Untitled - The Future Ocean

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2.1.6 Research Topic A6: Changing Chemistry at the Ocean SurfaceCoordinators:Prof. Temps, FriedrichProf. Wallace, Douglas20.07.1955 02.01.1959Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielLeibniz-Institut für MeereswissenschaftenInstitut für Physikalische ChemieFB2 Marine BiogeochemieLudewig-Meyn-Str. 8Düsternbrooker Weg 2024118 Kiel24105 KielTel.: 0431-880 1702Tel.: 0431-600 4200Fax: 0431-880 1704Fax: 0431-600 4202Email: temps@phc.uni-kiel.deEmail: dwallace@ifm-geomar.deFurther Proponents: P. Croot, J. G. Friedrichs, J. Grotemeyer, B. Hartke, K. Hoernle, A. Körtzinger,A. Macke1. Summary / ZusammenfassungThe ocean surface includes microlayers, bubbles, ice and aerosols, and is subject to changingatmospheric composition, pH and physico-chemical forcing. Heterogeneous and photochemicalprocesses at this vast, complex phase boundary help determine the biogeochemical response ofthe future ocean to environmental changes as well as the future composition of the marineatmosphere. Project A6 links expertise in physical chemistry and marine chemistry at theUniversity of Kiel for the purpose of deepening understanding of structures and key processesclose to this interface. A new JRG will apply spectroscopic techniques to study the interface in thecontext of future ocean-relevant themes. JRG research will be complemented by theoreticalchemistry studies and field and laboratory studies of halogen (Br, I) and iron chemistry responsesto changing ozone, radiation and dust input to the surface ocean.Die Oberfläche der Ozeane umfasst dünne Schichten, Luftbläschen, Eis und Aerosol und wird vonwechselnder atmosphärischer Zusammensetzung, pH und physikalisch-chemischen Einflüssenverändert. Heterogene und photochemische Vorgänge an dieser riesigen, komplexenPhasengrenze bestimmen die biogeochemische Antwort des Ozeans der Zukunft auf globaleUmweltveränderungen und die zukünftige Zusammensetzung der marinen Atmosphäre. Projekt A6verbindet die physikalisch-chemischen und meereschemischen Expertisen an der Universität Kiel,und führt so zu einem besseren Verständnis der Strukturen und der wichtigsten Vorgänge andieser Grenzfläche. Eine neue Junior Forschergruppe (JRG) wird für den Ozean der Zukunftrelevante Grenzflächenprozesse mit geeigneten spektroskopischen Verfahren untersuchen. DieseForschung der JRG wird ergänzt durch theoretische Simulationen sowie Feld- undLaboruntersuchungen von Halogen-(Br, I)- und Eisen-Chemie unter Einfluss wechselndenEinflüssen von Ozon, Strahlung und Staub an der Ozeanoberfläche.53
2. State-of-the-artThe changing composition of the atmosphere will impact biological and chemical processes in thefuture ocean (cf. A1). These changing processes will themselves impact atmospheric compositionand, hence, climate forcing. Relevant forcing changes (and effects) include storminess (on sea-saltaerosol production), dust deposition (on iron delivery and biological productivity), solar radiation(on marine photochemistry/biology), biological productivity (on organic film cover/composition),increasing levels of tropospheric ozone (on surface reactions), pH and biogeochemistry (onemissions of radiatively and chemically active gases), etc. Many important chemical interactionsoccur directly at the air-sea interface (i.e. at ice, water, bubble and sea-salt surfaces), wherereactants, intermediates and products can differ significantly from those in the bulk media. Forexample, sinks for tropospheric ozone (a greenhouse gas with increasing concentrations; Lelieveldet al. 2004) are sensitive to variable surface levels of iodide (Chang et al. 2005) as well as theinterfacial flux of halogens (von Glasow and Crutzen 2003). The speciation and dissolution ofmicronutrient iron from deposited continental aerosols (dust) is a further area in which surfaceprocesses play a major role. The modeling of heterogeneous processes such as these is limited bya lack of basic understanding, but modern techniques of physical chemistry and theoreticalchemistry can, however, be applied to improve the characterization of surface reactions andstructures (Mucha et al. 2005, Bianco 2006). Complementary information comes from theoreticalwork on size-selected large-water clusters containing marine solutes (e.g. Schulz, 2005). A rangeof advanced techniques, including infrared-visible vibrational sum frequency and second-harmonicgeneration spectroscopy (Shen 1989, Richmond 2001) and cavity ringdown absorptionspectroscopy (Aarts 2005), is now available for the study of molecular and supramolecularstructures and dynamics at “clean” and “dirty” water-air interfaces, including processes relevant tothe “very dirty” ocean-atmosphere interface.3. Previous and on-going work of the proponentsThe experience of Temps and Friedrichs on spectroscopy and reaction kinetics of free radicals,including atmospherically important reactions, provides the physical chemistry basis for A6.Friedrichs is a leading expert in time-resolved cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Both Temps andFriedrichs plan to use sum frequency spectroscopy at the water-air and water-organic interfaces.Grotemeyer employs mass spectrometry (including ICR) to explore hydrogen-bonded complexes.Hartke carries out theoretical predictions of structures and conformational dynamics of large waterclusters by ab initio and molecular dynamics methods using genetic algorithms and ab initioquantum chemical studies of reactions, including photochemical processes. Work carried out byWallace on the production and sea-to-air flux of natural organohalogens, and research conductedby Croot on the speciation and bio-availability of iron in surface seawater leads to commoninterests in marine photochemical and ozone reactions with seawater species. Major chemical fieldstudies are planned for the new BMBF Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene (SOPRAN)project . Hoernle and Macke bring expertise in atmospheric radiation transfer, the role of aerosolsand clouds for climate, and the geochemistry and chemical characterization of volcanic aerosols.54
