV (2004) Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: how much is reallyout there? Earth Science Reviews 66(3-4), 183-197.Piepenburg D (2005) Recent research on Arctic benthos: common notions need to be revised.Polar Biology 28, 733-755.Wahl M, Molis M, et al. (2004) UV effects that come and go: a global comparison of marine benthiccommunity level impacts. Global Change Biology 10(12), 1962-1972.Wallmann K, Linke P, et al (1997) Quantifying fluid flow, solute mixing, and biogeochemicalturnover at cold vents of the eastern Aleutian subduction zone. Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa 61(24): 5209-5219.40
Page 7 and 8: Contents1 General Information about
Page 9 and 10: 1 General Information about the Clu
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Research Program1.2.1 Summary/Z
Page 13 and 14: 1.2.2.2 ObjectivesThe Future Ocean
Page 15 and 16: will address the emerging new resea
Page 17 and 18: Topics Objectives DisciplinesA1 Exa
Page 19 and 20: development of these new initiative
Page 21 and 22: Project Objective IndustryPartnersO
Page 23 and 24: Continued excellence in the field o
Page 25 and 26: The establishment of several new po
Page 27 and 28: 1.4.1 Integrated School of Ocean Sc
Page 29 and 30: ensure that emerging innovations wi
Page 31 and 32: Institute / DisciplineAcademic Leve
Page 33 and 34: their orientation according to the
Page 35 and 36: 1.7.2 Structural Evolution and Qual
Page 37 and 38: 30- Notes -
Page 39 and 40: organisms to elevated CO 2 and decr
Page 41 and 42: ist wahrscheinlich stärker als wä
Page 43 and 44: out by the proponents and will esta
Page 45: Rückkopplungsschleife weitere Erw
Page 49 and 50: Synthese, aufbauend auf einer Kombi
Page 51 and 52: (4) a determination of the impact o
Page 53 and 54: Einflüsse. Um deren Auswirkungen b
Page 55 and 56: on longer time scales. The latter t
Page 57 and 58: werden kann. Allerdings sind die ch
Page 59 and 60: the expertise which already exists
Page 61 and 62: 2. State-of-the-artThe changing com
Page 63 and 64: • Field and laboratory investigat
Page 65 and 66: Erwärmung der Ozeane kann zur Frei
Page 67 and 68: Valuing the Ocean: Research focus a
Page 69 and 70: submarine earthquakes, slumps and s
Page 71 and 72: Fischerei ist eine der wichtigsten
Page 73 and 74: ecosystems. In particular, the foll
Page 75 and 76: Hochdurchsatztechnologien die Evolu
Page 77 and 78: microbial diversity on their barrie
Page 79 and 80: transient three-dimensional fluid f
Page 81 and 82: modeling, which describe chemical a
Page 83 and 84: Erdbeben, submarine Hangrutschungen
Page 85 and 86: Simons 2003) to investigate shallow
Page 87 and 88: damit zusammenhängender Meeresspie
Page 89 and 90: B5(1) Sea-Level Rise and Physical-M
Page 91 and 92: Pickrill RA, Todd BJ (2003) The mul
Page 93 and 94: Onate E, Piazzese J (2005) Decision
Page 95 and 96: echtlichen und ökonomischen Rahmen
Page 97 and 98:
marine resources, such as energy ex
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92- Notes -
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2. State-of-the-artThe variety of n
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and will benefit from expertise in
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Die Plattform 2 stellt die analytis
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4. New Cluster TechnologiesIn order
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(iv) Proteomanalysetechniken und (v
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4. New Cluster TechnologiesA specia
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Illustration of existing/emerging a
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physical parameters (e.g. lowered a
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etabliert, das insbesondere auf wis
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2.4.3.2 Central Funds for Transfer
Page 121 and 122:
International School of Ocean Scien
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Description Year of purchase Amount
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3.2 Auxiliary Support3.2.1 Total Fu
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120- Notes -
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Suess E, Torres ME, Bohrmann G, Col
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Schreiber, StefanVisbeck, MartinSri
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4.3 Third-Party FundingNo. FundingB
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Leibniz Institute of Marine Science
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These JRG’s will augment the expe
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The Cluster is embedded in the “K
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A14- Notes -
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4.6 Curricula Vitae and Lists of Pu
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Curriculum of ResearchPersonal Data
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A82- Notes -
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DEKLIMGerman Climate Research Progr
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ITQ’sISAISOSJRGKCMSKitzLALIFLIMSL
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WTOWTSHXAFSXRDZMBWorld Trade Organi
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Prof. Dr. Boris Culik • Maritimes
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GMT-Geschäf*sstelleWe"*w{eltJ"*n $
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f,rylheonRaytheon Anschütz GmbHPos
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