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Contents1 General Information about
Page 9 and 10: 1 General Information about the Clu
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Research Program1.2.1 Summary/Z
Page 13 and 14: 1.2.2.2 ObjectivesThe Future Ocean
Page 15 and 16: will address the emerging new resea
Page 17 and 18: Topics Objectives DisciplinesA1 Exa
Page 19 and 20: development of these new initiative
Page 21 and 22: Project Objective IndustryPartnersO
Page 23 and 24: Continued excellence in the field o
Page 25 and 26: The establishment of several new po
Page 27 and 28: 1.4.1 Integrated School of Ocean Sc
Page 29 and 30: ensure that emerging innovations wi
Page 31 and 32: Institute / DisciplineAcademic Leve
Page 33 and 34: their orientation according to the
Page 35 and 36: 1.7.2 Structural Evolution and Qual
Page 37 and 38: 30- Notes -
Page 39 and 40: organisms to elevated CO 2 and decr
Page 41 and 42: ist wahrscheinlich stärker als wä
Page 43 and 44: out by the proponents and will esta
Page 45 and 46: Rückkopplungsschleife weitere Erw
Page 47 and 48: enthic biota of gas release or the
Page 49 and 50: Synthese, aufbauend auf einer Kombi
Page 51 and 52: (4) a determination of the impact o
Page 53 and 54: Einflüsse. Um deren Auswirkungen b
Page 55 and 56: on longer time scales. The latter t
Page 57 and 58: werden kann. Allerdings sind die ch
Page 59: the expertise which already exists
Page 63 and 64: • Field and laboratory investigat
Page 65 and 66: Erwärmung der Ozeane kann zur Frei
Page 67 and 68: Valuing the Ocean: Research focus a
Page 69 and 70: submarine earthquakes, slumps and s
Page 71 and 72: Fischerei ist eine der wichtigsten
Page 73 and 74: ecosystems. In particular, the foll
Page 75 and 76: Hochdurchsatztechnologien die Evolu
Page 77 and 78: microbial diversity on their barrie
Page 79 and 80: transient three-dimensional fluid f
Page 81 and 82: modeling, which describe chemical a
Page 83 and 84: Erdbeben, submarine Hangrutschungen
Page 85 and 86: Simons 2003) to investigate shallow
Page 87 and 88: damit zusammenhängender Meeresspie
Page 89 and 90: B5(1) Sea-Level Rise and Physical-M
Page 91 and 92: Pickrill RA, Todd BJ (2003) The mul
Page 93 and 94: Onate E, Piazzese J (2005) Decision
Page 95 and 96: echtlichen und ökonomischen Rahmen
Page 97 and 98: marine resources, such as energy ex
Page 99 and 100: 92- Notes -
Page 101 and 102: 2. State-of-the-artThe variety of n
Page 103 and 104: and will benefit from expertise in
Page 105 and 106: Die Plattform 2 stellt die analytis
Page 107 and 108: 4. New Cluster TechnologiesIn order
Page 109 and 110: (iv) Proteomanalysetechniken und (v
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4. New Cluster TechnologiesA specia
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Illustration of existing/emerging a
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physical parameters (e.g. lowered a
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etabliert, das insbesondere auf wis
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2.4.3.2 Central Funds for Transfer
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International School of Ocean Scien
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Description Year of purchase Amount
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3.2 Auxiliary Support3.2.1 Total Fu
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120- Notes -
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Suess E, Torres ME, Bohrmann G, Col
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Schreiber, StefanVisbeck, MartinSri
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4.3 Third-Party FundingNo. FundingB
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Leibniz Institute of Marine Science
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These JRG’s will augment the expe
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The Cluster is embedded in the “K
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A14- Notes -
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4.6 Curricula Vitae and Lists of Pu
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Curriculum of ResearchPersonal Data
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A82- Notes -
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DEKLIMGerman Climate Research Progr
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ITQ’sISAISOSJRGKCMSKitzLALIFLIMSL
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WTOWTSHXAFSXRDZMBWorld Trade Organi
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Prof. Dr. Boris Culik • Maritimes
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GMT-Geschäf*sstelleWe"*w{eltJ"*n $
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f,rylheonRaytheon Anschütz GmbHPos
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